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bretylium tosylate and Ventricular Fibrillation

bretylium tosylate has been researched along with Ventricular Fibrillation in 51 studies

Research

Studies (51)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	44 (86.27)	18.7374
1990's	7 (13.73)	18.2507
2000's	0 (0.00)	29.6817
2010's	0 (0.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Orlowski, JP	1
Bacaner, M	1
Darin, JC; Milbrath, MH; Olson, DW; Thompson, BM	1
Torresani, J	1
Mayer, NM	1
Dronen, SC	1
Dove, JT; Kyrouac, JT; Mongkolsmai, C	1
Finucane, BT; Santora, AH	1
Amey, BD; Harrison, EE	1
Nowak, RM	1
Brown, T; Lederman, S; Starmer, CF; Strauss, HC; Wenger, TL	1
Barnes, SA; Cheney, BD; Dutko, HJ; Easter, CR; Kessler, JH; Lewis, RP; O'Hara, JT; Schaal, SF; Stang, JM; Washington, SE	1
Bacaner, MB; Benditt, DG	1
Holland, K; Lucchesi, BR; Patterson, E	1
Greene, HL; Gross, BW; Sears, GK; Werner, JA	1
Fujimoto, T; Hamamoto, H; Mandel, WJ; McCullen, A; Melvin, N; Peter, T	1
Chinn, TL; Cobb, LA; Copass, MK; Haynes, RE	1
Bacaner, MB; Hoey, MF; Macres, MG	1
Batenhorst, RL; Foster, TS; Garrett, ER; Jones, MR; Noneman, JW	1
Danzl, DF; Miller, JW; Sowers, MB; Thomas, DM; Vicario, SJ	1
Gibson, JK; Lucchesi, BR; Patterson, E	1
Anderson, JL; Pitt, B; Popat, KD	1
Babbs, CF; Barker, MA; Bourland, JD; Combs, WJ; Geddes, LA; Hahn, BM; Niebauer, MJ; Seipel, JF; Tacker, WA	1
Dronen, S; Nowak, RM; Tomlanovich, MC	1
Bodnar, T; Nowak, R; Tomlanovich, MC	1
Jalal, S; Naccarelli, GV	1
Herre, JM; Janosik, DL; Kopelman, HA; Kowey, PR; Levine, JH; Lindsay, BD; Pacifico, A; Plumb, VJ; Scheinman, MM	1
Bjørnstad, H; Mortensen, E; Refsum, H; Sager, G	1
Dorian, P	1
Arcidiacono, R	1
Koch-Weser, J	1
Bigger, JT; Heissenbuttel, RH	1
Breznock, EM; Hibser, NK; Kagan, K	1
Fallen, EL; Fraser, G; Holder, DA; Sniderman, AD	1
Inoue, H; Sugimoto, T	1
Alcidi, L; Cammilli, L; Grassi, G; Melissano, G; Menegazzo, G; Mugelli, A; Silvestri, V	1
Blecic, S; Contempré, B; Reuse, C; Vachiery, JL; Vincent, JL	1
Kabell, G	1
Dłuzniewski, M	1
Li, SZ; Xu, XH	1
Balazs, T; Ehrreich, SJ; el-Hage, AN; Johnson, GL	1
Davy, JM; Dorian, P; Fain, ES; Winkle, RA	1
Euler, DE; Scanlon, PJ; Wallock, ME; Zeman, TW	1
Murphy, K; Nowak, RM; Tomlanovich, MC	1
Kahn, SE; Kochar, G; Kotler, MN	1
Constantin, L; Hunt, M; Jensen, SR; Kerber, RE; Kieso, RA; Melton, J; Pandian, NG	1
Euler, DE; Scanlon, PJ	1
Friehling, TD; Kelliher, GJ; Kowey, PR; O'Connor, KM; Wetstein, L	1
Inoue, H; Matsuo, H; Nozaki, A; Sugimoto, T; Toda, I	1

Reviews

5 review(s) available for bretylium tosylate and Ventricular Fibrillation

Article	Year
Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 1983, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Airway Obstruction; Aminophylline; Atropine; Bicarbonates; Blood Circulation; Bretylium Tosylate; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Dobutamine; Dopamine; Electric Countershock; Epinephrine; Heart Massage; Humans; Infant; Insulin; Intubation, Intratracheal; Isoproterenol; Lidocaine; Nitroprusside; Norepinephrine; Oxygen; Resuscitation; Sodium Bicarbonate; Ventricular Fibrillation	1983
Prophylaxis and therapy of ventricular fibrillation: bretylium reviewed and lidocaine refuted. International journal of cardiology, 1983, Volume: 4, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bethanidine; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Electrocardiography; Humans; Lidocaine; Myocardial Contraction; Stimulation, Chemical; Ventricular Fibrillation	1983
Drug therapy: bretylium. The New England journal of medicine, 1979, Mar-01, Volume: 300, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Heart Conduction System; Hemodynamics; Humans; Receptors, Adrenergic; Tachycardia; Ventricular Fibrillation	1979
Bretylium tosylate: a newly available antiarrhythmic drug for ventricular arrhythmias. Annals of internal medicine, 1979, Volume: 91, Issue:2 Topics: Action Potentials; Adrenergic Fibers; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Drug Evaluation; Drug Interactions; Drug Resistance; Heart Conduction System; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Infarction; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Purkinje Fibers; Quinidine; Sympathetic Nervous System; Tachycardia; Ventricular Fibrillation	1979
[Bretylium tosylate in the treatment and prevention of ventricular arrhythmia: a new look at an old drug]. Polski tygodnik lekarski (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 1988, Oct-31, Volume: 43, Issue:44 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Heart Ventricles; Hemodynamics; Humans; Myocardial Infarction; Ventricular Fibrillation	1988

Trials

4 trial(s) available for bretylium tosylate and Ventricular Fibrillation

Article	Year
A randomized comparison study of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine in resuscitation of patients from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in a paramedic system. Annals of emergency medicine, 1984, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Pt 2 Topics: Aged; Allied Health Personnel; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Resuscitation; Ventricular Fibrillation	1984
Comparison of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine in management of out of hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. The American journal of cardiology, 1981, Volume: 48, Issue:2 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Electric Countershock; Hospitalization; Humans; Lidocaine; Patient Discharge; Random Allocation; Ventricular Fibrillation	1981
Randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of patients with recurrent, hemodynamically destabilizing ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. The Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Investigators Group. Circulation, 1995, Dec-01, Volume: 92, Issue:11 Topics: Aged; Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bretylium Tosylate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Tachycardia, Ventricular; Time Factors; Ventricular Fibrillation	1995
[Use of bretylium tosylate in ventricular fibrillation]. La Clinica terapeutica, 1978, Feb-15, Volume: 84, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Middle Aged; Ventricular Fibrillation	1978

Other Studies

42 other study(ies) available for bretylium tosylate and Ventricular Fibrillation

Article	Year
Bretylium tosylate in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The American journal of cardiology, 1984, Jul-30, Volume: 54, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypotension; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Infarction; Ventricular Fibrillation	1984
Management of ventricular dysrhythmias in the prehospital and emergency department setting. The American journal of cardiology, 1984, Jul-30, Volume: 54, Issue:2 Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Coronary Disease; Electric Countershock; Emergency Medical Services; Emergency Service, Hospital; Heart Ventricles; Hospitalization; Humans; Lidocaine; North Carolina; Procainamide; Resuscitation; Time Factors; Ventricular Fibrillation	1984
Antifibrillatory drugs: the case for bretylium tosylate. Annals of emergency medicine, 1984, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Pt 2 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Dogs; Humans; Ventricular Fibrillation	1984
Bretylium tosylate for ventricular fibrillation in a child. Clinical pediatrics, 1984, Volume: 23, Issue:12 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Child; Electrocardiography; Humans; Male; Syndrome; Ventricular Fibrillation	1984
Bretylium tosylate therapy for ventricular fibrillation after cardiopulmonary bypass. Southern medical journal, 1983, Volume: 76, Issue:9 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Ventricular Fibrillation	1983
The use of bretylium in prehospital ventricular fibrillation. The American journal of emergency medicine, 1983, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Electric Countershock; Emergencies; Humans; Ventricular Fibrillation	1983
Bretylium tosylate and ventricular fibrillation. The American journal of emergency medicine, 1983, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Humans; Ventricular Fibrillation	1983
A method for quantitating antifibrillatory effects of drugs after coronary reperfusion in dogs: improved outcome with bretylium. Circulation, 1984, Volume: 69, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Coronary Circulation; Coronary Disease; Dogs; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Ventricular Fibrillation	1984
Treatment of prehospital refractory ventricular fibrillation with bretylium tosylate. Annals of emergency medicine, 1984, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Heart Arrest; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Resuscitation; Transportation of Patients; Ventricular Fibrillation	1984
Antiarrhythmic, antifibrillatory, and hemodynamic actions of bethanidine sulfate: an orally effective analog of bretylium for suppression of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The American journal of cardiology, 1982, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bethanidine; Bretylium Tosylate; Depression, Chemical; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophysiology; Female; Guanidines; Hemodynamics; Humans; Long-Term Care; Male; Middle Aged; Tachycardia; Ventricular Fibrillation	1982
Prevention of ventricular fibrillation by bretylium in a conscious canine model of sudden coronary death. American heart journal, 1983, Volume: 105, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Consciousness; Death, Sudden; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Electrodes, Implanted; Heart Conduction System; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Risk; Ventricular Fibrillation	1983
Failure of bretylium to suppress inducible ventricular tachycardia. American heart journal, 1983, Volume: 105, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Electric Countershock; Electrocardiography; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tachycardia; Time Factors; Ventricular Fibrillation	1983
Electrophysiologic effects of bretylium on canine ventricular muscle during acute ischemia and reperfusion. American heart journal, 1983, Volume: 105, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Coronary Disease; Dogs; Electrophysiology; Endocardium; Heart Conduction System; Male; Pericardium; Ventricular Fibrillation	1983
Suppression of ventricular fibrillation and positive inotropic action of bethanidine sulfate, a chemical analog of bretylium tosylate that is well absorbed orally. The American journal of cardiology, 1982, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bethanidine; Blood Pressure; Bretylium Tosylate; Cardiac Output; Coronary Circulation; Dogs; Guanidines; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Infarction; Stimulation, Chemical; Structure-Activity Relationship; Ventricular Fibrillation	1982
Questions arise over bretylium study. Annals of emergency medicine, 1982, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Heart Arrest; Humans; Ventricular Fibrillation	1982
Treatment of refractory ventricular arrhythmias. High dose parenteral and oral bretylium tosylate. Chest, 1982, Volume: 81, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Procainamide; Ventricular Fibrillation	1982
Chemical ventricular defibrillation in severe accidental hypothermia. Annals of emergency medicine, 1982, Volume: 11, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Dogs; Humans; Hypothermia; Male; Ventricular Fibrillation	1982
Postmyocardial infarction re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias in conscious dogs: suppression by bretylium tosylate. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1981, Volume: 216, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Catecholamines; Dogs; Heart Conduction System; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Refractory Period, Electrophysiological; Ventricular Fibrillation	1981
Paradoxical ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation after intravenous bretylium therapy. Report of two cases. Archives of internal medicine, 1981, Volume: 141, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Female; Heart Arrest; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Tachycardia; Ventricular Fibrillation	1981
The effect of newer antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation threshold. Critical care medicine, 1980, Volume: 8, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bretylium Tosylate; Dogs; Electric Countershock; Potassium; Ventricular Fibrillation	1980
Bretylium tosylate and hypothermic ventricular fibrillation. Annals of emergency medicine, 1980, Volume: 9, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Cats; Dogs; Humans; Hypothermia; Ventricular Fibrillation	1980
Massive intravenous bolus bretylium tosylate. Annals of emergency medicine, 1980, Volume: 9, Issue:12 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Humans; Hypertension; Hypotension; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Medication Errors; Middle Aged; Ventricular Fibrillation	1980
Intravenous amiodarone. Another option in the acute management of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation, 1995, Dec-01, Volume: 92, Issue:11 Topics: Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bretylium Tosylate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tachycardia, Ventricular; Ventricular Fibrillation	1995
Effect of bretylium tosylate on ventricular fibrillation threshold during hypothermia in dogs. The American journal of emergency medicine, 1994, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Temperature; Bretylium Tosylate; Dogs; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Electric Stimulation; Electrocardiography; Electrophysiology; Epinephrine; Female; Heart Conduction System; Heart Rate; Hypothermia, Induced; Male; Norepinephrine; Refractory Period, Electrophysiological; Ventricular Fibrillation	1994
[Etiologies of electric storm]. Archives des maladies du coeur et des vaisseaux, 1997, Volume: 90 Spec No 1 Topics: Aged; Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bretylium Tosylate; Electric Countershock; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Tachycardia, Ventricular; Ventricular Fibrillation	1997
Bretylium (Bretylol) for ventricular arrhythmias. The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics, 1978, Dec-01, Volume: 20, Issue:24 Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Electric Countershock; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Ventricular Fibrillation	1978
Effects of bretylium tosylate on the in vivo fibrillating canine ventricle. American journal of veterinary research, 1977, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Electric Countershock; Heart Massage; Ventricular Fibrillation	1977
Experience with bretylium tosylate by a hospital cardiac arrest team. Circulation, 1977, Volume: 55, Issue:3 Topics: Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Emergency Service, Hospital; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Heart Arrest; Humans; Myocardial Infarction; Resuscitation; Ventricular Fibrillation	1977
Torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation in a canine model of quinidine-induced QT prolongation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1992, Jan-27, Volume: 644 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Tosylate; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Dogs; Female; Heart Conduction System; Isoproterenol; Lidocaine; Long QT Syndrome; Male; Models, Cardiovascular; Quinidine; Torsades de Pointes; Ventricular Fibrillation	1992
Implantable pharmacological defibrillator (AIPhD): preliminary investigations in animals. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE, 1991, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Pt 2 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Tosylate; Electric Countershock; Electrocardiography; Equipment Design; Infusion Pumps, Implantable; Lidocaine; Pacemaker, Artificial; Prostheses and Implants; Rabbits; Sheep; Swine; Ventricular Fibrillation	1991
Bretylium tosylate versus lidocaine in experimental cardiac arrest. The American journal of emergency medicine, 1990, Volume: 8, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Tosylate; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Electric Countershock; Heart Arrest; Hemodynamics; Lidocaine; Sodium Chloride; Stroke Volume; Ventricular Fibrillation	1990
Ischemia-induced conduction delay and ventricular arrhythmias: comparative electropharmacology of bethanidine sulfate and bretylium tosylate. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bethanidine; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Coronary Disease; Dogs; Guanidines; Heart Conduction System; Perfusion; Rabbits; Tachycardia; Time Factors; Ventricular Fibrillation	1989
[Treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation by bretylium tosylate: a report of 4 cases]. Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi, 1987, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Tachycardia; Ventricular Fibrillation	1987
Effects of antiarrhythmic agents on isoproterenol-induced ventricular fibrillation in heavy rats: a possible model of sudden cardiac death. Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, 1986, Volume: 51, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Body Weight; Bretylium Tosylate; Death, Sudden; Disease Models, Animal; Electrocardiography; Isoproterenol; Male; Niacin; Phenytoin; Procainamide; Propranolol; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Quinidine; Rats; Ventricular Fibrillation; Verapamil	1986
Effect of quinidine and bretylium on defibrillation energy requirements. American heart journal, 1986, Volume: 112, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Dogs; Electric Countershock; Models, Biological; Quinidine; Ventricular Fibrillation	1986
Deleterious effects of bretylium on hemodynamic recovery from ventricular fibrillation. American heart journal, 1986, Volume: 112, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Carbonates; Dogs; Electric Countershock; Epinephrine; Hemodynamics; Models, Biological; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sympathetic Nervous System; Ventricular Fibrillation	1986
Use of bretylium tosylate as prophylaxis and treatment in hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in the canine model. Annals of emergency medicine, 1986, Volume: 15, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Catheterization; Dogs; Double-Blind Method; Electrocardiography; Hypothermia; Hypothermia, Induced; Premedication; Ventricular Fibrillation	1986
Bretylium tosylate and ventricular fibrillation in hypothermia. Annals of internal medicine, 1986, Volume: 105, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Humans; Hypothermia; Male; Ventricular Fibrillation	1986
Effect of lidocaine and bretylium on energy requirements for transthoracic defibrillation: experimental studies. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1986, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Chloralose; Dogs; Drug Interactions; Electric Countershock; Lidocaine; Parasympatholytics; Parasympathomimetics; Pentobarbital; Sympatholytics; Sympathomimetics; Ventricular Fibrillation	1986
Mechanism of the effect of bretylium on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs. The American journal of cardiology, 1985, May-01, Volume: 55, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Electrocardiography; Heart Rate; Myocardial Contraction; Timolol; Ventricular Fibrillation	1985
The effect of bretylium and clofilium on dispersion of refractoriness and vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation in the ischemic feline heart. American heart journal, 1985, Volume: 110, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Blood Pressure; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Cats; Coronary Disease; Electrophysiology; Female; Heart Rate; Male; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sympathetic Nervous System; Ventricular Fibrillation	1985
Effects of bretylium tosylate on inhomogeneity of refractoriness and ventricular fibrillation threshold in canine hearts with quinidine-induced long QT interval. Cardiovascular research, 1985, Volume: 19, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bretylium Compounds; Bretylium Tosylate; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Heart; Male; Quinidine; Tachycardia; Ventricular Fibrillation	1985