boron and Deficiency-Diseases

Boron may be beneficial for bone growth and maintenance, central nervous system function, and the inflammatory response, and silicon may be beneficial for bone maintenance and wound healing. Fluoride is not an essential element but amounts provided by contamination may be beneficial for bone strength. Fluoride toxicity may be a concern in parenteral nutrition. Further studies are warranted to determine whether there are optimal amounts of boron and silicon that should be delivered to typical and special population patients receiving parenteral nutrition. In addition, further studies are needed to determine whether providing the dietary guideline of adequate intake amounts of fluoride parenterally would prevent or treat parenteral nutrition osteopenia.

Topics: Boron; Deficiency Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Fluorides; Humans; Micronutrients; Parenteral Nutrition; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Silicon; Trace Elements

Topics: Animals; Arsenic; Boron; Cadmium; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child, Preschool; Chromium; Cobalt; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Food Analysis; Humans; Infant; Lead; Lithium; Magnesium; Manganese; Mercury; Methods; Milk; Molybdenum; Nickel; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Selenium; Tin; Trace Elements; Vanadium; Zinc

Topics: Boron; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Kinetics; Manganese; Molybdenum; Nutritional Requirements; Plant Diseases; Plants; Trace Elements; Zinc

We investigated the nature of nutritional deficiencies that arose in gastrectomy patients by comparing mineral absorption in patients with total and subtotal gastrectomies before and after operation.. Levels of nutritional, micro, and toxic minerals were measured in a subject group of 20 patients with gastric cancer. Patients were grouped according to total versus subtotal gastrectomy. Hair tissue was collected 3 mo before and after operation from each patient. Tissue was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy for levels of various minerals. Mineral ratios were computed to display changes in mineral levels, and results were statistically analyzed with SPSS 10.0 to obtain a measurement distribution. The t test was used to determine any significant difference between patients before and after operation.. In the preoperation test, sodium, potassium and iron levels were higher than normal, whereas boron and molybdenum levels were lower than normal. Although sodium levels decreased significantly after surgery, molybdenum, cadmium, and lead levels increased significantly. Potassium decreased slightly in the subtotal gastrectomy group, but increased significantly in the total gastrectomy group. However, there was no change between before and after surgery for most minerals.. In the short term, gastrectomy does not seem to affect the levels of most minerals in the body. However, changes in sodium levels indicate that gastrectomy affects sodium absorbency in gastric cancer patients. Potassium levels increased significantly in patients who received total gastrectomies; this may also be an area that nutritional treatment should focus on.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Boron; Calcium; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Gastrectomy; Hair; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Lead; Male; Middle Aged; Minerals; Molybdenum; Nutritional Status; Nutritional Support; Potassium; Sodium; Stomach Neoplasms

A dietary requirement is defined as the lowest continuing intake of a nutrient that for a specified indicator of adequacy, will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual. An essential dietary component is one that the body cannot synthesize in sufficient quantities to maintain health. Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) are based on estimates of the dietary requirements, and are designed to prevent deficiency diseases and promote health through an adequate diet. In 1996, the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) began a revision process of the RDAs using as criteria specific indicators of adequacy and functional end points for reducing the risk of chronic disease. Boron (B) is a dietary component, and evidence from animal studies indicates that it is a dietary essential; it cannot be synthesized in tissues, and organisms exposed to very low levels of B show developmental defects. In humans, there is evidence of homeostatic regulation of B and an interrelationship with bone metabolism. To understand better the relationship between dietary B and B homeostasis, we measured the dietary B intake and urinary B losses in seven male participants of a controlled metabolic study of Zn homeostasis. Average dietary B intake for the repeated menu days, days 1, 2, and 3, was 4.56, 1.87, and 4.75 mg/d, respectively. Urinary B excretion during the 42-d collection period averaged 3.20 +/- 0.41 mg/d. When dietary B was low, urinary B loss (2.92 mg/d) was significantly lower than when B intake was higher (3.15 and 3.54 mg/d). Our study showed that urinary B excretion changes rapidly with changes in B intake, indicating that the kidney is the site of homeostatic regulation. To enable establishment of a dietary requirement for B in the future, further research of homeostatic regulation and functional markers of B metabolism need to be performed, followed by epidemiological studies to identify health conditions associated with inadequate dietary B.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Boron; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Requirements; Zinc

The 10th edition (1989) of the Recommended Dietary Allowances provided estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDI) for chromium and fluoride and summarized the substantial evidence for boron essentiality in animals. New endpoints, approaches and paradigms to use to formulate dietary guidance for these elements were reviewed by a discussion group that met as part of a national workshop. Deliberations of the group are summarized to facilitate future discussions on dietary guidance for these elements. The category, "provisional RDA" was recommended to replace the current ESADDI category because of the ambiguities associated with the ESADDI. A provisional RDA would be defined for a dietary substance that meets one of two sets of criteria: class 1, clear evidence of essentiality but uncertain or limited quantitative data or endpoints to define dietary requirements; and class 2, strong evidence of essentiality, and clear nutritional benefit based on reasonably certain quantitative data, but lack of clear information on function or endpoints to use for deficiency dietary requirements. A summary of background information and possible approaches for assigning provisional RDAs for boron, chromium and fluoride is presented.

Topics: Boron; Chromium; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Fluorides; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Models, Biological; Nutritional Requirements; Safety; Trace Elements

Topics: Black or African American; Black People; Boron; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Fertilizers; Humans; Iron; Male; Molybdenum; Nitrosamines; Plant Diseases; Plants, Edible; South Africa; Trace Elements; Zinc

Topics: Aluminum; Barium; Boron; Cadmium; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Chromium; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Food Analysis; Humans; Iron; Manganese; Minerals; Sampling Studies; School Health Services; Strontium; Trace Elements; United States; Zinc

Topics: Boron; Deficiency Diseases; Plants; Ribonucleases