betaine has been researched along with Sensitivity and Specificity in 49 studies
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.
Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) has been identified as a cause of contact allergy in personal care products." | 2.69 | Provocative use tests in CAPB-allergic subjects with CAPB-containing product. ( Basketter, DA; Diepgen, TL; Fartasch, M; Kuhn, M, 1999) |
| "Betaines were derivatized with butanol previous to their baseline separation in 10 min using a 0." | 1.37 | Determination of betaines in vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry--application to the detection of olive oil adulteration with seed oils. ( Castro-Puyana, M; Crego, AL; Luisa Marina, M; Sánchez-Hernández, L, 2011) |
| " The dose-response for choline (0-50 microM) was established in buffer and was applicable to the quantification of choline in human plasma." | 1.33 | Rapid high-throughput detection of peroxide with an acridinium-9-carboxamide: a homogeneous chemiluminescent assay for plasma choline. ( Adamczyk, M; Brashear, RJ; Mattingly, PG, 2006) |
| "Betaine was measured from liver tissue by a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method developed for this study." | 1.31 | A novel method to analyze betaine in chicken liver: effect of dietary betaine and choline supplementation on the hepatic betaine concentration in broiler chicks. ( Kettunen, H; Peuranen, S; Pulliainen, K; Remus, J; Saarinen, MT; Tiihonen, K, 2001) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 7 (14.29) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 24 (48.98) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 17 (34.69) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 1 (2.04) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Nakamura, M | 1 |
| Moritsuna, M | 1 |
| Yuda, K | 1 |
| Fujimura, S | 1 |
| Sugiura, Y | 1 |
| Shimma, S | 1 |
| Nishimoto, K | 1 |
| Nishikawa, T | 1 |
| Suematsu, M | 1 |
| Ogawa, S | 1 |
| Higashi, T | 1 |
| Yu, W | 1 |
| Xu, C | 1 |
| Li, G | 1 |
| Hong, W | 1 |
| Zhou, Z | 1 |
| Xiao, C | 1 |
| Zhao, Y | 1 |
| Cai, Y | 1 |
| Huang, M | 1 |
| Jin, J | 1 |
| Abdel-Khalik, J | 1 |
| Crick, PJ | 1 |
| Carter, GD | 1 |
| Makin, HL | 1 |
| Wang, Y | 3 |
| Griffiths, WJ | 1 |
| Liu, C | 1 |
| Shen, Y | 1 |
| Yin, P | 1 |
| Li, L | 1 |
| Liu, M | 1 |
| Zhang, Y | 2 |
| Li, H | 1 |
| Yao, S | 1 |
| Trøseid, M | 1 |
| Ueland, T | 1 |
| Hov, JR | 1 |
| Svardal, A | 1 |
| Gregersen, I | 1 |
| Dahl, CP | 1 |
| Aakhus, S | 1 |
| Gude, E | 1 |
| Bjørndal, B | 1 |
| Halvorsen, B | 1 |
| Karlsen, TH | 1 |
| Aukrust, P | 1 |
| Gullestad, L | 1 |
| Berge, RK | 1 |
| Yndestad, A | 1 |
| Minkler, PE | 1 |
| Stoll, MS | 1 |
| Ingalls, ST | 1 |
| Kerner, J | 1 |
| Hoppel, CL | 1 |
| Sun, L | 1 |
| Li, JQ | 1 |
| Ren, N | 1 |
| Qi, H | 1 |
| Dong, F | 1 |
| Xiao, J | 1 |
| Xu, F | 1 |
| Jiao, WW | 1 |
| Shen, C | 1 |
| Song, WQ | 1 |
| Shen, AD | 1 |
| Dos Santos, JF | 1 |
| Mota, LR | 1 |
| Rocha, PH | 1 |
| Ferreira de Lima, RL | 1 |
| van Lee, L | 1 |
| Tint, MT | 1 |
| Aris, IM | 1 |
| Quah, PL | 1 |
| Fortier, MV | 1 |
| Lee, YS | 1 |
| Yap, FK | 1 |
| Saw, SM | 1 |
| Godfrey, KM | 1 |
| Gluckman, PD | 1 |
| Chong, YS | 1 |
| Kramer, MS | 1 |
| Chong, MF | 1 |
| Mok, E | 1 |
| Wee, E | 1 |
| Trau, M | 1 |
| Zhang, ZP | 1 |
| Liu, JP | 1 |
| Zhang, JT | 1 |
| An, ZX | 1 |
| Quan, FS | 1 |
| Zhang, L | 1 |
| Cai, X | 1 |
| Pu, SW | 1 |
| Oufir, M | 1 |
| Schulz, N | 1 |
| Sha Vallikhan, PS | 1 |
| Wilhelm, E | 1 |
| Burg, K | 1 |
| Hausman, JF | 1 |
| Hoffmann, L | 1 |
| Guignard, C | 1 |
| Xu, HD | 1 |
| Feng, J | 1 |
| Guo, ZX | 1 |
| Ou, YJ | 1 |
| Wang, JY | 1 |
| Massey, KA | 1 |
| Snelling, AM | 1 |
| Nicolaou, A | 1 |
| Li, C | 1 |
| Hill, RW | 1 |
| Jones, AD | 1 |
| Kirsch, SH | 1 |
| Herrmann, W | 1 |
| Rabagny, Y | 1 |
| Obeid, R | 1 |
| Sánchez-Hernández, L | 1 |
| Castro-Puyana, M | 1 |
| Luisa Marina, M | 1 |
| Crego, AL | 1 |
| Lenky, CC | 1 |
| McEntyre, CJ | 1 |
| Lever, M | 2 |
| Pratyush, DD | 1 |
| Tiwari, S | 1 |
| Kumar, A | 1 |
| Singh, SK | 1 |
| Yang, W | 1 |
| Bai, T | 1 |
| Carr, LR | 1 |
| Keefe, AJ | 1 |
| Xu, J | 1 |
| Xue, H | 1 |
| Irvin, CA | 1 |
| Chen, S | 1 |
| Wang, J | 1 |
| Jiang, S | 1 |
| Scott, CP | 1 |
| Dos Anjos Filho, L | 1 |
| De Queiroz Mello, FC | 1 |
| Thornton, CG | 9 |
| Bishai, WR | 1 |
| Fonseca, LS | 1 |
| Kritski, AL | 1 |
| Chaisson, RE | 1 |
| Manabe, YC | 1 |
| Mori, M | 1 |
| Hu, W | 1 |
| Hasebe, K | 1 |
| Tanaka, S | 1 |
| Tanaka, K | 1 |
| Manterola, JM | 3 |
| Padilla, E | 3 |
| Lonca, J | 2 |
| Corea, I | 1 |
| Martínez, E | 1 |
| Ausina, V | 3 |
| Eriksson, J | 1 |
| Nordström, T | 1 |
| Nyrén, P | 1 |
| Pérez, M | 2 |
| Quesada, MD | 2 |
| Ozbek, A | 1 |
| Michel, FC | 1 |
| Strother, M | 1 |
| Motiwala, AS | 1 |
| Byrum, BR | 1 |
| Shulaw, WP | 1 |
| Sreevatsan, S | 1 |
| Schiller, D | 1 |
| Krämer, R | 1 |
| Morbach, S | 1 |
| Motta, A | 1 |
| Romano, I | 1 |
| Gambacorta, A | 1 |
| Laserson, KF | 1 |
| Yen, NT | 1 |
| Mai, VT | 1 |
| Jones, W | 1 |
| An, DQ | 1 |
| Phuoc, NH | 1 |
| Trinh, NA | 1 |
| Nhung, DT | 1 |
| Lien, TX | 1 |
| Lan, NT | 1 |
| Wells, C | 1 |
| Binkin, N | 1 |
| Cetron, M | 1 |
| Maloney, SA | 1 |
| Lundberg, D | 1 |
| Stjerndahl, M | 1 |
| Holmberg, K | 1 |
| González, V | 1 |
| Sánchez, MD | 1 |
| Adamczyk, M | 1 |
| Brashear, RJ | 1 |
| Mattingly, PG | 1 |
| Zanna, L | 1 |
| Haeuw, JF | 1 |
| Hong, H | 1 |
| Ruzante, JM | 1 |
| Smith, WL | 1 |
| Gardner, IA | 1 |
| Cullor, JS | 1 |
| Johnson, DW | 2 |
| Nesterenko, EP | 1 |
| Guivarc'h, C | 1 |
| Duffy, C | 1 |
| Paull, B | 1 |
| Künzler, K | 1 |
| Eichenberger, W | 1 |
| MacLellan, KM | 1 |
| Brink, TL | 1 |
| Lockwood, DE | 1 |
| Romagnoli, M | 1 |
| Turner, J | 1 |
| Merz, WG | 1 |
| Schwalbe, RS | 1 |
| Moody, M | 1 |
| Lue, Y | 1 |
| Passen, S | 1 |
| Cornejo, BJ | 1 |
| Sahagún-Ruiz, A | 1 |
| Suárez-Güemes, F | 1 |
| Ficht, TA | 1 |
| Adams, LG | 1 |
| Laryea, MD | 1 |
| Steinhagen, F | 1 |
| Pawliczek, S | 1 |
| Wendel, U | 1 |
| Fartasch, M | 1 |
| Diepgen, TL | 1 |
| Kuhn, M | 1 |
| Basketter, DA | 1 |
| Terada, N | 1 |
| Inoue, F | 1 |
| Okochi, M | 1 |
| Nakajima, H | 1 |
| Kizaki, Z | 1 |
| Kinugasa, A | 1 |
| Sawada, T | 1 |
| Hirano, M | 1 |
| Nakamura, S | 1 |
| Okada, M | 1 |
| Ueda, M | 1 |
| Mukai, R | 1 |
| Saarinen, MT | 1 |
| Kettunen, H | 1 |
| Pulliainen, K | 1 |
| Peuranen, S | 1 |
| Tiihonen, K | 1 |
| Remus, J | 1 |
| Miles, KL | 1 |
| Norwich, JT | 1 |
| Martinson, JJ | 1 |
| Clegg, JB | 1 |
| deZengotita, VM | 1 |
| Abston, LR | 1 |
| Schmelzer, AE | 1 |
| Shaw, S | 1 |
| Miller, WM | 1 |
| Bason, L | 1 |
| Leaver, C | 1 |
| Hayman, CM | 1 |
| Chambers, ST | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GutHeart: Targeting Gut Microbiota to Treat Heart Failure[NCT02637167] | Phase 2 | 150 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-03-11 | Recruiting | ||
| Metabolic Health in Asian Women and Their Children[NCT01174875] | 1,247 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2009-06-30 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
1 trial available for betaine and Sensitivity and Specificity
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Provocative use tests in CAPB-allergic subjects with CAPB-containing product.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Cosmetics; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Male; Patch Tests; Referenc | 1999 |
48 other studies available for betaine and Sensitivity and Specificity
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Quantitative MALDI-MS/MS assay for serum cortisol through charged derivatization.
Topics: Betaine; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectromet | 2020 |
Simultaneous determination of trimethylamine N-oxide, choline, betaine by UPLC-MS/MS in human plasma: An application in acute stroke patients.
Topics: Aged; Betaine; Choline; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Pl | 2018 |
Studies on the analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using enzyme-assisted derivatisation.
Topics: Betaine; Calcifediol; Cholesterol Oxidase; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Sensitivity and Specifici | 2014 |
Sensitive detection of acetylcholine based on a novel boronate intramolecular charge transfer fluorescence probe.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Acetylcholinesterase; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Betaine; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Hyd | 2014 |
Microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide is associated with disease severity and survival of patients with chronic heart failure.
Topics: Aged; Betaine; Biomarkers; Choline; Chronic Disease; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Intestinal Mucos | 2015 |
Quantitative acylcarnitine determination by UHPLC-MS/MS--Going beyond tandem MS acylcarnitine "profiles".
Topics: Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Betaine; | 2015 |
Utility of Novel Plasma Metabolic Markers in the Diagnosis of Pediatric Tuberculosis: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis Approach.
Topics: Betaine; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Child; Discriminant Analysis; Humans; Magnetic Resonance | 2016 |
A modified MS-PCR approach to diagnose patients with Prader-Willi and Angelman syndrome.
Topics: Angelman Syndrome; Betaine; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15; DNA Methylation; Genomic Imprinting; Humans | 2016 |
Prospective associations of maternal betaine status with offspring weight and body composition at birth: the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort study.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Betaine; Birth Weight; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Choline | 2016 |
Comprehensive evaluation of molecular enhancers of the isothermal exponential amplification reaction.
Topics: Betaine; Biosensing Techniques; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; DNA-Binding Proteins; Ethylene Glycol; MicroRNAs | 2016 |
Codeposition of dNTPs detection for rapid LAMP-based sexing of bovine embryos.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cattle; DNA; DNA Primers; Embryo Transfer; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Male; | 2009 |
Simultaneous measurement of proline and related compounds in oak leaves by high-performance ligand-exchange chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for environmental stress studies.
Topics: Alkaloids; Betaine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Droughts; Linear Models; Plant Leaves; Pro | 2009 |
Detection of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Betaine; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Magnesium; Molecular Sequence Data; Nodaviri | 2010 |
Quantitative analysis of surfactant deposits on human skin by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Drug Stability; Female; Forearm; Humans; Male; Sensit | 2010 |
Determination of betaine metabolites and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in coral tissues using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and stable isotope-labeled internal standards.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Anthozoa; Betaine; Chromatography, Liquid; Isotope Labeling; Linear Models; Re | 2010 |
Quantification of acetylcholine, choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in human plasma and urine using stable-isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adult; Betaine; Choline; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Stability; Female | 2010 |
Determination of betaines in vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry--application to the detection of olive oil adulteration with seed oils.
Topics: Alkaloids; Betaine; Carnitine; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Linear Models; Olive Oil; Plant Oils; Pro | 2011 |
Measurement of marine osmolytes in mammalian serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Animals; Arsenicals; Betaine; Biomarkers; Caniformia; Cattle; Chromatography, Liquid; Limit of Detec | 2012 |
A new approach to touch down method using betaine as co-solvent for increased specificity and intensity of GC rich gene amplification.
Topics: Betaine; GC Rich Sequence; Gene Amplification; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Polymerase Cha | 2012 |
The effect of lightly crosslinked poly(carboxybetaine) hydrogel coating on the performance of sensors in whole blood.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biosensing Techniques; Blood Glucose; Chlorocebus aethiops; Coated Materials, Bioc | 2012 |
Comparison of C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine and standard N-acetyl-L-cysteine-NaOH processing of respiratory specimens for increasing tuberculosis smear sensitivity in Brazil.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Bacteriological Techniques; Betaine; Brazil; Culture Media; Humans; Mycobacterium tu | 2002 |
Use of phosphobetaine-type zwitterionic surfactant for the determination of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions and ammonium ion in human saliva by capillary electrophoresis.
Topics: Alkalies; Betaine; Cations, Monovalent; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Humans; Metals, Alkaline Earth; | 2002 |
Comparison of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-sodium hydroxide specimen processing method with the C18-carboxypropylbetaine specimen processing method using the MB/BacT liquid culture system.
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Betaine; Chi-Square Distribution; Culture Media, Conditioned; Female; Hu | 2003 |
Method enabling firefly luciferase-based bioluminometric assays at elevated temperatures.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biosensing Techniques; Coleoptera; Enzyme Inhibitors; Enzyme Stability; Hot Temper | 2003 |
Analysis of the contaminant spectrum in the MB/BacT liquid culture system following C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine specimen processing.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Betaine; Culture Media, Conditioned; Gram-Negativ | 2003 |
Evaluation of two recovery methods for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by PCR: direct-dilution--centrifugation and C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine processing.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Centrifugation; DNA, Bacterial; Feces; Indicator Dilution | 2003 |
Cation specificity of osmosensing by the betaine carrier BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum.
Topics: Amino Acid Substitution; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biological Transport; Cations, Monovalent; Cor | 2004 |
Rapid and sensitive NMR method for osmolyte determination.
Topics: Amino Acids, Diamino; Betaine; Glutamic Acid; Halomonas; Hydrogen; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; | 2004 |
Improved sensitivity of sputum smear microscopy after processing specimens with C18-carboxypropylbetaine to detect acid-fast bacilli: a study of United States-bound immigrants from Vietnam.
Topics: Adult; Benzophenoneidum; Betaine; Emigration and Immigration; Humans; Microscopy; Mycobacterium tube | 2005 |
Mixed micellar systems of cleavable surfactants.
Topics: Alkanes; Betaine; Caprylates; Glycols; Hydrolysis; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Micelles; Molecu | 2005 |
Comparison of the sodium hydroxide specimen processing method with the C18-carboxypropylbetaine specimen processing method using independent specimens with auramine smear, the MB/BacT liquid culture system, and the COBAS AMPLICOR MTB test.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Benzophenoneidum; Betaine; Culture Media; Humans; | 2005 |
Rapid high-throughput detection of peroxide with an acridinium-9-carboxamide: a homogeneous chemiluminescent assay for plasma choline.
Topics: Acridines; Betaine; Choline; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Luminescent Measurements; Molecular Structur | 2006 |
Separation and quantitative analysis of alkyl sulfobetaine-type detergents by high-performance liquid chromatography and light-scattering detection.
Topics: Betaine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Detergents; Light; Reference Standards; Reproducibili | 2007 |
Derivatization with Girard reagent T combined with LC-MS/MS for the sensitive detection of 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine in cellular DNA.
Topics: Betaine; Chromatography, Liquid; Deoxyuridine; DNA; HeLa Cells; Humans; Hydrazones; Mass Spectrometr | 2007 |
Modified culture protocol for isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from raw milk.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Betaine; Cattle; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Female | 2006 |
A modified Girard derivatizing reagent for universal profiling and trace analysis of aldehydes and ketones by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Aldehydes; Betaine; Blood Chemical Analysis; Ketones; Microchemistry; Reproducibility of Results; Se | 2007 |
Separation of nucleic acid precursors on an amphoteric surfactant modified monolith using combined eluent flow, pH and concentration gradient.
Topics: Betaine; Calcium; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nucleic Acid Pre | 2007 |
Betaine lipids and zwitterionic phospholipids in plants and fungi.
Topics: Betaine; Bryopsida; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Eukaryota; Fungi; Indicators and Reagents; Lichens; | 1997 |
Novel method for processing respiratory specimens for detection of mycobacteria by using C18-carboxypropylbetaine: blinded study.
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Betaine; Bronchi; Coloring Agents; Culture Media; Evaluation Studies as | 1998 |
Comparison of C18-carboxypropylbetaine and glass bead DNA extraction methods for detection of Mycobacterium bovis in bovine milk samples and analysis of samples by PCR.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Betaine; Cattle; DNA, Bacterial; Glass; Microspheres; Milk; Myc | 1998 |
Simple method for the routine determination of betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine in blood and urine.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Infant; Middl | 1998 |
Measurement of carnitine precursors, epsilon-trimethyllysine and gamma-butyrobetaine in human serum by tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Humans; Lysine; Mass Spectrometry; Methylation; Reference Standards; Sensitivity | 1999 |
Rapid discrimination of monkey B virus from human herpes simplex viruses by PCR in the presence of betaine.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Chlorocebus aethiops; Genes, Viral; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine; Herpesvirus 1, | 2000 |
A novel method to analyze betaine in chicken liver: effect of dietary betaine and choline supplementation on the hepatic betaine concentration in broiler chicks.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Betaine; Chickens; Choline; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatograp | 2001 |
Analysis of alcohols, as dimethylglycine esters, by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Alcohols; Betaine; Esters; Imidazoles; Sarcosine; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, E | 2001 |
Polymerase chain reaction protocols for alpha globin haplotype polymorphisms.
Topics: Betaine; DNA Primers; Globins; Haplotypes; Humans; Magnesium; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphis | 2001 |
Selected amino acids protect hybridoma and CHO cells from elevated carbon dioxide and osmolality.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Antibodies; Apoptosis; Asparagine; Betaine; Carbon Dioxide; Cell Size; CHO Cel | 2002 |
Same-day batch measurement of glycine betaine, carnitine, and other betaines in biological material.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Kidney Medulla; Reference | 1992 |