betaine and Atherosclerosis studies

Atherosclerosis: A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"BET supplementation may be effective in preventing hyperlipidemia, disturbed NO availability, oxidative stress, and the development of fatty liver and atherosclerotic lesions that might result from excess amounts of cholesterol and methionine in the diet."	7.88	Effects of betaine supplementation on nitric oxide metabolism, atherosclerotic parameters, and fatty liver in guinea pigs fed a high cholesterol plus methionine diet. ( Bekpınar, S; Çevik, A; Genc, S; Gürdöl, F; Küskü-Kiraz, Z; Olgaç, V; Ünlücerci, Y; Uysal, M, 2018)
"The elevation of the levels of l-carnitine and its fatty acid esters, acylcarnitines, in tissue or plasma has been linked to the development of atherosclerosis."	7.81	Methyl-γ-butyrobetaine decreases levels of acylcarnitines and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis. ( Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makarova, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Sevostjanovs, E; Vilskersts, R; Volska, K, 2015)
"Low dietary intake of the essential nutrient choline and its metabolite betaine may increase atherogenesis both through effects on homocysteine methylation pathways as well as through choline's antioxidants properties."	7.74	Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. ( Bidulescu, A; Chambless, LE; Heiss, G; Siega-Riz, AM; Zeisel, SH, 2007)
"l-Carnitine, an abundant nutrient in red meat, accelerates atherosclerosis in mice via gut microbiota-dependent formation of trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) via a multistep pathway involving an atherogenic intermediate, γ-butyrobetaine (γBB)."	5.30	l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. ( Bartlett, D; Cody, DB; Copeland, MF; Culley, MK; Dai, HJ; DiDonato, JA; Fu, X; Garcia-Garcia, JC; Gu, X; Hazen, SL; Kirsop, J; Koeth, RA; Lam-Galvez, BR; Levison, BS; Li, L; Li, XS; Tang, WHW; Wang, Z; Wu, Y, 2019)
"BET supplementation may be effective in preventing hyperlipidemia, disturbed NO availability, oxidative stress, and the development of fatty liver and atherosclerotic lesions that might result from excess amounts of cholesterol and methionine in the diet."	3.88	Effects of betaine supplementation on nitric oxide metabolism, atherosclerotic parameters, and fatty liver in guinea pigs fed a high cholesterol plus methionine diet. ( Bekpınar, S; Çevik, A; Genc, S; Gürdöl, F; Küskü-Kiraz, Z; Olgaç, V; Ünlücerci, Y; Uysal, M, 2018)
"The elevation of the levels of l-carnitine and its fatty acid esters, acylcarnitines, in tissue or plasma has been linked to the development of atherosclerosis."	3.81	Methyl-γ-butyrobetaine decreases levels of acylcarnitines and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis. ( Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makarova, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Sevostjanovs, E; Vilskersts, R; Volska, K, 2015)
"L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, was recently reported to accelerate atherosclerosis via a metaorganismal pathway involving gut microbial trimethylamine (TMA) formation and host hepatic conversion into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)."	3.80	γ-Butyrobetaine is a proatherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO. ( Buffa, JA; Culley, MK; DiDonato, JA; Gregory, JC; Hazen, SL; Koeth, RA; Levison, BS; Li, L; Lusis, AJ; Org, E; Smith, JD; Tang, WHW; Wang, Z; Wu, Y, 2014)
"Long-term mildronate treatment decreases L-carnitine content in aortic tissues and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR(-/-) mice."	3.75	Mildronate, a regulator of energy metabolism, reduces atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-/- mice. ( Chlopicki, S; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kalvinsh, I; Liepinsh, E; Mateuszuk, L; Vilskersts, R, 2009)
"Betaine could inhibit the development of atherosclerosis via anti-inflammation."	3.74	[Anti-atherosclerotic effect of betaine in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice]. ( DU, YP; Fan, RX; Hou, MJ; Lü, SW; Zhu, HL, 2008)
"Low dietary intake of the essential nutrient choline and its metabolite betaine may increase atherogenesis both through effects on homocysteine methylation pathways as well as through choline's antioxidants properties."	3.74	Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. ( Bidulescu, A; Chambless, LE; Heiss, G; Siega-Riz, AM; Zeisel, SH, 2007)
"Atherosclerosis is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease, and lifestyle strongly impacts its onset and progression."	1.72	TMAO Upregulates Members of the miR-17/92 Cluster and Impacts Targets Associated with Atherosclerosis. ( Blanco, R; Daimiel, L; Dávalos, A; Díez-Ricote, L; Micó, V; Ordovás, JM; Ruiz-Valderrey, P; Tomé-Carneiro, J, 2022)
"Betaine serves as a methyl donor in a reaction converting homocysteine to methionine."	1.35	Betaine supplementation attenuates atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. ( Du, Y; Fan, R; Hou, M; Ling, W; Lv, S; Tang, Z; Zhu, H, 2009)

Research

Studies (23)

Authors

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in PAQ (Physical Activity Questionnaire)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	2 (8.70)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	6 (26.09)	29.6817
2010's	11 (47.83)	24.3611
2020's	4 (17.39)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Xiong, X	1
Zhou, J	1
Fu, Q	1
Xu, X	1
Wei, S	1
Yang, S	1
Chen, B	1
Díez-Ricote, L	1
Ruiz-Valderrey, P	1
Micó, V	1
Blanco, R	1
Tomé-Carneiro, J	1
Dávalos, A	1
Ordovás, JM	1
Daimiel, L	1
Blachier, F	1
Andriamihaja, M	1
Blais, A	1
Zheng, Y	1
He, JQ	1
Küskü-Kiraz, Z	1
Genc, S	1
Bekpınar, S	1
Ünlücerci, Y	1
Çevik, A	1
Olgaç, V	1
Gürdöl, F	1
Uysal, M	1
Koeth, RA	2
Lam-Galvez, BR	1
Kirsop, J	1
Wang, Z	3
Levison, BS	3
Gu, X	1
Copeland, MF	1
Bartlett, D	1
Cody, DB	1
Dai, HJ	1
Culley, MK	2
Li, XS	1
Fu, X	2
Wu, Y	3
Li, L	2
DiDonato, JA	3
Tang, WHW	2
Garcia-Garcia, JC	1
Hazen, SL	3
Sinha, A	1
Ma, Y	1
Scherzer, R	1
Rahalkar, S	1
Neilan, BD	1
Crane, H	1
Drozd, D	1
Martin, J	1
Deeks, SG	1
Hunt, P	1
Hsue, PY	1
Claus, SP	1
Buffa, JA	1
Gregory, JC	1
Org, E	1
Smith, JD	2
Lusis, AJ	2
Drosos, I	1
Tavridou, A	1
Kolios, G	1
Vilskersts, R	2
Kuka, J	1
Liepinsh, E	2
Makrecka-Kuka, M	1
Volska, K	1
Makarova, E	1
Sevostjanovs, E	1
Cirule, H	1
Grinberga, S	2
Dambrova, M	2
Berge, RK	2
Ramsvik, MS	1
Bohov, P	1
Svardal, A	2
Nordrehaug, JE	1
Rostrup, E	1
Bruheim, I	1
Bjørndal, B	1
Trøseid, M	1
Hov, JR	1
Nestvold, TK	1
Thoresen, H	1
Lappegård, KT	1
Fan, RX	1
Lü, SW	1
DU, YP	1
Hou, MJ	1
Zhu, HL	1
Lv, S	1
Fan, R	1
Du, Y	1
Hou, M	1
Tang, Z	1
Ling, W	1
Zhu, H	1
Mateuszuk, L	1
Kalvinsh, I	1
Chlopicki, S	1
Manicke, NE	1
Nefliu, M	1
Wu, C	1
Woods, JW	1
Reiser, V	1
Hendrickson, RC	1
Cooks, RG	1
Rak, K	1
Rader, DJ	1
Klipfell, E	1
Bennett, BJ	1
Koeth, R	1
Dugar, B	1
Feldstein, AE	1
Britt, EB	1
Chung, YM	1
Schauer, P	1
Allayee, H	1
Tang, WH	1
MORRISON, LM	1
FAZIO, B	1
BALESTRERI, R	1
Colgan, SM	1
Austin, RC	1
Bidulescu, A	1
Chambless, LE	1
Siega-Riz, AM	1
Zeisel, SH	1
Heiss, G	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
CARNIVAL Study: Gut Flora Dependent Metabolism of Dietary CARNItine and Phosphatidylcholine and cardioVAscuLar Disease[NCT01731236]	Early Phase 1	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-02-11	Enrolling by invitation
"Plant-Based Meat vs Animal Red Meat: a Randomized Cross-over Trial"[NCT04510324]		41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-01	Completed
Low Fat Vegan Diet or American Heart Association Diet, Impact on Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk in Obese 9-18 y.o. With Elevated Cholesterol: A Four Week Randomized Trial[NCT01817491]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Effect of Choline Source and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine-N-oxide Response in Humans[NCT04255368]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-09	Completed
Effects of Choline Supplementation on Fetal Growth in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus[NCT04302168]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-04-01	Recruiting
Impact of Diet and Gut Microbiota on Trimethylamine-N-oxide Production and Fate in Humans[NCT02558673]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Completed
Gut Flora Metabolite Reduction After Dietary Intervention (GRADY)[NCT02016430]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-04-04	Recruiting
Analysis of MicroBial Metabolites After Eating Refined Food[NCT04308473]		46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Active, not recruiting
Effects of Choline From Eggs vs. Supplements on the Generation of TMAO in Humans (EGGS)[NCT03039023]		86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-02	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

PAQ self reported questions based on activity level from 1 (low activity) to 5 (high activity), overall PAQ score is a mean of the questions. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

Children Change in BMI Z Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	0.22
American Heart Association Diet	-0.16

Body mass index z-scores, also called BMI standard deviation (s.d.) scores, are measures of relative weight adjusted for child age and sex. Given a child's age, sex, BMI, and an appropriate reference standard, a BMI z-score (or its equivalent BMI-for-age percentile) can be determined. Negative BMI z-scores indicate a BMI that is lower than the population mean, while positive BMI scores indicate a value that is higher than the population mean. A decrease in the BMI z-score over time indicate a lowering of the BMI. Z-scores of 1.03 and 1.64 correspond to the 85th and 95th percentiles of BMI-for-age, which are the definitions of overweight and obesity in children. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference BMI Z Score Children

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference PAQ Children

Intervention	Z Score (Mean)
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-0.14
American Heart Association Diet	-0.03

Intervention	Z score (Mean)
PB/AHA	-0.13

PAQ self reported questions based on activity level from 1 (low activity) to 5 (high activity), overall PAQ score is a mean of the questions. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Change in Blood Pressure (BP)

Change in Body Mass Index BMI Percentile

Change in Circumference

Change in Glucose

Change in HgbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)

Change in hsCRP (High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein)

Change in IL-6 (Interleukin-6)

Change in Insulin

Change in Lipid Profile

Change in Liver Enzymes

Change in MPO (Myeloperoxidase)

Change in Weight

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean BP

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference BMI

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference Circumference

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference Weight

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Lipid Profile

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Glucose

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio HgbA1c

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio hsCRP

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio IL-6

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Insulin

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Liver Enzymes

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio MPO

Changes in Levels of Fasting Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in 24-hour Urine Collections

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
PB/AHA	0.39

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Children Systolic BP	Parents Systolic BP	Children Diastolic BP	Parent Diastolic BP
American Heart Association Diet	-5.14	-3.14	-4.36	-6.64
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-6.43	-7.96	-2.61	-3.46

Intervention	BMI percentile (Mean)
	Children	Parents
American Heart Association Diet	-0.08	-0.73
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-1.12	-1.29

Intervention	cm (Mean)
	Children Waist Circumference	Parents Waist Circumference	Children Midarm Circumference	Parents Midarm Circumference
American Heart Association Diet	-2.96	-0.49	-1.14	0.35
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-1.53	-1.94	-2.02	-1.32

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	-.64	-5.43
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	0.93	4.93

Intervention	percentage (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	0.21	0.14
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	0.17	-0.16

Intervention	mg/L (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	2.78	0.21
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-2.09	-0.24

Intervention	pg/ml (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	-0.19	-0.19
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-0.17	0.16

Intervention	uU/ml (Mean)
	Children	Parents
American Heart Association Diet	3.16	-3.15
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-5.42	-3.11

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	total cholesterol children	triglycerides children	high-density lipoprotein cholesterol children	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol children	total cholesterol parents	triglycerides parents	high-density lipoprotein cholesterol parents	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol parents
American Heart Association Diet	-16.50	-13.14	-2.93	-11.00	-7.14	16.86	16.86	-5.50
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-22.50	-25.50	-5.93	-13.14	-33.79	6.21	-8.14	-27.00

Intervention	U/L (Mean)
	alanine aminotransferase (ALT) children	aspartate aminotransferase (AST) children	alanine aminotransferase (ALT) parents	aspartate aminotransferase (AST) parents
American Heart Association Diet	-1.14	0.00	4.57	4.43
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	0.79	2.79	0.86	0.14

Intervention	pmol/L (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	-69.23	1.78
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-75.34	16.91

Intervention	kg (Mean)
	Children	Parents
American Heart Association Diet	-1.55	-2.01
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-3.05	-3.64

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children adj mean ratio systolic BP	Children adj mean ratio diastolic BP	parents adj mean ratio systolic BP	parents adj mean ratio diastolic BP
PB/AHA	1.87	1.01	0.97	1.03

Intervention	percentile (Mean)
	Children Change in BMI	Parents Change in BMI
PB/AHA	-1.17	-0.69

Intervention	cm (Mean)
	children waist circumference	parents waist circumference	children arm circumference	parents arm circumference
PB/AHA	1.32	-1.14	-1.25	-1.68

Intervention	kg (Mean)
	Children Weight	Parents Weight
PB/AHA	-1.71	-1.95

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	CHOL children	TRIG children	HDL children	LDL children	CHOL parents	TRIG parents	HDL parents	LDL parents
PB/AHA	-10.34	1.01	0.17	0.95	-27.29	0.95	0.94	-21.92

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	1.01	1.06

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.99	0.96

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.46	0.68

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.26	1.14

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.7	0.87

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	ALT children	AST children	ALT parents	AST parents
PB/AHA	1	1.13	0.85	0.83

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.95	0.93

Changes in levels of non-labeled TMAO from baseline to Day 28 measured by established mass spectrometry techniques. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Lipid Profile, HDL

Intervention	mg in 24 hours (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	26.2	139.0
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	29.3	186.9
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	27.5	221.8
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	15.8	33.1
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	24.3	28.5

Changes in measured HDL levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Lipid Profile, LDL

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	49	51
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	48	50
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	57	56
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	61	62
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	48	49

Changes in measured LDL levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Lipid Profile, Total Cholesterol

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	90	94
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	104	101
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	108	118
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	107	106
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	91	86

Changes in total cholesterol levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Lipid Profile, Triglycerides

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	180	172
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	186	178
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	187	198
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	175	172
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	156	158

Changes in measured triglyceride levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Betaine.

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	106	96
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	122	109
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	103	97
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	74	84
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	86	100

Fasting plasma levels of betaine from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Carnitine.

Intervention	uM (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	38.2	69.0
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	38.7	59.8
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	30.7	46.9
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	33.6	46.3
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	28.1	39.7

Fasting plasma levels of carnitine from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Choline

Intervention	uM (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	21.2	18.7
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	21.1	18.9
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	21.5	15.6
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	23.4	20.8
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	19.1	19.4

Fasting plasma levels of choline from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a Choline Metabolite

Intervention	uM (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	7.5	12.9
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	9.5	12.8
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	8.5	14.0
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	7.6	10.6
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	8.3	10.9

Changes in levels of non-labeled TMAO from baseline to end-of-study (day 28) as measured by established techniques by mass spectrometry. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 days

Changes in Platelet Function With Increased Choline Intake

Intervention	uM (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	1.9	11.1
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	2.6	28.1
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	2.3	12.3
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	2.8	3.4
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	2.0	2.3

The activation and functioning of platelets within a single subject will be compared before and after increased choline intake. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Article	Year
Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Lipid Metabolism. The Journal of nutrition, 2020, 10-01, Volume: 150, Issue:Suppl 1 Topics: Amino Acids, Sulfur; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cholesterol; Cysteine; Dietary Proteins; Die	2020
New aspects on the metabolic role of intestinal microbiota in the development of atherosclerosis. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2015, Volume: 64, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Methyl	2015

Article	Year
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019, 01-02, Volume: 129, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hu	2019
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019, 01-02, Volume: 129, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hu	2019
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019, 01-02, Volume: 129, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hu	2019
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019, 01-02, Volume: 129, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hu	2019
Krill oil reduces plasma triacylglycerol level and improves related lipoprotein particle concentration, fatty acid composition and redox status in healthy young adults - a pilot study. Lipids in health and disease, 2015, Dec-15, Volume: 14 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chylomicrons; Cytokines; D	2015

Article	Year
The associations between TMAO-related metabolites and blood lipids and the potential impact of rosuvastatin therapy. Lipids in health and disease, 2022, Jul-21, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Cholesterol, LDL; Choline; Humans; Lipids; Methylamines; Rosuva	2022
TMAO Upregulates Members of the miR-17/92 Cluster and Impacts Targets Associated with Atherosclerosis. International journal of molecular sciences, 2022, Oct-11, Volume: 23, Issue:20 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Inflammation	2022
Pathogenic Mechanisms of Trimethylamine N-Oxide-induced Atherosclerosis and Cardiomyopathy. Current vascular pharmacology, 2022, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiomyopathies; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Methylamines	2022
Effects of betaine supplementation on nitric oxide metabolism, atherosclerotic parameters, and fatty liver in guinea pigs fed a high cholesterol plus methionine diet. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 2018, Volume: 45 Topics: Animals; Arginine; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet, High-Fat; Diet	2018
Carnitine Is Associated With Atherosclerotic Risk and Myocardial Infarction in HIV -Infected Adults. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2019, 05-07, Volume: 8, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Carotid Artery Di	2019
Mammalian-microbial cometabolism of L-carnitine in the context of atherosclerosis. Cell metabolism, 2014, Nov-04, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Methylamines	2014
γ-Butyrobetaine is a proatherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO. Cell metabolism, 2014, Nov-04, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Methylamines; Mice; Mi	2014
Methyl-γ-butyrobetaine decreases levels of acylcarnitines and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis. Vascular pharmacology, 2015, Volume: 72 Topics: Animals; Aorta; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Disease Progression; Female;	2015
Major Increase in Microbiota-Dependent Proatherogenic Metabolite TMAO One Year After Bariatric Surgery. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 2016, Volume: 14, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Atherosclerosis; Bariatric Surgery; Betaine; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnit	2016
[Anti-atherosclerotic effect of betaine in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice]. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 2008, Volume: 42, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Chemokine CCL2; Dietary Supplements; Disease M	2008
Betaine supplementation attenuates atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. European journal of nutrition, 2009, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Aorta; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Chemokine CCL2; Dietary Supplements; Di	2009
Mildronate, a regulator of energy metabolism, reduces atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-/- mice. Pharmacology, 2009, Volume: 83, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Aorta; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Energy Metabolism; Femal	2009
Imaging of lipids in atheroma by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry, 2009, Nov-01, Volume: 81, Issue:21 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cholesterol; Humans; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids; Spectrometry, Ma	2009
Cardiovascular disease: the diet-microbe morbid union. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Dietary Fats;	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Results of betaine treatment of atherosclerosis. The American journal of digestive diseases, 1952, Volume: 19, Issue:12 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Coronary Disease; Fabaceae; Glycine	1952
[Treatment of human atherosclerosis with betaine]. Minerva medica, 1961, Apr-25, Volume: 52 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Choline; Humans	1961
Homocysteinylation of metallothionein impairs intracellular redox homeostasis: the enemy within! Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2007, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Endothelium, Vascular; Folic Acid; Homeostasis; Homocysteine; Humans; Hype	2007
Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2007, Jul-13, Volume: 7 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Choline; Coronary Disease; Diet; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incide	2007

betaine and Atherosclerosis