Page last updated: 2024-10-16

betaine and Atherosclerosis

betaine has been researched along with Atherosclerosis in 23 studies

glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.

Atherosclerosis: A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"BET supplementation may be effective in preventing hyperlipidemia, disturbed NO availability, oxidative stress, and the development of fatty liver and atherosclerotic lesions that might result from excess amounts of cholesterol and methionine in the diet."7.88Effects of betaine supplementation on nitric oxide metabolism, atherosclerotic parameters, and fatty liver in guinea pigs fed a high cholesterol plus methionine diet. ( Bekpınar, S; Çevik, A; Genc, S; Gürdöl, F; Küskü-Kiraz, Z; Olgaç, V; Ünlücerci, Y; Uysal, M, 2018)
"The elevation of the levels of l-carnitine and its fatty acid esters, acylcarnitines, in tissue or plasma has been linked to the development of atherosclerosis."7.81Methyl-γ-butyrobetaine decreases levels of acylcarnitines and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis. ( Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makarova, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Sevostjanovs, E; Vilskersts, R; Volska, K, 2015)
"Low dietary intake of the essential nutrient choline and its metabolite betaine may increase atherogenesis both through effects on homocysteine methylation pathways as well as through choline's antioxidants properties."7.74Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. ( Bidulescu, A; Chambless, LE; Heiss, G; Siega-Riz, AM; Zeisel, SH, 2007)
"l-Carnitine, an abundant nutrient in red meat, accelerates atherosclerosis in mice via gut microbiota-dependent formation of trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) via a multistep pathway involving an atherogenic intermediate, γ-butyrobetaine (γBB)."5.30l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. ( Bartlett, D; Cody, DB; Copeland, MF; Culley, MK; Dai, HJ; DiDonato, JA; Fu, X; Garcia-Garcia, JC; Gu, X; Hazen, SL; Kirsop, J; Koeth, RA; Lam-Galvez, BR; Levison, BS; Li, L; Li, XS; Tang, WHW; Wang, Z; Wu, Y, 2019)
"BET supplementation may be effective in preventing hyperlipidemia, disturbed NO availability, oxidative stress, and the development of fatty liver and atherosclerotic lesions that might result from excess amounts of cholesterol and methionine in the diet."3.88Effects of betaine supplementation on nitric oxide metabolism, atherosclerotic parameters, and fatty liver in guinea pigs fed a high cholesterol plus methionine diet. ( Bekpınar, S; Çevik, A; Genc, S; Gürdöl, F; Küskü-Kiraz, Z; Olgaç, V; Ünlücerci, Y; Uysal, M, 2018)
"The elevation of the levels of l-carnitine and its fatty acid esters, acylcarnitines, in tissue or plasma has been linked to the development of atherosclerosis."3.81Methyl-γ-butyrobetaine decreases levels of acylcarnitines and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis. ( Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makarova, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Sevostjanovs, E; Vilskersts, R; Volska, K, 2015)
"L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, was recently reported to accelerate atherosclerosis via a metaorganismal pathway involving gut microbial trimethylamine (TMA) formation and host hepatic conversion into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)."3.80γ-Butyrobetaine is a proatherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO. ( Buffa, JA; Culley, MK; DiDonato, JA; Gregory, JC; Hazen, SL; Koeth, RA; Levison, BS; Li, L; Lusis, AJ; Org, E; Smith, JD; Tang, WHW; Wang, Z; Wu, Y, 2014)
"Long-term mildronate treatment decreases L-carnitine content in aortic tissues and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR(-/-) mice."3.75Mildronate, a regulator of energy metabolism, reduces atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-/- mice. ( Chlopicki, S; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kalvinsh, I; Liepinsh, E; Mateuszuk, L; Vilskersts, R, 2009)
"Betaine could inhibit the development of atherosclerosis via anti-inflammation."3.74[Anti-atherosclerotic effect of betaine in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice]. ( DU, YP; Fan, RX; Hou, MJ; Lü, SW; Zhu, HL, 2008)
"Low dietary intake of the essential nutrient choline and its metabolite betaine may increase atherogenesis both through effects on homocysteine methylation pathways as well as through choline's antioxidants properties."3.74Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. ( Bidulescu, A; Chambless, LE; Heiss, G; Siega-Riz, AM; Zeisel, SH, 2007)
"Atherosclerosis is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease, and lifestyle strongly impacts its onset and progression."1.72TMAO Upregulates Members of the miR-17/92 Cluster and Impacts Targets Associated with Atherosclerosis. ( Blanco, R; Daimiel, L; Dávalos, A; Díez-Ricote, L; Micó, V; Ordovás, JM; Ruiz-Valderrey, P; Tomé-Carneiro, J, 2022)
"Betaine serves as a methyl donor in a reaction converting homocysteine to methionine."1.35Betaine supplementation attenuates atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. ( Du, Y; Fan, R; Hou, M; Ling, W; Lv, S; Tang, Z; Zhu, H, 2009)

Research

Studies (23)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19902 (8.70)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's6 (26.09)29.6817
2010's11 (47.83)24.3611
2020's4 (17.39)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Xiong, X1
Zhou, J1
Fu, Q1
Xu, X1
Wei, S1
Yang, S1
Chen, B1
Díez-Ricote, L1
Ruiz-Valderrey, P1
Micó, V1
Blanco, R1
Tomé-Carneiro, J1
Dávalos, A1
Ordovás, JM1
Daimiel, L1
Blachier, F1
Andriamihaja, M1
Blais, A1
Zheng, Y1
He, JQ1
Küskü-Kiraz, Z1
Genc, S1
Bekpınar, S1
Ünlücerci, Y1
Çevik, A1
Olgaç, V1
Gürdöl, F1
Uysal, M1
Koeth, RA2
Lam-Galvez, BR1
Kirsop, J1
Wang, Z3
Levison, BS3
Gu, X1
Copeland, MF1
Bartlett, D1
Cody, DB1
Dai, HJ1
Culley, MK2
Li, XS1
Fu, X2
Wu, Y3
Li, L2
DiDonato, JA3
Tang, WHW2
Garcia-Garcia, JC1
Hazen, SL3
Sinha, A1
Ma, Y1
Scherzer, R1
Rahalkar, S1
Neilan, BD1
Crane, H1
Drozd, D1
Martin, J1
Deeks, SG1
Hunt, P1
Hsue, PY1
Claus, SP1
Buffa, JA1
Gregory, JC1
Org, E1
Smith, JD2
Lusis, AJ2
Drosos, I1
Tavridou, A1
Kolios, G1
Vilskersts, R2
Kuka, J1
Liepinsh, E2
Makrecka-Kuka, M1
Volska, K1
Makarova, E1
Sevostjanovs, E1
Cirule, H1
Grinberga, S2
Dambrova, M2
Berge, RK2
Ramsvik, MS1
Bohov, P1
Svardal, A2
Nordrehaug, JE1
Rostrup, E1
Bruheim, I1
Bjørndal, B1
Trøseid, M1
Hov, JR1
Nestvold, TK1
Thoresen, H1
Lappegård, KT1
Fan, RX1
Lü, SW1
DU, YP1
Hou, MJ1
Zhu, HL1
Lv, S1
Fan, R1
Du, Y1
Hou, M1
Tang, Z1
Ling, W1
Zhu, H1
Mateuszuk, L1
Kalvinsh, I1
Chlopicki, S1
Manicke, NE1
Nefliu, M1
Wu, C1
Woods, JW1
Reiser, V1
Hendrickson, RC1
Cooks, RG1
Rak, K1
Rader, DJ1
Klipfell, E1
Bennett, BJ1
Koeth, R1
Dugar, B1
Feldstein, AE1
Britt, EB1
Chung, YM1
Schauer, P1
Allayee, H1
Tang, WH1
MORRISON, LM1
FAZIO, B1
BALESTRERI, R1
Colgan, SM1
Austin, RC1
Bidulescu, A1
Chambless, LE1
Siega-Riz, AM1
Zeisel, SH1
Heiss, G1

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
CARNIVAL Study: Gut Flora Dependent Metabolism of Dietary CARNItine and Phosphatidylcholine and cardioVAscuLar Disease[NCT01731236]Early Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-02-11Enrolling by invitation
"Plant-Based Meat vs Animal Red Meat: a Randomized Cross-over Trial"[NCT04510324]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-01Completed
Low Fat Vegan Diet or American Heart Association Diet, Impact on Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk in Obese 9-18 y.o. With Elevated Cholesterol: A Four Week Randomized Trial[NCT01817491]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Effect of Choline Source and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine-N-oxide Response in Humans[NCT04255368]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-09Completed
Effects of Choline Supplementation on Fetal Growth in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus[NCT04302168]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-04-01Recruiting
Impact of Diet and Gut Microbiota on Trimethylamine-N-oxide Production and Fate in Humans[NCT02558673]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
Gut Flora Metabolite Reduction After Dietary Intervention (GRADY)[NCT02016430]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-04-04Recruiting
Analysis of MicroBial Metabolites After Eating Refined Food[NCT04308473]46 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Active, not recruiting
Effects of Choline From Eggs vs. Supplements on the Generation of TMAO in Humans (EGGS)[NCT03039023]86 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-02Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Change in PAQ (Physical Activity Questionnaire)

PAQ self reported questions based on activity level from 1 (low activity) to 5 (high activity), overall PAQ score is a mean of the questions. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet0.22
American Heart Association Diet-0.16

Children Change in BMI Z Score

Body mass index z-scores, also called BMI standard deviation (s.d.) scores, are measures of relative weight adjusted for child age and sex. Given a child's age, sex, BMI, and an appropriate reference standard, a BMI z-score (or its equivalent BMI-for-age percentile) can be determined. Negative BMI z-scores indicate a BMI that is lower than the population mean, while positive BMI scores indicate a value that is higher than the population mean. A decrease in the BMI z-score over time indicate a lowering of the BMI. Z-scores of 1.03 and 1.64 correspond to the 85th and 95th percentiles of BMI-for-age, which are the definitions of overweight and obesity in children. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

InterventionZ Score (Mean)
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-0.14
American Heart Association Diet-0.03

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference BMI Z Score Children

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

InterventionZ score (Mean)
PB/AHA-0.13

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference PAQ Children

PAQ self reported questions based on activity level from 1 (low activity) to 5 (high activity), overall PAQ score is a mean of the questions. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PB/AHA0.39

Change in Blood Pressure (BP)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Children Systolic BPParents Systolic BPChildren Diastolic BPParent Diastolic BP
American Heart Association Diet-5.14-3.14-4.36-6.64
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-6.43-7.96-2.61-3.46

Change in Body Mass Index BMI Percentile

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
InterventionBMI percentile (Mean)
ChildrenParents
American Heart Association Diet-0.08-0.73
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-1.12-1.29

Change in Circumference

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventioncm (Mean)
Children Waist CircumferenceParents Waist CircumferenceChildren Midarm CircumferenceParents Midarm Circumference
American Heart Association Diet-2.96-0.49-1.140.35
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-1.53-1.94-2.02-1.32

Change in Glucose

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet-.64-5.43
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet0.934.93

Change in HgbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet0.210.14
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet0.17-0.16

Change in hsCRP (High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionmg/L (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet2.780.21
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-2.09-0.24

Change in IL-6 (Interleukin-6)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet-0.19-0.19
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-0.170.16

Change in Insulin

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
InterventionuU/ml (Mean)
ChildrenParents
American Heart Association Diet3.16-3.15
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-5.42-3.11

Change in Lipid Profile

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
total cholesterol childrentriglycerides childrenhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol childrenlow-density lipoprotein cholesterol childrentotal cholesterol parentstriglycerides parentshigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol parentslow-density lipoprotein cholesterol parents
American Heart Association Diet-16.50-13.14-2.93-11.00-7.1416.8616.86-5.50
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-22.50-25.50-5.93-13.14-33.796.21-8.14-27.00

Change in Liver Enzymes

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
InterventionU/L (Mean)
alanine aminotransferase (ALT) childrenaspartate aminotransferase (AST) childrenalanine aminotransferase (ALT) parentsaspartate aminotransferase (AST) parents
American Heart Association Diet-1.140.004.574.43
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet0.792.790.860.14

Change in MPO (Myeloperoxidase)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet-69.231.78
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-75.3416.91

Change in Weight

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionkg (Mean)
ChildrenParents
American Heart Association Diet-1.55-2.01
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-3.05-3.64

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean BP

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
Children adj mean ratio systolic BPChildren adj mean ratio diastolic BPparents adj mean ratio systolic BPparents adj mean ratio diastolic BP
PB/AHA1.871.010.971.03

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference BMI

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercentile (Mean)
Children Change in BMIParents Change in BMI
PB/AHA-1.17-0.69

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference Circumference

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventioncm (Mean)
children waist circumferenceparents waist circumferencechildren arm circumferenceparents arm circumference
PB/AHA1.32-1.14-1.25-1.68

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference Weight

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionkg (Mean)
Children WeightParents Weight
PB/AHA-1.71-1.95

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Lipid Profile

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
CHOL childrenTRIG childrenHDL childrenLDL childrenCHOL parentsTRIG parentsHDL parentsLDL parents
PB/AHA-10.341.010.170.95-27.290.950.94-21.92

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Glucose

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA1.011.06

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio HgbA1c

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.990.96

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio hsCRP

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.460.68

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio IL-6

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.261.14

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Insulin

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.70.87

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Liver Enzymes

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ALT childrenAST childrenALT parentsAST parents
PB/AHA11.130.850.83

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio MPO

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.950.93

Changes in Levels of Fasting Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in 24-hour Urine Collections

Changes in levels of non-labeled TMAO from baseline to Day 28 measured by established mass spectrometry techniques. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg in 24 hours (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets26.2139.0
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets29.3186.9
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets27.5221.8
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules15.833.1
Whole Hardboiled Eggs24.328.5

Changes in Lipid Profile, HDL

Changes in measured HDL levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets4951
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets4850
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets5756
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules6162
Whole Hardboiled Eggs4849

Changes in Lipid Profile, LDL

Changes in measured LDL levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets9094
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets104101
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets108118
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules107106
Whole Hardboiled Eggs9186

Changes in Lipid Profile, Total Cholesterol

Changes in total cholesterol levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets180172
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets186178
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets187198
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules175172
Whole Hardboiled Eggs156158

Changes in Lipid Profile, Triglycerides

Changes in measured triglyceride levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets10696
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets122109
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets10397
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules7484
Whole Hardboiled Eggs86100

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Betaine.

Fasting plasma levels of betaine from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
InterventionuM (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets38.269.0
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets38.759.8
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets30.746.9
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules33.646.3
Whole Hardboiled Eggs28.139.7

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Carnitine.

Fasting plasma levels of carnitine from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
InterventionuM (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets21.218.7
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets21.118.9
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets21.515.6
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules23.420.8
Whole Hardboiled Eggs19.119.4

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Choline

Fasting plasma levels of choline from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
InterventionuM (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets7.512.9
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets9.512.8
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets8.514.0
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules7.610.6
Whole Hardboiled Eggs8.310.9

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a Choline Metabolite

Changes in levels of non-labeled TMAO from baseline to end-of-study (day 28) as measured by established techniques by mass spectrometry. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 days

,,,,
InterventionuM (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets1.911.1
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets2.628.1
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets2.312.3
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules2.83.4
Whole Hardboiled Eggs2.02.3

Changes in Platelet Function With Increased Choline Intake

The activation and functioning of platelets within a single subject will be compared before and after increased choline intake. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionaggregation percentage (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets2.612.8
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets3.029.4
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets2.312.3
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules2.83.4
Whole Hardboiled Eggs2.63.6

Reviews

2 reviews available for betaine and Atherosclerosis

ArticleYear
Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Lipid Metabolism.
    The Journal of nutrition, 2020, 10-01, Volume: 150, Issue:Suppl 1

    Topics: Amino Acids, Sulfur; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cholesterol; Cysteine; Dietary Proteins; Die

2020
New aspects on the metabolic role of intestinal microbiota in the development of atherosclerosis.
    Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2015, Volume: 64, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Methyl

2015

Trials

2 trials available for betaine and Atherosclerosis

ArticleYear
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans.
    The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019, 01-02, Volume: 129, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hu

2019
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans.
    The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019, 01-02, Volume: 129, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hu

2019
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans.
    The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019, 01-02, Volume: 129, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hu

2019
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans.
    The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019, 01-02, Volume: 129, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hu

2019
Krill oil reduces plasma triacylglycerol level and improves related lipoprotein particle concentration, fatty acid composition and redox status in healthy young adults - a pilot study.
    Lipids in health and disease, 2015, Dec-15, Volume: 14

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chylomicrons; Cytokines; D

2015

Other Studies

19 other studies available for betaine and Atherosclerosis

ArticleYear
The associations between TMAO-related metabolites and blood lipids and the potential impact of rosuvastatin therapy.
    Lipids in health and disease, 2022, Jul-21, Volume: 21, Issue:1

    Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Cholesterol, LDL; Choline; Humans; Lipids; Methylamines; Rosuva

2022
TMAO Upregulates Members of the miR-17/92 Cluster and Impacts Targets Associated with Atherosclerosis.
    International journal of molecular sciences, 2022, Oct-11, Volume: 23, Issue:20

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Inflammation

2022
Pathogenic Mechanisms of Trimethylamine N-Oxide-induced Atherosclerosis and Cardiomyopathy.
    Current vascular pharmacology, 2022, Volume: 20, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiomyopathies; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Methylamines

2022
Effects of betaine supplementation on nitric oxide metabolism, atherosclerotic parameters, and fatty liver in guinea pigs fed a high cholesterol plus methionine diet.
    Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 2018, Volume: 45

    Topics: Animals; Arginine; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet, High-Fat; Diet

2018
Carnitine Is Associated With Atherosclerotic Risk and Myocardial Infarction in HIV -Infected Adults.
    Journal of the American Heart Association, 2019, 05-07, Volume: 8, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Carotid Artery Di

2019
Mammalian-microbial cometabolism of L-carnitine in the context of atherosclerosis.
    Cell metabolism, 2014, Nov-04, Volume: 20, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Methylamines

2014
γ-Butyrobetaine is a proatherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO.
    Cell metabolism, 2014, Nov-04, Volume: 20, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Methylamines; Mice; Mi

2014
Methyl-γ-butyrobetaine decreases levels of acylcarnitines and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis.
    Vascular pharmacology, 2015, Volume: 72

    Topics: Animals; Aorta; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Disease Progression; Female;

2015
Major Increase in Microbiota-Dependent Proatherogenic Metabolite TMAO One Year After Bariatric Surgery.
    Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 2016, Volume: 14, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Atherosclerosis; Bariatric Surgery; Betaine; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnit

2016
[Anti-atherosclerotic effect of betaine in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice].
    Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 2008, Volume: 42, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Chemokine CCL2; Dietary Supplements; Disease M

2008
Betaine supplementation attenuates atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
    European journal of nutrition, 2009, Volume: 48, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Aorta; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Chemokine CCL2; Dietary Supplements; Di

2009
Mildronate, a regulator of energy metabolism, reduces atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-/- mice.
    Pharmacology, 2009, Volume: 83, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Aorta; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Energy Metabolism; Femal

2009
Imaging of lipids in atheroma by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
    Analytical chemistry, 2009, Nov-01, Volume: 81, Issue:21

    Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cholesterol; Humans; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids; Spectrometry, Ma

2009
Cardiovascular disease: the diet-microbe morbid union.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Dietary Fats;

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Results of betaine treatment of atherosclerosis.
    The American journal of digestive diseases, 1952, Volume: 19, Issue:12

    Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Coronary Disease; Fabaceae; Glycine

1952
[Treatment of human atherosclerosis with betaine].
    Minerva medica, 1961, Apr-25, Volume: 52

    Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Choline; Humans

1961
Homocysteinylation of metallothionein impairs intracellular redox homeostasis: the enemy within!
    Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2007, Volume: 27, Issue:1

    Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Endothelium, Vascular; Folic Acid; Homeostasis; Homocysteine; Humans; Hype

2007
Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.
    BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2007, Jul-13, Volume: 7

    Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Choline; Coronary Disease; Diet; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incide

2007