beta-escin and Edema

Saponins are a group of compounds used in clinical practice in the management of several diseases. Escin is a natural mixture of triterpene saponins which mainly consist of several isoforms, in which the α- and β-escin are predominant. β-escin is the major active compound that exerts a therapeutic effect by relieving tissue edema, promoting venous drainage, and reducing inflammation. In this review, we describe the features of its glucocorticoid-like activity that could explain its clinical effects. Using PubMed, Embase Cochrane library and reference lists for articles published until October 01, 2020, we documented that escin is likely able to exert its anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects through a glucocorticoid-like activity, but without the development of glucocorticoid-like adverse drug reactions.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Edema; Escin; Humans; Inflammation

This review discusses historical and recent pharmacological and clinical data on the anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, and venotonic properties of escin (Reparil

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Edema; Escin; Humans; Inflammation; Saphenous Vein; Vasoconstrictor Agents

The use of transdermal therapeutic systems has spread worldwide since they allow effective local drug delivery. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of a new betamethasone valerate medicated plaster (Betesil®) to manage facial swelling, edema, inflammation, ecchymosis, and hematoma, when applied immediately after a facial rejuvenation procedure.. We applied the plaster to the skin of 20 healthy patients for 12 hours immediately after hyaluronic acid-based procedure performed with the aim of erasing facial wrinkles of perioral and nasolabial folds and improving chin and eye contour. A further 20 patients underwent the same cosmetic procedure, but they were treated with an aescin 10% cream (applied immediately after the procedure, in the evening, and the morning after) and served as control group.. Betesil® application resulted in a significant improvement in swelling/edema/inflammation score, if compared with aescin 10% cream (P < 0.01). As for facial ecchymosis and hematoma around the needle injection track, only two patients in the active treatment group displayed minimal ecchymosis and hematoma. In the control group, two patients presented minimal ecchymosis and three slight hematoma. However, using the ecchymosis/hematoma score, no significant difference between Betesil® and aescin 10% cream groups was observed. Patients' satisfaction was significantly higher among subjects receiving Betesil®, if compared to patients receiving aescin 10% cream (P < 0.01).. The present study supports the use of Betesil® plaster immediately after facial cosmetic procedures in order to safely control swelling, edema, and inflammation.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Aged; Betamethasone Valerate; Cosmetic Techniques; Edema; Escin; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Rejuvenation; Skin Aging; Treatment Outcome

The authors concentrate on the use of enzyme therapy in traumatology. They monitored SET efficiency in the treatment and prophylazis of swelling in the postoperative period after the internal fixation of fractures of long bones and compared it with the effect of standard antiswelling seu antioedematous drugs on the basis of aescin.. A group of 60 patients was followed after the fixation of long bones. The average age was 42 years (range, 12-79 years). Fractures were treated by intrameduilary fixation or by external fixators. The patients were split into two groups. In 30 patients only Phlogenzym was administered for the treatment and prevention of posttraumatic and postoperative swelling. Another 30 patients--the control group--were treated by standard antioedematic drugs on the basis of aescin. The same analgesics were applied in both groups.. The group of patients with systemic enzyme therapy were treated by Phlogenzym in the dosage 3 times 3 tablets in the first three days after operation and subsequently 3 times 2 tablets in the remaining follow-up period. In the postoperative period the changes of operated limb volume was monitored. The circumference of a limb was measured in the area of the largest oedema and 10 cm distally. Then the volume of this part of limb was calculated as the volume of conical frustum. The measurements were performed on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14. The volume value of the 1st day was used as starting value (100%). The values of subsequent measurements were then compared to this starting value in both group of patients. Evaluation of the resorption of traumatic and postoperative haematoma and analgesis effect of Phlogenzym was also made.. In the group of patients who were administered with Phlogenzym after operation the reduction of the posttraumatic and postoperative swelling was continuous and significantly faster in compared with patients of the control group. A remarkable difference was revealed by the measurement on 5th postoperative day--in patients treated by Phlogenzym the starting value of the volume of the operated in limb was reduced on average by almost 8%. In contrast, in the control group treated by standard drugs this value slightly increased above 100%. At the end of the first postoperative week the monitored volume was on average reduced by 12% in the SET group compared with 1.45% in the control group. At the end of the follow-up--on 14th postoperative day the volume was reduced in the SET group by almost 17% compared with 9% in the control group. There was also an evidently good analgesic effect of the drug. The total consumption of analgesics of patients in the SET group was significantly lower, particularly in the early postoperative period. In the course of the follow-up of both groups no marked differences were recorded in the changes of the volume of operated limbs in dependence on the method of fixation applied (intramedullary or external), sex of the patient or on the affected limb (lower or upper). The patients tolerated Phlogenzym very well, only one female patient suffered temporarily from poor digestion which, however, did not require to interrupt the administration of the drug. No other undesirable effects occurred.. Fixation of long bones belongs to the most frequent operations in traumatological and orthopaedic departments of all levels. One of the factors which may have an unfavourable effect on the final result of fixation is a prolonged post-trauma or postoperative swelling. The results of the study prove a clearly positive effect of system enzymotherapy on the reduction of oedema accompanying the trauma and inflammation. The study proved a statistical significance of the acceleration of the reduction of oedema in patients treated by Phlogenzym as compared to the control group treated by a standard antioedematous drugs.. The authors verified that systemic enzyme therapy could influence significantly the results of traumatological surgery. Simple administration per os, efficient oedema reduction and thus accelerated healing, antiophlogistic and analgesic effect--all these advantages justify the application of this therapeutic method what can be recommended as a part of the complex treatment in traumatology with both conservative and surgical approaches.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bromelains; Child; Drug Combinations; Edema; Escin; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Rutin; Trypsin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Athletic Injuries; Capillary Permeability; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Edema; Escin; Female; Gels; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Random Allocation; Saponins

The efficacy of Essaven-capsules in venous circulatory disorders of the leg was assessed under the conditions of everyday general practice in a double blind trial including 34 out-patients. During the 4 week-treatment Essaven proved to be significantly superior to a placebo of identical appearance as regards the parameter pain in the legs, skin lesions, circumference of the ankle, and diuretic performance. The dosage was 3 X 2 capsules per day.

Topics: Adult; Chalcone; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diuresis; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Edema; Escin; Flavonoids; Hesperidin; Humans; Pain; Propiophenones; Saponins; Skin Manifestations; Thromboembolism

Beta-escin is highly effective in reducing postoperative edemas and swellings. It was tried to demonstrate the effect of beta-escin using the thermometry. The temperature of soft tissues and bones can be measured with the help of the thermometry, in this way the circulation of the skin can be determined. In 65 test persons so-called normal thermograms were established, using the infraredthermometer KT 41, which makes registrations without touching the skin. In 53 patients the temperature of the skin was checked after surgery of the hand. 27 patients received beta-escin (Reparil); 26 patients without medication served as controls. In every case the temperature of the operated hand was compared to the other hand. Among the patients, who received escin, the temperature of the operated hand rose for two days following surgery; afterwards it fell quickly. Among the controls the skin-temperature rose up to the 4. day after surgery and decreased slowly. These results demonstrate clearly that after using beta-escin there is a quick reduction of postoperative inflammation and edema.

Topics: Adult; Edema; Escin; Hand; Humans; Postoperative Care; Postoperative Complications; Saponins; Skin Temperature; Thermography; Water

18 persons with unimpaired renal function were examined, if the parenteral application of aescinat was followed by disturbances of renal function. 10 of these persons got for 3 days 10 mg of sodium-aescinat per day administered intravenously. The other test persons got for 6 days 20 mg of aescinat administered. There was no alteration in any of these cases either of serum electrolytes, blood sugar, creatinine, urea, urine analysis, creatinine clearance or hippuran clearance. We come to the conclusion that there has to be a strict indication for the application of aescinat in patients with threatening or apparent renal failure and a cautious dosage on the other hand. Patients with unimpaired renal function can be treated in normal dosage without great danger of renal or other side effects with aescinat for avoiding oedema while passing renal calculi or after plastic surgery.

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Creatinine; Drug Evaluation; Edema; Escin; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Radioisotope Renography; Saponins

Escin, as an internally applied anti-inflammatory agent, has been widely used in the treatment of inflammation and edema resulting from trauma or operation in the clinic. However, the effect of its external use on cutaneous inflammation and edema remains unexplored. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects of external use of escin were studied in carrageenan-induced paw edema and histamine-induced capillary permeability in rats, paraxylene-induced ear swelling in mice, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. Effects of external use of escin gel on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. The anti-inflammatory mechanism was explored by detecting the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with Western blotting and Real-time PCR analyses, with further exploration of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expressions. We demonstrated that external use of escin showed significant anti-inflammatory effects on acute and chronic inflammation in different animal models and its anti-inflammatory effects might be related to down-regulation of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The results also showed that escin exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by promoting the expression of GR, with the possible mechanism being inhibition of the expressions of GR-related signaling molecules such as NF-κB and AP-1.

Topics: Aesculus; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Dinoprostone; Edema; Escin; Female; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Male; Mice; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Escin, a natural mixture of triterpenoid saponins isolated from the seed of the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), had been demonstrated to possess anti-edematous and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study was designed to investigate whether escin exhibits synergistic anti-inflammatory effects when combined with glucocorticoids. The carrageenan-induced paw edema and pleuritis in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of escin and glucocorticoid alone or combined. The carrageenan-induced paw edema was inhibited only when escin and corticosterone (Cort) were administered together. Co-administration of escin with Cort significantly reduced the volume of exudates and the number of white blood cells of exudates in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats with pleuritis, but treatment with escin or Cort alone at a suboptimal concentration did not show any effect on the pleuritis rats. After the murine macrophagic RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), they were treated with escin, Cort or escin and Cort. Then nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) of cell culture supernatants were analyzed. Escin or Cort markedly reduced the content of NO, TNF-α and IL-1β secreted by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The combination of suboptimal concentrations of escin with Cort, which alone could not markedly inhibit the release of inflammatory factors, inhibited the secretion of NO, TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The findings suggest escin can synergize with glucocorticoids to enhance their anti-inflammatory effect.

Topics: Aesculus; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Edema; Escin; Glucocorticoids; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1beta; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Pleurisy; Random Allocation; Rats; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Although Bell's palsy is the most common acute facial paralysis, the cause of it is still unknown. This made the treatment for it remain very limited. Many methods are simply symptomatic treatment. Up to now we have known that Bell's palsy is related to viral infection and the pathomechanism of Bell's palsy involves inflammatory oedema and entrapment neuropathy in the narrow bony facial canal. So treatment plans for Bell's palsy mainly focus on antiviral therapy, relieving inflammatory oedema and accelerating facial nerve recovery. Sodium beta-aescin is derived from horse chestnut and its major constituent is aescigenin which has been approved by China national drug standard. The pharmacologic action of sodium beta-aescin is to relieve tissue oedema, recover vasopermeability and eliminate pressure caused by oedema. Nowadays sodium beta-aescin has been widely used clinically for encephaledema or tumefaction caused by trauma or operation. It also can be used for treating disease of digestive system and increasing intravenous tension and improving microcirculation. Although many papers had been published on the anti-edema effects of sodium beta-aescin, little was known about the effects in treating oedema complicated by Bell's palsy.

Topics: Bell Palsy; Cardiovascular Agents; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Design; Edema; Escin; Facial Paralysis; Humans; Inflammation; Ischemia; Models, Biological; Models, Theoretical; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Sodium

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Bulgaria; Drug Industry; Edema; Escin; Flavonoids; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Hypocalcemia; Phytic Acid; Plant Preparations

We investigated the effects of escins Ia, Ib, and IIb isolated from horse chestnut, the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L., and desacylescins I and II obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of escins on acute inflammation in animals (p.o.). Escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited the increase of vascular permeability induced by both acetic acid in mice and histamine in rats. Escins Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) also inhibited that induced by serotonin in rats, but escin Ia didn't. Escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb (200 mg/kg) inhibited the hind paw edema induced by carrageenin at the first phase in rats. Escin Ia (200 mg/kg) and escins Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited the scratching behavior induced by compound 48/80 in mice, but escin Ia was weakest. Desacylescins I and II (200 mg/kg) showed no effect. With regard to the relationship between their chemical structures and activities, the acyl groups in escins were essential. Escins Ib, IIa, and IIb with either the 21-angeloyl group or the 2'-O-xylopyranosyl moiety showed more potent activities than escin Ia which had both the 21-tigloyl group and the 2'-O-glucopyranosyl moiety.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Behavior, Animal; Capillary Permeability; Edema; Escin; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seeds; Structure-Activity Relationship

Horse chestnut extract (HCE), containing 70% escin, is the main active component of Veinotonyl 75. The aim of this work was to investigate pharmacological properties attempting to elucidate the efficacy of HCE in chronic venous insufficiency. Veinotonic and lymphagogue properties: HCE dose dependently contracts the canine saphenous isolated vein (cumulative doses 5 x 10(-8) to 5 x 10(-4) g/ml). Its action lasts more than 5 h. In the perfused canine saphenous vein, HCE (25-50 mg in bolus) increases the venous pressure of the normal vein and the pathological vein stenosed 8 days before, and the contractile response to noradrenaline is significantly potentiated. Moreover, during the perfusion in inverse direction of the blood stream, a clear contracting effect on the valves is also obtained with HCE. In the anaesthetized dog, HCE in situ improves the femoral vein compliance and opposes the venous distension obtained during clamping in a carotido-femoral perfusion with constant flow. In other respects, HCE significantly increases femoral venous pressure and flow, together with thoracic lymphatic flow, while respecting the arterial parameters (2.5 and 5 mg/kg i.v.). Vasculotropic action: HCE dose dependently diminishes the cutaneous capillary hyperpermeability induced either by injections of phlogistic agents as histamine and serotonin in the rat (100 to 400 mg/kg p.o.), or by an irritative agent (chloroform) application in the rabbit (50 to 300 mg/kg p.o. and 2.5 to 5 mg/kg i.v.). It significantly increases the vascular resistance in the guinea pig fed a scorbutigenic diet as measured by the petechia method (50 to 400 mg/kg p.o.). Antiedema and antiinflammatory properties: HCE decreases the formation of edemas induced in the rat's hind paw, one of lymphatic origin, the other of inflammatory origin (200 to 400 mg/kg p.o.). In an experimental model of pleurisy in the rat HCE suppresses plasmatic extravasation and leucocytes emigration into the pleural cavity (200 to 400 mg/kg p.o.; 1 to 10 mg/kg i.v.). It decreases the connective tissue formation in the subchronic model of inflammatory granuloma in the rat (400 mg/kg p.o. and 5-10 mg/kg s.c.). Antiradical mechanism of action both in vitro and in vivo: HCE dose dependently inhibits both enzymatic and non-enzymatic in vitro lipid peroxidation (5 x 10(-6) to 5 x 10(-4) g/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Blood Pressure; Capillary Permeability; Dogs; Edema; Escin; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Lipid Peroxidation; Lymphatic System; Male; Mice; Muscle Tonus; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Plant Extracts; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Saphenous Vein; Vascular Resistance

Topics: Adult; Diclofenac; Edema; Escin; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenylacetates; Saponins

Topics: Capillary Permeability; Diuretics; Edema; Escin; Humans; Rutin

Topics: Drug Evaluation; Edema; Escin; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Saponins; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Edema; Escin; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Humans; Saponins; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Drug Combinations; Edema; Escin; Heparin; Humans; Leg; Rutin; Saponins; Thrombophlebitis; Varicose Veins; Venous Insufficiency

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Edema; Escin; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Saponins; Surgery, Plastic

Topics: Animals; Aspirin; Dextrans; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Escin; Nucleic Acids; Ovalbumin; Phenylbutazone; Rabbits; Rats; Sodium

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Brain Concussion; Child; Crush Syndrome; Dextrans; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Escin; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Saponins; Shock, Traumatic; Skull Fractures

A very strong correlation has been shown to exist between acid and neutral protease activity levels in the skin, the acid protease activity level of the oedema fluid, and the oedema-reducing ability of the benzo-pyrones and related drugs. Macrophages, which are believed to be the main cells affected by the drugs, are very common in thermally injured tissues. Their lysosomal enzymes work at an acid pH. Since the main acid protease is cathepsin D, the overall acid protease levels are representative of changes in cathepsin D levels. Elevated levels are concomitant with more complete and rapid digestion of accumulated protein. The resulting fragments then can rapidly leave the injured tissues, freeing the oedema fluid. This form of proteolysis is very much different from that which is used by pharmacologists as a measure of inflammation. Normal proteolysis in inflammation represents an estimate of tissue derangement, but the proteolysis induced by drugs such as the benzo-pyrones represents a means of lessening some of the more injurious effects of this derangement. The results presented here strongly confirm this.

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrenes; Body Fluids; Coumarins; Edema; Escin; Levamisole; Muscles; Peptide Hydrolases; Rats; Rutin; Saponins; Skin; Time Factors

Generally, the benzopyrones enhanced acid protease activity levels in the oedema fluid and the extracellular compartment of the skin. This is the region where thermal injury has its greatest impact. The proteolysis induced by the drugs in this region represents a means of rapidly reducing some of the derangements which the thermal injury has caused. Levamisole also enhanced acid protease activity levels in the serum and extracellular compartment of the skin 6 hours after thermal injury, while Reparil had the same effect at 24 hours. Generally the benzopyrones had little or no effect on neutral protease levels, while levamisole and Reparil caused their depression. The later effects could possibly be attributed to serum deactivation or to inhibition of their release. The enzyme enhancing activity of these drugs has been shown to correlate remarkably well with their oedema reducing ability. Generally, those which increased enzyme activity levels the most were the most effective in reducing the oedema. The cells upon which the drugs exert their effects in thermal oedema mainly seem to be the macrophages; the fibroblasts seem to be of secondary importance. This is to be contrasted with their action in the initial stages of lymphoedema where they are believed to stimulate the neutrophils. The net result of the proteolysis is many small fragments which can rapidly leave the injured tissue thus releasing the oedema fluid.

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrans; Burns; Coumarins; Edema; Escin; Extracellular Space; Hindlimb; Levamisole; Muscles; Peptide Hydrolases; Rutin; Skin; Time Factors

In pathogenetically different models the antiedemic effect of extractum hippocastani semen (EHS) for intravenous and oral use was to be demonstrated. The histamine-induced edema of the skin, the postischemic edema of muscle and the cerebral edema provoked by cold injury were used. In all the models tested, it was possible to obtain reproducible numerical results which made statistical evaluation of the experiments possible. Antiedemic protective effects could be demonstrated in all investigations, whereas in one model a curative effect could be proved, too.

Topics: Brain Edema; Cold Temperature; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Escin; Histamine; Ischemia; Muscles; Muscular Diseases; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Skin Diseases

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Athletic Injuries; Edema; Escin; Female; Gels; Hematoma; Humans; Male; Muscles; Saponins; Sprains and Strains; Tendinopathy; Thermography

An experimental oedema of the bladder wall was produced by electric coagulation current in 130 rats. The amount of oedema was calculated by determination of the difference between the weight of the freshly excised wet bladder and that after drying to constant weight. Thus, oedema of a fairly constant and reproducible amount could be produced. The effect of three different drugs on such oedema was tested (Na-Aescinat, 6-methylprednisolone, alpha-Chymotrase). After the application of Na-Aescinat and 6-methylprednisolone no significant oedema could be measured after 48 h. Using alpha-Chymotrase, there was no measurable influence on the oedema.

Topics: Animals; Chymotrypsin; Edema; Electrocoagulation; Escin; Male; Methylprednisolone; Organ Size; Postoperative Complications; Rats; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Diseases

Contrary to the almost water insoluble crystalline beta-escinic acid, the water soluble forms of escin -- such as alpha-escinic acid or its salts, Na-b-escinate and the amorphous beta-escinic acid -- are so well absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract that the effects after oral application could be compared with those of the reference substances furosemide, hydrocortisone, acetylsalicylic acid, azapropazone and phenylbutazone. Escin was tested in the stasis edema, cotton-pellet-granuloma, and UV-erythema, i.e., in test models which seem specially suited to characterize the properties of this substance. In these tests which reflect both the prophylactic and the therapeutic treatment escin has proven antiexudative-antiphlogistic effects. They are based on a favorable influence of permeability and diuresis.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diuresis; Edema; Erythema; Escin; Furosemide; Granuloma; Guinea Pigs; Hydrocortisone; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Rats; Saponins

Renal tolerance of the preparation beta-aescin (Reparil) was tested in cases of oedema following fresh soft tissue crush injuries of the extremities and surgical and reconstructive operations on the hand. Forty in-patients with healthy kidneys were treated with 10 mg beta-aescin intravenously twice daily for six days after operations on the hand and after accident surgery. During this period the following tests were carried out every day and two days after cessation of treatment: urea content in urine and serum, creatinine in serum, creatinine clearance, albumin in urine, urine osmolarity and blood and urine sugar. All values obtained were within the normal range. No impairment of total renal function was observed. Taking the stated dosage instructions and contra-indications into consideration, beta-aescin can thus be administered without hesitation.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Creatinine; Edema; Escin; Extremities; Female; Hand Injuries; Humans; Kidney; Long-Term Care; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Urea

Subcutaneous implantation of small pieces of plastic foam leads to an exudation, the amount of which can be influenced by experimental conditions. The reproducibility of the amount of the exudation is very satisfactory. For 3 examples the possibility could be demonstrated that after cutaneous application of specific substances these can be analysed in the exudate. This could be done in the case of escin and salicylic acid (which is formed from the applied ester by enzymatic break-down during penetration of the epidermis) using thin-layer chromatography while heparin could be demonstrated disc-electrophoretically. All these substances lead to a statistically significant effect on the exudation process. Combining the 3 substances the therapeutic effect is very long lasting.

Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Drug Interactions; Edema; Electrophoresis, Disc; Escin; Ethylene Glycols; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Heparin; Male; Povidone; Rats; Salicylates; Saponins; Skin Absorption; Time Factors

Topics: Administration, Topical; Drug Combinations; Edema; Escin; Ethylene Glycols; General Surgery; Hematoma; Heparin; Humans; Professional Practice; Salicylates; Saponins; Wounds and Injuries

The efficacy of a group of anti-inflammatory drugs with similar modes of action was tested on thermal oedema. Of these, coumarin and sodiumrutin-sulphate were most effective. A combination of these, marketed as Venolot, although still beneficial, was not as effective as either given singly. The other drugs tested--levamisole, Reparil and Venoruton--although also of some benefit in treatment of this oedema, did not approach the overall effectiveness of coumarin of sodium-rutin-sulphate. Both drugs are characterized by a very wide safety margin between the therapeutic and the toxic dose. In addition, they are cheap, easy to obtain and can be taken orally. They work by stimulating phagocytosis, enzyme production and thus proteolysis and a subsequent removal of protein and oedema fluid from the injured tissues.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Burns; Coumarins; Edema; Escin; Female; Levamisole; Rats; Rutin; Time Factors

Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Capillaries; Capillary Permeability; Drug Combinations; Edema; Escin; Family Practice; Flavonoids; Glycosides; Humans; Joint Diseases; Leg Ulcer; Muscular Diseases; Phospholipids; Saponins; Tendons; Vascular Diseases; Veins

Topics: Drug Therapy; Edema; Escin; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Saponins; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenal Glands; Adrenalectomy; Aesculus; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Biomedical Research; Cholesterol; Edema; Escin; Guinea Pigs; Hypophysectomy; Inflammation; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolism; Pharmacology; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Research; Saponins; Tryptophan

Topics: Aesculus; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Antipyretics; Edema; Escin; General Practice; Humans; Postoperative Care

Topics: Aesculus; Cell Biology; Edema; Escin; Exudates and Transudates; Lymph; Saponins

Topics: Anticoagulants; Drug Combinations; Edema; Ephedrine; Escin; Fractures, Bone; Joint Dislocations; Plant Extracts; Thiamine