beta-carotene and Lymphoma--Non-Hodgkin

Carotenoids may play a protective role in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but findings from epidemiological studies on the associations between carotenoid intake and NHL risk are inconsistent. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to systemically evaluate the associations. Eligible studies were identified by a search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and article reference lists. We pooled risk estimates from individual studies using a random-effect model to quantify the associations between intakes of specific carotenoids and NHL risk. A total of 10 (7 case-control and 3 cohort) studies met our inclusion criteria. In the highest versus lowest analyses, intakes of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin, but not lycopene or beta-cryptoxanthin, were associated with a significant reduced risk of NHL. The estimated summary relative risks (95% confidence intervals) for alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin were 0.87 (0.78-0.97), 0.80 (0.68-0.94), and 0.82 (0.69-0.97), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that evidence supporting these protective associations was mostly based on studies with a case-control design. In addition, intakes of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were associated with a significant decreased risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, but not follicular lymphoma or small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia. There was a significant inverse dose-response relationship between alpha-carotene intake and NHL risk (13% lower risk per 1000 μg/day increment of intake). In conclusion, our findings suggest that higher intakes of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin might protect against NHL development. Further cohort studies with a control of plausible confounding are needed to confirm these associations.

Topics: beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Humans; Lutein; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Observational Studies as Topic; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Zeaxanthins

Telomere length plays an important role in the maintenance of chromosomal stability and in tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that telomere length in peripheral WBC DNA obtained from healthy individuals would be a predictor of future risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma.. Using a new assay to measure relative telomere length, monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR, which strongly correlates with telomere length measured by Southern blot (Spearman r = 0.91, P < 0.0001) and has high precision (coefficient of variation = 7%), we compared telomere length in peripheral WBC DNA in 107 incident male non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases and 107 matched controls within the prospective Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort.. Median (10th, 90th percentile) telomere length was 1.10 (0.79, 1.43) in cases and 1.02 (0.78, 1.26) in controls (P = 0.0017, Wilcoxon sign test). There was a strong dose-response relationship between quartiles of telomere length and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma overall [odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) by quartile: 1.0; 1.1 (0.4-2.7); 1.8 (0.7-4.9); and 3.6 (1.4-8.9); P trend = 0.003], and this association was similar across the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes present in this study.. These results suggest that longer telomere length may be a potential predictor for future risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Topics: Aged; alpha-Tocopherol; beta Carotene; Blotting, Southern; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Humans; Leukocytes; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Placebos; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prospective Studies; Risk; Telomere

Limited studies have investigated the effects of serum carotenoids on the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and the findings have been inconclusive. This study aims to assess the association between serum total or specific carotenoid levels and NHL risk. This 1:1 matched, hospital-based case-control study enrolled 512 newly diagnosed (within 1 month) NHL patients and 512 healthy controls who were matched by age (±5 years) and sex in Urumqi, China. Serum carotenoid levels were measured by HPLC. Conditional logistic regression showed that higher serum total carotenoid levels and their subtypes (e.g. α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene) were dose-dependently associated with decreased NHL risk. The multivariable-adjusted OR and their 95 % CI for NHL risk for quartile 4 (v. quartile 1) were 0·31 (95 % CI 0·22, 0·48; Pfor trend < 0·001) for total carotenoids, 0·52 (95 % CI 0·33, 0·79; Pfor trend: 0·003) for α-carotene, 0·63 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·94; Pfor trend: 0·031) for β-carotene, 0·73 (95 % CI 0·49, 1·05; Pfor trend: 0·034) for β-cryptoxanthin and 0·51 (95 % CI 0·34, 0·75; Pfor trend: 0·001) for lycopene. A null association was observed between serum lutein + zeaxanthin and NHL risk (OR 0·89, 95 % CI 0·57, 1·38; Pfor trend: 0·556). Significant interactions were observed after stratifying according to smoking status, and inverse associations were more evident among current smokers than past or never smokers for total carotenoids, α-carotene and lycopene (Pfor heterogeneity: 0·047, 0·042 and 0·046). This study indicates that higher serum carotenoid levels might be inversely associated with NHL risk, especially among current smokers.

Topics: Aged; beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Case-Control Studies; China; Cryptoxanthins; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Lycopene; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Risk Factors; Smoking

Antioxidants, primarily from fruits and vegetables, have been hypothesized to protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, which measures total antioxidant capacity of individual foods and accounts for synergism, can be estimated using a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We tested the hypothesis that higher intake of antioxidant nutrients from foods, supplements and FFQ-based ORAC values are associated with a lower risk of NHL in a clinic-based study of 603 incident cases and 1,007 frequency-matched controls. Diet was assessed with a 128-item FFQ. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age, sex, residence and total energy. Dietary intake of α-tocopherol (OR=0.50; p-trend=0.0002), β-carotene (OR=0.58; p-trend=0.0005), lutein/zeaxanthin (OR=0.62; p-trend=0.005), zinc (OR=0.54; p-trend=0.003) and chromium (OR=0.68; p-trend=0.032) was inversely associated with NHL risk. Inclusion of supplement use had little impact on these associations. Total vegetables (OR=0.52; p-trend<0.0001), particularly green leafy (OR=0.52; p-trend<0.0001) and cruciferous (OR=0.68; p-trend=0.045) vegetables, were inversely associated with NHL risk. NHL risk was inversely associated with both hydrophilic ORAC (OR=0.61, p-trend=0.003) and lipophilic ORAC (OR=0.48, p-trend=0.0002), although after simultaneous adjustment for other antioxidants or total vegetables, only the association for lipophilic ORAC remained significant. There was no striking heterogeneity in results across the common NHL subtypes. Higher antioxidant intake as estimated by the FFQ-ORAC, particularly the lipophilic component, was associated with a lower NHL risk after accounting for other antioxidant nutrients and vegetable intake, supporting this as potentially useful summary measure of total antioxidant intake.

Topics: Adult; Aged; alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; beta Carotene; Case-Control Studies; Diet; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Humans; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Minnesota; Prognosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vegetables

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is increased in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), in Burkitt lymphoma and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines, and in T cells activated via the T-cell receptor. We hypothesized that having a higher mtDNA copy number in peripheral white blood cell DNA from healthy subjects would be associated with future risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We analyzed mtDNA copy number in 104 incident male NHL cases and 104 matched controls within the prospective Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention cohort. There was a dose-response relationship between tertiles of mtDNA copy number and risk of NHL (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0; 1.4 [0.7-2.8]; and 2.4 [1.0-5.5], respectively; P(trend) = .046). The effect was most pronounced for the CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) subtype (OR: 1.0; 3.2 [0.7-15.7]; 14.1 [1.9-103.2]; P(trend) = .009). These results suggest that mtDNA copy number could be associated with the risk of NHL, particularly CLL/SLL.

Topics: Aged; alpha-Tocopherol; beta Carotene; DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Neoplasm; Humans; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Vitamins

Serum CD44 (s-CD44) concentrations were measured in sera taken from 49 individuals who were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 0.9 to 7.2 years after taking the blood sample, and from 49 controls matched for age. The serum samples had been collected in conjunction of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) study, which evaluated the influence of vitamin supplementation on cancer prevention. S-CD44 was measured using chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. S-CD44 concentrations of the cases were significantly elevated before the diagnosis of lymphoma when compared to the serum levels found in the controls (median, 447 ng/mL; range, 108-780 ng/mL vs. median, 364 ng/mL; range, 53-660 ng/mL; p=0.012). Individuals who were later diagnosed with high grade lymphoma according to the Kiel classification (n=21) had significantly higher values than the controls 0.9-4.0 years before the diagnosis, but such a difference could not be detected if serum samples had been taken more than 4 years before the diagnosis. The s-CD44 levels were not significantly elevated among individuals who were later diagnosed with low grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n=25) as compared to their controls. The prediagnostic s-CD44 levels in cases and controls overlapped markedly, and a value higher than the highest value found among the controls (660 ng/mL) was found only in 5 (10%) samples taken from individuals who were later diagnosed with lymphoma. We conclude that serum CD44 may be elevated a few years preceding the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but the levels overlap markedly with those found in individuals without lymphoma.

Topics: Aged; alpha-Tocopherol; Anticarcinogenic Agents; beta Carotene; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cohort Studies; Humans; Hyaluronan Receptors; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Luminescent Measurements; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Predictive Value of Tests; Smoking; Solubility; Time Factors