beta-carotene and Albuminuria

Cilostazol improves walking distance in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients. The study objectives were to assess the effects of cilostazol on walking distance, followed by the additional assessment of cilostazol on exercise-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury in such patients.. PAD patients were prospectively recruited to a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Patients were randomised to receive either cilostazol 100mg or placebo twice a day. The primary end-point was an improvement in walking distance. Secondary end-points included the assessment of oxygen-derived free-radical generation, antioxidant consumption and other markers of the inflammatory cascade. Initial and absolute claudication distances (ICDs and ACDs, respectively) were measured on a treadmill. Inflammatory response was assessed before and 30 min post-exercise by measuring lipid hydroperoxide, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, P-selectin, intracellular and vascular cell-adhesion molecules (I-CAM and V-CAM), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), interleukin-6, interleukin-10, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) and urinary levels of p75TNF receptor. All tests were performed at baseline and 6 and 24 weeks.. One hundred and six PAD patients (of whom 73 were males) were recruited and successfully randomised from December 2004 to January 2006. Patients who received cilostazol demonstrated a more significant improvement in the mean percentage change from baseline in ACD (77.2% vs. 26.6% at 6 weeks, p=0.026 and 161.7% vs. 79.0% at 24 weeks, p=0.048) as compared to the placebo. Cilostazol reduced lipid hydroperoxide levels compared to a placebo-related increase before and after exercise (6 weeks: pre-exercise: -11.8% vs. +5.8%, p=0.003 and post-exercise: -12.3% vs. +13.9%, p=0.007 and 24 weeks: pre-exercise -15.5% vs. +12.0%, p=0.025 and post-exercise: -9.2% vs. +1.9%, p=0.028). beta-Carotene levels were significantly increased in the cilostazol group, compared to placebo, before exercise at 6 and 24 weeks (6 weeks: 34.5% vs. -7.4%, p=0.028; 24 weeks: 34.3% vs. 17.7%, p=0.048). Cilostazol also significantly reduced P-selectin, I-CAM and V-CAM levels at 24 weeks as compared to baseline (p<0.05). There was no difference between treatment groups for ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, interleukin-6 and -10, hsCRP and p75TNF receptor levels.. Cilostazol significantly improves ACD, in addition to attenuating exercise-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury, in PAD patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albuminuria; alpha-Tocopherol; Ascorbate Oxidase; beta Carotene; C-Reactive Protein; Cilostazol; Creatinine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Intermittent Claudication; Lipid Peroxides; Male; Middle Aged; P-Selectin; Prospective Studies; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; Reperfusion Injury; Tetrazoles; Thromboxane B2; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; Vasodilator Agents; Walking

Albuminuria is a risk factor for not only nephropathy progression but also cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress may have a role in the positive association between albuminuria and cardiovascular disease.. This cross-sectional study investigated the associations of serum levels of carotenoids, which are dietary antioxidants, with albuminuria among 501 Japanese adults (198 men, mean age ± SD: 66.4 ± 10.0 years; 303 women, mean age ± SD: 65.4 ± 9.8 years) who attended a health examination. Serum levels of carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for albuminuria after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking habits, drinking habits, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia.. Prevalence of albuminuria was 15.4% among men and 18.1% among women. Among women with albuminuria, geometric mean serum levels of canthaxanthin, lycopene, β-carotene, total carotenes, and provitamin A were significantly lower than those of normoalbuminuric women. Adjusted ORs for albuminuria among women in the highest tertiles of serum β-carotene (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.20-0.98) and provitamin A (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.20-0.97) were significantly lower as compared with those for women in the lowest tertile. There were no associations between serum carotenoids and albuminuria in men.. An increased level of serum provitamin A, especially serum β-carotene, was independently associated with lower risk of albuminuria among Japanese women.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albuminuria; beta Carotene; Biomarkers; Carotenoids; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Assessment; Sex Distribution

Sparse longitudinal data exist on how diet influences microalbuminuria and estimated GFR (eGFR) decline in people with well-preserved kidney function.. Of the 3348 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study who had data on urinary albumin to creatinine ratio in 2000, 3296 also had data on eGFR change between 1989 and 2000. Cumulative average intake of nutrients over 14 years was derived from semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires answered in 1984, 1986, 1990, 1994, and 1998. Microalbuminuria presence and eGFR decline > or = 30% were the outcomes of interest.. Compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of animal fat (odds ratio (OR): 1.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12 to 2.64) and two or more servings of red meat per week (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.26) were directly associated with microalbuminuria. After adjustment for other nutrients individually associated with eGFR decline > or = 30%, only the highest quartile of sodium intake remained directly associated (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.09), whereas beta-carotene appeared protective (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.89). Results did not vary by diabetes status for microalbuminuria and eGFR outcomes or in those without hypertension at baseline for eGFR decline. No significant associations were seen for other types of protein, fat, vitamins, folate, fructose, or potassium.. Higher dietary intake of animal fat and two or more servings per week of red meat may increase risk for microalbuminuria. Lower sodium and higher beta-carotene intake may reduce risk for eGFR decline.

Topics: Adult; Albuminuria; beta Carotene; Chi-Square Distribution; Diet; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Disease Progression; Feeding Behavior; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Health Surveys; Humans; Kidney; Logistic Models; Meat; Middle Aged; Nurses; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes, will develop within a subset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, and oxidative stress has been implicated in its pathogenesis. To investigate the relationship between indicators of early DN stages (hyperfiltration estimated by creatinine clearance > or =150 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), microalbuminuria) and oxidative stress, a prospective study was conducted in 29 T1DM patients (age 13.89 +/- 4.61 years) and 18 control subjects (age 13.23 +/- 3.99 years). Blood samples were collected to assay for biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and carbonyl groups) and antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene). With respect to control subjects, in T1DM patients, an increase was found in biomarkers of oxidative stress (p < 0.05), mainly due to the group of subjects with hyperfiltration, and a decrease in the ratio alpha-tocopherol/lipids (p < 0.05). In multiple regression analyses, age at disease onset, glycated hemoglobin, microalbuminuria, and oxidative stress biomarkers remained as explicative variables of hyperfiltration (R (2) adjusted = 0.731, p = 0.000). These findings support the importance of the oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, which is linked to hyperfiltration and which could contribute to the development of DN in patients with T1DM.

Topics: Adolescent; Age of Onset; Albuminuria; alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; beta Carotene; Biomarkers; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glutathione; Glutathione Peroxidase; Humans; Male; Malondialdehyde; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Prospective Studies; Young Adult

Oxidative stress is implicated as an important mechanism by which diabetes causes nephropathy. Astaxanthin, which is found as a common pigment in algae, fish, and birds, is a carotenoid with significant potential for antioxidative activity. In this study, we examined whether chronic administration of astaxanthin could prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy induced by oxidative stress in mice. We used female db/db mice, a rodent model of type 2 diabetes, and their non-diabetic db/m littermates. The mice were divided into three groups as follows: non-diabetic db/m, diabetic db/db, and diabetic db/db treated with astaxanthin. Blood glucose level, body weight, urinary albumin, and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured during the experiments. Histological and 8-OHdG immunohistochemical studies were performed for 12 weeks from the beginning of treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment, the astaxanthin-treated group showed a lower level of blood glucose compared with the non-treated db/db group; however, both groups had a significantly high level compared with the db/m mice. The relative mesangial area calculated by the mesangial area/total glomerular area ratio was significantly ameliorated in the astaxanthin-treated group compared with the non-treated db/db group. The increases in urinary albumin and 8-OHdG at 12 weeks of treatment were significantly inhibited by chronic treatment with astaxanthin. The 8-OHdG immunoreactive cells in glomeruli of non-treated db/db mice were more numerous than in the astaxanthin-treated db/db mice. In this study, treatment with astaxanthin ameliorated the progression and acceleration of diabetic nephropathy in the rodent model of type 2 diabetes. The results suggested that the antioxidative activity of astaxanthin reduced the oxidative stress on the kidneys and prevented renal cell damage. In conclusion, administration of astaxanthin might be a novel approach for the prevention of diabetes nephropathy.

Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Albuminuria; Animals; beta Carotene; Deoxyguanosine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Kidney; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Reference Values; Regression Analysis; Tissue Distribution; Xanthophylls

Microalbuminuria is a risk factor for renal and cardiovascular diseases. Oxidant stress may contribute to vascular disease risk by promoting damage to renal and vascular tissues. This study examined the associations of plasma levels of diet-derived antioxidants with albuminuria in Australian population groups at high risk of renal and cardiovascular disease. Data on microalbuminuria and diet-derived plasma antioxidants were drawn from results of cross-sectional community-based risk factor surveys of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (n =698, 15 years and older). Prevalence of microalbuminuria ranged from 17-21%. After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, diabetes, smoking status, plasma lipids and blood pressure, microalbuminuria was associated with significantly lower plasma concentrations of lycopene (-29%; P <0.001), beta-carotene (-22%; P <0.001), alpha-carotene (-22%; P <0.001) and cryptoxanthin (-17%; P <0.001) compared with normalbuminuric persons. Significant associations of microalbuminuria with plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, retinol, lutein plus zeaxanthin and homocysteine were absent. The data are consistent with a protective effect of diets rich in carotenoids on vascular endothelium and/or renal tissues, and support the need for interventions to address affordable food supplies and dietary quality among Indigenous Australians.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albuminuria; Analysis of Variance; Antioxidants; Australia; beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Cholesterol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryptoxanthins; Diet; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Lycopene; Male; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Triglycerides; Xanthophylls

We aimed to examine the relationship of serum lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and antioxidants with renal dysfunction as measured by urinary excretion of albumin and of retinol binding protein (RBP) in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We studied 121 patients with IDDM. Glomerular function was assessed as the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UA/UC), and tubular function as the urinary retinol-binding protein/creatinine ratio (UR/UC), both measured in three early morning spot urine samples. The mean (range) UA/UC was 1.95 mg/mmol (0.3-476.5) and UR/UC was 17.5 micrograms/mmol (1.0-1853.8). 17% of the patients had a UA/UC > 3 mg/mmol and 33% had a UR/UC > 20 micrograms/mmol. Significant positive correlations were observed between both UA/UC and UR/UC and the following: serum total cholesterol (P < 0.005); triglycerides (P < 0.001); apolipoproteins A-I (P < 0.05), A-II (P < 0.02) and B (P < 0.002); glycated haemoglobin (P < 0.002). No significant associations were found with serum vitamin E, beta-carotene or total antioxidant activity. In multiple regression, only UA/UC was independently associated with serum apo B and cholesterol concentrations. In conclusion, in IDDM glomerular dysfunction, as measured by UA/UC, is associated with elevated serum cholesterol, triglycerides, apo B, apo A-I and apo A-II, but not with HDL cholesterol or antioxidant status. Tubular dysfunction tends to occur with increasing albuminuria, but it is not independently associated with serum lipid, lipoprotein, apolipoprotein or antioxidant levels.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Antioxidants; Apolipoprotein A-I; Apolipoprotein A-II; Apolipoproteins B; beta Carotene; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Lipoprotein(a); Lipoproteins; Male; Middle Aged; Regression Analysis; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Triglycerides; Vitamin E