benzofurans and Cerebral-Hemorrhage

Damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important factor leading to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury (SBI). Krüppel-like transcription factor 2 (KLF2) plays an important role in the maintenance of the BBB. This study aims to detect the changes of KLF2 after ICH and evaluate the potential effects of fraxinellone on ICH-induced SBI and its correlation with KLF2. An ICH model was established by injecting autologous blood into the right basal ganglia of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. First, after ICH induction, the protein levels of KLF2 were reduced. Then, we found that the decrease of KLF2 protein levels induced by ICH could be effectively reversed with the treatment of fraxinellone in vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, fraxinellone treatment effectively alleviated brain edema, decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and improved neuronal cell degeneration induced by ICH. Meanwhile, fraxinellone ameliorated neurobehavioral disorders, motor and sensory impairments, and neurobehavioral disorders and memory loss caused by ICH. Collectively, these findings reveal that KLF2 may be a potential target for fraxinellone to exert neuroprotective effects after ICH, and fraxinellone could be a potential therapeutic agent for SBI after ICH.

Topics: Animals; Benzofurans; Brain Edema; Brain Injuries; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelial Cells; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke with high morbidity and mortality, and the effective therapies for ICH remain to be explored. L-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is widely used in the treatment of ischemic stroke. However, few studies evaluated the therapeutic effects of NBP on ICH. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of NBP on ICH and its potential mechanism. The rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group, saline-treated (ICH + saline) group, and NBP-treated (ICH + NBP) group. The ICH model of SD rats induced by IV collagenase was established. The modified Garcia JH score was used to detect the neurological deficit in rats. Western Blot and immunohistochemistry analysis was applied to test the levels of UBIAD1 and caspase-3 expressions in the perihematomal region. The rates of apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL staining. The results showed that NBP up-regulated the expression of UBIAD1, reduced the apoptotic cells in the perihematomal region, and improved the neurological deficit. Taken together, our study added some new evidence to the application of NBP in ICH treatment.

Topics: Animals; Benzofurans; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Disease Models, Animal; Hemorrhagic Stroke; Humans; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Cerebral stroke occurs following ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions in the brain. Survival and recovery of stroke patients depend on the severity of the initial injury but also the therapeutic approaches applied for emergent lifesaving and continuing post-stroke management. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), an active compound derived from Chinese celery seeds, has shown clinical efficacy in the treatment of ischemic cerebral stroke.. In the present study we explored the therapeutic effect of NBP in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), focusing on its potential role in promoting neovascularization in the perihemorrhagic zone. ICH was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by unilateral injection of autologous blood into the globus pallidus, with sham-operated (Sham group), vehicle-treated (ICH) and NBP-treated (at 10 and 25 mg/kg/Bid, p.o., ICH + NBP10 and ICH + NBP25, respectively) groups examined behaviorally, macroscopically, histologically and biochemically at 1, 3, 7 and 15 days (d) post operation. Rats in the ICH + NBP10 and ICH + NBP25 groups showed reduced Longa's motor scores relative to the ICH groups at the 3 and 7d time points, while the hematoma volume was comparable in the two NBP relative to the ICH groups as measured at 7d and 15d. In the perihemorrhagic zone, the numeric density of blood vessels immunolabeled by CD34, an angiogenic marker, was greater in the ICH + NBP10 and ICH + NBP25 than ICH groups, more so in the higher dosage group, at 1, 3, 7 and 15d. Levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietins-2 (Ang-2) proteins were elevated in the NBP groups relative to the sham and vehicle controls in immunoblotting of tissue lysates from the injection region.. These results suggest that NBP can alleviate neurological defects following experimentally induced local brain hemorrhage, which is associated with a potential role of this drug in promoting neovascularization surrounding the bleeding loci.

Topics: Animals; Benzofurans; Brain; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Nervous System Diseases; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stroke; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Apium; Benzofurans; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Infusions, Intraventricular; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Neuroprotective Agents; Permeability; Rats; Signal Transduction; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

To evaluate the effect of dl-3-N-butylphthalide (NBP) on new cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).. We will prospectively enroll patients with AIS admitted to the stroke center of Jingjiang People's Hospital. Qualified participants will be randomly assigned to either the NBP group (NBP injection) or the control group (NBP injection placebo) in a ratio of 1:1. Patients will complete the brain magnetic resonance imaging within 48 hours and 14 days after stroke onset to observe the CMBs through susceptibility weighted imaging, and evaluate whether the use of NBP will affect the new CMBs in AIS patients. SPSS 20.0 will be used for statistical analyses.. We will provide practical and targeted results assessing the safety of NBP for AIS patients, to provide reference for clinical use of NBP.. The stronger evidence about the effect of NBP on new CMBs in AIS patients will be provided for clinicians.

Topics: Benzofurans; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Clinical Protocols; Humans; Ischemia; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Prospective Studies; Stroke

To investigate the alteration in Golgi and blood-brain barrier after cerebral hemorrhage in SD rats, and to evaluate the effect of butylphthalide on blood-brain barrier. 
 Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly distributed into 4 groups: a control group, a sham group, an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) group, and a butylphthalide group. Brain tissue was collected at 48 h after the blood brain barrier permeability was examined. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) were conducted to explore the change of GM130, Cdc42 and tight junction protein and mRNA expression in rat brain after ICH. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to explore the distribution of ZO-1 and Occludin in the cerebral vascular endothelial cells around the hematoma.
 Results: The Evans blue (EB) extravasation in the ICH group were much greater than that in the sham group (P<0.05). Butylphthalide treatment significantly decreased Evans blue extravasation compared to the ICH group (P<0.05). Results of Western blotting and real-time PCR showed that GM130, Cdc42, ZO-1/Occludin were decreased (P<0.05). The intervention of butylphthalide significantly upregulated the expressions of Cdc42 as well as ZO-1/Occludin (P<0.05), but exerted no effect on GM130 (P<0.05). Immunofluorescent staining showed that GM130 was co-localized with Cdc42 and administration of butylphthalide improved the expression of Cdc42 around the hematoma without affecting the expression of GM130. IHC showed that expressions of occludin and ZO-1 around the hematoma were significantly decreased in the ICH group (P<0.05), whereas butylphthalide treatment elevated the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin around the hematoma compared with the ICH group (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: Morphology of Golgi apparatus is altered and the blood-brain barrier is destroyed after ICH. The application of butylphthalide can alleviate neurological impairment and blood-brain barrier disruption, which is related to the up-regulation of Cdc42, but not GM130.. 目的：探讨SD大鼠脑出血后高尔基体和血脑屏障的变化及丁苯酞的干预作用和机制。方法：SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、脑出血组及丁苯酞组。造模48 h后测量各组的伊文思蓝含量，采用蛋白质印迹法及real-time PCR检测Cdc42，GM130，ZO-1和Occludin蛋白灰度比值及mRNA相对表达量，免疫荧光观察Cdc42和GM130是否存在共定位及脑出血后丁苯酞干预的荧光强度，免疫组织化学观察ZO-1和Occludin在血肿周围内皮细胞上的分布。结果：脑出血组的神经功能评分及伊文思蓝含量明显高于假手术组(P<0.05)；丁苯酞组的神经功能评分及伊文思蓝含量较脑出血组明显降低(P<0.05)。 脑出血组Occludin，ZO-1，GM130及Cdc42蛋白灰度比值及mRNA相对表达量较假手术组降低(P<0.05)；丁苯酞组中Occludin，ZO-1及Cdc42蛋白灰度比值及mRNA相对表达量较脑出血组升高(P<0.05)，而GM130 mRNA差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。免疫组织化学发现脑出血组中Occludin和ZO-1在血肿周围的表达较假手术组降低(P<0.05)，而丁苯酞组则增加(P<0.05)。结论：脑出血后高尔基体形态发生改变，血脑屏障受到破坏；丁苯酞能减轻神经功能缺损及血脑屏障破坏程度，其机制与Cdc42的上调相关，而与GM130可能无关。.

Topics: Animals; Benzofurans; Blood-Brain Barrier; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Endothelial Cells; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley