benzocaine and Methemoglobinemia studies

Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.
dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.
benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.

Methemoglobinemia: The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Benzocaine is a widely used topical oropharyngeal anesthetic and has been reported to cause methemoglobinemia."	8.89	Evaluation and management of acquired methemoglobinemia associated with topical benzocaine use. ( Ashraf, Z; Taleb, M; Tinkel, J; Valavoor, S, 2013)
"Severe methemoglobinemia resulting from the use of topical benzocaine has been reported in adults as a rare complication."	8.83	Severe methemoglobinemia complicating topical benzocaine use during endoscopy in a toddler: a case report and review of the literature. ( Dahshan, A; Donovan, GK, 2006)
" Intravenous methylene blue reversed the methemoglobinemia, although delayed recurrence 20 h later necessitated readministration of intravenous methylene blue."	8.79	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: report of a severe reaction and review of the literature. ( Rodriguez, LF; Smolik, LM; Zbehlik, AJ, 1994)
"Benzocaine is a common topical anesthetic that has the ability to induce methemoglobinemia (MetHgb) in large doses."	7.83	Methemoglobinemia Secondary to Topical Benzocaine Application to Gastrostomy Site. ( Barker, K; Benitez, JG; Lipton, M; Szlam, SM, 2016)
"A number of isosteres (oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, tetrazoles and diazines) of benzocaine were prepared and evaluated for their capacity to induce methemoglobinemia-with a view to their possible application as humane pest control agents."	7.80	Synthesis and methemoglobinemia-inducing properties of benzocaine isosteres designed as humane rodenticides. ( Beck, TM; Brimble, MA; Conole, D; Eason, CT; Jay-Smith, M; Rennison, D; Tingle, MD, 2014)
"We report a case in which the use of benzocaine spray to facilitate awake fiber optic intubation (FOI) in a patient with a difficult airway caused methemoglobinemia intraoperatively."	7.79	Methemoglobinemia with the use of benzocaine spray for awake fiberoptic intubation. ( Abdel-Aziz, S; Hashmi, N; Ismaeil, M; Khan, S, 2013)
"Widely used for local anesthesia, especially prior to endoscopic procedures, benzocaine spray is one of the most common causes of iatrogenic methemoglobinemia."	7.77	Atypical presentations of methemoglobinemia from benzocaine spray. ( Evans, SJ; Suwantarat, N; Tantisattamo, E; Vierra, JR, 2011)
"Over-the-counter topical benzocaine should be used with caution, and the presence of methemoglobinemia must be promptly identified and treated."	7.76	Severe methemoglobinemia linked to gel-type topical benzocaine use: a case report. ( Baldauf, M; Batra, R; Boruchov, D; Chung, NY; Itzkevitch, M, 2010)
"Topical benzocaine and lidocaine are widely used in general anesthesia to minimize the stimulation by awake intubation and in very rare occasion they may induce methemoglobinemia."	7.74	Methemoglobinemia induced by exposure to topical benzocaine for an awake nasal intubation--a case report. ( Lee, YL; Lin, SK; Tsao, SL; Wu, JL, 2007)
" Methemoglobinemia develops in the presence of oxidizing agents, such as benzocaine-containing topical anesthetic sprays, and it is characterized by cyanosis."	7.74	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in two patients: interdisciplinary collaboration, management, and near misses. ( Hansen, C; Stevens, MD; Throm, MJ, 2007)
"Benzocaine induced methemoglobinemia is an uncommon, potentially fatal condition."	7.74	A rare side effect of transesophageal echocardiography: methemoglobinemia from topical benzocaine anesthesia. ( Ananthasubramaniam, K; Jaffery, Z, 2008)
"To report a case of methemoglobinemia secondary to the administration of topical benzocaine spray in an anemic patient who had previously undergone a lung transplant."	7.73	Methemoglobinemia secondary to topical benzocaine use in a lung transplant patient. ( Flynn, JD; Jahania, MS; LeClaire, AC; Mullett, TW, 2005)
"Topical benzocaine 20% (Hurricaine) spray used in EGDs gets absorbed and can cause methemoglobinemia."	7.73	Topical benzocaine (Hurricaine) induced methemoglobinemia during endoscopic procedures in gastric bypass patients. ( Fox, ER; Fox, KM; Fox, SR; Kahlstrom, R; Oh, KH; Srikanth, MS, 2005)
"Benzocaine (ethyl aminobenzoate), a topical anesthetic widely used before transesophageal echocardiography, has been reported to cause acquired methemoglobinemia."	7.72	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: experience from a high-volume transesophageal echocardiography laboratory. ( Aronow, HD; Garcia, MJ; Militello, MA; Novaro, GM; Sabik, EM, 2003)
"Methemoglobinemia is a potential negative side effect associated with the use of benzocaine for topical anesthesia."	7.72	Suspected methemoglobinemia following awake intubation: one possible effect of benzocaine topical anesthesia--a case report. ( Norman, D; Rinehart, RS, 2003)
"We describe the cases of 2 patients who developed benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia after the administration of benzocaine as premedication for transesophageal echocardiography."	7.72	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: a potentially fatal complication of transesophageal echocardiography. ( Casale, LR; Meizlish, JL; Pugeda, JG; Sachdeva, R; Zarich, SW, 2003)
"A 39-year-old man developed significant methemoglobinemia after receiving benzocaine spray; he was treated appropriately with intravenous methylene blue."	7.72	Critical rebound methemoglobinemia after methylene blue treatment: case report. ( Fitzsimons, MG; Gaudette, RR; Hurford, WE, 2004)
"Methemoglobinemia is a rare complication that can occur with the use of benzocaine-containing compounds."	7.72	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: a condition of which all endoscopists should be aware. ( Armstrong, C; Beck, PL; Burak, KW, 2004)
"We report a 65-year-old male who developed severe methemoglobinemia only on reexposure to benzocaine."	7.71	Severe methemoglobinemia on reexposure to benzocaine. ( Bittikofer, J; Sum-Ping, ST; Udeh, C, 2001)
"Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia is a potentially life-threatening complication."	7.70	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia--two case reports related to transesophageal echocardiography premedication. ( Figueredo, VM; Ho, RT; Nanevicz, T; Yee, R, 1998)
"This study determined the frequency and severity of benzocaine-associated methemoglobinemia in routine clinical use."	7.69	A prospective evaluation of benzocaine-associated methemoglobinemia in human beings. ( Guertler, AT; Pearce, WA, 1994)
"We report a 2-year-old child who presented with severe methemoglobinemia after topical application of Lanacane (with 3% benzocaine)."	7.68	Methemoglobinemia due to skin application of benzocaine. ( Eldadah, M; Fitzgerald, M, 1993)
"Acute cyanosis and methemoglobinemia developed following topical application and partial ingestion of benzocaine for esophagogastroduodenoscopy."	7.68	Methemoglobinemia from topical benzocaine. ( Grum, DF; Rice, TW, 1990)
"Benzocaine, an ester-type local anesthetic, was believed responsible for apparent methemoglobinemia in a cat."	7.67	Methemoglobinemia associated with dermal application of benzocaine cream in a cat. ( Kirby, R; Wilkie, DA, 1988)
"Intense cyanosis in a previously well, 30-month-old, white girl was found to be due to the ingestion of benzocaine."	7.66	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. ( Hillman, JV; Potter, JL, 1979)
"Methemoglobinemia developed in three dogs after the owners' use of benzocaine-containing products for topical treatment of the dogs' pruritic skin conditions."	7.66	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in dogs. ( Burgard, FJ; Harvey, JW; Sameck, JH, 1979)
"Severe methemoglobinemia developed in a healthy 14-month-old infant following the topical application of a benzocaine-containing gel administered for the relief of the discomfort of teething."	7.65	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. ( Geertsma, MA; Townes, PL; White, MR, 1977)
"Acquired methemoglobinemia has been linked to the use of the topical anesthetic benzocaine in endoscopic procedures, including transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)."	6.73	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia based on the Mayo Clinic experience from 28 478 transesophageal echocardiograms: incidence, outcomes, and predisposing factors. ( Behrenbeck, TR; Hoehn, SM; Kane, GC; Mulvagh, SL, 2007)
"If methemoglobinemia is left untreated, it may be fatal."	6.44	Intraoperative detection of methemoglobinemia in a patient given benzocaine spray to relieve discomfort from a nasogastric tube: a case report. ( Young, B, 2008)
"Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which more than 2% of the hemoglobin of the blood has been oxidized to the ferric form, a molecule which is incapable of binding oxygen or carbon dioxide."	6.38	Methemoglobinemia induced by topical anesthetic (benzocaine). ( Chin, J; Linares, LA; Peretz, TY, 1990)
"Methemoglobinemia is a serious medical condition characterized by the disrupted binding of oxygen to iron on hemoglobin, with a consequent impaired oxygen delivery to body tissues."	5.48	A Case Report of Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia. ( Rivey, MP; Sewell, CR, 2018)
"Benzocaine has been proposed as an alternative sedative because a withdrawal period may not be required."	5.37	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in an acute-exposure rat model. ( Beland, FA; Doerge, DR; Greenlees, KJ; Von Tungeln, LS; Woodling, KA; Zhou, T, 2011)
"Acutely developing methemoglobinemia is infrequently encountered in clinical practice."	5.33	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. ( Hegedus, F; Herb, K, 2005)
"Acquired or toxic methemoglobinemia is an uncommon complication of topically administered anesthetic agents in patients of all ages-but particularly in pediatric and elderly patients."	5.33	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia during transesophageal echocardiography. ( Birchem, SK, 2005)
"Among 198 reported adverse events of all types associated with benzocaine, 132 cases (66."	5.32	Reported adverse event cases of methemoglobinemia associated with benzocaine products. ( Cohen, MR; Moore, TJ; Walsh, CS, 2004)
"Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon cause of cyanosis; however, rapid diagnosis is critical to avoid potentially fatal consequences."	5.31	Methemoglobinemia after topical anesthesia with lidocaine and benzocaine for a difficult intubation. ( Dunn, BM; Kern, K; Langevin, PB, 2000)
"Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon but important complication associated with the use of topical anesthetics."	5.31	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. ( Arsura, EL; Gupta, PM; Lala, DS, 2000)
" A dose-response relationship between benzocaine and MHb was investigated."	5.28	Topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia in sheep: a comparison of benzocaine and lidocaine. ( Guertler, AT; Lagutchik, MS; Martin, DG, 1992)
"Benzocaine is a widely used topical oropharyngeal anesthetic and has been reported to cause methemoglobinemia."	4.89	Evaluation and management of acquired methemoglobinemia associated with topical benzocaine use. ( Ashraf, Z; Taleb, M; Tinkel, J; Valavoor, S, 2013)
"Severe methemoglobinemia resulting from the use of topical benzocaine has been reported in adults as a rare complication."	4.83	Severe methemoglobinemia complicating topical benzocaine use during endoscopy in a toddler: a case report and review of the literature. ( Dahshan, A; Donovan, GK, 2006)
" Intravenous methylene blue reversed the methemoglobinemia, although delayed recurrence 20 h later necessitated readministration of intravenous methylene blue."	4.79	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: report of a severe reaction and review of the literature. ( Rodriguez, LF; Smolik, LM; Zbehlik, AJ, 1994)
"Acquired methemoglobinemia is a potentially lethal medical condition caused by exposure to oxidizing xenobiotics, including antibiotics such as dapsone and inhaled anesthetics such as benzocaine."	4.31	Acquired Methemoglobinemia in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit. ( Lombardozzi, K; Mathews, T; Mentzer, C; Morrow, C; Tackett, N; Thurston, B, 2023)
"The primary end point was to summarize the most frequent etiologic agents associated with the administration of methylene blue for clinically significant methemoglobinemia."	3.96	Causative Agents in Clinically Significant Methemoglobinemia: A National Poison Data System Study. ( Cumpston, KL; Downs, JW; Rose, SR; Wills, BK, 2020)
" Topical anesthesia with benzocaine or lidocaine occasionally causes methemoglobinemia, an uncommon but potentially fatal disorder where the blood has a reduced ability to transport oxygen."	3.85	Characterization of the methemoglobin forming metabolites of benzocaine and lidocaine. ( Boyne, M; Colatsky, T; Hartman, N; Mans, D; Mao, J; Patel, V; Zhou, H, 2017)
"Benzocaine is a common topical anesthetic that has the ability to induce methemoglobinemia (MetHgb) in large doses."	3.83	Methemoglobinemia Secondary to Topical Benzocaine Application to Gastrostomy Site. ( Barker, K; Benitez, JG; Lipton, M; Szlam, SM, 2016)
"A number of isosteres (oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, tetrazoles and diazines) of benzocaine were prepared and evaluated for their capacity to induce methemoglobinemia-with a view to their possible application as humane pest control agents."	3.80	Synthesis and methemoglobinemia-inducing properties of benzocaine isosteres designed as humane rodenticides. ( Beck, TM; Brimble, MA; Conole, D; Eason, CT; Jay-Smith, M; Rennison, D; Tingle, MD, 2014)
"Methemoglobinemia (MetHb) after exposure to benzocaine (BZC) has been reported for more than 50 years, however the pathophysiologic mechanism has not been previously established."	3.80	Identification of N-Hydroxy-para-aminobenzoic acid in a cyanotic child after benzocaine exposure. ( Casavant, MJ; Gerona, RR; Ho, RY; Russell, JL; Spiller, HA, 2014)
"This clinical case and the literature review show possible development of methemoglobinemia due to the use of local anesthetics, included in drugs for the gastrointestinal diseases treatment, in particular benzocaine, which is the methaemoglobin forming agent."	3.80	[The development of severe methemoglobinemia in patients receiving "Almagel A"]. ( Amerov, DB; Kazennov, VV; Shumkina, LV; Starkov, IuG; Vybornyĭ, MI, 2014)
"Topical benzocaine sprays used to relieve perineal pain in postpartum patients can, rarely, lead to methemoglobinemia."	3.80	Acute dyspnea in a postpartum patient. ( Fittro, K; Nichols, W, 2014)
"Widely used for local anesthesia, especially prior to endoscopic procedures, benzocaine spray is one of the most common causes of iatrogenic methemoglobinemia."	3.77	Atypical presentations of methemoglobinemia from benzocaine spray. ( Evans, SJ; Suwantarat, N; Tantisattamo, E; Vierra, JR, 2011)
"Dentists must be aware of the possible lethal effects of benzocaine toxicity, including methemoglobinemia."	3.77	Methemoglobinemia secondary to over-the-counter Anbesol. ( Orr, DL; Orr, TM, 2011)
"Over-the-counter topical benzocaine should be used with caution, and the presence of methemoglobinemia must be promptly identified and treated."	3.76	Severe methemoglobinemia linked to gel-type topical benzocaine use: a case report. ( Baldauf, M; Batra, R; Boruchov, D; Chung, NY; Itzkevitch, M, 2010)
"Methemoglobinemia is a recognized complication of topical anesthesia with benzocaine during transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)."	3.76	Infection and the risk of topical anesthetic induced clinically significant methemoglobinemia after transesophageal echocardiography. ( Das, S; Manchanda, S; Vallurupalli, S, 2010)
"An elderly surgical patient acquired a life-threatening methemoglobinemia as a result of topical benzocaine spray to the oropharynx in preparation for awake endotracheal intubation."	3.75	Severe methemoglobinemia detected by pulse oximetry. ( Annabi, EH; Barker, SJ, 2009)
"Benzocaine induced methemoglobinemia is an uncommon, potentially fatal condition."	3.74	A rare side effect of transesophageal echocardiography: methemoglobinemia from topical benzocaine anesthesia. ( Ananthasubramaniam, K; Jaffery, Z, 2008)
"Topical benzocaine and lidocaine are widely used in general anesthesia to minimize the stimulation by awake intubation and in very rare occasion they may induce methemoglobinemia."	3.74	Methemoglobinemia induced by exposure to topical benzocaine for an awake nasal intubation--a case report. ( Lee, YL; Lin, SK; Tsao, SL; Wu, JL, 2007)
"Methemoglobinemia induced by the use of benzocaine-containing topical anesthetics is a rare, but potentially lethal complication after transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)."	3.73	Methemoglobinemia revisited: an important complication after transesophageal echocardiography. ( Tsigrelis, C; Weiner, L, 2006)
"Topical benzocaine 20% (Hurricaine) spray used in EGDs gets absorbed and can cause methemoglobinemia."	3.73	Topical benzocaine (Hurricaine) induced methemoglobinemia during endoscopic procedures in gastric bypass patients. ( Fox, ER; Fox, KM; Fox, SR; Kahlstrom, R; Oh, KH; Srikanth, MS, 2005)
"A 39-year-old man developed significant methemoglobinemia after receiving benzocaine spray; he was treated appropriately with intravenous methylene blue."	3.72	Critical rebound methemoglobinemia after methylene blue treatment: case report. ( Fitzsimons, MG; Gaudette, RR; Hurford, WE, 2004)
"We report a 65-year-old male who developed severe methemoglobinemia only on reexposure to benzocaine."	3.71	Severe methemoglobinemia on reexposure to benzocaine. ( Bittikofer, J; Sum-Ping, ST; Udeh, C, 2001)
"On rare occasions benzocaine has produced methemoglobinemia from oral, rectal and dermal exposures."	3.70	Multi-center retrospective evaluation of oral benzocaine exposure in children. ( Gorman, SE; Revolinski, DH; Spiller, HA; Weber, JA; Winter, ML, 2000)
" However, acute toxic methemoglobinemia related to topical benzocaine is a rare and not well recognized but potentially life threatening cause of cyanosis during or after TEE."	3.70	Toxic methemoglobinemia: a rare but serious complication of transesophageal echocardiography. ( Chen, C; Fisher, MA; Gillam, L; Henry, D, 1998)
" Methemoglobinemia secondary to absorption of benzocaine and resorcinol (1,3-benzenediol) from the Vagisil was diagnosed, with a methemoglobin level of 35% on admission (normal 0."	3.69	Methemoglobinemia induced by an over-the-counter medication. ( Kuhn, RJ; Tush, GM, 1996)
"Acute cyanosis and methemoglobinemia developed following topical application and partial ingestion of benzocaine for esophagogastroduodenoscopy."	3.68	Methemoglobinemia from topical benzocaine. ( Grum, DF; Rice, TW, 1990)
"This is the fourth reported case of methemoglobinemia induced by benzocaine spray in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy."	3.68	Methemoglobinemia in a patient undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. ( Bhutani, A; Bhutani, MS; Patel, R, 1992)
"Benzocaine, an ester-type local anesthetic, was believed responsible for apparent methemoglobinemia in a cat."	3.67	Methemoglobinemia associated with dermal application of benzocaine cream in a cat. ( Kirby, R; Wilkie, DA, 1988)
"A 2-month-old infant developed severe methemoglobinemia following topical pharyngeal application of a common benzocaine containing agent ( Cetacaine )."	3.67	Infantile methemoglobinemia induced by a topical anesthetic, Cetacaine. ( Seibert, JJ; Seibert, RW, 1984)
"Intense cyanosis in a previously well, 30-month-old, white girl was found to be due to the ingestion of benzocaine."	3.66	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. ( Hillman, JV; Potter, JL, 1979)
"Methemoglobinemia developed in three dogs after the owners' use of benzocaine-containing products for topical treatment of the dogs' pruritic skin conditions."	3.66	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in dogs. ( Burgard, FJ; Harvey, JW; Sameck, JH, 1979)
"Methemoglobinemia is a potentially life-threatening complication of local anesthetic sprays employed in upper endoscopy."	2.78	Methemoglobinemia in patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Ainsworth, CR; Fincher, RK; Hall, NM; Jones, FJ, 2013)
"Methylene blue is an agent thought to help reverse the effects of methemoglobinemia by facilitating the methemoglobin reductase system."	2.49	Methemoglobinemia in bronchoscopy: a case series and a review of the literature. ( Bowling, M; Brown, C, 2013)
"If methemoglobinemia is left untreated, it may be fatal."	2.44	Intraoperative detection of methemoglobinemia in a patient given benzocaine spray to relieve discomfort from a nasogastric tube: a case report. ( Young, B, 2008)
" They also should follow new recommended dosing guidelines for prilocaine and be aware of symptoms of this adverse reaction."	2.40	When patients become cyanotic: acquired methemoglobinemia. ( Lloyd, LM; Wilburn-Goo, D, 1999)
"Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which more than 2% of the hemoglobin of the blood has been oxidized to the ferric form, a molecule which is incapable of binding oxygen or carbon dioxide."	2.38	Methemoglobinemia induced by topical anesthetic (benzocaine). ( Chin, J; Linares, LA; Peretz, TY, 1990)
"Methylene blue was administered in 4 of the cases exhibiting major effects."	1.46	Pediatric Exposures to Topical Benzocaine Preparations Reported to a Statewide Poison Control System. ( Geller, RJ; Huntington, S; Koike, J; Le, K; Vohra, R, 2017)
"Methemoglobinemia is a rare but serious disorder, defined as an increase in oxidized hemoglobin resulting in a reduction of oxygen-carrying capacity."	1.39	Risk of topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia: a 10-year retrospective case-control study. ( Adra, M; Aronson, MD; Barnett, S; Bhansali, AM; Bukoye, B; Carbo, AR; Chowdhary, S; Leffler, DA, 2013)
"Methemoglobinemia is a rare congenital or acquired disease of increased blood methemoglobin concentration."	1.38	Methemoglobinemia in postchemotherapy stomatitis topical treatment: 2 pediatric cases. ( Adamkiewicz-Drozynska, E; Balcerska, A; Kaczorowska-Hac, B; Kozlowska, M; Stachowicz-Stencel, T; Stefanowicz, J, 2012)
"Methemoglobinemia is an abnormal elevation of MHb levels resulting in impaired oxygen delivery to tissues as well as a left shift of the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve."	1.34	Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo. ( Coplan, NL; Gintautas, J; Jiminez, MA; Patel, K; Polena, S, 2007)
"Methemoglobinemia is a complication of benzocaine toxicity."	1.33	Death of an infant involving benzocaine. ( Gordon, AM; Logan, BK, 2005)
"Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon cause of tissue hypoxemia that can be life-threatening if not promptly identified and treated."	1.33	Methemoglobinemia after transesophageal echocardiography: a life-threatening complication. ( Glick, N; Jacka, MJ; Kruger, M, 2006)
"Acutely developing methemoglobinemia is infrequently encountered in clinical practice."	1.33	Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. ( Hegedus, F; Herb, K, 2005)
"Acute methemoglobinemia is a rare but potentially lethal complication of benzocaine administration."	1.32	Methemoglobinemia: early intraoperative detection by clinical observation. ( Delarso, B; Henry, LR; Pizzini, M; Ridge, JA, 2004)
"Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon cause of cyanosis; however, rapid diagnosis is critical to avoid potentially fatal consequences."	1.31	Methemoglobinemia after topical anesthesia with lidocaine and benzocaine for a difficult intubation. ( Dunn, BM; Kern, K; Langevin, PB, 2000)
"Benzocaine is a commonly used topical anesthetic present in many over-the-counter preparations."	1.31	Unexpected cyanosis in the surgical patient. ( Douglass, HO; Lee, JS; Mendez, PA, 2000)
"Because toxic methemoglobinemia is easily treated, our report emphasizes the need to recognize this problem when topically applied anesthetic sprays are used."	1.29	Methemoglobinemia from topically applied anesthetic spray. ( Dinneen, SF; Fairbanks, VF; Mohr, DN, 1994)
" A dose-response relationship between benzocaine and MHb was investigated."	1.28	Topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia in sheep: a comparison of benzocaine and lidocaine. ( Guertler, AT; Lagutchik, MS; Martin, DG, 1992)
"A patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed severe cyanosis after bronchoscopy (oxygen saturation 34%) from methaemoglobinaemia."	1.28	Severe methaemoglobinaemia after flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy. ( Casey, MP; Hansen-Flaschen, J; Kotler, RL, 1989)

Research

Studies (189)

Authors

Clinical Trials (4)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Delta Methemoglobin Blood Level

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	37 (19.58)	18.7374
1990's	33 (17.46)	18.2507
2000's	67 (35.45)	29.6817
2010's	44 (23.28)	24.3611
2020's	8 (4.23)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Cook, A	1
Grant, S	1
Kapeluk, S	1
Steele, P	1
Jayapal, A	1
Rosario, DC	1
Sanchez, J	1
Ambati, S	1
Jarrah, A	1
Al Sbihi, A	1
Manasrah, N	1
Alqasem, S	1
Khajavirad, N	1
Daftari, G	1
Jelodar, MR	1
Tackett, N	1
Mathews, T	1
Mentzer, C	1
Morrow, C	1
Thurston, B	1
Lombardozzi, K	1
Warren, OU	1
Blackwood, B	1
Wills, BK	1
Cumpston, KL	1
Downs, JW	1
Rose, SR	1
Cheyney, S	1
Field, Z	1
Kropf, J	1
Carlan, S	1
Wagner, J	1
Cornet, N	1
Goldberg, A	1
Sewell, CR	1
Rivey, MP	1
Vohra, R	1
Huntington, S	1
Koike, J	1
Le, K	1
Geller, RJ	1
Kaufman, MR	1
Aouad, RK	1
Moreland, MW	1
Faraon-Pogaceanu, C	1
Nield, LS	1
Aschenbrenner, DS	1
Batra, S	1
Ochani, RK	1
Asad, A	1
Chowdhary, S	1
Bukoye, B	1
Bhansali, AM	1
Carbo, AR	1
Adra, M	1
Barnett, S	1
Aronson, MD	1
Leffler, DA	1
Taleb, M	1
Ashraf, Z	1
Valavoor, S	1
Tinkel, J	1
Hall, NM	1
Jones, FJ	1
Ainsworth, CR	1
Fincher, RK	1
Brown, C	1
Bowling, M	1
Aryal, MR	1
Gupta, S	1
Giri, S	1
Fraga, JD	1
Fittro, K	1
Nichols, W	1
Conole, D	1
Beck, TM	1
Jay-Smith, M	1
Tingle, MD	1
Eason, CT	1
Brimble, MA	1
Rennison, D	1
Abdel-Aziz, S	1
Hashmi, N	1
Khan, S	1
Ismaeil, M	1
Shu, I	1
Wang, P	1
Abdelmoneim, SS	1
Mankad, S	1
Mulvagh, SL	2
Harris, NS	1
Bazydlo, LA	1
Winter, WE	1
Samo, S	1
Parikh, M	1
Sheth, J	1
Krishnan, S	1
Ganipisetti, V	1
Hartman, NR	1
Mao, JJ	1
Zhou, H	2
Boyne, MT	1
Wasserman, AM	1
Taylor, K	1
Racoosin, JA	1
Patel, V	2
Colatsky, T	2
Green, D	1
Barry, P	1
Green, HD	1
Spiller, HA	2
Russell, JL	1
Casavant, MJ	1
Ho, RY	1
Gerona, RR	1
Alston, TA	1
Starkov, IuG	1
Kazennov, VV	1
Vybornyĭ, MI	1
Amerov, DB	1
Shumkina, LV	1
Lata, K	1
Janardhanan, R	1
Lipton, M	1
Szlam, SM	1
Barker, K	1
Benitez, JG	1
Hartman, N	1
Mao, J	1
Mans, D	1
Boyne, M	1
Cash, C	1
Arnold, DH	1
Jiminez, MA	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Methemoglobin Levels in Generally Anesthetized Pediatric Dental Patients Receiving Prilocaine Versus Lidocaine[NCT01402869]		91 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion in the Management of Post-operative Pain in Colorectal Patients[NCT01836614]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study was closed due to recommendations of performing a PK study first.)
Does Use of Lidocaine Spray on an Endoscope Immediately Before Insertion Improve Patient Tolerance to Endoscopy? A Single Center, Case-Control Study.[NCT02307773]		497 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-11-30	Completed
Effectiveness of Pre Injection Use of Cryoanesthesia as Compared to Topical Anesthetic Gel in Reducing Pain Perception During Palatal Injections[NCT06165432]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-19	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Change in percentage of methemoglobin in blood from baseline level to peak level (NCT01402869)
Timeframe: From administration of local anesthetic or start of restorative procedures to time at which maximum methemoglobin blood level was documented during dental treatment for an average of 2 hours

Peak Methemoglobin Blood Levels

Intervention	percentage of methemoglobin in blood (Mean)
Prilocaine	2.73
Lidocaine	0.78
No Local Anesthetic	0.76

The maximum percentage of methemoglobin in blood (NCT01402869)
Timeframe: Measured at 10 second intervals during dental treatment for an average of 2 hours

Time to Peak Methemoglobin Blood Levels

Intervention	percentage of methemoglobin in blood (Mean)
Prilocaine	3.55
Lidocaine	1.63
No Local Anesthetic	1.60

The length of time between the administration of local anesthetic (Prilocaine and Lidocaine Groups) or start of restorative dental procedures (No local anesthetic Group) and the time at which the maximum methemoglobin blood level is observed. (NCT01402869)
Timeframe: Measured at 10 second intervals during dental treatment for an average of 2 hours

Article	Year
Evaluation and management of acquired methemoglobinemia associated with topical benzocaine use. American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2013, Volume: 13, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme In	2013
Methemoglobinemia in bronchoscopy: a case series and a review of the literature. Journal of bronchology & interventional pulmonology, 2013, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Bronchoscopy; Carbon Monoxide; Child; Cyanosis; Humans; Methe	2013
Methemoglobinemia related to local anesthetics: a summary of 242 episodes. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Chi	2009
Is threshold for treatment of methemoglobinemia the same for all? A case report and literature review. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2010, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Methemoglob	2010
Acquired methemoglobinemia revisited. Dental clinics of North America, 2010, Volume: 54, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hemogl	2010
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in the pediatric population. Journal of pediatric nursing, 2012, Volume: 27, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Humans; Infant; Methemoglobinemia; Nonpresc	2012
A PACU crisis: a case study on the development and management of methemoglobinemia. Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, 2004, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Male; Methe	2004
Topical anesthetic sprays directly associated with a serious, sometimes fatal adverse drug reaction: methemoglobinemia. Journal of emergency nursing, 2005, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aerosols; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2005
A wild reaction to a topical anesthetic. RN, 2005, Volume: 68, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Atrial Fibrillation; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Humans	2005
Severe methemoglobinemia complicating topical benzocaine use during endoscopy in a toddler: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatrics, 2006, Volume: 117, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Endoscopy, Digestive Syst	2006
Methemoglobinemia following transesophageal echocardiography: a case report and review. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.), 2006, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Methemoglob	2006
Intraoperative detection of methemoglobinemia in a patient given benzocaine spray to relieve discomfort from a nasogastric tube: a case report. AANA journal, 2008, Volume: 76, Issue:2 Topics: Accidental Falls; Administration, Oral; Adult; Aerosols; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Blood Gas A	2008
Methemoglobinemia: a complication after fiberoptic orotracheal intubation with benzocaine spray. A case report. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 1995, Volume: 77, Issue:6 Topics: Aerosols; Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Methemoglo	1995
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: report of a severe reaction and review of the literature. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1994, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Benzocaine; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male;	1994
Topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia: a case report and review of the literature. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 1993, Volume: 108, Issue:6 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine	1993
When patients become cyanotic: acquired methemoglobinemia. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), 1999, Volume: 130, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Drug Overdose; Huma	1999
Methemoglobinemia induced by topical anesthesia: a case report and review. The American journal of the medical sciences, 1999, Volume: 318, Issue:6 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine	1999
Methemoglobinemia induced by topical anesthetic (benzocaine). Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 1990, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagus; Humans; Intuba	1990
Does circumcision of the newborn require an anesthetic? Clinical pediatrics, 1968, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Child Development; Circumcision, Male; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male	1968

Article	Year
Methemoglobinemia in patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Military medicine, 2013, Volume: 178, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male;	2013
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia based on the Mayo Clinic experience from 28 478 transesophageal echocardiograms: incidence, outcomes, and predisposing factors. Archives of internal medicine, 2007, Oct-08, Volume: 167, Issue:18 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Male; Methemoglob	2007
Benzocaine-associated methemoglobinemia following bronchoscopy in a healthy research participant. Respiratory care, 2000, Volume: 45, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Bronchoscopy; Humans; Informed Consen	2000

Article	Year
Methaemoglobinaemia in the perioperative period with regional block. BMJ case reports, 2021, Sep-07, Volume: 14, Issue:9 Topics: Benzocaine; Dapsone; Humans; Methemoglobin; Methemoglobinemia; Perioperative Period	2021
Benzocaine-induced methaemoglobinaemia in an adolescent with sepsis. BMJ case reports, 2022, Feb-28, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Child; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Oximetry;	2022
Asymptomatic benzocaine spray-induced methaemoglobinaemia in preoperative sedation for oesophagogastroduodenoscopy. BMJ case reports, 2022, Jun-27, Volume: 15, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Humans; Methemoglobi	2022
Hemolysis and acquired methemoglobinemia associated with lidocaine and benzocaine topical application: a case report. Journal of medical case reports, 2023, Apr-20, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Hemolysis; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Methyl	2023
Acquired Methemoglobinemia in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit. The American surgeon, 2023, Volume: 89, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Critical Care; Cyanosis; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue	2023
Acquired Methemoglobinemia. The New England journal of medicine, 2019, Sep-19, Volume: 381, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Oxygen	2019
Causative Agents in Clinically Significant Methemoglobinemia: A National Poison Data System Study. American journal of therapeutics, 2020, Dec-29, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Benzocaine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Poisons; Retrospecti	2020
Methaemoglobinaemia from Vagisil creme in a 50-year-old woman. BMJ case reports, 2021, Mar-01, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Methemoglobin; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Mi	2021
Benzocaine-related methaemoglobinemia after transoesophageal echocardiography: a rare, life-threatening complication. BMJ case reports, 2021, Apr-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Methemoglo	2021
A Case Report of Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia. Journal of pharmacy practice, 2018, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged	2018
Pediatric Exposures to Topical Benzocaine Preparations Reported to a Statewide Poison Control System. The western journal of emergency medicine, 2017, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Accidents, Home; Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; California; Child, Prescho	2017
Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2017, Volume: 53, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Topical; Analgesics; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Huma	2017
Blue Baby With a Red Perineum. Clinical pediatrics, 2018, Volume: 57, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Ascorbic Acid; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differe	2018
Warning For Oral Drugs Containing Benzocaine. The American journal of nursing, 2018, Volume: 118, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Methemoglobinemia; Tooth Eruption;	2018
Teething gels: are they worse than we think? - LETTER TO THE EDITOR. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2019, Volume: 69, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Drug Misuse; Gels; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; In	2019
Risk of topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia: a 10-year retrospective case-control study. JAMA internal medicine, 2013, May-13, Volume: 173, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Antidotes; Benzocaine; Bronchoscopy; Case-Contro	2013
Benzocaine-induced methaemoglobinaemia: a life-threatening complication after a transoesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). BMJ case reports, 2013, Sep-16, Volume: 2013 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Methemoglob	2013
Acute dyspnea in a postpartum patient. JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 2014, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Dyspnea; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia	2014
Synthesis and methemoglobinemia-inducing properties of benzocaine isosteres designed as humane rodenticides. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2014, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Benzocaine; Drug Design; Female; Male; Methemoglobin; Methemoglobinemia; Molecular Structur	2014
Methemoglobinemia with the use of benzocaine spray for awake fiberoptic intubation. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 2013, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Blood Gas Analysis; Female; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; I	2013
A 70-year-old man with blue skin. Clinical chemistry, 2014, Volume: 60, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia	2014
Commentary. Clinical chemistry, 2014, Volume: 60, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia	2014
Commentary. Clinical chemistry, 2014, Volume: 60, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia	2014
Treatment of methemoglobinemia resulting in green urine. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians, 2014, Volume: 107, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Color; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Urine	2014
More methemoglobin is produced by benzocaine treatment than lidocaine treatment in human in vitro systems. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, 2014, Volume: 70, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Aniline Compounds; Benzocaine; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Humans; In Vitro	2014
Central cyanosis on a psychiatric unit treated at the Salford Royal Hospital. Thorax, 2014, Volume: 69, Issue:12 Topics: Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Indans; Methemoglobinemia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Su	2014
Identification of N-Hydroxy-para-aminobenzoic acid in a cyanotic child after benzocaine exposure. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2014, Volume: 52, Issue:9 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Acetaminophen; Administration, Topical; Benzocaine; Bupivacaine; Child; Cyanosi	2014
Why does methylene blue reduce methemoglobin in benzocaine poisoning but beneficially oxidize hemoglobin in cyanide poisoning? Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2014, Volume: 26, Issue:8 Topics: Antidotes; Benzocaine; Cyanides; Hemoglobins; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue	2014
[The development of severe methemoglobinemia in patients receiving "Almagel A"]. Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia gastroenterologiia = Experimental & clinical gastroenterology, 2014, Issue:7 Topics: Aluminum Hydroxide; Benzocaine; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Magnesium Hydroxide; Methemoglobi	2014
Methemoglobinemia: a diagnosis not to be missed. The American journal of medicine, 2015, Volume: 128, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Endocarditis; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged	2015
Methemoglobinemia Secondary to Topical Benzocaine Application to Gastrostomy Site. Pediatric emergency care, 2016, Volume: 32, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Female; Gastrostomy; Huma	2016
Characterization of the methemoglobin forming metabolites of benzocaine and lidocaine. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, 2017, Volume: 47, Issue:5 Topics: Acetaminophen; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Humans; Lidocaine; Methemoglobin; Methemoglobinemia	2017
Extreme Methemoglobinemia After Topical Benzocaine: Recognition by Pulse Oximetry. The Journal of pediatrics, 2017, Volume: 181 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Enzyme Inhibito	2017
Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society, 2007, Volume: 50 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Atrial Fibrillation; Benzocaine; Blood Gas Analysis; Echocardiography, Transesop	2007
More on benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 2008, Volume: 108, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Labeling; Emergency Service,	2008
Severe methemoglobinemia from topical benzocaine 7.5% (baby orajel) use for teething pain in a toddler. Clinical pediatrics, 2009, Volume: 48, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Infant; Methemoglobinemia; Methyl	2009
Severe methemoglobinemia linked to gel-type topical benzocaine use: a case report. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Analgesics; Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gels	2010
Banning benzocaine: of bananas, bureaucrats, and blue men. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Humans; Hypoxia; Intraoperative Complications; Methemoglobin; Methem	2009
Severe methemoglobinemia detected by pulse oximetry. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Debridement; Female; Humans; Intubat	2009
Presumptive benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in a slender-tailed meerkat (Suricata suricatta). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2009, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Glucose; Herpestidae; Hypoxia; Male; Methemo	2009
Cetacaine-induced complication during transesophageal echocardiography placement. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2010, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine; Cetrimonium Compounds; Drug Combinations; Ech	2010
Infection and the risk of topical anesthetic induced clinically significant methemoglobinemia after transesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.), 2010, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Infections;	2010
White powder, blue patient: methaemoglobinaemia associated with benzocaine-adulterated cocaine. Resuscitation, 2010, Volume: 81, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Benzocaine; Cocaine; Drug Contamination; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Skin	2010
A 3-year-old boy with fever and oral lesions. Diagnosis: methemoglobinemia. Pediatric annals, 2009, Volume: 38, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Topical; Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Fever; Humans; Male; Methemoglobine	2009
Banana blues. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2010, Jan-01, Volume: 110, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Hospitals, Veterans; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Postoperative Compli	2010
77-year-old woman with back pain and shortness of breath. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 2010, Volume: 85, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Back Pain; Bacteremia; Benzocaine; Diagnosis, Differential; Dyspnea; Echoc	2010
Cocaine can turn you blue as well! Anaesthesia, 2010, Volume: 65, Issue:6 Topics: Benzocaine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Drug Contamination; Drug Interactions; Humans; Methemoglobine	2010
Methemoglobinemia and local anesthesia: what every dentist should know. Journal of the Massachusetts Dental Society, 2010,Summer, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, Local; Antidotes; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Disease Susceptibility; Hum	2010
Methemoglobinemia secondary to over-the-counter Anbesol. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 2011, Volume: 111, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Met	2011
Severe methemoglobinaemia due to benzocaine-containing 'burn cream': two case reports in an adult and in a child. Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 2011, Volume: 37, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzocaine; Burns; Cerium; Child, Preschool	2011
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in an acute-exposure rat model. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2011, Volume: 49, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Benzocaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fem	2011
Methemoglobinemia in postchemotherapy stomatitis topical treatment: 2 pediatric cases. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology, 2012, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antineoplasti	2012
Atypical presentations of methemoglobinemia from benzocaine spray. Hawaii medical journal, 2011, Volume: 70, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged; Oxygen Con	2011
Methemoglobinemia induced by topical benzocaine: a warning for the endoscopist. Endoscopy, 2002, Volume: 34, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Esophagoscopy; Female; Humans; Methemoglobi	2002
The use of lubricants to achieve tracheal intubation in neonates and infants. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 12, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal	2002
Methemoglobinemia and topical pharyngeal anesthesia. The New England journal of medicine, 2003, Jan-02, Volume: 348, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Male; Methe	2003
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: experience from a high-volume transesophageal echocardiography laboratory. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2003, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Methemo	2003
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. Nursing, 2003, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged; Oximetry	2003
Two cases of methemoglobinemia from the use of topical anesthetics. Journal of emergency nursing, 2003, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Emergency Treatment; Female; Guanylate Cyclase; Humans; Infant; Meth	2003
Suspected methemoglobinemia following awake intubation: one possible effect of benzocaine topical anesthesia--a case report. AANA journal, 2003, Volume: 71, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; M	2003
Bye-bye benzocaine? Nursing, 2003, Volume: 33, Issue:7 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Anesthetics, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine; Cetrimonium Compounds;	2003
Methemoglobinemia in an infant, associated with application of a tar-benzocaine ointment. The Journal of pediatrics, 1955, Volume: 47, Issue:2 Topics: Aminobenzoates; Benzocaine; Child; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Infant; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene	1955
Clinical conference: methemoglobinemia due to benzocaine. Pediatrics, 1957, Volume: 20, Issue:5, Part 1 Topics: Aminobenzoates; Benzocaine; Hemoglobins; Humans; Methemoglobinemia	1957
Methemoglobinemia during anesthesia. The Journal of pediatrics, 1962, Volume: 61 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Endotracheal; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Humans; Methemoglobinemia	1962
INFANTILE METHEMOGLOBINEMIA DUE TO BENZOCAINE SUPPOSITORY. The Journal of pediatrics, 1965, Volume: 66 Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Benzocaine; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cyanosis; Drug Therapy; Humans; Infant; L	1965
MORE ON INFANTILE METHEMOGLOBINEMIA DUE TO BENZOCAINE SUPPOSITORY. The Journal of pediatrics, 1965, Volume: 67 Topics: Benzocaine; Child; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Poisoning; Suppositories; Toxicology	1965
Acquired methemoglobinemia in an infant due to benzocaine suppository. The New England journal of medicine, 1960, Sep-01, Volume: 263 Topics: Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Humans; Infant; Methemoglobinemia	1960
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: a potentially fatal complication of transesophageal echocardiography. Texas Heart Institute journal, 2003, Volume: 30, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Humans; Male; Methemoglobin	2003
Critical rebound methemoglobinemia after methylene blue treatment: case report. Pharmacotherapy, 2004, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue	2004
Respiratory failure secondary to methemoglobinemia induced by benzocaine: a case report. South Dakota journal of medicine, 2004, Volume: 57, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Respiratory	2004
The need for caution with topical anesthesia during endoscopic procedures, as liberal use may result in methemoglobinemia. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 2004, Volume: 38, Issue:3 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Administration, Topical; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benz	2004
Iatrogenic methemoglobinemia from benzocaine spray in trauma. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2004, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Emergency Treatment; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Intubation, Intratr	2004
Reported adverse event cases of methemoglobinemia associated with benzocaine products. Archives of internal medicine, 2004, Jun-14, Volume: 164, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Age Distribution; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocai	2004
Methemoglobinemia: sudden dyspnea and oxyhemoglobin desaturation after esophagoduodenoscopy. Respiratory care, 2004, Volume: 49, Issue:8 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine	2004
Methemoglobinemia caused by topical teething preparation: a case report. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2004, Jul-15, Volume: 4 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Methemogl	2004
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: a condition of which all endoscopists should be aware. Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie, 2004, Volume: 18, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female	2004
Methemoglobinemia: early intraoperative detection by clinical observation. The Laryngoscope, 2004, Volume: 114, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Methemoglobinem	2004
Methemoglobinemia secondary to topical benzocaine use in a lung transplant patient. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2005, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Aerosols; Benzocaine; Humans; Lung Transplantation; Male; Methemoglo	2005
Topical benzocaine (Hurricaine) induced methemoglobinemia during endoscopic procedures in gastric bypass patients. Obesity surgery, 2005, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Body Mass Index; Combined Modality T	2005
Avoiding topical anesthesia-induced methemoglobinemia. Obesity surgery, 2005, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Humans; Methemo	2005
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia during transesophageal echocardiography. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 2005, Volume: 105, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Methemoglob	2005
Case study of benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. Journal - Oklahoma Dental Association, 2005, Volume: 97, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Methemogl	2005
Methemoglobinemia revisited: an important complication after transesophageal echocardiography. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology, 2006, Volume: 7, Issue:6 Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans	2006
Death of an infant involving benzocaine. Journal of forensic sciences, 2005, Volume: 50, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique; Forensic Medicine; Humans;	2005
A nurse sends thanks for advice on treating a "wild reaction". RN, 2006, Volume: 69, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Guanylate Cyclase; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylen	2006
Methemoglobinemia after transesophageal echocardiography: a life-threatening complication. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2006, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Lidocaine;	2006
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. Anesthesia progress, 2005,Winter, Volume: 52, Issue:4 Topics: Abscess; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Drainage; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Meth	2005
Methemoglobinemia after fiberoptic intubation in a patient with an unstable cervical fracture: a case report. Journal of spinal disorders & techniques, 2006, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine; Cetrimonium Comp	2006
A rare side effect of transesophageal echocardiography: methemoglobinemia from topical benzocaine anesthesia. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology, 2008, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fasciit	2008
A cyanotic toddler. Pediatric emergency care, 2007, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Carbon Monoxide; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Humans; Hypoxia; Male;	2007
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in two patients: interdisciplinary collaboration, management, and near misses. Pharmacotherapy, 2007, Volume: 27, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Aerosols; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Interprofe	2007
Methemoglobinemia induced by exposure to topical benzocaine for an awake nasal intubation--a case report. Acta anaesthesiologica Taiwanica : official journal of the Taiwan Society of Anesthesiologists, 2007, Volume: 45, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intratra	2007
Using the rapid response system to provide better oversight of patient care processes. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety, 2007, Volume: 33, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Emergency Service, Hospital; Hospital Administration; Humans; Male;	2007
Methemoglobinemia: hypotension and oxygen desaturation after transesophageal echocardiography. The Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society, 2008, Volume: 104, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Meth	2008
Alert: perioperative neonatal methemoglobinemia. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1984, Volume: 138, Issue:9 Topics: Acidosis; Anesthesia; Benzocaine; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intraoperative Complica	1984
Acute toxic methemoglobinemia caused by a topical anesthetic. Pediatric dentistry, 1983, Volume: 5, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia	1983
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia during general anesthesia. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 1984, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemi	1984
Infantile methemoglobinemia induced by a topical anesthetic, Cetacaine. The Laryngoscope, 1984, Volume: 94, Issue:6 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Aminobenzoates; Anesthetics, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine; Cetrimo	1984
Methemoglobinemia associated with benzocaine-containing lubricant. Anesthesiology, 1983, Volume: 59, Issue:5 Topics: Auscultation; Benzocaine; Esophagus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Intubatio	1983
Symptomatic methemoglobinemia with a commonly used topical anesthetic, cetacaine. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 1980, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Adult; Aminobenzoates; Anesthetics, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine;	1980
Methemoglobinemia induced by local anesthetics. American journal of hospital pharmacy, 1981, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Adult; Aminobenzoates; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Humans; Intuba	1981
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. Canadian Medical Association journal, 1981, Oct-15, Volume: 125, Issue:8 Topics: Benzocaine; Humans; Infant; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Tooth Eruption	1981
Acute methemoglobinemia induced by topical benzocaine and lidocaine. Archives of internal medicine, 1980, Volume: 140, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Benzocaine; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Methemoglobinemia	1980
Methemoglobinemia toxicity from topical benzocaine spray. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1995, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia	1995
Methemoglobinemia and oxyhemoglobin concentration. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 1995, Volume: 70, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Benzocaine; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Oximetry; Oxyhemoglobins	1995
Methemoglobinemia: life-threatening complication of endoscopy premedication. The American journal of gastroenterology, 1994, Volume: 89, Issue:7 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Humans; Me	1994
Methemoglobinemia from topically applied anesthetic spray. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 1994, Volume: 69, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Li	1994
A prospective evaluation of benzocaine-associated methemoglobinemia in human beings. Annals of emergency medicine, 1994, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aerosols; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Least-Sq	1994
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia attributed to topical application of the anesthetic in several laboratory animal species. American journal of veterinary research, 1993, Volume: 54, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Benzocaine; Cats; Dogs; Female; Ferrets; Haplorhini; Male; Methemo	1993
Methemoglobinemia due to skin application of benzocaine. Clinical pediatrics, 1993, Volume: 32, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Topical; Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Oximetry	1993
Methemoglobinemia from perineal application of an anesthetic cream. Annals of emergency medicine, 1996, Volume: 27, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Nonprescription Drugs; Ointmen	1996
Methemoglobinemia induced by an over-the-counter medication. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1996, Volume: 30, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Antidotes; Benzocaine; Diaper Rash; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; In	1996
Methemoglobinemia secondary to benzocaine topical anesthetic. Surgical laparoscopy & endoscopy, 1996, Volume: 6, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Female; Gastro	1996
Potential for an external vaginal antiitch cream containing benzocaine to cause methemoglobinemia in healthy women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1997, Volume: 176, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged; Pruritus Vulvae; Vaginal Cr	1997
Methemoglobinemia complicating topical anesthesia during bronchoscopic procedures. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 1997, Volume: 114, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Bronchoscopy; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinem	1997
Methemoglobinemia from a topical oral anesthetic. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 1997, Volume: 4, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Antidotes; Benzocaine; Disease-Free Survival; Hu	1997
Toxic methemoglobinemia: a rare but serious complication of transesophageal echocardiography. The Canadian journal of cardiology, 1998, Volume: 14, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; Benzocaine; Cyclosporine; Echocardiography	1998
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia--two case reports related to transesophageal echocardiography premedication. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 1998, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Female; Hum	1998
Suspected severe methemoglobinemia caused by topical application of an ointment containing benzocaine around the enterostomy. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1999, Volume: 88, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Enterostomy; Female; Humans; Infant; Methem	1999
An unusual case of hypoxia from benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 1999, Volume: 67, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Bronchoscopy; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Methem	1999
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2000, Volume: 90, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Bronchoscopy; Critical Care; Female;	2000
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. Southern medical journal, 2000, Volume: 93, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged	2000
Acquired methemoglobinemia following benzocaine anesthesia of the pharynx. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2000, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Fe	2000
Methemoglobinemia after topical anesthesia with lidocaine and benzocaine for a difficult intubation. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2000, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Carbon Dioxide; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female;	2000
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia during an outpatient procedure. Pharmacotherapy, 2000, Volume: 20, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Humans; Male; Methemoglobin	2000
Multi-center retrospective evaluation of oral benzocaine exposure in children. Veterinary and human toxicology, 2000, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans;	2000
Images in clinical medicine. Methemoglobinemia. The New England journal of medicine, 2000, Aug-03, Volume: 343, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue	2000
Cetacaine spray-induced methemoglobinemia after transesophageal echocardiography. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2000, Volume: 34, Issue:9 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine	2000
Methemoglobinemia related to topical benzocaine use: is it time to reconsider the empiric use of topical anesthesia before sedated EGD? Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 2000, Volume: 52, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Conscious Sedation	2000
Drug-induced methemoglobinemia during thoracoscopic lung biopsy. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 2001, Volume: 71, Issue:2 Topics: Aerosols; Benzocaine; Bronchiolitis Obliterans; Gels; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Lidocain	2001
Unexpected cyanosis in the surgical patient. Surgical endoscopy, 2000, Volume: 14, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Intubation, Gastrointest	2000
Severe methemoglobinemia on reexposure to benzocaine. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2001, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Mal	2001
A potentially fatal effect of topical anesthesia. Hospital practice (1995), 2001, Jun-15, Volume: 36, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; En	2001
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia accompanying adult respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis syndrome: case report. The Journal of trauma, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Blood Gas Analysis; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Oximet	2001
Perioperatively acquired methaemoglobinaemia in a preterm infant. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Diseases in Twins; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant	2002
Methemoglobinemia as a cause of respiratory failure. The Journal of trauma, 2002, Volume: 52, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Huma	2002
Methemoglobinemia owing to rectal-probe lubrication. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1979, Volume: 133, Issue:4 Topics: Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Methemoglobinemia; Ointmen	1979
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1979, Dec-01, Volume: 175, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Benzocaine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Erythrocytes; Female; Male; Methemoglobinemi	1979
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. JACEP, 1979, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Accidents, Home; Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue;	1979
Methemoglobinemia induced by a topical anesthetic spray (cetacaine). Chest, 1977, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aerosols; Aged; Aminobenzoates; Anesthesia, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds;	1977
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1977, Volume: 131, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Topical; Analgesia; Benzocaine; Female; Gels; Humans; Infant; Methemoglobinemia	1977
Methemoglobinemia in a patient undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1992, Volume: 26, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Benzocaine; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Bl	1992
Methemoglobinemia induced by a benzocaine-based topically administered anesthetic in eight sheep. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1992, Nov-01, Volume: 201, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aerosols; Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Benzocaine; Female; Methemoglobinemia	1992
Benzocaine-adultered street cocaine in association with methemoglobinemia. Clinical chemistry, 1992, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Benzocaine; Cocaine; Drug Contamination; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Subs	1992
Reversing methemoglobinemia. Nursing, 1992, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Emergency Nursing; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia	1992
Topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia in sheep: a comparison of benzocaine and lidocaine. Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 1992, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthesia; Animals; Benzocaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female;	1992
One blue man with mucositis. The New England journal of medicine, 1992, Jul-09, Volume: 327, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Benzocaine; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Mucous Membrane; Stomatitis	1992
More on benzocaine and methemoglobinemia. Anesthesiology, 1991, Volume: 75, Issue:4 Topics: Benzocaine; Humans; Methemoglobinemia	1991
Benzocaine and methemoglobin: recommended actions. Anesthesiology, 1991, Volume: 74, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Benzocaine; Humans; Methemoglobinemia	1991
Methemoglobinemia as a complication of 20% benzocaine spray for endoscopy. Gastroenterology, 1990, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase; Gastroscopy; Humans; Male; Methemog	1990
Methemoglobinemia from topical benzocaine. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 1990, Volume: 57, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Topical; Benzocaine; Cyanosis; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Middle	1990
[Methemoglobinemia in newborn infants after using almagel]. Gematologiia i transfuziologiia, 1989, Volume: 34, Issue:11 Topics: Aluminum Hydroxide; Benzocaine; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Combinations; Esophagitis; Gastroeso	1989
Toxic methemoglobinemia. Journal of the Tennessee Medical Association, 1989, Volume: 82, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Topical; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged	1989
Severe methaemoglobinaemia after flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Thorax, 1989, Volume: 44, Issue:3 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Benzocaine; Bronchoscopy; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans;	1989
Methemoglobinemia in a neonate due to topical benzocaine cream. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 1989, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Topical; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Methemoglobinemia	1989
[Methemoglobinemia and acute toxic hemolytic anemia caused by gingival lotion with a benzocaine and resorcinol base]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 1985, Oct-05, Volume: 14, Issue:33 Topics: Acute Disease; Anemia, Hemolytic; Benzocaine; Drug Combinations; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Infant;	1985
[Toxic methemoglobinemia caused by ingestion of benzocaine]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 1986, Oct-25, Volume: 15, Issue:37 Topics: Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Infant; Methemoglobinemia	1986
[Toxic methemoglobinemia caused by a gingival lotion with a benzocaine base]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 1985, Jan-26, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Benzocaine; Child, Preschool; Drug Combinations; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Male; Methemoglobinemia;	1985
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in an adult: accuracy of pulse oximetry with methemoglobinemia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1988, Volume: 67, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Middle Aged; Oximetr	1988
Cetacaine-induced acute methemoglobinemia. Anesthesiology, 1988, Volume: 69, Issue:4 Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Acute Disease; Aged; Aminobenzoates; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzocaine; Cetrim	1988
Methemoglobinemia associated with dermal application of benzocaine cream in a cat. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1988, Jan-01, Volume: 192, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Benzocaine; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Methemoglobinemia; Methy	1988
Methemoglobinemia occurring after the use of a 20% benzocaine topical anesthetic prior to gastroscopy. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 1987, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Benzocaine; Gastroscopy; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged	1987
Acquired methemoglobinemia. A case report. Missouri medicine, 1987, Volume: 84, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Benzocaine; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Methemoglobinemia	1987
Severe methemoglobinemia induced by a topical teething preparation. Pediatric emergency care, 1987, Volume: 3, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Topical; Ascorbic Acid; Benzocaine; Humans; Infant; Male; Methemoglob	1987
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesthesiology, 1986, Volume: 64, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Benzocaine; Female; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rodent Diseases	1986
Postoperative methemoglobinemia in a neonate. Anesthesiology, 1985, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Benzocaine; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lubrication; Male; Methemoglo	1985
[Acute drug-induced hemolytic anemia associated with met- and sulfhemoglobinemia (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the erythrocytes)]. Problemy gematologii i perelivaniia krovi, 1966, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Benzocaine; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Qui	1966

benzocaine and Methemoglobinemia