benserazide has been researched along with Parkinsonian Disorders in 39 studies
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.
benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.
Parkinsonian Disorders: A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "This study describes orthostatic and postprandial hypotension in elderly Parkinsonian patients and evaluates the effect of levodopa therapy on orthostatic and postprandial hypotension in these patients." | 9.09 | Effect of levodopa on orthostatic and postprandial hypotension in elderly Parkinsonian patients. ( Boerman, RH; Hoefnagels, WH; Jansen, RW; Mehagnoul-Schipper, DJ, 2001) |
| "This study describes orthostatic and postprandial hypotension in elderly Parkinsonian patients and evaluates the effect of levodopa therapy on orthostatic and postprandial hypotension in these patients." | 5.09 | Effect of levodopa on orthostatic and postprandial hypotension in elderly Parkinsonian patients. ( Boerman, RH; Hoefnagels, WH; Jansen, RW; Mehagnoul-Schipper, DJ, 2001) |
| " However, its long-term use is limited due to motor complications such as wearing-off and dyskinesia." | 1.48 | Selegiline increases on time without exacerbation of dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats displaying l-Dopa-induced wearing-off and abnormal involuntary movements. ( Hoshino, N; Ishikawa, T; Muraoka, S; Nishimura, T; Okano, M; Satoyoshi, H; Takahata, K; Tsunekawa, H, 2018) |
| " We used the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD treated with a three-week dosing regimen of L-DOPA plus the dopa decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide (4 mg/kg and 7." | 1.43 | Striatal mRNA expression patterns underlying peak dose L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian rat. ( Black, MA; Dearden, PK; Duncan, EJ; Gemmell, NJ; Parr-Brownlie, LC; Reynolds, JN; Smith, LM, 2016) |
| "Nicotine treatment also decreased AIMs by ~50% in wildtype mice, although not in α6⁻/⁻ mice." | 1.38 | Role for α6 nicotinic receptors in l-dopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian mice. ( Grady, SR; Hrachova, M; Huang, LZ; Mallela, A; McIntosh, JM; Park, KM; Quik, M, 2012) |
| " Half-life was 58." | 1.38 | L-DOPA pharmacokinetics in the MPTP-lesioned macaque model of Parkinson's disease. ( Brotchie, JM; Fox, SH; Huot, P; Johnston, TH; Koprich, JB, 2012) |
| "Although levodopa remains the most effective drug in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), chronic administration of levodopa in the treatment of PD usually caused levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), the pathogenesis of which is poorly understood." | 1.37 | Sustained-release formulation of levodopa methyl ester/benserazide for prolonged suppressing dyskinesia expression in 6-OHDA-leisoned rats. ( Cai, Y; Liu, Z; Ren, T; Wu, N; Yang, X; Yuan, W, 2011) |
| " The chronic administration of these drugs together with amantadine (20 mg/kg) accelerates the onset of latency and increases the magnitude of dyskinesia." | 1.37 | [Comparative study of amantadine and hemantane effects on development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in rat model of parkinsonian syndrome]. ( Ivanova, EA; Kapitsa, IG; Kokshenev, II; Nepoklonov, AV; Val'dman, EA; Voronina, TA, 2011) |
| "Unfortunately, with disease progression, levodopa reduces Parkinsonism at the cost of evoking abnormal involuntary movements known as levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID)." | 1.36 | Levodopa/benserazide-loaded biodegradable microspheres reduce dyskinesia in rats. ( Liu, Z; Ren, T; Song, L; Wu, N; Yang, X; Yuan, W, 2010) |
| " Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors increase the half-life and bioavailability of levodopa, providing more continuous dopamine receptor stimulation." | 1.33 | Early administration of entacapone prevents levodopa-induced motor fluctuations in hemiparkinsonian rats. ( Aguilar, E; Bonastre, M; Marin, C; Obeso, JA; Tolosa, E, 2005) |
| "We report a case of occupational parkinsonism due to manganese exposure in which professional exposure has been documented both by the high blood and urinary levels of the metal and by its presence in the materials used." | 1.31 | Occupational Mn parkinsonism: magnetic resonance imaging and clinical patterns following CaNa2-EDTA chelation. ( Discalzi, G; Herrero Hernandez, E; Meliga, F; Pira, E; Turbiglio, M; Valentini, C, 2000) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 15 (38.46) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 23 (58.97) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 1 (2.56) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Speck, AE | 1 |
| Aguiar, AS | 1 |
| Ferreira, SG | 1 |
| Silva, HB | 1 |
| Tomé, ÂR | 1 |
| Agostinho, P | 1 |
| Cunha, RA | 1 |
| Prediger, RD | 1 |
| Pellegrini, C | 1 |
| Antonioli, L | 1 |
| Colucci, R | 1 |
| Tirotta, E | 1 |
| Gentile, D | 1 |
| Ippolito, C | 1 |
| Segnani, C | 1 |
| Levandis, G | 1 |
| Cerri, S | 1 |
| Blandini, F | 1 |
| Barocelli, E | 1 |
| Ballabeni, V | 1 |
| Bernardini, N | 1 |
| Blandizzi, C | 1 |
| Fornai, M | 1 |
| Zhang, QS | 1 |
| Heng, Y | 1 |
| Mou, Z | 1 |
| Huang, JY | 1 |
| Yuan, YH | 1 |
| Chen, NH | 1 |
| Huang, L | 1 |
| Deng, M | 1 |
| Zhang, S | 1 |
| Lu, S | 1 |
| Gui, X | 1 |
| Fang, Y | 1 |
| Tsunekawa, H | 1 |
| Takahata, K | 1 |
| Okano, M | 1 |
| Ishikawa, T | 1 |
| Satoyoshi, H | 1 |
| Nishimura, T | 1 |
| Hoshino, N | 1 |
| Muraoka, S | 1 |
| Tan, AH | 1 |
| Lim, SY | 1 |
| Ng, RX | 1 |
| Liu, X | 1 |
| Deng, F | 1 |
| Chen, L | 1 |
| Marin, C | 2 |
| Bonastre, M | 2 |
| Mengod, G | 1 |
| Cortés, R | 1 |
| Giralt, A | 1 |
| Obeso, JA | 2 |
| Schapira, AH | 1 |
| Belaid, H | 1 |
| Adrien, J | 1 |
| Laffrat, E | 1 |
| Tandé, D | 1 |
| Karachi, C | 1 |
| Grabli, D | 1 |
| Arnulf, I | 1 |
| Clark, SD | 1 |
| Drouot, X | 1 |
| Hirsch, EC | 1 |
| François, C | 1 |
| Morin, N | 1 |
| Morissette, M | 2 |
| Grégoire, L | 3 |
| Di Paolo, T | 2 |
| Bordia, T | 1 |
| McGregor, M | 1 |
| McIntosh, JM | 2 |
| Drenan, RM | 1 |
| Quik, M | 2 |
| Smith, LM | 1 |
| Parr-Brownlie, LC | 1 |
| Duncan, EJ | 1 |
| Black, MA | 1 |
| Gemmell, NJ | 1 |
| Dearden, PK | 1 |
| Reynolds, JN | 1 |
| Ballion, B | 1 |
| Frenois, F | 1 |
| Zold, CL | 1 |
| Chetrit, J | 1 |
| Murer, MG | 1 |
| Gonon, F | 1 |
| Lieu, CA | 1 |
| Kunselman, AR | 1 |
| Manyam, BV | 1 |
| Venkiteswaran, K | 1 |
| Subramanian, T | 1 |
| Yang, X | 3 |
| Yuan, W | 3 |
| Ren, T | 2 |
| Song, L | 2 |
| Wu, N | 3 |
| Liu, Z | 3 |
| Spinnewyn, B | 1 |
| Charnet, C | 1 |
| Cornet, S | 1 |
| Roubert, V | 1 |
| Chabrier, PE | 1 |
| Auguet, M | 1 |
| Zhang, X | 1 |
| Egeland, M | 1 |
| Svenningsson, P | 1 |
| Ohlin, KE | 1 |
| Francardo, V | 1 |
| Lindgren, HS | 1 |
| Sillivan, SE | 1 |
| O'Sullivan, SS | 1 |
| Luksik, AS | 1 |
| Vassoler, FM | 1 |
| Lees, AJ | 2 |
| Konradi, C | 1 |
| Cenci, MA | 1 |
| Gołembiowska, K | 1 |
| Dziubina, A | 1 |
| Cai, Y | 1 |
| Kapitsa, IG | 1 |
| Ivanova, EA | 1 |
| Nepoklonov, AV | 1 |
| Kokshenev, II | 1 |
| Voronina, TA | 1 |
| Val'dman, EA | 1 |
| Chao, OY | 1 |
| Mattern, C | 1 |
| Silva, AM | 1 |
| Wessler, J | 1 |
| Ruocco, LA | 1 |
| Nikolaus, S | 1 |
| Huston, JP | 1 |
| Pum, ME | 1 |
| Park, KM | 1 |
| Hrachova, M | 1 |
| Mallela, A | 1 |
| Huang, LZ | 1 |
| Grady, SR | 1 |
| Huot, P | 1 |
| Johnston, TH | 1 |
| Koprich, JB | 1 |
| Fox, SH | 2 |
| Brotchie, JM | 1 |
| Chen, Y | 1 |
| Hong, X | 1 |
| de Rooij, SE | 1 |
| Jansen, PA | 1 |
| Samson, MM | 1 |
| Verhaar, HJ | 1 |
| Moons, CG | 1 |
| Henry, B | 1 |
| Hill, M | 1 |
| Crossman, A | 1 |
| Brotchie, J | 1 |
| Marti, M | 1 |
| Paganini, F | 1 |
| Stocchi, S | 1 |
| Mela, F | 1 |
| Beani, L | 1 |
| Bianchi, C | 1 |
| Morari, M | 1 |
| Sibon, I | 1 |
| Guyot, M | 1 |
| Allard, M | 1 |
| Tison, F | 2 |
| Alam, M | 1 |
| Schmidt, WJ | 1 |
| Aguilar, E | 1 |
| Tolosa, E | 1 |
| Hwang, DY | 1 |
| Fleming, SM | 1 |
| Ardayfio, P | 1 |
| Moran-Gates, T | 1 |
| Kim, H | 1 |
| Tarazi, FI | 1 |
| Chesselet, MF | 1 |
| Kim, KS | 1 |
| Dridi, M | 1 |
| Calon, F | 1 |
| Hadj Tahar, A | 3 |
| Meltzer, LT | 1 |
| Bédard, PJ | 3 |
| Katzenschlager, R | 1 |
| Jackson, MJ | 1 |
| Rose, S | 1 |
| Stockwell, K | 1 |
| Tayarani-Binazir, KA | 1 |
| Zubair, M | 1 |
| Smith, LA | 1 |
| Jenner, P | 1 |
| Bélanger, N | 1 |
| Bangassoro, E | 2 |
| Discalzi, G | 1 |
| Pira, E | 1 |
| Herrero Hernandez, E | 1 |
| Valentini, C | 1 |
| Turbiglio, M | 1 |
| Meliga, F | 1 |
| Ekesbo, A | 1 |
| Svensson, KA | 1 |
| Tedroff, J | 1 |
| Mehagnoul-Schipper, DJ | 1 |
| Boerman, RH | 1 |
| Hoefnagels, WH | 1 |
| Jansen, RW | 1 |
| Fernagut, PO | 1 |
| Diguet, E | 1 |
| Labattu, B | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mucuna Pruriens Therapy in Parkinson's Disease: a Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Crossover Study.[NCT02680977] | Phase 2 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-02-29 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II, Randomized, Open-label, Double-blind, Two-center Study to Evaluate the Tolerability, Safety and Dose-finding of Oil Cannabis Preparation for Pain in Parkinson's Disease[NCT03639064] | Phase 2 | 15 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-12-01 | Recruiting | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
1 trial available for benserazide and Parkinsonian Disorders
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Effect of levodopa on orthostatic and postprandial hypotension in elderly Parkinsonian patients.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antiparkinson Agents; Autonomic Nervous System; Benserazide; Blood Pressure | 2001 |
38 other studies available for benserazide and Parkinsonian Disorders
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Exercise decreases aberrant corticostriatal plasticity in an animal model of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Dihydroxyphenylalanine | 2021 |
Effects of L-DOPA/benserazide co-treatment on colonic excitatory cholinergic motility and enteric inflammation following dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Administration, Oral; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Choline O-Acetyltra | 2017 |
Reassessment of subacute MPTP-treated mice as animal model of Parkinson's disease.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Astroc | 2017 |
β-asarone and levodopa coadministration increases striatal levels of dopamine and levodopa and improves behavioral competence in Parkinson's rat by enhancing dopa decarboxylase activity.
Topics: Allylbenzene Derivatives; Animals; Anisoles; Antiparkinson Agents; Behavior, Animal; Benserazide; Ca | 2017 |
Selegiline increases on time without exacerbation of dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats displaying l-Dopa-induced wearing-off and abnormal involuntary movements.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Ther | 2018 |
Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome With Evolving Movement Disorders.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Akinetic Mutism; Athetosis; Benserazide; Chorea; Demyelinating Diseases; Dopam | 2018 |
Parkinsonism Caused by Viral Encephalitis Affecting the Bilateral Substantia Nigra.
Topics: Acyclovir; Benserazide; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Encephalitis, Viral; Female; H | 2019 |
Early L-dopa, but not pramipexole, restores basal ganglia activity in partially 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Basal Ganglia; Benserazide; Benzothiazoles; Corpus Striatum; Hippocam | 2014 |
Sleep disorders in Parkinsonian macaques: effects of L-dopa treatment and pedunculopontine nucleus lesion.
Topics: Animals; Benserazide; Cholinergic Neurons; Diphtheria Toxin; Drug Combinations; Levodopa; Macaca fas | 2014 |
Effect of a chronic treatment with an mGlu5 receptor antagonist on brain serotonin markers in parkinsonian monkeys.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Benserazide; | 2015 |
Evidence for a role for α6(∗) nAChRs in l-dopa-induced dyskinesias using Parkinsonian α6(∗) nAChR gain-of-function mice.
Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Cocaine; Diseas | 2015 |
Striatal mRNA expression patterns underlying peak dose L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian rat.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Corpus Striatum; Cytoskeleton; Drug Combinations; Dyskin | 2016 |
D2 receptor stimulation, but not D1, restores striatal equilibrium in a rat model of Parkinsonism.
Topics: 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine; Action Potentials; Animals; Antiparkinso | 2009 |
A water extract of Mucuna pruriens provides long-term amelioration of parkinsonism with reduced risk for dyskinesias.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Apomorphine; Benserazide; Disease Models, Anima | 2010 |
Levodopa/benserazide-loaded biodegradable microspheres reduce dyskinesia in rats.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Biocompatible Materials; Disease Models, Animal; Disease | 2010 |
An improved model to investigate the efficacy of antidyskinetic agents in hemiparkinsonian rats.
Topics: Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bens | 2011 |
Antidepressant-like properties of sarizotan in experimental Parkinsonism.
Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Antiparkinson Agents; Behavior, Animal; Benserazide; Cell Proliferat | 2011 |
Vascular endothelial growth factor is upregulated by L-dopa in the parkinsonian brain: implications for the development of dyskinesia.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Surface; Antiparkins | 2011 |
Effect of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists and L-DOPA on hydroxyl radical, glutamate and dopamine in the striatum of 6-OHDA-treated rats.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Benserazide; Caffeine; D | 2012 |
Sustained-release formulation of levodopa methyl ester/benserazide for prolonged suppressing dyskinesia expression in 6-OHDA-leisoned rats.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease Models, Animal; Dop | 2011 |
[Comparative study of amantadine and hemantane effects on development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in rat model of parkinsonian syndrome].
Topics: Adamantane; Amantadine; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Benserazide; Disease Models, Animal; Dyskinesia, | 2011 |
Intranasally applied L-DOPA alleviates parkinsonian symptoms in rats with unilateral nigro-striatal 6-OHDA lesions.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Administration, Intranasal; Amphetamine; Analysis of Variance; Anima | 2012 |
Role for α6 nicotinic receptors in l-dopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian mice.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Autoradiography; Benserazide; Cotinine; Dopamine; Dopamine Agents; Do | 2012 |
L-DOPA pharmacokinetics in the MPTP-lesioned macaque model of Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Basal Ganglia; Behavior, Animal; Benserazide; Biological Availability | 2012 |
Levodopa/benserazide microspheres reduced levodopa-induced dyskinesia by downregulating phosphorylated GluR1 expression in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Blotting, Western; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease | 2012 |
Growth-hormone release to clonidine and the clinical response to levodopa in parkinsonism.
Topics: Aged; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Clonidine; Female; Growth Hormone; Humans; Levodopa; Male; | 2002 |
Stimulation of cannabinoid receptors reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Callithrix | 2002 |
Plasticity of glutamatergic control of striatal acetylcholine release in experimental parkinsonism: opposite changes at group-II metabotropic and NMDA receptors.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Corpus Striatum; Drug Therapy, Combinatio | 2003 |
Parkinsonism following anterior choroidal artery stroke.
Topics: Adult; Angiography; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Cerebral Infarction; Female; Humans; Levodopa | 2004 |
L-DOPA reverses the hypokinetic behaviour and rigidity in rotenone-treated rats.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Inhibitors; Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid D | 2004 |
Early administration of entacapone prevents levodopa-induced motor fluctuations in hemiparkinsonian rats.
Topics: Animals; Benserazide; Catechol O-Methyltransferase; Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; Catecho | 2005 |
3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine reverses the motor deficits in Pitx3-deficient aphakia mice: behavioral characterization of a novel genetic model of Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Ataxia; Benserazide; Blindness; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Homeodomai | 2005 |
Prevention of levodopa-induced dyskinesias by a selective NR1A/2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist in parkinsonian monkeys: implication of preproenkephalin.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Benzoxazoles; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Drug Therapy, C | 2006 |
Antiparkinsonian activity of L-propyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide or melanocyte-inhibiting factor in MPTP-treated common marmosets.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Administration, Oral; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; B | 2007 |
Antidyskinetic effect of JL-18, a clozapine analog, in parkinsonian monkeys.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Behavior, Animal; Benserazide; Clozapine; Dose- | 2000 |
Occupational Mn parkinsonism: magnetic resonance imaging and clinical patterns following CaNa2-EDTA chelation.
Topics: Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Brain; Chelating Agents; Edetic Acid; Globus Pallidus; Humans; Le | 2000 |
Effects of acute and repeated treatment with a novel dopamine D2 receptor ligand on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Benserazide; Dopamine A | 2001 |
A simple method to measure stride length as an index of nigrostriatal dysfunction in mice.
Topics: Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Benserazide; Convulsants; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine Agents; Dopamine | 2002 |