barbital has been researched along with Chemical Dependence in 58 studies
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "To observe the dispositional and functional tolerance to and physical dependence on barbital, the influence of repeated administration of the drug on serum barbital levels, coordinative motion, body weight, and cortical evoked potential was assessed." | 3.68 | Observation of the development of tolerance to and physical dependence on barbital by cortical evoked potential in rats. ( Shimada, A; Yanagita, T, 1991) |
| "Following withdrawal from chronic barbital administration, 6-hydroxydopamine pretreated rats show a greater number and an earlier onset of spontaneous convulsive seizures than do rats pretreated with the saline-ascorbic acid vehicle." | 3.65 | Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment on spontaneous convulsions induced by barbital withdrawal. ( Morgan, WW, 1976) |
| " In the test of physical dependence-producing potential with the drug-admixed food method in rats, vigabatrin and diazepam were given to rats mixed with food for 28 days in an increasing dosage schedule, followed by feeding a drug-free diet to observe withdrawal signs for 7 days." | 1.30 | Drug dependence study on vigabatrin in rhesus monkeys and rats. ( Takada, K; Yanagita, T, 1997) |
| " N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine administered during the period of chronic administration of barbital significantly reduced the withdrawal syndrome." | 1.29 | Purinergic drugs and calcium channel antagonists attenuate the withdrawal syndrome from barbital. ( Contreras, E; Germany, A, 1994) |
| "After the termination of drug treatment, the body weight loss and withdrawal scores were significantly suppressed in the group coadministered flunarizine, but not in that coadministered diltiazem." | 1.29 | Effects of flunarizine and diltiazem on physical dependence on barbital in rats. ( Misawa, M; Mizoguchi, H; Noguchi, H; Suzuki, T; Yoshii, T, 1993) |
| "After stopping the treatment, the body weight and food consumption in the diazepam 100 and 300 mg/kg groups tended to decrease or decreased to values lower than those in the control group, whereas these parameters in the S-(+)-DN-2327 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg groups were comparable to the control group values." | 1.29 | A nonbenzodiazepine partial agonist, S-(+)-DN-2327, has minimal physical dependence-producing liability, but shows cross-dependence on barbital in rats. ( Awasaki, Y; Inui, Y; Nishida, N; Yamamoto, M, 1996) |
| " The overall effect of chronic administration of barbital was right shift in the dose-response curve for levels of cGMP following acute injections of barbital." | 1.27 | The effects of chronic oral administration of barbital on cerebellar cyclic GMP. ( Lane, SJ; Morgan, WW, 1984) |
| "Effects of barbital dosing on the neural hexokinase (EC 2." | 1.27 | Biochemical aspects in the experimental barbital dependence IV--its effect on the hexokinase and phosphofructokinase activities in the rat brain. ( Kakuno, K; Nakao, K; Yanaura, S, 1983) |
| " The "low" level chronic dosing merely prolonged the time required to develop physical dependence of severity comparable to that produced by shorter durations of "high" level chronic dosing." | 1.27 | Physical dependence produced by long duration, low dose chronic barbital treatment. ( Hinman, DJ; Okamoto, M, 1984) |
| "Barbital was applied on a schedule of gradually increasing dosages from 0." | 1.27 | Effects of propranolol on barbital dependence formation and withdrawal signs. ( Hiramori, T; Nakao, K; Tagashira, E; Urano, T; Yanaura, S, 1983) |
| " In long barbital dosing (36 days), however, the metabolite level of carbohydrate was almost recovered to the non-treated level." | 1.27 | Biochemical aspects of experimental barbital dependence II: Effect on glycometabolism. ( Kakuno, K; Nakao, K; Tagashira, E; Yanaura, S, 1983) |
| "Zopiclone was self-administered by rhesus monkeys relatively frequently by the intravenous route; the infrequent intragastric rate was similar to or slightly higher than with diazepam." | 1.27 | Dependence potential of zopiclone studied in monkeys. ( Yanagita, T, 1983) |
| "Nine convulsions occurred in 29 rats withdrawn from barbital and infused intracerebroventricularly with APH, this contrasted markedly with 61 convulsions seen in 29 animals withdrawn from the drug and infused with saline." | 1.27 | 2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, a selective antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate, prevents barbital withdrawal-induced convulsions and the elevation of cerebellar cyclic GMP in dependent rats. ( McCaslin, PP; Morgan, WW, 1987) |
| " During chronic administration of brotizolam, triazolam and diazepam all animals gained body weight." | 1.27 | Physical dependence capacity of brotizolam in rhesus monkeys. 2nd communication: primary dependence and barbital substitution. ( Stockhaus, K, 1986) |
| "Mequitazine is a new phenothiazine derivative with potent antihistaminic activity developed by Pharmuka, Co." | 1.26 | [Studies on the barbital-type physical dependence liability of mequitazine in mice and rats (author's transl)]. ( Kaneto, H, 1981) |
| "Viloxazine did not suppress the morphine and barbital withdrawal signs in monkeys that had been made physically dependent on these drugs and withdrawal." | 1.26 | Drug dependence potential of viloxazine hydrochloride tested in rhesus monkeys. ( Kiyohara, H; Wakasa, Y; Yanagita, T, 1980) |
| "Pretreatment with barbital induced aversion to the drug solution regardless the conditions of pretreatments mainly because the unpalatability of the drug solution and also the unpleasant effect of injected drug." | 1.26 | [Determination of the development of psychotic dependence to drugs in small animals. 4. Selective drinking of barbital and ethanol solutions by mice]. ( Kaneto, H; Kosaka, N, 1982) |
| "Zopiclone was self-administered by rhesus monkeys relatively frequently by the intravenous route; the infrequent intragastric rate was similar to or slightly higher than with diazepam." | 1.26 | Dependence potential of zopiclone studied in monkeys. ( Yanagita, T, 1982) |
| "Rats exposed to chronic intake of sodium barbital maintained high circulating levels of barbital in blood and brain and exhibited increased sensitivity ot audiogenic convulsions during the withdrawal period." | 1.26 | Changes in brain levels of cyclic nucleotides and gamma-aminobutyric acid in barbiturate dependence and withdrawal. ( Hawkins, TD; Kant, GJ; Lenox, RH; Meyerhoff, JL; Wray, HL, 1979) |
| "For barbital, tolerance was exclusively functional." | 1.26 | Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. II. Tolerance characteristics. ( Boisse, NR; Okamoto, M, 1978) |
| "After "chronically equivalent" barbital and pentobarbital dosing for 5 weeks, treatments were abruptly stopped and the animals were carefully observed for signs of barbiturate withdrawal." | 1.26 | Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. III. Withdrawal characteristics. ( Boisse, NR; Okamoto, M, 1978) |
| " The rate of barbiturate elimination after chronically equivalent pentobarbital dosing was reduced by barbital substitution or by first-order pentobarbital dose reduction, with the result that withdrawal signs became mild and appeared later (3 days postdrug)." | 1.26 | Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. IV. Influence of elimination kinetics. ( Boisse, NR; Okamoto, M, 1978) |
| "Barbital was assayed by gas chromatography." | 1.26 | Osmotic minipumps for administration of barbital to mice: demonstration of functional tolerance and physical dependence. ( Goldstein, DB; Siew, C, 1978) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 50 (86.21) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 8 (13.79) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 0 (0.00) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| GOLDSTEIN, SW | 1 |
| OSGOOD, CW | 1 |
| KARBER, G | 1 |
| LEFFINGWELL, FE | 1 |
| Lane, SJ | 1 |
| Morgan, WW | 5 |
| Kaneto, H | 4 |
| Fuchs, V | 1 |
| Burbes, E | 1 |
| Coper, H | 2 |
| Tagashira, E | 4 |
| Hiramori, T | 2 |
| Urano, T | 3 |
| Yanaura, S | 6 |
| Kakuno, K | 3 |
| Nakao, K | 4 |
| Okamoto, M | 9 |
| Jänicke, UA | 1 |
| Hinman, DJ | 2 |
| Yanagita, T | 5 |
| Wakasa, Y | 1 |
| Kiyohara, H | 1 |
| Matsukawa, K | 1 |
| Kosaka, N | 2 |
| Takasu, M | 1 |
| Mino, T | 1 |
| Baccus, AL | 1 |
| Risher, DL | 1 |
| Townsend, SW | 1 |
| Ewell, CW | 1 |
| Proctor, CD | 1 |
| Ling, GS | 1 |
| Nozaki, M | 1 |
| Flint, BA | 1 |
| Ho, IK | 1 |
| Aaronson, LM | 1 |
| Germany, A | 1 |
| Contreras, E | 1 |
| Suzuki, T | 5 |
| Mizoguchi, H | 2 |
| Noguchi, H | 1 |
| Yoshii, T | 2 |
| Misawa, M | 4 |
| Motegi, H | 2 |
| Awano, H | 1 |
| Inui, Y | 1 |
| Yamamoto, M | 1 |
| Awasaki, Y | 1 |
| Nishida, N | 1 |
| Takada, K | 1 |
| Miyasato, K | 1 |
| Lenox, RH | 1 |
| Wray, HL | 1 |
| Kant, GJ | 1 |
| Hawkins, TD | 1 |
| Meyerhoff, JL | 1 |
| Huffman, RD | 1 |
| Pfeil, KA | 1 |
| Gonzales, EG | 1 |
| Lin, SC | 1 |
| Sutherland, VC | 1 |
| Boisse, NR | 5 |
| Siew, C | 1 |
| Goldstein, DB | 1 |
| Rosenberg, HC | 1 |
| Rosen, R | 1 |
| Ch'ien, JM | 1 |
| Turnbull, MJ | 1 |
| Watkins, JW | 1 |
| Wahlström, G | 1 |
| Waters, N | 1 |
| Gaha, TJ | 1 |
| Reynolds, I | 1 |
| Bailey, DN | 1 |
| Jatlow, PI | 1 |
| Otani, K | 1 |
| Koike, Y | 3 |
| Barros, HM | 1 |
| Tannhauser, MA | 1 |
| Tannhauser, SL | 1 |
| Tannhauser, M | 1 |
| Shimada, A | 1 |
| McCaslin, PP | 2 |
| Gray, PL | 1 |
| Taberner, PV | 1 |
| Chida, Y | 1 |
| Huizer, H | 1 |
| Kaneda, H | 1 |
| Kawatani, S | 1 |
| Stockhaus, K | 1 |
| Arblaster, CI | 1 |
| Cameron, DW | 1 |
| Laycock, GM | 1 |
| Shulman, A | 1 |
1 review available for barbital and Chemical Dependence
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Barbiturate tolerance and physical dependence: contribution of pharmacological factors.
Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cats; Central Nervous System Depressants; Drug Administ | 1984 |
57 other studies available for barbital and Chemical Dependence
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Barbiturates, are they narcotics?
Topics: Barbital; Barbiturates; Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Narcotics; Substance-Related Disorders | 1947 |
Convulsive seizures following barbiturate withdrawal.
Topics: Barbital; Barbiturates; Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Seizures; Substan | 1947 |
PROPOSED uniform state barbiturate act; an act to regulate the handling, sale and distribution of barbiturates.
Topics: Barbital; Barbiturates; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Durable Medical Equipment; | 1947 |
[Control measures against the abuse of hypnotics].
Topics: Barbital; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mental Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders | 1950 |
Pentothal--Its uses and abuses.
Topics: Barbital; Mental Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Thiopental | 1950 |
The effects of chronic oral administration of barbital on cerebellar cyclic GMP.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cerebellum; Cyclic AMP; Dose-Response Relatio | 1984 |
[Studies on the barbital-type physical dependence liability of mequitazine in mice and rats (author's transl)].
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Body Weight; Central Nervous System Depressants; Chlorpromazine; Diazepam; Histam | 1981 |
The influence of haloperidol and aminooxyacetic acid on etonitazene, alcohol, diazepam and barbital consumption.
Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Aminooxyacetic Acid; Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Benzimidazoles; Br | 1984 |
Formation of physical dependence on barbiturates and cerebral monoamines.
Topics: alpha-Methyltyrosine; Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Biogenic Amines; Body Weight; Brain; Catechol | 1983 |
Biochemical aspects in the experimental barbital dependence IV--its effect on the hexokinase and phosphofructokinase activities in the rat brain.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Brain; Hexokinase; Humans; Phosphofructokinase-1; Rats; Substance-R | 1983 |
Repeated withdrawal from barbital as a drive for 'drug taking behavior' in rats.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Drinking; Drug Tol | 1984 |
Physical dependence produced by long duration, low dose chronic barbital treatment.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Body Weight; Cats; Central Nervous System; Female; Humans; Male; Mo | 1984 |
Effects of propranolol on barbital dependence formation and withdrawal signs.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Barbital; Barbiturates; Drug Interactions; Humans; Male; Propranolol; Rats | 1983 |
Biochemical aspects of experimental barbital dependence II: Effect on glycometabolism.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Brain; Brain Stem; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Glucose; Glucose-6- | 1983 |
Dependence potential of zopiclone studied in monkeys.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Azabicyclo Compounds; Barbital; Behavior, Animal; Diazepam; Female; H | 1983 |
Drug dependence potential of viloxazine hydrochloride tested in rhesus monkeys.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Behavior, Animal; Female; Haplorhini; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Morphine Depe | 1980 |
Biochemical aspects of experimental barbital dependence III: effect on neural energy reserve system.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Brain; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Male; Pho | 1982 |
[Studies on the physical dependence liability to guanabenz].
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Barbital; Body Weight; Drug Synergism; Guanabenz; Guan | 1982 |
[Determination of the development of psychotic dependence to drugs in small animals. 4. Selective drinking of barbital and ethanol solutions by mice].
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Choice Behavior; Drinking; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Ethanol; H | 1982 |
Dependence potential of zopiclone studied in monkeys.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Azabicyclo Compounds; Barbital; Diazepam; Female; Humans; Hypnotics a | 1982 |
Sample size effect on induction time measurement of barbital tolerance development in male mice.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Humans; Male; Mice; Substance-Related Disorders | 1980 |
Effect of sodium barbital dependence on chronic spinal rats monitored by spontaneous hind leg movements.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cordotomy; Female; Hindlimb; Humans; Movement; Rats; Substance With | 1981 |
Continuous administration of barbital by pellet implantation.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Drug Implants; Dru | 1980 |
Comparison of ethanol and barbiturate physical dependence.
Topics: Alcoholism; Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cats; Central Nervous System Depressants; Dose-Response | 1981 |
Purinergic drugs and calcium channel antagonists attenuate the withdrawal syndrome from barbital.
Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Barbital; Behavior, Animal; Calcium Channel Blockers; Drug Tolerance; Male; Mice | 1994 |
Effects of flunarizine and diltiazem on physical dependence on barbital in rats.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Diltiazem; Flunarizine; Male; Postura | 1993 |
Effects of nifedipine on physical dependence on barbital or diazepam in rats.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Barbital; Body Weight; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Di | 1995 |
A nonbenzodiazepine partial agonist, S-(+)-DN-2327, has minimal physical dependence-producing liability, but shows cross-dependence on barbital in rats.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Area Under Curve; Barbital; Behavior, Animal; Binding, Competitive; Bo | 1996 |
Drug dependence study on vigabatrin in rhesus monkeys and rats.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Barbital; Conditioning, Operant; Female; gamma-Aminobu | 1997 |
[Experimental study on development of physical dependence on alcohol and cross physical dependence liability of diazepam and barbital to alcohol in rhesus monkeys (author's transl)].
Topics: Alcoholism; Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Body Weight; Diazepam; Female; Haplorhini; Humans; Maca | 1978 |
Changes in brain levels of cyclic nucleotides and gamma-aminobutyric acid in barbiturate dependence and withdrawal.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Brain; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; gamma-Aminobut | 1979 |
Effect of synthesis inhibition on the levels of brain catecholamines in barbital-dependent rats.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide; Body Weight; | 1978 |
Regional distribution of barbital in the brain of mice during the development of tolerance and physical dependence.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Brain; Drug Implants; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inb | 1977 |
Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. I. "Chronically equivalent" dosing method.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cats; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedul | 1978 |
Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. II. Tolerance characteristics.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cats; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Pentobarbital; Substance-Related Diso | 1978 |
Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. III. Withdrawal characteristics.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cats; Humans; Pentobarbital; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substan | 1978 |
Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. IV. Influence of elimination kinetics.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cats; Humans; Kinetics; Pentobarbital; Peritoneal Dialysis; Substan | 1978 |
Osmotic minipumps for administration of barbital to mice: demonstration of functional tolerance and physical dependence.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Male; Mice; Seizures; Substance Withdrawal | 1978 |
Characteristics of functional tolerance during barbiturate physical dependency production.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cats; Central Nervous System Depressants; Dose-Response Relationshi | 1978 |
Voluntary treatment for drug abuse in Hong Kong.
Topics: Adult; Barbital; Costs and Cost Analysis; Female; Heroin Dependence; Hong Kong; Humans; Male; Mental | 1977 |
Acute tolerance to barbiturate in the rat.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Tolerance; Female; Hexobarbital | 1976 |
Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment on spontaneous convulsions induced by barbital withdrawal.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Barbital; Barbiturates; Body Weight; Dopamine; Humans; Hydroxydopamines; Mal | 1976 |
The interaction between spontaneous convulsions and tolerance to hexobarbital in the abstinence after chronic barbital treatments in the rat.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Drug Tolerance; Hexobarbital; Humans; Male; Rats; Seizures; Substan | 1976 |
Random urine analyses from drug addicts in a methadone treatment programme.
Topics: Amphetamines; Barbital; Barbiturates; Humans; Methadone; Opium; Self Medication; Substance-Related D | 1975 |
Barbital overdose and abuse.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Barbital; Barbiturates; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin | 1975 |
Susceptibility to, tolerance to, and physical dependence on ethanol and barbital in two inbred strains of rats.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Drug Tolerance; Ethanol; Male; Motor Activity; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rats, Inb | 1992 |
Enhanced detection of hyperactivity after drug withdrawal with a simple modification of the open-field apparatus.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Ethanol; Motor Activity; Psychopharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substanc | 1991 |
Observation of the development of tolerance to and physical dependence on barbital by cortical evoked potential in rats.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Body Weight; Drug Tolerance; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Male; Motor Activity; R | 1991 |
Increased response of cerebellar cGMP to kainate but not NMDA or quisqualate following barbital withdrawal from dependent rats.
Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cerebellum; Cyclic GMP; Dose-Response Relationship, | 1989 |
2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, a selective antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate, prevents barbital withdrawal-induced convulsions and the elevation of cerebellar cyclic GMP in dependent rats.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Barbital; Barbiturates; Cerebellum | 1987 |
Evidence for GABA tolerance in barbiturate-dependent and withdrawn mice.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Drug Tolerance; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Imidazoles | 1985 |
Cross-physical dependence of several drugs in methaqualone-dependent rats.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Diazepam; Ethanol; Male; Methaqualone; Pentobarbital; Postural Balance; Psychomot | 1988 |
Analytical studies on illicit heroin. V. Efficacy of volatilization during heroin smoking.
Topics: Barbital; Caffeine; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin | 1987 |
Pharmacological characterization of alcohol and barbital physical dependence in mice.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Barbital; Barbiturates; Clonidine; Ethanol; Male; Mice; Muscimol; Propranolol; Su | 1987 |
Physical dependence capacity of brotizolam in rhesus monkeys. 2nd communication: primary dependence and barbital substitution.
Topics: Animals; Azepines; Barbital; Barbiturates; Body Weight; Diazepam; Female; Hypnotics and Sedatives; M | 1986 |
[Sex differences in the physical dependence on barbital in rats].
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Body Weight; Brain; Female; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sex F | 1986 |
Studies on the development of physical dependence on barbitone in the rat and rat atrium.
Topics: Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Bemegride; Calcium Chloride; Convulsants; Drug Tolerance; Electric | 1986 |