atrial-natriuretic-factor and Cardio-Renal-Syndrome

Biomarkers are increaingly being used in the management of heart failure not only for the purpose of screening, diagnosis, and risk stratification, but also as a guide to evaluate the response to treatment in the individual patient and as an entry criterion and/or a surrogate marker of efficacy in clinical trials testing novel drugs. In this chapter, we review the role of established biomarkers for heart failure management, according to the main classification of HF phenotypes, based on the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction, including heart failure with reduced (<40%), preserved (≥50%), and, as recently proposed, mid-range (40-49%) ejection fraction.

Topics: Adrenomedullin; Aldosterone; Angiotensin II; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Cardio-Renal Syndrome; Catecholamines; Chromogranin A; Creatinine; Galectin 3; Glycopeptides; Growth Differentiation Factor 15; Heart Failure; Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; Humans; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; Interleukin-18; Interleukin-6; Lipocalin-2; MicroRNAs; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Peptide Fragments; Renin; Renin-Angiotensin System; Stroke Volume; Troponin; Troponin T; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha