aspirin has been researched along with Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive in 31 studies
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)
acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive: A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
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"In this study, we observed that low-dose aspirin use was associated with a lower risk of lung carcinoma and lung carcinoma-related mortality among COPD patients." | 8.12 | Low-dose aspirin and incidence of lung carcinoma in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hong Kong: A cohort study. ( Cheung, KS; Ip, MS; Li, HL; Li, X; Ren, QW; Tse, HF; Wong, PF; Wu, MZ; Yiu, KH; Yu, SY, 2022) |
"To determine whether beta-blockers, aspirin, and statins are underutilized after first-time myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with patients without COPD." | 7.96 | Beta-blocker, aspirin, and statin usage after first-time myocardial infarction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide analysis from 1995 to 2015 in Denmark. ( Bodtger, U; Capuano, A; Gislason, G; Jensen, MT; Lamberts, M; Lange, P; Nicolaisen, SK; Rasmussen, DB; Sessa, M; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2020) |
"In contrast, in this study, the exacerbation and infection rates increased under medication with aspirin and statins (p = 0." | 7.81 | No significant detectable anti-infection effects of aspirin and statins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ( Yayan, J, 2015) |
"To examine the roots of asthma across different ages, including atopy, the role of the microbiome and viral infections, and comorbidities and confounders, such as obesity, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, neutrophilic asthma, cigarette smoking, and the possibility of an asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome." | 4.98 | Heterogeneity and the origins of asthma. ( Grayson, MH; Scherzer, R, 2018) |
"In this study, we observed that low-dose aspirin use was associated with a lower risk of lung carcinoma and lung carcinoma-related mortality among COPD patients." | 4.12 | Low-dose aspirin and incidence of lung carcinoma in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hong Kong: A cohort study. ( Cheung, KS; Ip, MS; Li, HL; Li, X; Ren, QW; Tse, HF; Wong, PF; Wu, MZ; Yiu, KH; Yu, SY, 2022) |
"To determine whether beta-blockers, aspirin, and statins are underutilized after first-time myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with patients without COPD." | 3.96 | Beta-blocker, aspirin, and statin usage after first-time myocardial infarction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide analysis from 1995 to 2015 in Denmark. ( Bodtger, U; Capuano, A; Gislason, G; Jensen, MT; Lamberts, M; Lange, P; Nicolaisen, SK; Rasmussen, DB; Sessa, M; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2020) |
"In contrast, in this study, the exacerbation and infection rates increased under medication with aspirin and statins (p = 0." | 3.81 | No significant detectable anti-infection effects of aspirin and statins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ( Yayan, J, 2015) |
"Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at a higher risk of many types of cancer." | 2.87 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with short-acting inhaled pharmacotherapy increases the risk of prostate cancer: A two-stage database approach. ( Chen, HC; Huang, SW; Lin, HW; Lin, LF; Liou, TH, 2018) |
"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death in the world." | 2.82 | Acetylic Salicylic Acid for the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. ( Hagmann, M; Pils, S; Sauermann, R; Schwameis, R; Weber, M; Zeitlinger, M, 2016) |
"Asthma and COPD were individually and independently associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in women, indicating that chronic airway inflammation may contribute to diabetes pathogenesis." | 2.75 | Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes in the Women's Health Study. ( Buring, JE; Klevak, A; Liu, S; Manson, JE; Song, Y, 2010) |
"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous multisystem disease, causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide." | 2.66 | Platelets in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An update on pathophysiology and implications for antiplatelet therapy. ( Ball, S; Mallah, H; Nugent, K; Parmar, K; Sekhon, J, 2020) |
"COPD was defined by documented ICD-10 diagnosis of COPD, confirmed smoking history, and active bronchodilator use." | 1.72 | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is Not Associated with In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19: An Observational Cohort Analysis. ( Barjaktarevic, I; Buhr, RG; Fulcher, JA; Markovic, D; Shover, CM; Tashkin, DP; Toppen, W; Yan, P, 2022) |
"Patients with higher COPD severity were less likely to receive a beta-blocker than those with lower severity, as were those with no history of previous ACS and/or heart failure." | 1.56 | Underuse of beta-blockers by patients with COPD and co-morbid acute coronary syndrome: A nationwide follow-up study in New Zealand. ( Barson, D; Dummer, J; Parkin, L; Quon, J; Sharples, K, 2020) |
"Aspirin use in COPD has been associated with reduced all-cause mortality in meta-regression analysis with few equivocal studies." | 1.51 | Aspirin Use and Respiratory Morbidity in COPD: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis in Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study. ( Aaron, CP; Barr, RG; Bowler, RP; Comellas, AP; Cooper, CB; Dransfield, MT; Fawzy, A; Han, MK; Hansel, NN; Hoffman, EA; Kanner, RE; Krishnan, JA; Labaki, WW; Paine, R; Paulin, LM; Peters, SP; Putcha, N; Wise, R, 2019) |
"Different dosage forms of ASA are characterized with similar efficacy in prevention of cardiovascular events and effects on the risk of bleeding." | 1.51 | [Predictors for development of major cardiovascular events in elderly patients with severe and extremely severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in combination with early stages of chronic kidney disease]. ( Erofeeva, SG; Karpukhina, EV; Nekrasov, AA; Timoshchenko, ES, 2019) |
"In sum, in patients with AECOPD, aspirin use was associated with lower rates of in-hospital mortality and invasive mechanical ventilation use, and shorter length-of-stay." | 1.48 | The association of aspirin use with severity of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective cohort study. ( Camargo, CA; Faridi, MK; Goto, T; Hasegawa, K, 2018) |
"The participants were 5,696 adults with COPD with a first myocardial infarction (n = 2,850) or ischemic stroke (n = 3,010) and at least one acute exacerbation from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink with linked Hospital Episodes Statistics data." | 1.48 | Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke after Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ( Connell, O; Douglas, I; Müllerová, H; Pearce, N; Quint, JK; Rothnie, KJ; Smeeth, L, 2018) |
"Rectus sheath hematoma is a rare and often misdiagnosed clinical condition." | 1.42 | Rectus sheath hematoma due to cough in an elderly patient under antiplatelet therapy. ( Çetin, M; Çoşğun, IG; Ünal, Y, 2015) |
" With the exception of CVA, all adverse events were significantly higher in positive Tn T group as compared to negative Tn T group." | 1.42 | Relationship between Troponin Elevation, Cardiovascular History and Adverse Events in Patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. ( Campo, G; Ceconi, C; Contoli, M; Guerzoni, F; Malagù, M; Napoli, N; Papi, A; Pavasini, R; Punzetti, S, 2015) |
"Thrombocytosis was associated with both 1-year mortality and inhospital mortality; OR 1." | 1.40 | Thrombocytosis is associated with increased short and long term mortality after exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a role for antiplatelet therapy? ( Chalmers, JD; Harrison, MT; Schembri, S; Short, P; Singanayagam, A; Williamson, PA, 2014) |
"COPD was not an independent predictor of increased in-hospital mortality." | 1.36 | Prevalence and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among 8167 Middle Eastern patients with acute coronary syndrome. ( Al Habib, K; Al Mahmeed, W; Al Suwaidi, J; Alsheikh-Ali, AA; Assad, N; El-Menyar, AA; Hadi, HA; Ridha, M; Singh, R; Zubaid, M, 2010) |
"COPD was an independent predictor of in-hospital death in multivariate Cox regression analysis." | 1.36 | Relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in-hospital management and outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ( Brzeziński, M; Dubiel, JS; Dudek, D; Dziewierz, A; Mielecki, W; Rakowski, T; Siudak, Z; Zdzienicka, J, 2010) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 2 (6.45) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 21 (67.74) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 8 (25.81) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Yu, SY | 1 |
Ip, MS | 1 |
Li, X | 1 |
Cheung, KS | 1 |
Ren, QW | 1 |
Wu, MZ | 1 |
Li, HL | 1 |
Wong, PF | 1 |
Tse, HF | 1 |
Yiu, KH | 1 |
Toppen, W | 1 |
Yan, P | 1 |
Markovic, D | 1 |
Shover, CM | 1 |
Buhr, RG | 1 |
Fulcher, JA | 1 |
Tashkin, DP | 1 |
Barjaktarevic, I | 1 |
Parkin, L | 1 |
Quon, J | 1 |
Sharples, K | 1 |
Barson, D | 1 |
Dummer, J | 1 |
Mallah, H | 1 |
Ball, S | 1 |
Sekhon, J | 1 |
Parmar, K | 1 |
Nugent, K | 1 |
Bhat, TA | 1 |
Kalathil, SG | 1 |
Miller, A | 1 |
Thatcher, TH | 1 |
Sime, PJ | 1 |
Thanavala, Y | 1 |
Bakshi, A | 1 |
Suissa, S | 1 |
Ebell, MH | 1 |
Goto, T | 1 |
Faridi, MK | 1 |
Camargo, CA | 1 |
Hasegawa, K | 1 |
Rothnie, KJ | 1 |
Connell, O | 1 |
Müllerová, H | 1 |
Smeeth, L | 1 |
Pearce, N | 1 |
Douglas, I | 1 |
Quint, JK | 2 |
Sandelin, M | 1 |
Mindus, S | 1 |
Thuresson, M | 1 |
Lisspers, K | 1 |
Ställberg, B | 1 |
Johansson, G | 1 |
Larsson, K | 1 |
Janson, C | 1 |
Scherzer, R | 1 |
Grayson, MH | 1 |
Lin, HW | 1 |
Lin, LF | 1 |
Chen, HC | 1 |
Liou, TH | 1 |
Huang, SW | 1 |
Fawzy, A | 1 |
Putcha, N | 1 |
Aaron, CP | 1 |
Bowler, RP | 1 |
Comellas, AP | 1 |
Cooper, CB | 1 |
Dransfield, MT | 1 |
Han, MK | 1 |
Hoffman, EA | 1 |
Kanner, RE | 1 |
Krishnan, JA | 1 |
Labaki, WW | 1 |
Paine, R | 1 |
Paulin, LM | 1 |
Peters, SP | 1 |
Wise, R | 1 |
Barr, RG | 1 |
Hansel, NN | 1 |
Rasmussen, DB | 1 |
Bodtger, U | 1 |
Lamberts, M | 1 |
Nicolaisen, SK | 1 |
Sessa, M | 1 |
Capuano, A | 1 |
Torp-Pedersen, C | 2 |
Gislason, G | 1 |
Lange, P | 1 |
Jensen, MT | 1 |
Andersson, C | 1 |
Hansen, PW | 1 |
Steffensen, IE | 1 |
Andreasen, C | 1 |
Weeke, PE | 1 |
Køber, L | 1 |
Gislason, GH | 1 |
Sundaram, V | 1 |
Nekrasov, AA | 1 |
Timoshchenko, ES | 1 |
Erofeeva, SG | 1 |
Karpukhina, EV | 1 |
Çoşğun, IG | 1 |
Ünal, Y | 1 |
Çetin, M | 1 |
Harrison, MT | 1 |
Short, P | 1 |
Williamson, PA | 1 |
Singanayagam, A | 1 |
Chalmers, JD | 1 |
Schembri, S | 1 |
Sin, DD | 1 |
Jagpal, S | 1 |
Pistun, O | 1 |
Mikhail, J | 1 |
Campo, G | 1 |
Pavasini, R | 1 |
Malagù, M | 1 |
Punzetti, S | 1 |
Napoli, N | 1 |
Guerzoni, F | 1 |
Papi, A | 1 |
Ceconi, C | 1 |
Contoli, M | 1 |
Yayan, J | 1 |
Schwameis, R | 1 |
Pils, S | 1 |
Weber, M | 1 |
Hagmann, M | 1 |
Zeitlinger, M | 1 |
Sauermann, R | 1 |
Makam, RC | 1 |
Erskine, N | 1 |
McManus, DD | 1 |
Lessard, D | 1 |
Gore, JM | 1 |
Yarzebski, J | 1 |
Goldberg, RJ | 1 |
Nilsson, S | 1 |
Järemo, P | 1 |
Hadi, HA | 1 |
Zubaid, M | 1 |
Al Mahmeed, W | 1 |
El-Menyar, AA | 1 |
Ridha, M | 1 |
Alsheikh-Ali, AA | 1 |
Singh, R | 1 |
Assad, N | 1 |
Al Habib, K | 1 |
Al Suwaidi, J | 1 |
Dziewierz, A | 1 |
Siudak, Z | 1 |
Rakowski, T | 1 |
Brzeziński, M | 1 |
Zdzienicka, J | 1 |
Mielecki, W | 1 |
Dubiel, JS | 1 |
Dudek, D | 1 |
Song, Y | 1 |
Klevak, A | 1 |
Manson, JE | 1 |
Buring, JE | 1 |
Liu, S | 1 |
Sclano, G | 1 |
Netzer, G | 1 |
Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Retrospective Epidemiological Study to Map Out Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Describe COPD Health Care in Real-Life Primary Care During the First Ten Years of the 21th Century[NCT01146392] | 27,394 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2010-06-30 | Completed | |||
Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study[NCT01969344] | 2,981 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2010-11-30 | Active, not recruiting | |||
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] |
4 reviews available for aspirin and Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Article | Year |
---|---|
Platelets in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An update on pathophysiology and implications for antiplatelet therapy.
Topics: Aspirin; Blood Platelets; Disease Progression; Elastin; Electron Transport; Humans; Inflammation; Lu | 2020 |
Effectiveness of Aspirin in COPD: Biases in the Observational Studies.
Topics: Aspirin; Bias; Epidemiologic Factors; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Pulmonary Disease, Chr | 2021 |
Heterogeneity and the origins of asthma.
Topics: Animals; Aspirin; Asthma; Cigarette Smoking; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Microbiota; Neutro | 2018 |
Asthma, nasal polyposis and ulcerative colitis: a new perspective.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Asthma; Autoantibodies; Colitis, Ulcerative; Fibro | 2002 |
3 trials available for aspirin and Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Article | Year |
---|---|
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with short-acting inhaled pharmacotherapy increases the risk of prostate cancer: A two-stage database approach.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Aged; Aspirin; Cross-Sectional Studies; Databa | 2018 |
Acetylic Salicylic Acid for the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Topics: Aged; Aspirin; Double-Blind Method; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pul | 2016 |
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes in the Women's Health Study.
Topics: Aspirin; Asthma; Bronchitis, Chronic; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Hu | 2010 |
24 other studies available for aspirin and Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Article | Year |
---|---|
Low-dose aspirin and incidence of lung carcinoma in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hong Kong: A cohort study.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Carcinoma; Cohor | 2022 |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is Not Associated with In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19: An Observational Cohort Analysis.
Topics: Aspirin; Cohort Studies; COVID-19; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructiv | 2022 |
Underuse of beta-blockers by patients with COPD and co-morbid acute coronary syndrome: A nationwide follow-up study in New Zealand.
Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Aspirin; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Fe | 2020 |
Specialized Proresolving Mediators Overcome Immune Suppression Induced by Exposure to Secondhand Smoke.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Aspirin; Asthma; B-Lymphocytes; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cytokines; Docosa | 2020 |
USPSTF Recommendations: New and Updated in 2016.
Topics: Advisory Committees; Aspirin; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Breast Neoplasms; Cardiovascular Diseases; C | 2017 |
The association of aspirin use with severity of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective cohort study.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Disease Progressio | 2018 |
Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke after Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aspirin; Brain Ischemia; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Male; Myocard | 2018 |
Factors associated with lung cancer in COPD patients.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Age Factors; Aged; Aspirin; Asthma; Comorbidity | 2018 |
Aspirin Use and Respiratory Morbidity in COPD: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis in Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aspirin; Correlation of Data; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Male; Middle A | 2019 |
Beta-blocker, aspirin, and statin usage after first-time myocardial infarction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide analysis from 1995 to 2015 in Denmark.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aspirin; Cross-Sectional Studies; Denmark; Dru | 2020 |
Mortality associated with cardiovascular drugs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and right-sided heart failure - A danish nationwide registry-based study.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Aspi | 2019 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and myocardial infarction: when will we get our act together?
Topics: Aspirin; Denmark; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Myocardial Infarction; Pul | 2020 |
[Predictors for development of major cardiovascular events in elderly patients with severe and extremely severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in combination with early stages of chronic kidney disease].
Topics: Aged; Aspirin; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Prospective Studies; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Ob | 2019 |
Rectus sheath hematoma due to cough in an elderly patient under antiplatelet therapy.
Topics: Abdomen, Acute; Aged, 80 and over; Aspirin; Cough; Female; Hematoma; Humans; Platelet Aggregation In | 2015 |
Thrombocytosis is associated with increased short and long term mortality after exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a role for antiplatelet therapy?
Topics: Aged; Aspirin; Clopidogrel; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Pulm | 2014 |
The devastating power of platelets in COPD exacerbations: can aspirin save lives in COPD?
Topics: Aspirin; Clopidogrel; Female; Humans; Male; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Pulmonary Disease, Chro | 2014 |
Pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, thrombocytosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, and a longitudinal study on e-cigarettes.
Topics: Antifibrinolytic Agents; Aspirin; Drug Delivery Systems; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Idiopath | 2014 |
Relationship between Troponin Elevation, Cardiovascular History and Adverse Events in Patients with acute exacerbation of COPD.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aspirin; Cause of Death; Creatinine; Disease Progression; Fema | 2015 |
No significant detectable anti-infection effects of aspirin and statins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Topics: Aged; Aspirin; C-Reactive Protein; Female; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; I | 2015 |
Decade-Long Trends (2001 to 2011) in the Use of Evidence-Based Medical Therapies at the Time of Hospital Discharge for Patients Surviving Acute Myocardial Infarction.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme I | 2016 |
Non-coronary chest pain does not affect long-term mortality: a prospective, observational study using a matched population control.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Aspirin; Case-Control Studies; Cause of Death; Chest Pain; | 2016 |
Prevalence and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among 8167 Middle Eastern patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 2010 |
Relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in-hospital management and outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Topics: Aged; Aspirin; Clopidogrel; Comorbidity; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Hospital Mortality; | 2010 |
Inhaled corticosteroids and mortality in COPD.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Angiotensin-Conver | 2007 |