Page last updated: 2024-11-08

aspartic acid and Psychotic Disorders

aspartic acid has been researched along with Psychotic Disorders in 42 studies

Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.
aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent
L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.

Psychotic Disorders: Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder whose course varies with periods of deterioration and symptomatic improvement without diagnosis and treatment specific for the disease."1.56The Relationship between the Level of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Metabolites, Brain-Periphery Redox Imbalance, and the Clinical State of Patients with Schizophrenia and Personality Disorders. ( Bryll, A; Karcz, P; Kozicz, T; Krzyściak, W; Pilecki, M; Popiela, TJ; Skrzypek, J; Śmierciak, N; Szwajca, M, 2020)
"Choline was significantly elevated in FEP compared to HC."1.48Neurometabolic abnormalities in the associative striatum in antipsychotic-naïve first episode psychosis patients. ( Gonzales, SS; Kraguljac, NV; Lahti, AC; Morgan, CJ; Sivaraman, S; White, DM, 2018)
"Schizophrenia is a genetically complex syndrome with substantial inter-subject variability in multiple domains."1.43Prefrontal neuronal integrity predicts symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia and is sensitive to genetic heterogeneity. ( Antonius, D; Berns, A; Chao, MV; Goetz, R; Gonen, O; Harroch, S; Hasan, S; Heguy, A; Kranz, TM; Lazar, M; Malaspina, D; Mazgaj, R; Rothman, K, 2016)
" Chronic use has been suggested to lead to persistent schizophrenia-like neurobiological changes."1.40Glutamate, N-acetyl aspartate and psychotic symptoms in chronic ketamine users. ( Fam, J; Furby, H; Howes, OD; Hughes, E; Morgan, C; Pepper, F; Stone, JM, 2014)
"Schizophrenia is associated with significant brain abnormalities, including changes in brain metabolites as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)."1.35A 1H-MRS investigation of the medial temporal lobe in antipsychotic-naïve and early-treated first episode psychosis. ( Berger, GE; McConchie, M; McGorry, PD; Pantelis, C; Proffitt, T; Velakoulis, D; Wellard, RM; Wood, SJ, 2008)
"A case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in a 27-year-old man was serially evaluated with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy."1.33Serial proton spectroscopy in a case of adult-onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. ( Erfurth, A; Lüdemann, P; Michael, N; Möller, HE; Schuierer, G, 2005)
"Following the chronic use of methamphetamine, some individuals experience psychosis and anxiety."1.31Metabolite alterations in basal ganglia associated with methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms. A proton MRS study. ( Ashby, CR; Isoda, H; Iyo, M; Kawai, M; Minabe, Y; Mori, N; Sakahara, H; Sekine, Y; Suzuki, K; Takei, N, 2002)

Research

Studies (42)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19902 (4.76)18.7374
1990's1 (2.38)18.2507
2000's10 (23.81)29.6817
2010's20 (47.62)24.3611
2020's9 (21.43)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Chen, X3
Fan, X2
Song, X1
Gardner, M1
Du, F4
Öngür, D4
Bissonnette, JN1
Francis, AM1
MacNeil, S1
Crocker, CE2
Tibbo, PG2
Fisher, DJ1
Li, W1
Xu, J1
Xiang, Q1
Zhuo, K1
Zhang, Y1
Liu, D1
Li, Y1
Wang, M1
Barker, PB3
Cascella, NG1
Coughlin, JM2
Nestadt, G2
Nucifora, FC2
Sedlak, TW2
Kelly, A1
Younes, L1
Geman, D1
Palaniyappan, L1
Sawa, A2
Yang, K1
Romeo, B1
Petillion, A1
Martelli, C1
Benyamina, A1
Bryll, A1
Krzyściak, W1
Karcz, P1
Śmierciak, N1
Kozicz, T1
Skrzypek, J1
Szwajca, M1
Pilecki, M1
Popiela, TJ1
Whitehurst, TS1
Osugo, M1
Townsend, L1
Shatalina, E1
Vava, R1
Onwordi, EC1
Howes, O1
Malaspina, D2
Lotan, E1
Rusinek, H1
Perez, SA1
Walsh-Messinger, J1
Kranz, TM2
Gonen, O2
Kuan, E1
de la Fuente-Sandoval, C2
Reyes-Madrigal, F2
Mao, X1
León-Ortiz, P2
Rodríguez-Mayoral, O1
Jung-Cook, H1
Solís-Vivanco, R1
Graff-Guerrero, A2
Shungu, DC1
Reid, MA2
Salibi, N1
White, DM3
Gawne, TJ1
Denney, TS1
Lahti, AC3
Li, C1
Wang, A1
Wang, C1
Ramamurthy, J1
Zhang, E1
Guadagno, E1
Trakadis, Y1
Sivaraman, S1
Kraguljac, NV2
Morgan, CJ1
Gonzales, SS1
Wang, AM1
Pradhan, S2
Trivedi, A1
DuBois, SL1
Crawford, JL1
Nucifora, LG1
Schretlen, DJ1
Lewandowski, KE2
Huynh, P1
Natsubori, T1
Inoue, H1
Abe, O1
Takano, Y1
Iwashiro, N1
Aoki, Y1
Koike, S1
Yahata, N1
Katsura, M1
Gonoi, W1
Sasaki, H1
Takao, H1
Kasai, K1
Yamasue, H1
Stone, JM1
Pepper, F1
Fam, J1
Furby, H1
Hughes, E1
Morgan, C1
Howes, OD1
Howells, FM1
Uhlmann, A1
Temmingh, H1
Sinclair, H1
Meintjes, E1
Wilson, D1
Stein, DJ1
Bernier, DC1
Hanstock, CC1
Lakusta, B1
Purdon, SE1
Seres, P1
Sperry, SH1
Cohen, BM2
Sehovic, S1
Goldbach, JR1
Shendyapina, MV1
Omelchenko, MA1
Lebedeva, IS1
Kanonovich, PS1
Semenova, NA1
Ublinsky, MV1
Dmitrienko, DM1
Akhadov, TA1
Simonova, OA1
Kaleda, VG1
Nenadic, I1
Maitra, R1
Basu, S1
Dietzek, M1
Schönfeld, N1
Lorenz, C1
Gussew, A1
Amminger, GP1
McGorry, P1
Reichenbach, JR1
Sauer, H1
Gaser, C1
Smesny, S1
Plitman, E1
Chavez, S1
Gómez-Cruz, G1
Liemburg, E1
Sibeijn-Kuiper, A2
Bais, L2
Pijnenborg, G1
Knegtering, H2
van der Velde, J1
Opmeer, E1
de Vos, A1
Dlabac-De Lange, J1
Wunderink, L1
Aleman, A2
Brandt, AS1
Unschuld, PG1
Lim, IA1
Churchill, G1
Harris, AD1
Hua, J1
Ross, CA1
van Zijl, PC1
Edden, RA1
Margolis, RL1
Heguy, A1
Harroch, S1
Mazgaj, R1
Rothman, K1
Berns, A1
Hasan, S1
Antonius, D1
Goetz, R1
Lazar, M1
Chao, MV1
Larabi, DI1
Liemburg, EJ1
Pijnenborg, GH1
de Vos, AE1
Ćurčić-Blake, B1
Hermens, DF1
Lagopoulos, J1
Naismith, SL1
Tobias-Webb, J1
Hickie, IB1
Sekine, Y1
Minabe, Y1
Kawai, M1
Suzuki, K1
Iyo, M1
Isoda, H1
Sakahara, H1
Ashby, CR1
Takei, N1
Mori, N1
Bertolino, A1
Sciota, D1
Brudaglio, F1
Altamura, M1
Blasi, G1
Bellomo, A1
Antonucci, N1
Callicott, JH1
Goldberg, TE1
Scarabino, T1
Weinberger, DR1
Nardini, M1
BARUK, H1
FABIANI, P1
Heresco-Levy, U1
Wood, SJ3
Berger, G1
Velakoulis, D3
Phillips, LJ1
McGorry, PD3
Yung, AR1
Desmond, P2
Pantelis, C3
Reynolds, LM1
Cochran, SM1
Morris, BJ1
Pratt, JA1
Reynolds, GP1
Michael, N1
Erfurth, A1
Lüdemann, P1
Schuierer, G1
Möller, HE1
Berger, GE2
Lambert, M1
Conus, P1
Stuart, GW1
Zabala, A1
Sánchez-González, J1
Parellada, M1
Moreno, DM1
Reig, S1
Burdalo, MT1
Robles, O1
Desco, M1
Arango, C1
Wellard, RM1
Proffitt, T1
McConchie, M1
Renshaw, PF1
Yurgelun-Todd, DA1
Tohen, M1
Gruber, S1
Maier, M1
Mellers, J1
Toone, B1
Trimble, M1
Ron, MA1
Demisch, L1
Gebhart, P1
Bochnik, HJ1

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Evaluation of Schemes of Administration of Intravenous Ketamine in Treatment-resistant Depression: Clinical-neuroimaging Correlation[NCT03742557]Phase 330 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-10-01Recruiting
Glutamate, Brain Connectivity and Duration of Untreated Psychosis[NCT02034253]134 participants (Actual)Observational2014-01-31Completed
The Relationship Between the Efficacy of Lumateperone and Central Glutamate and Dopaminergic Metabolism: A Comparison With Risperidone in First Episode Psychosis[NCT05890768]Phase 435 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-11Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Reviews

5 reviews available for aspartic acid and Psychotic Disorders

ArticleYear
Glutamate and N-Acetylaspartate Alterations Observed in Early Phase Psychosis: A Systematic Review of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies.
    Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging, 2022, Volume: 321

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Female; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Male; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscop

2022
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in subjects with high risk for psychosis: A meta-analysis and review.
    Journal of psychiatric research, 2020, Volume: 125

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Female; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Proton Mag

2020
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of N-acetyl Aspartate in Chronic Schizophrenia, First Episode of Psychosis and High-Risk of Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2020, Volume: 119

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Choline; Humans; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Psychotic Disorders; Schizop

2020
Metabolomics in patients with psychosis: A systematic review.
    American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 2018, Volume: 177, Issue:6

    Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Aspartic Acid; Biomarkers; Bipolar Disorder; Creatine; Female; Glutamic Acid;

2018
Glutamatergic neurotransmission modulation and the mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality.
    Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2003, Volume: 27, Issue:7

    Topics: Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Aspartic Acid; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Humans; Nerve Degeneration; Ne

2003

Other Studies

37 other studies available for aspartic acid and Psychotic Disorders

ArticleYear
White Matter Metabolite Relaxation and Diffusion Abnormalities in First-Episode Psychosis: A Longitudinal Study.
    Schizophrenia bulletin, 2022, 05-07, Volume: 48, Issue:3

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Brain; Choline; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Human

2022
Neurometabolic and functional changes of default-mode network relate to clinical recovery in first-episode psychosis patients: A longitudinal
    NeuroImage. Clinical, 2022, Volume: 34

    Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Brain Mapping; Default Mode Network; gamma-Aminobutyric

2022
Longitudinal changes in brain metabolites in healthy controls and patients with first episode psychosis: a 7-Tesla MRS study.
    Molecular psychiatry, 2023, Volume: 28, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Glutathione; Gyrus Cinguli; Humans; Psychotic

2023
The Relationship between the Level of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Metabolites, Brain-Periphery Redox Imbalance, and the Clinical State of Patients with Schizophrenia and Personality Disorders.
    Biomolecules, 2020, 09-03, Volume: 10, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; Aspartic Acid; Female; Glutamic Acid; Gyrus Cinguli; Humans; Magnetic Resonance

2020
Preliminary Findings Associate Hippocampal
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 2021, Volume: 42, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Female; Hippocampus; Humans; Male; Mania; Middle Aged; Proton Magneti

2021
N-acetylaspartate concentration in psychotic disorders: T2-relaxation effects.
    Schizophrenia research, 2021, Volume: 232

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Choline; Creatine; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Neurons; Psychotic Disord

2021
Prefrontal and Striatal Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Levels and the Effect of Antipsychotic Treatment in First-Episode Psychosis Patients.
    Biological psychiatry, 2018, 03-15, Volume: 83, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Aspartic Acid; Corpus Striatum; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric

2018
7T Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in First-Episode Schizophrenia.
    Schizophrenia bulletin, 2019, 01-01, Volume: 45, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Cognitive Dysfunction; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Gyrus C

2019
Neurometabolic abnormalities in the associative striatum in antipsychotic-naïve first episode psychosis patients.
    Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging, 2018, 11-30, Volume: 281

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Corpus Striatum; Diseas

2018
Assessing Brain Metabolism With 7-T Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis.
    JAMA psychiatry, 2019, 03-01, Volume: 76, Issue:3

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Brain; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dipeptides; Female; gamma-Amino

2019
Role of glia in prefrontal white matter abnormalities in first episode psychosis or mania detected by diffusion tensor spectroscopy.
    Schizophrenia research, 2019, Volume: 209

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Bipolar Disorder; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Creatine; Diffusion Tensor Im

2019
Reduced frontal glutamate + glutamine and N-acetylaspartate levels in patients with chronic schizophrenia but not in those at clinical high risk for psychosis or with first-episode schizophrenia.
    Schizophrenia bulletin, 2014, Volume: 40, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Chronic Disease; Disease Progression; Female; Glutamic Acid; Gluta

2014
Glutamate, N-acetyl aspartate and psychotic symptoms in chronic ketamine users.
    Psychopharmacology, 2014, Volume: 231, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Female; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Ketamine; Magnetic Resonance

2014
(1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) in methamphetamine dependence and methamphetamine induced psychosis.
    Schizophrenia research, 2014, Volume: 153, Issue:1-3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Choline; Creatine; Female; Glutamine; Humans; Inositol; Mag

2014
Prefrontal glutamate levels differentiate early phase schizophrenia and methamphetamine addiction: a (1)H MRS study at 3Tesla.
    Schizophrenia research, 2014, Volume: 157, Issue:1-3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Aspartic Acid; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Prefrontal C

2014
Myelin vs axon abnormalities in white matter in bipolar disorder.
    Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015, Mar-13, Volume: 40, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Axons; Bipolar Disorder; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Female; Humans; Magnetic Re

2015
[Information processing and brain metabolic characteristics in patients at ultra-high risk for endogenous psychosis].
    Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2015, Volume: 115, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Choline; Evoked Potentials; Female; Glutamic Acid; Glutamin

2015
Associations of hippocampal metabolism and regional brain grey matter in neuroleptic-naïve ultra-high-risk subjects and first-episode schizophrenia.
    European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015, Volume: 25, Issue:10

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain Mapping; Female; Frontal Lobe; Glutamic Acid; Gray Matter; H

2015
Elevated Myo-Inositol, Choline, and Glutamate Levels in the Associative Striatum of Antipsychotic-Naive Patients With First-Episode Psychosis: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study With Implications for Glial Dysfunction.
    Schizophrenia bulletin, 2016, Volume: 42, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Corpus Striatum; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Inositol; Neurogli

2016
A combined diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of patients with schizophrenia.
    Schizophrenia research, 2016, Volume: 170, Issue:2-3

    Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Aspartic Acid; Creatine; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Female; Glutamic Aci

2016
Prefrontal NAA and Glx Levels in Different Stages of Psychotic Disorders: a 3T 1H-MRS Study.
    Scientific reports, 2016, Feb-23, Volume: 6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Antipsychotic Agents; Aspartic Acid; Case-Control Studies; Disease P

2016
Age-related changes in anterior cingulate cortex glutamate in schizophrenia: A (1)H MRS Study at 7 Tesla.
    Schizophrenia research, 2016, Volume: 172, Issue:1-3

    Topics: Adult; Aging; Antipsychotic Agents; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Creatine; Dipeptides; Female; gamma-Amin

2016
Prefrontal neuronal integrity predicts symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia and is sensitive to genetic heterogeneity.
    Schizophrenia research, 2016, Volume: 172, Issue:1-3

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Cognition; Female; Humans; Intelligence Tests; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mal

2016
Association between prefrontal N-acetylaspartate and insight in psychotic disorders.
    Schizophrenia research, 2017, Volume: 179

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Awareness; Comprehension; Executive Function; Female; Humans; Male; Metacognit

2017
Distinct neurometabolic profiles are evident in the anterior cingulate of young people with major psychiatric disorders.
    Translational psychiatry, 2012, May-08, Volume: 2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Case Management; Combined Modality Therapy; Energy Metabolism; Fem

2012
Metabolite alterations in basal ganglia associated with methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms. A proton MRS study.
    Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2002, Volume: 27, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Aspartic Acid; Basal Ganglia; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cholin

2002
Working memory deficits and levels of N-acetylaspartate in patients with schizophreniform disorder.
    The American journal of psychiatry, 2003, Volume: 160, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Creatine; Female; Hippocampus; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male;

2003
[Supplementary note on hyperammoniemia in various psychoses (Parelleism of biliary hypertoxicity, hyperammoniemia and increase in the optical density of the bile].
    Annales medico-psychologiques, 1963, Volume: 121(1)

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Bile; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Mental Disorders; Psychotic Disorders

1963
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in first episode psychosis and ultra high-risk individuals.
    Schizophrenia bulletin, 2003, Volume: 29, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Bipolar Disorder; Brain Mapping; Choline; Creatine; Depressive Dis

2003
Chronic phencyclidine administration induces schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in rat brain.
    Schizophrenia research, 2005, Mar-01, Volume: 73, Issue:2-3

    Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Corpus Striatum; Dipeptides; Di

2005
Serial proton spectroscopy in a case of adult-onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
    Psychiatry research, 2005, Aug-30, Volume: 139, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Inositol; Int

2005
Prediction of functional outcome 18 months after a first psychotic episode: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
    Archives of general psychiatry, 2006, Volume: 63, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Creatine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Functional Laterality; Hippocamp

2006
Findings of proton magnetic resonance spectometry in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in adolescents with first episodes of psychosis.
    Psychiatry research, 2007, Oct-15, Volume: 156, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Aspartic Acid; Child; Choline; Creatine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Follow-Up Stud

2007
A 1H-MRS investigation of the medial temporal lobe in antipsychotic-naïve and early-treated first episode psychosis.
    Schizophrenia research, 2008, Volume: 102, Issue:1-3

    Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Creatine; Female; Frontal Lobe; Functional Late

2008
Temporal lobe proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of patients with first-episode psychosis.
    The American journal of psychiatry, 1995, Volume: 152, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Creatinine; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Magnetic Resonance

1995
Schizophrenia, temporal lobe epilepsy and psychosis: an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging study of the hippocampus/amygdala complex.
    Psychological medicine, 2000, Volume: 30, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Amygdala; Aspartic Acid; Case-Control Studies; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Female; Functional La

2000
[On improved prophylaxis of endogenous-phasic psychoses. Influence of L-aspartate on lithium transport (author's transl)].
    Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1978, Volume: 28, Issue:9

    Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Erythrocytes; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney; Lithi

1978