ants and Anaphylaxis

Hymenoptera venom allergy is characterised by systemic anaphylactic reactions that occur in response to stings from members of the Hymenoptera order. Stinging by social Hymenoptera such as ants, honeybees, and vespids is one of the 3 major causes of anaphylaxis; along with food and drug exposure, it accounts for up to 43% of anaphylaxis cases and 20% of anaphylaxis-related fatalities. Despite their recognition as being of considerable public health significance, stinging ant venoms are relatively unexplored in comparison to other animal venoms and may be overlooked as a cause of venom allergy. Indeed, the venoms of stinging ants may be the most common cause of anaphylaxis in ant endemic areas. A better understanding of the natural history of venom allergy caused by stinging ants, their venom components, and the management of ant venom allergy is therefore required. This article provides a global view on allergic reactions to the venoms of stinging ants and the contemporary approach to diagnose and manage ant venom allergy.

Topics: Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Arthropod Venoms; Humans; Hymenoptera; Insect Bites and Stings

Hypersensitivity reactions caused by ant stings are increasingly recognized as an important cause of death by anaphylaxis. Only some species of ants ( e.g. Solenopsis spp., Myrmecia spp., and Pachycondyla spp.) cause allergic reactions. Ant species are identified by evaluating the morphologic structures of worker ants or by molecular techniques. Ant venom contains substances, including acids and alkaloids, that cause toxic reactions, and those from Solenopsis invicta or the imported fire ant have been widely studied. Piperidine alkaloids and low protein contents can cause local reactions (sterile pustules) and systemic reactions (anaphylaxis). Imported fire ant venoms are cross-reactive; for example, the Sol i 1 allergen from S. invicta has cross-reactivity with yellow jacket phospholipase. The Sol i 3 allergen is a member of the antigen 5 family that has amino acid sequence identity with vespid antigen 5. The clinical presentations of ant hypersensitivity are categorized into immediate and delayed reactions: immediate reactions, such as small local reactions, large local reactions, and systemic reactions, occur within 1-4 hours after the ant stings, whereas delayed reactions, such as serum sickness and vasculitis, usually occur more than 4 hours after the stings. Tools for the diagnosis of ant hypersensitivity are skin testing, serum specific IgE, and sting challenge tests. Management of ant hypersensitivity can be divided into immediate (epinephrine, corticosteroids), symptomatic (antihistamines, bronchodilators), supportive (fluid resuscitation, oxygen therapy), and preventive (re-sting avoidance and immunotherapy) treatments.

Topics: Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Cross Reactions; Hypersensitivity; Insect Bites and Stings

Allergic reactions to insect bites and stings are common, and the severity of reactions range from local reaction to anaphylaxis. In children, large local reaction to bites and stings is the most common presentation. Stings from insects of the order Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants) are the most common cause of insect anaphylaxis; however, the proportion of insect allergic children who develop anaphylaxis to an insect sting is lower than that of insect allergic adults. History is most important in diagnosing anaphylaxis, as laboratory tests can be unreliable. Venom immunotherapy is effective, where suitable allergen extract is available, but is only warranted in children with systemic reactions to insect venom. Large local reactions are at low risk of progression to anaphylaxis on subsequent stings, and hence, venom immunotherapy is not necessary.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Australia; Bees; Child; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Hymenoptera; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Insect Bites and Stings; Wasps

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Endemic Diseases; Greenhouse Effect; Homing Behavior; Humans; Incidence; Insect Bites and Stings; United States

Imported fire ants pose a real and present danger to allergic individuals living in endemic areas. This overview examines the impact of their presence, specifics of their venom and approach to the treatment of the hypersensitive individuals.. Imported fire ant sting attack rates are high in endemic areas with sensitization occurring early in life among those dwelling in these locations. Once considered an outdoor pest, sting attacks are now known to occur indoors with the very young and the very old being especially susceptible due to the decreased mobility of these age extremes. Immunotherapy with whole body extract appears efficacious with both traditional and rush schedules finding utility among allergists. Both the mobility of the populace and the portability of imported fire ants have broadened the presence of both allergic patients and the ant itself among allergists previously unfamiliar with hypersensitive patients or the imported fire ant.. Recent work has focused on achieving more rapid protection in hypersensitive patients given the high sting attack rates in endemic area with sensitization occurring early in life among those exposed to the imported fire ant.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Clinical Protocols; Contraindications; Desensitization, Immunologic; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Molecular Mimicry; Patient Education as Topic; United States

The medically important groups of Hymenoptera are the Apoidea (bees), Vespoidea (wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets), and Formicidae (ants). These insects deliver their venom by stinging their victims. Bees lose their barbed stinger after stinging and die. Wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets can sting multiple times. Most deaths related to Hymenoptera stings are the result of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, causing anaphylaxis. Massive envenomations can cause death in nonallergic individuals. The estimated lethal dose is approximately 20 stings/kg in most mammals. Anaphylactic reactions to Hymenoptera stings are not dose dependent or related to the number of stings. Bee and wasp venoms are made up primarily of protein. Conversely, fire ant venoms are 95% alkaloids. Four possible reactions are seen after insect stings: local reactions, regional reactions, systemic anaphylactic responses, and less commonly, delayed-type hypersensitivity. Clinical signs of bee and wasp stings include erythema, edema, and pain at the sting site. Occasionally, animals develop regional reactions. Onset of life-threatening, anaphylactic signs typically occur within 10 minutes of the sting. Diagnosis of bee and wasp stings stem from a history of potential contact matched with onset of appropriate clinical signs. Treatment of uncomplicated envenomations (stings) consists of conservative therapy (antihistamines, ice or cool compresses, topical lidocaine, or corticosteroid lotions). Prompt recognition and initiation of treatment is critical in successful management of anaphylactic reactions to hymenopteran stings. Imported fire ants both bite and sting, and envenomation only occurs through the sting. Anaphylaxis after imported fire ant stings is treated similarly to anaphylactic reactions after honeybee and vespid stings. The majority of Hymenopteran stings are self-limiting events, which resolve in a few hours without treatment. Because life-threatening anaphylactic reactions can progress rapidly, all animals stung should be closely monitored and observed. In the following review article, we will examine the sources and incidence, toxicokinetics, pathological lesions, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for dogs and cats suffering Hymenoptera stings.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Arthropod Venoms; Bee Venoms; Bees; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diagnosis, Differential; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Hymenoptera; Insect Bites and Stings; Lethal Dose 50; Prognosis; Wasp Venoms; Wasps

Insect stings are an important cause of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis can also occur from insect bites but is less common. Insect venoms contain several well-characterized allergens that can trigger anaphylactic reactions. Effective methods to diagnose insect sting allergy and assess risk of future sting reactions have been developed. Management strategies using insect avoidance measures, self-injectable epinephrine, and allergen immunotherapy are very effective in reducing insect-allergic patients' risk of reaction from future stings. Diagnostic and management strategies for patients allergic to insect bites are less developed.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Wasps

Residents in the southeastern United States would hardly describe life with the aggressive imported fire ant as peaceful coexistence. The continued spread of these insects has produced agricultural problems, changes in the ecosystem, and increasing numbers of subjects with sting sequelae, including hypersensitivity reactions, secondary infections, and rare neurologic sequelae. Evolutionary changes have facilitated their expansion northward into Virginia and westward into California, and increasing urbanization will likely permit further expansion. Recent reports of building invasion with sting attacks inside occupied dwellings, including health care facilities, heighten public health concerns. This article reviews the medically important entomology, clinical aspects of stings, and the current approaches to chemical control of fire ants. We also propose directions for future research and treatment.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Humans; Immunotherapy; Insect Bites and Stings; Population Surveillance; United States

The imported fire ant is a major insect cause of generalized hypersensitivity in the southern United States. The alkaloids in the ant's unique venom also produce substantial morbidity due to local reactions, both toxin- and IgE-mediated. Immunotherapy--with whole body extracts as well as with venom--is given only to patients with systemic reactions.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Arthropod Venoms; Central Nervous System Diseases; Cross Reactions; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunotherapy; Insect Bites and Stings; Skin

Stinging insect envenomation and allergy remain important clinical and research problems. Approximately 40 deaths occur annually as a result of these stings. The dermatologist can help to avoid this outcome by appropriate recognition of the offending insect and by instituting or arranging the appropriate therapy and avoidance. Bee-sting kits should be encouraged for sensitive individuals. Dermatologists should be alert to the increasing imported fire ant problem, be able to make the diagnosis, and help the patient recognize and avoid these pesky arthropods.

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Bees; Humans; Hymenoptera; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Wasps

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings

One to two million Americans have a history of systemic allergic reactions to stinging insects and must live with the knowledge that future stings could be catastrophic. Recent advances have been made in diagnosis and treatment of this problem. Pure venoms have been recognized to be superior to the whole body extract as diagnostic and treatment antigens. Use of pure venoms for immunotherapy gives far better protection than whole body extract for the allergic patient and represents a major advance in the field of allergy. The imported fire ant is very different from the other common stinging insects in its venom components, the type of local reactions caused by its sting, and the fact that whole body extract from this insect seems to be as good an antigen for diagnosis and treatment as pure venom. Although important discoveries about insect allergy have been made recently, some very important questions are yet to be answered. Among these are: (1) Can suppliers of venom provide us with enough venom to treat all patients with insect allergy? (2) How long should immunotherapy be continued? and (3) Would treatment with specific antigens from venom be superior to using whole venom? We all await the answer to these and other questions with hopeful anticipation.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Bee Venoms; Humans; Hymenoptera; Hypersensitivity; Immunotherapy; Insect Bites and Stings

The jack jumper ant Myrmecia pilosula is responsible for about 90% of ant venom anaphylaxis in southeastern Australia. We aimed to establish whether M pilosula venom immunotherapy (VIT) prevents lifethreatening sting anaphylaxis in otherwise healthy adults.. We did a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of M pilosula VIT. Participants were randomly allocated either immunotherapy, in accordance with the semirush hyposensitisation regimen, or placebo. The primary endpoint was systemic reaction after a deliberate sting challenge. Analysis was per protocol.. We randomly allocated 68 healthy volunteers (aged 20-63 years) who were allergic to M pilosula venom to placebo (33) and VIT (35). Four on placebo were stopped early and 12 on VIT had their treatment allocations revealed before the sting challenge, thus 29 on placebo and 23 on VIT were included in the primary analysis. Objectively defined systemic reactions to sting challenges arose in 21 of 29 participants (72%) on placebo (8 reactions were associated with hypotension) and none of 23 on VIT (p<0.0001). Of the remaining 12 on VIT who underwent sting challenges after treatment allocations were revealed, only one reacted to sting challenge with transient urticaria that did not require treatment. After crossover of the placebo group to VIT, one of 26 had a reaction to sting challenge (transient urticaria). In all patients who had VIT, we recorded objective systemic reactions in 22 of 64 (34%) during VIT; two of which were hypotensive.. In well motivated, highly allergic, but otherwise healthy adults, VIT is highly effective in prevention of M pilosula sting anaphylaxis. The risk of systemic reactions during VIT means that treatment should be given where there is immediate access to resuscitation facilities.

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Bites and Stings; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male

Venomous invasive ants are rapidly dispersing throughout oceanic islands. Medics unfamiliar with envenomation or venom-induced anaphylaxis may be unprepared for the range of possible reactions and corresponding treatments. We detail the suboptimal treatment of a patient suffering anaphylaxis from an ant sting on a remote island and describe what treatment should have been provided.. The patient experienced stings on his feet from an ant later identified as tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata. Clinical examination revealed throat swelling without obstruction of the airway or pharynx.. The patient was provided the following suboptimal treatment: intravenously-administered antihistamine and saline perfusion. Injected epinephrine should be the standard first line of treatment for anaphylaxis, even when not all symptoms are present.. A rise in invasive hymenopteran stings on oceanic islands is inevitable, and proactively improving public awareness and medical training could save lives.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Islands

Imported fire ants (IFAs),

Topics: Alkaloids; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Bites and Stings; Guinea Pigs

There are no studies describing 12-week extended maintenance interval (EMI) immunotherapy (IT) efficacy in preventing anaphylaxis to imported fire ant (IFA) stings.. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of 12-week maintenance intervals in patients treated with IFA IT.. After a minimum of 3 months of conventional maintenance interval IT and verification of baseline efficacy, adults with IFA hypersensitivity were prospectively enrolled and extended their maintenance doses to 6-, 8-, and 12-week intervals. Efficacy was confirmed by means of an annual IFA sting challenge.. A total of 25 patients initiated EMI. The severity of their initial systemic reactions was mild in 8 patients (32%), moderate in 10 patients (40%), and severe in 7 patients (28%). Maintenance IT duration at trial entry was less than 3 years in 18 patients (mean 11 months; range 3-28 months), 3 to 5 years in 4 patients (mean 46 months; range 36-57 months), and greater than 5 years in 5 patients (mean 111 months; range 67-197 months). The treatment cohort did not experience systemic reactions to extended interval injections, cluster refill injections, field stings, or sting challenges.. This prospective longitudinal cohort study revealed that in adults 18 years old or older who have received at least 3 months of maintenance dose IFA-whole body extract IT with proven efficacy, extension to a 12-week EMI is a safe effective treatment option. The benefits of EMI include a reduced number of injections, clinic visits, and lapses in maintenance IT.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Humans; Immunotherapy; Insect Bites and Stings; Longitudinal Studies; Prospective Studies

A syndrome of mammalian meat allergy relating to IgE specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) was first reported 10 years ago in the southeastern United States and has been related to bites of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum).. Here we investigated the epidemiology of the "α-Gal syndrome" in the United States and sought additional evidence for the connection to tick bites.. A survey of allergists was conducted by using a snowball approach. A second tier of the survey included questions about anaphylaxis to imported fire ants (IFAs). History of tick bites and tick-related febrile illness were assessed as part of a case-control study in Virginia. Antibody assays were conducted on sera from subjects reporting allergic reactions to mammalian meat or IFA.. In North America the α-Gal syndrome is recognized across the Southeast, Midwest, and Atlantic Coast, with many providers in this area managing more than 100 patients each. The distribution of cases generally conformed to the reported range of A americanum, although within this range there was an inverse relationship between α-Gal cases and cases of IFA anaphylaxis that were closely related to the territory of IFA. The connection between tick bites and α-Gal sensitization was further supported by patients' responses to a questionnaire and the results of serologic tests.. The α-Gal syndrome is commonly acquired in adulthood as a consequence of tick bites and has a regional distribution that largely conforms to the territory of the lone star tick. The epidemiology of the syndrome is expected to be dynamic and shifting north because of climate change and ecologic competition from IFA.

Topics: Amblyomma; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Food Hypersensitivity; Geography; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Tick Bites; Tick-Borne Diseases; United States

Hymenopteran stings are the most common animal insult injury encountered in the emergency department. With increasing global spread of imported fire ants in recent decades, the rate of Formicidae assault has become a serious problem in many countries. Formicidae-associated injuries gradually increased in Taiwan in recent decades and became the second most common arthropod assault injury in our ED. The present study aimed at comparing the clinical characteristics of Formicidae sting patients with those of the most serious and common group, Vespidae sting patients, in an emergency department (ED) in Taiwan.. This retrospective study included patients who were admitted between 2015 to 2018 to the ED in a local teaching hospital in Taiwan after a Vespidae or Formicidae sting. Cases with anaphylactic reaction were further compared.. We reviewed the records of 881 subjects (503 males, 378 females; mean age, 49.09 ± 17.62 years) who visited our emergency department due to Vespidae or Formicidae stings. A total of 538 (61.1%) were categorized into the Vespidae group, and 343 (38.9%) were sorted into the Formicidae group. The Formicidae group had a longer ED length of stay (79.15 ± 92.30 vs. 108.00 ± 96.50 min,. Formicidae sting patients presented to the ED with higher rate allergic reactions and spent more time in the ED than Vespidae sting patients. However, Vespidae sting patients had more complications and higher rates of admission, especially with anaphylactic reaction. Laboratory data, especially creatine kinase data, were more valuable to check in Vespidae sting patients with an anaphylactic reaction in the ED. Both groups exhibited positive correlations with temperature and a higher rate on weekend days.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Taiwan; Treatment Outcome; Wasp Venoms; Wasps

The case involved a man in his forties. While working at the restaurant that the patient runs, the patient experienced a stab-like pain on the left shoulder and developed systemic pruritic eruptions. He was diagnosed with anaphylaxis upon visiting our emergency department. Conjunctival hyperemia, lip swelling, cold sweats, and nausea presented later. A cap fluorescence enzyme immunoassay using the serum of the patient showed specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) positivity for wasps; therefore, we hypothesized that he had anaphylaxis caused by the insect's sting. Insects of the same species as that by which the patient had been stung were collected and finally identified as the Asian needle ant (Brachyponera chinensis). The freeze-dried insects' bodies were sonicated into powders and stored for following examinations. Next, a basophil activation test was performed using the patient's whole blood treated with the reagent above, which showed positivity. Furthermore, a skin prick test using the same reagent showed a positive result, and the reaction increased in a concentrationdependent manner. Based on these results, the patient was diagnosed with anaphylaxis after a sting by the ant. Based on the results of the allergen component specific IgE test, we speculated that the pathogens in this case was group5 allergen of the Asian needle ant. Anaphylaxis following insect stings by this ant has been reported frequently in South Korea. However, it is quite rare in Japan, although the ant is native to Japan. Clinicians should consider that this allergy can occur indoors, unlike allergies to other types of venom.

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Bites and Stings; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Japan; Male; Pain

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Mastocytosis; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome

Specific IgE against Solenopsis invicta (imported fire ant) remains the current diagnostic tool for allergy to ants worldwide. However, S. invicta may not be the only cause of ant anaphylaxis in Thai patients.. To characterize ant species causing anaphylaxis in Thai patients and to test allergenic reactivity to whole body extracts (WBE) of S. geminata (tropical fire ants) in patients with evidence of IgE-mediated ant anaphylaxis.. Thirty-two patients with ant anaphylaxis were identified. The causative ants collected by the patients were subjected to species identification. Twelve patients with ant anaphylaxis and showed positive skin test or serum specific IgE to S. invicta and 14 control subjects were recruited. Whole body extraction from S. geminata was performed for protein characterization using SDS-PAGE and protein staining. IgE-immunoblotting and ELISA-specific IgE binding assays were performed on patients' sera and compared with controls.. Of 32 patients with ant anaphylaxis, the most common causative ant identified was S. geminata (37.5%). Western blot analysis of crude S. geminata revealed 13 refined protein components that bound to patients' serum IgE. Three major allergens with molecular masses of 26, 55 and 75 kDa were identified. All 12 patients gave positive results for specific IgE to S. geminata with statistically significant higher absorbance units of 0.390 ± 0.044, compared to healthy control group (0.121 ± 0.010), P < 0.01.. S. geminata is identified as the most common causative ant anaphylaxis in Thai patients. Its WBE comprises of 13 IgE-binding components and 3 major allergens (26, 55 and 75 kDa), which supported possible IgE-mediated mechanism.

Topics: Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Proteins; Thailand

Stings from the Asian needle ant are an important cause of anaphylaxis in East Asia. A 23-kDa protein homologous to antigen 5 is the major allergen produced by these ants. In this study, we aimed to produce a recombinant antigen 5 allergen, Pac c 3.. Recombinant Pac c 3 allergen from the Asian needle ant was expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Ni affinity chromatography. IgE reactivity was demonstrated by ELISA and immunoblotting.. The recombinant protein was recognized in 5 of 6 (83.3%) serum samples from patients with demonstrated anaphylaxis to ants. IgE reactivity to an antigen 5 allergen from Asian needle ant venom sac extract was specifically inhibited by the recombinant protein. It was also able to inhibit IgE binding to the vespid allergen Ves v 5 by ImmunoCAP analysis, indicating the presence of cross-reactivity.. A recombinant Pac c 3, cross-reactive with Ves v 5, from the Asian needle ant was successfully produced in the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. This protein could be useful for the development of component-resolved diagnostics.

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Amino Acid Sequence; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Case-Control Studies; Cross Reactions; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Proteins; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence Data; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Alignment; Young Adult

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Anti-Allergic Agents; Ants; Asthma; Erythema; Female; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Ketotifen; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis; Pruritus; Syndrome

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Glucocorticoids; Glycyrrhizic Acid; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Isotonic Solutions; Male; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Child, Preschool; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Rhabdomyolysis; Syndrome

The weaver ants (Oecophyllas maragdina), the tropical ants commonly found in Asia and Australia, can produce eggs which become the expensive delicacies for Thai people especially in the northern and northeastern part of Thailand. Anaphylactic reaction can occur from the most common triggers of ingested foods and drugs. Some hidden and newly recognized foods are now described as the triggers of anaphylaxis. This is the case report of anaphylaxis to the weaver ant eggs of after ingesting them for 2 hours and produced anaphylactic reactions, including generalized urticaria, angioedema, wheezing and gastrointestinal symptoms. The diagnostic test was performed to confirm IgE-mediated reaction with skin prick test for the fresh weaver ant egg's extract and the result was positive. To date, there is also no information about the exact major allergens of these weaver ant eggs and might need to be further explored.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Child; Eggs; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Male

Ant allergy is a rare problem and most published reports are from outside India. We report a toddler who suffered from severe anaphylaxis reaction due to bite of Red fire ant (Solenopsis geminata).

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Humans; India; Infant; Insect Bites and Stings; Male

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Anti-Allergic Agents; Ants; Drug Administration Routes; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Respiration, Artificial; Treatment Outcome

To determine the Australian native ant species associated with ant sting anaphylaxis, geographical distribution of allergic reactions, and feasibility of diagnostic venom-specific IgE (sIgE) testing.. Descriptive clinical, entomological and immunological study of Australians with a history of ant sting anaphylaxis, recruited in 2006-2007 through media exposure and referrals from allergy practices and emergency physicians nationwide. We interviewed participants, collected entomological specimens, prepared reference venom extracts, and conducted serum sIgE testing against ant venom panels relevant to the species found in each geographical region.. Reaction causation attributed using a combination of ant identification and sIgE testing.. 376 participants reported 735 systemic reactions. Of 299 participants for whom a cause was determined, 265 (89%; 95% CI, 84%-92%) had reacted clinically to Myrmecia species and 34 (11%; 95% CI, 8%-16%) to green-head ant (Rhytidoponera metallica). Of those with reactions to Myrmecia species, 176 reacted to jack jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula species complex), 18 to other jumper ants (15 to Myrmecia nigrocincta, three to Myrmecia ludlowi) and 56 to a variety of bulldog ants, with some participants reacting to more than one type of bulldog ant. Variable serological cross-reactivity between bulldog ant species was observed, and sera from patients with bulldog ant allergy were all positive to one or more venoms extracted from Myrmecia forficata, Myrmecia pyriformis and Myrmecia nigriceps.. Four main groups of Australian ants cause anaphylaxis. Serum sIgE testing enhances the accuracy of diagnosis and is a prerequisite for administering species-specific venom immunotherapy.

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Antivenins; Ants; Australia; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Middle Aged

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Italy; Male

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Australia; Humans; Immunotherapy; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Tasmania

Imported fire ants (IFAs) are endemic in the southeastern United States, including Texas; can sting multiple times; and are a well-known cause of anaphylaxis. There are few data available on how many stings typically lead to systemic reactions (SRs). Likewise, there are no reports currently in the literature that characterize the safety of IFA subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT).. We sought to analyze a case-cohort sample of patients for IFA SCIT risk factors and to characterize the index field reactions of these patients.. A case-cohort study based on a 3-year retrospective chart review (2005-2008) at a single institution was performed for patients receiving IFA SCIT. Field reactions leading to initiation of IFA SCIT were also reviewed.. Seventy-seven patients (40 female patients; mean age, 34 years) received 1,887 injections, and 7 patients experienced 8 SRs, for a rate of 0.4% per injection and 9.1% per patient. SRs were mild. Having an SR to skin testing was associated with increased odds of having an SR to IFA SCIT (odds ratio, 4.75; 95% CI, 1.13-20.0), as were large local reactions (odds ratio, 34.5; 95% CI, 6.52-182). No other risk factors were identified. Of the index field reactions leading to IFA SCIT, 59% were the result of 1 sting, and 87% of subjects experienced only 1 SR before initiation of IFA SCIT. Two of 4 patients who experienced loss of consciousness during the index field reaction required an increased maintenance dose for optimal response.. IFA SCIT is safe; however, having an SR to skin testing or the presence of large local reactions increases the odds of having an SR to IFA SCIT. The majority of SRs to IFA field stings resulted from 1 sting.

Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Case-Control Studies; Desensitization, Immunologic; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Retrospective Studies; Skin Tests; Unconsciousness

We report a 40-year old man in Uganda with ulcerated skins lesions, hypotension, and anaphylaxis caused by bites of safari ants. Treatment was successful. Physicians should be aware of anaphylaxis caused by ant bites.

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Repellents; Skin Diseases; Uganda; Wasp Venoms

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Anti-Allergic Agents; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Ants; Desensitization, Immunologic; Female; Humans; Omalizumab

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Bites and Stings; Blotting, Western; Brazil; Cross Reactions; Ecosystem; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Male; Middle Aged

The ant species Pachycondyla chinensis, which has spread from Far Eastern Asia to New Zealand and North America, induces anaphylactic reactions in human with its sting. However, the major allergens of P. chinensis have not yet been characterized.. We selected seven patients with histories of anaphylaxis induced by P. chinensis. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to identify the major allergens. We subsequently performed Western blots for P. chinensis-specific IgEs, N-terminal amino acid sequencing, ESI-MS/MS, and RT-PCR using primers based on the N-terminal sequence.. Six of the anaphylactic subjects had an IgE specific to a 23 kDa allergen of P. chinensis. Two candidates for major allergens, 23 kDa (pI 8.7) and 25 kDa (pI 6.2), were revealed by 2-DE using P. chinensis-specific IgE immunoblotting. In N-terminal sequencing and ESI-MS/MS analysis, 23 kDa (pI 8.7) and 25 kDa (pI 6.2) allergens, belonging to the protein families of antigen 5, were identified and share marked amino acid sequence similarity. The 23 kDa allergen is 206 amino acids in length and homology searches showed 54.0% and 50.0% homology with Sol i 3 and Ves v 5, respectively.. The major allergens of P. chinensis are 23 kDa (pI 8.7) and 25 kDa (pI 6.2) proteins that belong to the antigen 5 family of proteins.

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Amino Acid Sequence; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Cloning, Molecular; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence Data; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male

In this paper, I review the strange, unplanned and unexpected journey I have had with Solenopsis invicta, the imported fire ant. Through serendipity, good fortune and repeated invenomation, I have come to count as collaborators a number of entomologists, toxicologists, allergists and immunologists who have guided me on this journey to the ants. We now understand the mechanisms for the cutaneous reactions experienced by 50% of the exposed population stung per year, as well as the immunologic and toxicologic properties of the ants unique venom. Allergen immunotherapy to fire ant extracts has been demonstrated to protect patients from repeat anaphylaxis. Methods have been developed to prevent and treat massive sting attacks on frail elders, including those in residential and medical facilities. The potential beneficial effects of venom components are under investigation. And yes, the journey and the stings continue.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Southeastern United States

The red (Solenopsis invicta) and black (Solenopsis richteri) imported fire ants (IFA) are a common cause of venom allergy in the southeastern United States. Hypersensitivity to stings of native fire ants is less common, although anaphylaxis has been reported to various native Solenopsis species. There have been numerous reports of indoor stings caused by IFA, including in nursing homes and private residences. The following is a report of fatal anaphylaxis to a native fire ant sting in an infant that occurred indoors at a daycare facility. A 3-month-old female was left unattended on a bed. The caregiver had heard the child crying, but attributed this to colic. A short time later, the caregiver found the child apneic and covered with ants. Emergency medical services were summoned, and resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful. Postmortem examination revealed approximately 40 erythematous lesions without pustules. Examination of the respiratory system was notable for congested parenchyma and mild laryngeal edema. Laboratory studies revealed an elevated tryptase of 23.9 ng/mL and radioallergosorbent test (RAST) of 1.4% specific IgE antibody binding to Solenopsis richteri venom. RAST for specific IgE antibody binding to Solenopsis invicta venom was negative. Ants recovered from the scene were identified by an entomologist as Solenopsis xyloni, a native fire ant endemic to the southwestern United States. Native fire ants have features that distinguish them from IFA. Some native species do not build mounds, and stings may not result in pustules characteristic of IFA. There is significant cross-reactivity among the venoms of Solenopsis species, although some species' specificity exists for the Sol 2 allergen. Testing and treatment with IFA whole-body extract is likely to be to be effective for native fire ant allergy. A mixture of S. invicta and S. richteri extracts should be considered when native fire ant species are presumed to cause the primary sensitization to reduce the chance that species-specific reactivity is missed.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Antibodies; Ants; Child Day Care Centers; Edema; Erythema; Fatal Outcome; Female; Forensic Pathology; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Infant; Insect Bites and Stings; Larynx; Tryptases

A 27-year-old woman suffered from anaphylaxis after being stung by Solenopsis invicta ants while she was handling wood from South America. The patient reported no previous adverse reactions to stings by other hymenopteran species. Intradermal skin tests with hymenoptera venom (Vespula vulgaris, Polistes species, Apis melifera) were negative. Serum specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E yielded positive results for S invicta (5.28 kU/L) and negative results for A melifera, Ves v 5 and Pol a 5. Immunodetection assays showed the presence of serum IgE against the Sol i 2 allergen. The patient had probably been stung previously although inadvertently by red fire ants while she handled infested wood from South America, and precautionary measures are thus advisable when this material is to be handled. To our knowledge this is the first case of anaphylaxis from red fire ant stings reported in Europe.

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Proteins; South America; Spain; Wood

We describe a 59-year-old patient who developed acute renal failure because of rhabdomyolysis after extensive red fire ant bites. This case illustrates a serious systemic reaction that may occur from fire ant bites. Consistent with the clinical presentation in rhabdomyolysis associated with non-traumatic causes, hyperkalemia, hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and high anion gap acidosis were not observed in this patient. While local allergic reactions to fire ant bites are described in the literature, serious systemic complications with rhabdomyolysis and renal failure have not been previously reported. It is our effort to alert the medical community of the possibility of such a complication that can occur in the victims of fire ant bites.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Creatinine; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Rhabdomyolysis

To determine the main causative species, reaction characteristics and geographical locations of ant sting anaphylaxis around Perth, Western Australia (WA).. Structured interviews were performed on a cohort of 10 patients referred to our Anaphylaxis Clinic who were allergic to ant venom, followed by field trips to collect ant specimens. A descriptive analysis of clinical data was performed.. Around Perth, Myrmecia gratiosa, a bull dog ant, was the only species of stinging ant found around the locations where reactions had occurred (eight patients). To the south-west of Perth, species implicated were another bull dog ant Myrmecia nigriscapa (one patient), and a jumper ant Myrmecia ludlowi (one patient). Twelve reactions were documented as mild (one), moderate (seven) and severe with hypotension (four). In three bull dog ant venom allergic patients, specific IgE was analysed, demonstrating substantial cross-reactivity with other bull dog ant species. Clinical patterns of reaction severity and response to repeated stings were consistent with known features of insect sting allergy.. A single species of bull dog ant, M. gratiosa, appears to be responsible for ant sting anaphylaxis around Perth. Further investigation is required for other regions of WA. The provision of effective immunotherapies for people allergic to native Australian ants might be simplified by the dominance of a limited number of ant species and IgE binding cross-reactivity between venoms, as was evident in this study.

Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Causality; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Western Australia

Ant allergy is a rare clinical problem that ranges from local to systemic reaction and life-threatening anaphylaxis. Different types of ants including the imported fire ants, the black (samsum) ants, and others, are considered health hazard in many parts of the world. We report a 32-year-old Saudi female from Hafr-Al-Batin in the Northern region of Saudi Arabia, with history of recurrent anaphylaxis following black (samsum) ant stings and we review the related literature. This is the first report of black (samsum) ant allergy in Saudi Arabia.

Topics: Adrenergic Agonists; Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Ants; Drug Therapy, Combination; Emergencies; Epinephrine; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous; Insect Bites and Stings; Methylprednisolone; Saudi Arabia

In contrast to aggressive mastocytosis, patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) usually present with urticaria pigmentosa-like skin lesions. In those who lack skin lesions, mastocytosis is often overlooked or confused with endocrinologic, allergic, or other internal disorders.. We report on a 33-year-old male patient in whom severe hypotensive episodes occurred after contact with ants or yellow jackets. Since no specific IgE was detected, the serum tryptase concentration was measured and found to be clearly elevated (70 ng/ml). Consecutive staging and examination of the bone marrow revealed ISM. The patient was advised to circumvent insect contact, to take antihistamines on demand, and to carry an epinephrine self-injector for emergency events. In a retrospective analysis of 40 patients seen between 1988 and 2003, only 2 had a life-threatening mediator-related episode before ISM was diagnosed.. Our report confirms the diagnostic value of tryptase in patients with suspected mastocytosis. In addition, the report suggests that the lack of typical skin lesions does not exclude an indolent form of mastocytosis even if the serum tryptase is clearly elevated. Finally, our case further shows that mastocytosis can be an important differential diagnosis to be considered in patients with unexplained anaphylactoid or other mediator-related symptoms.

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Antigens; Ants; Austria; Bone Marrow; Cell Line; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis, Systemic; Monocytes; Mutation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; Recurrence; Serine Endopeptidases; Skin Diseases; Tryptases; Wasps

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Protective Clothing

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Humans; Immunotherapy, Active

Imported fire ants (IFA) represent a potential anaphylactic risk to IFA-sensitized individuals.. We examined the prevalence of allergic sensitization to IFA, yellow jacket venom (YJV), and peanut in an adult population from an IFA-infested region, Augusta, Georgia.. Specific IgE to IFA, YJV, and peanut were determined by using the Pharmacia UniCAP assay in 200 random blood donors from an Augusta blood bank. These results were compared with specific IgE to identical allergens in a random sample of blood donors from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (OKC), a nonendemic region for IFA.. Prevalence of IFA-specific IgE (17%) in the Augusta population was significantly higher than to YJV (10%, P =.04) or peanut (7.5%, P =.004). The majority of individuals who had significant IgE to IFA (> or =0.35 kIU/L) did not have IgE to YJV (24/34 = 71%). YJV caused significantly more inhibition of IgE binding to a YJV solid phase than to an IFA solid phase when the 10 dual-positive sera were analyzed (58% vs 11%, P =.005). The prevalence of IFA-specific IgE in adults from Augusta was higher than in OKC (17% vs 2%, P =.0002). YJV-specific IgE was also more prevalent in Augusta compared with OKC (10% vs 6.0%, P =.04), whereas no difference was demonstrated for peanut-specific IgE (7.5% vs 6.5%, P =.6).. Allergic specific IgE to IFA is 1.7 times more common in adults living in an endemic area than specific IgE for other allergens associated with potentially fatal anaphylaxis. This suggests that IFA may pose the greatest risk of anaphylaxis for adults residing in IFA-endemic regions.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Arachis; Blood Donors; Endemic Diseases; Female; Georgia; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Single-Blind Method; Wasp Venoms

Recently, immediate allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, after Pachycondyla chinensis ant stings have been frequently reported in Korea. To estimate the prevalence of these reactions and the sensitization rate to P chinensis, we undertook a visit-questionnaire survey of the 327 adult residents living in a town in an ant-infested area in Korea. Skin prick tests with 6 common inhalant allergens, 3 bee venom allergens, and P chinensis whole body extract were performed on all ant-allergic subjects, on 86 asymptomatic residents, and on 37 controls outside the area. The serum-specific IgE to P chinensis extract was determined by ELISA. Seven subjects (2.1%) reported that they had experienced systemic allergic reactions to P chinensis stings; 4 of them had anaphylactic reactions. Large local reactions occurred in an additional 5 subjects (1.6%). All subjects with systemic allergic reactions had positive skin prick test results to P chinensis extract, whereas 23.3% of asymptomatic residents and 2.7% of the controls showed positive skin prick test results. The serum-specific IgE level was significantly higher in the subjects with systemic reactions than in the subjects with local reactions, the asymptomatic sensitizers, and the nonatopic controls. Sensitization to bee venom was found in 25% of the P chinensis -allergic subjects; this was significantly higher than the 3% rate seen in nonsensitized subjects. In conclusion, we report a 2.1% prevalence of systemic allergic reactions after P chinensis stings, based on self-reported symptoms, in an ant-infested area in Korea.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Korea; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Skin Tests; Surveys and Questionnaires

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Risk Assessment; Urticaria

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Australia; Environment; Humans

The invasive Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) is well established at two locations in the Brisbane area, and we report a patient with anaphylaxis after a sting. The potential for anaphylactic events in Australia due to S. invicta will be greater than for native ants because of its unusual venom, its habit of forming supercolonies in grassy areas, and its aggressive group territorial defence, which can result in multiple stings.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Environment; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Queensland

There have been no reports dealing with the pathogenic mechanism and IgE-binding components in patients with anaphylaxis caused by a sting from Pachycondyla chinensis.. This study was conducted to observe the clinical features of patients with P chinensis -induced anaphylaxis. The roles of specific (s) IgE and sIgG4 antibodies were evaluated, and IgE-binding components were identified.. Seven patients with P chinensis -induced anaphylaxis and 15 unexposed control subjects were enrolled. P chinensis ants were collected at the patients' homes, and venom was prepared as P chinensis extract. Five patients complained of bee venom-induced anaphylaxis and had positive sIgE levels to yellow jacket venom, wasp venom, or both as well. Serum sIgE and sIgG4 were detected by means of ELISA. To identify IgE-binding components within P chinensis extracts, 12% SDS-PAGE with immunoblot analysis was applied.. All patients had positive skin prick test responses to P chinensis antigen and positive sIgE levels. Five (71%) patients had positive sIgG4 levels. Eight IgE-binding components (58, 46, 3l, 29, 27, 25, 22, and 12 kd) were noted, and the component at 12 kd was the most frequently found allergen (85%). IgE ELISA inhibition tests were performed on 2 groups of sera: one from patients with anaphylaxis induced by both P chinensis and bee venom (group A) and the other from patients with anaphylaxis induced by P chinensis venom alone without bee venom allergy (group B). ELISA inhibition tests with serum from group A showed significant inhibitions with addition of P chinensis extract, partial inhibitions with yellow jacket antigen, and minimal inhibitions with wasp or imported fire ant antigens. However, ELISA inhibition tests with serum from group B showed significant inhibitions with P chinensis antigen but no inhibition with wasp, yellow jacket, or imported fire ant antigens.. IgE-mediated reactions contributed to the development of P chinensis -induced anaphylaxis. Eight IgE-binding components and one major allergen (12 kd) were identified. Further studies will be needed to clarify the role of sIgG4 and to identify allergenic relationships with major bee and wasp allergens.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Immunoblotting; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Proteins; Middle Aged; Skin Tests

This study provides the first baseline estimate of the impact of indoor IFA infestations in all 46 counties of our state. Clinicians need to be alert to the threat of unprovoked stings and possible anaphylaxis among disabled or confined patients in a variety of indoor settings.

Topics: Aged; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Female; Housing; Humans; Infant; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Control; Male; South Carolina

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Data Collection; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Referral and Consultation; South Carolina

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Middle Aged; Surveys and Questionnaires; Victoria

Topics: Adolescent; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Bronchodilator Agents; Diphenhydramine; Epinephrine; Humans; Immunotherapy; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Subcutaneous; Insect Bites and Stings; Male

Imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri) are the source of a potentially lethal environmental hazard in the southeastern United States. Because of their resistance to natural and chemical control, fire ants can overwhelm their environment, causing destruction of land and animals. Fire ants can also cause a variety of health problems in humans, ranging from simple stings to anaphylaxis and death. We present a case of a 30-year-old woman who died of anaphylaxis following multiple fire ant stings. At autopsy, multiple skin lesions characteristic of those produced by fire ant stings were present on her arm. Postmortem blood samples were positive for imported fire ant venom-specific IgE antibodies (5654 ng/ml) and tryptase (12 ng/ml). Deaths caused by imported fire ant stings are rare but are likely to become more common as the fire ant population expands. In this report, we review deaths due to fire ant stings, discuss postmortem laboratory findings, and stress the importance of recognizing the characteristic skin lesions produced by fire ants.

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Cause of Death; Chymases; Fatal Outcome; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Bites and Stings; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Serine Endopeptidases; Tryptases

Topics: Abruptio Placentae; Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Female; Fetal Death; Gestational Age; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications

The purpose of this study was to examine some of the pharmacological actions of venom from the Australian bulldog ant Myrmecia pyriformis. M. pyriformis venom was prepared by extraction of venom sacs in distilled water and centrifugation to remove insoluble material. Venom (2 micrograms/ml) produced a biphasic response of isolated guinea-pig ileum, i.e., an initial rapid contraction followed by a slower prolonged contraction. The histamine antagonist mepyramine (0.1 microM) inhibited the first phase of this response by approximately 80%. In the isolated rat stomach fundus strip (histamine-insensitive), venom (2-4 micrograms/ml) produced only a single contraction. Responses to venom of egg-albumin-sensitized guinea-pig ileum, were not significantly different before and after an anaphylactic response induced in vitro by egg albumin (0.5 mg/ml). Fluorometric assay showed that histamine accounted for 3.5 +/- 0.5% of the dry weight of M. pyriformis venom. Both the lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor BW755C and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin significantly inhibited the response to venom of guinea-pig ileum (second phase) and rat fundus strip. M. pyriformis venom caused hemolysis of guinea pig blood. The degree of hemolysis was reduced significantly when boiled venom was used. No evidence was found that the venom contains acetylcholine, bradykinin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine or that the venom releases histamine from guinea-pig ileum. However, the results indicate that the venom contains histamine-like activity. In addition the venom was found to cause the release of cyclooxygenase products and to contain a heat-sensitive hemolytic factor.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Bradykinin; Eicosanoids; Guinea Pigs; Hemolysis; Histamine; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin; Species Specificity; Spectrometry, Fluorescence

While the cutaneous manifestations of the imported fire ant (IFA) sting are well known, neurologic sequelae are much more unusual. We report 2 cases of grand mal seizures associated with the sting of the IFA. The first patient suffered numerous stings without evidence of systemic reactions prior to the onset of the seizure. The second patient had manifestations of anaphylaxis prior to the occurrence of seizure. In both cases, the onset of seizures was delayed. As the geographic range of the IFA increases and more patients are stung, unusual reactions will be seen in greater frequency.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Insect Bites and Stings; Male

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Humans; Immunotherapy; Insect Bites and Stings; Recurrence

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Humans; Immunotherapy; Insect Bites and Stings

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Humans; Immunotherapy; Insect Bites and Stings

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Middle Aged

The purpose of this study was to determine if whole body extract (WBE) immunotherapy for imported fire ant (IFA) hypersensitivity is effective. This evaluation was carried out by retrospectively interviewing 76 patients with a history of generalized allergic reactions to IFA stings and positive skin tests to IFA-WBE. The study groups consisted of 65 patients on immunotherapy and 11 similar patients who were not treated for various reasons. In addition, an IFA sting challenge was performed in 30 volunteers of the 65 patients on immunotherapy. The retrospective review showed that of the 65 patients on immunotherapy there had been 112 subsequent field-sting episodes in 47 patients. Only one sting episode in this group (2.1%) produced an anaphylactic reaction. Six of the 11 patients not on immunotherapy have had subsequent field re-sting episodes, and each has had a systemic reaction. Repeat skin testing on 31 of the 65 patients in the immunotherapy group showed persistent positive responses in five (16%), but each was at a lower dilution than initially. Responses of the other 26 of the 31 patients who had skin testing had become negative. The four untreated patients who were available for skin testing continued to have positive responses at comparable dilutions on skin testing. Sting challenges carried out on 30 volunteers from the 65 patients (all from the 31 who had repeat skin tests) on immunotherapy resulted in only local reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Bites and Stings; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunotherapy; Skin Tests; Time Factors; Tissue Extracts

Patients with allergic reactions to RIFA should be instructed in avoidance of RIFA and in the administration of epinephrine, given emergency identification information, and referred to an allergist for definitive diagnosis and for desensitization as indicated. RIFA are a growing menace in this country; as their habitat steadily extends north and west, no doubt a growing number of people will be affected by them. Their sting can be acutely life threatening and, as in this one case example, a severe reaction can profoundly affect the life of the victim.

Topics: Aftercare; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Education, Nursing, Continuing; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Middle Aged; Patient Discharge

Members of the American Medical Association in 13 southern states were surveyed to assess the magnitude of medical problems caused by stings of the imported fire ant (IFA). Of the 29,205 physicians surveyed, 2,022 (7%) reported treating approximately 20,755 patients annually for reactions to IFA stings. Most patients were treated for local reactions, but 413 (2%) required treatment for life-threatening anaphylaxis.

Topics: Acute Disease; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Bites and Stings; Commerce; Emergencies; Environmental Health; Health Surveys; Humans; Kentucky; Oklahoma; Referral and Consultation; Southeastern United States; Tennessee; Texas

A physician questionnaire survey was conducted by the Fire Ant Subcommittee of the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology to document deaths caused by imported fire ant stings. From the 29,300 physicians surveyed, reports of 83 fatal and two near-fatal fire ant-sting reactions were received. Most anaphylactic deaths were reported from Florida (22) and Texas (19). After excluding duplicate reports, four confirmed deaths were documented in Alabama, 10 in Florida, two in Georgia, two in Louisiana, and 14 in Texas.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ants; Female; Humans; Infant; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Ant Venoms; Ants; Arthropod Venoms; Cross Reactions; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Insect Bites and Stings

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Ant Venoms; Ants; Arthropod Venoms; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Middle Aged

Ants, bees, and other stinging hymenoptera can induce serious anaphylactic reactions in susceptible individuals. Certainly, hymenoptera venom contains potent antigens that have been useful in testing and treating hymenoptera-sensitive patients who fail to acquire protection from whole body extract therapy. However, before whole body extracts are forever abandoned, their antigen content and stability should be re-examined by means of modern immunologic methods.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Ants; Bees; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunotherapy; Insect Bites and Stings; Venoms

Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anaphylaxis; Ants; Desensitization, Immunologic; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Skin Tests

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Ants; Child; Emergency Medical Tags; Epinephrine; Female; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Control; Isoproterenol; Male; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Rural Health; United States; Venoms

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Ants; Bees; Bites and Stings; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Skin Tests; United States