angiotensin-amide and Obesity

Topics: Age Factors; Angiotensin Amide; Cytodiagnosis; Diabetes Complications; Diagnostic Errors; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Japan; Obesity; Parity; Risk Factors; Time Factors

11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11beta HSDs) are enzymes that catalyse the interconversion of active glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) into their inactive 11-keto products (cortisone and 11-deoxycorticosterone). Two isozymes have been identified: 11beta HSD type 1 is a predominant reductase, reactivating glucocorticoids from inert metabolites, whereas 11beta HSD type 2 is a potent dehydrogenase, inactivating glucocorticoids. They play a major role in the modulation of local cortisol levels and hence access of active steroid to corticosteroid receptors. This review focuses on the clinical importance of 11beta HSDs. We describe recent research that has not only advanced our understanding of the physiological role of these enzymes, but also their role in common diseases, including primary obesity and essential hypertension. These data provide encouragement that novel therapies will arise from a fuller understanding of the 11beta HSD system.

Topics: 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2; 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic; Angiotensin Amide; Animals; Gene Deletion; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; Obesity; Syndrome

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of waist to height ratio (WHtR) to screen for cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Saudis.. Between June 2013 and August 2014, a cross-sectional study of 3,063 adult Saudis of both genders from King Khalid Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was conducted. Using the "WHO STEPwise Surveillance-Instrument V2.1", which uses sequential  steps including questionnaires and anthropometric and biochemical measurements of MetS and CVRF.  Waist to height ratio validity in defining central obesity, MetS, and CVRF were tested using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy. Using multivariate regression analyses for adjustment of confounders as age and gender were applied to compute adjusted odds ratios (aOR).  Results: The diagnostic potential of WHtR was excellent for central obesity (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.98), and MetS (AUCs = 0.86); it was good for CVRF ≥2 (AUCs = 0.79) and was satisfactory for dyslipidemia (AUCs = 0.66). The sensitivities and negative predictive values exceeded 85% for diagnosing central obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Adjusted odds ratios  for age and gender showed that WHtR ≥0.50 significantly increased the risk of diabetes, hypertension, and ≥2 CVRF by almost 4-fold, and increased the risk of dyslipidemia by 2-fold. Conclusion: Waist height ratio showed a good diagnostic performance for CVRF and MetS among Saudis. Furthermore, WHtR ≥0.5 increased the risk of dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and  hypertension.

Topics: Angiotensin Amide; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Dyslipidemias; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Risk Factors; Saudi Arabia; Surveys and Questionnaires; Waist-Height Ratio