amylopectin and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-2

The gut microbiome is an important determinant in various diseases. Here we perform a cross-sectional study of Japanese adults and identify the Blautia genus, especially B. wexlerae, as a commensal bacterium that is inversely correlated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of B. wexlerae to mice induce metabolic changes and anti-inflammatory effects that decrease both high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes. The beneficial effects of B. wexlerae are correlated with unique amino-acid metabolism to produce S-adenosylmethionine, acetylcholine, and L-ornithine and carbohydrate metabolism resulting in the accumulation of amylopectin and production of succinate, lactate, and acetate, with simultaneous modification of the gut bacterial composition. These findings reveal unique regulatory pathways of host and microbial metabolism that may provide novel strategies in preventive and therapeutic approaches for metabolic disorders.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Amylopectin; Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Clostridiales; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Japan; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Ornithine; Symbiosis

Starches that are high in amylopectin are digested and absorbed more quickly than starches with a high amylose content and produce larger postprandial glucose and insulin responses. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that feeding rats a diet containing quickly digested starch could promote insulin resistance. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a high amylopectin or high amylose diet (two 10-g meals per day), and insulin sensitivity was assessed after 9 wk by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). In the rats fed the high amylopectin diet, glucose tolerance was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and the insulin response to IVGTT was twice as high as in rats fed the high amylose diet (P < 0.05). A second study using Wistar rats investigated the time course of these changes. Differences in the insulin response to the IVGTT were not evident at 4 wk but began to emerge at 8 wk, and by 12 wk the insulin response was 100% greater in rats fed the high amylopectin diet (P < 0.05) than in those fed the high amylose diet. In addition, basal plasma insulin concentration was higher in rats fed the high amylopectin diet (P < 0.05). There were no differences, however, in glucose tolerance at any time point. The results suggests that quickly digested starch promotes the development of insulin resistance in rats. The relatively slow time course resembles the normal development of insulin resistance in humans.

Topics: Amylopectin; Amylose; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Eating; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Time Factors; Weight Gain