amylopectin and Body-Weight

Recommendations to increase dietary intakes of starch and fiber in the United States may result in increased intake of resistant starch. High-amylose starch appears to resist digestion in vitro. To investigate the in vivo effect of high-amylose starch, diets containing 70% amylose or amylopectin cornstarches were fed for 14 wk each in a crossover design to 24 men [10 control, 14 hyperinsulinemic (HI)]. Fasting breath samples and periodic postingestion samples were analyzed for hydrogen during weeks 12 (nibbling tolerance test) and 14 (acute tolerance test) of each phase. Overall breath hydrogen was significantly higher after the amylose tolerance tests (nibbling, P < 0.0005; and acute, P < 0.0006). Control subjects, regardless of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2), appeared to adapt to the high-amylose starch diet. Fasting breath hydrogen was significantly higher at week 12 but not at week 14 in HI subjects with a low BMI (< 25) consuming amylose than in other subjects. Breath hydrogen of the HI subjects with a moderate (between 25 and 27.8) or high (> 27.8) BMI increased from week 12 to week 14. The HI subjects with a high BMI averaged lower breath-hydrogen expiration than other HI subjects. After 3 d of excess energy intake, breath hydrogen after amylose was still significantly greater than after amylopectin (P < 0.019); fasting breath hydrogen of the control subjects after amylose more closely resembled that of the HI subjects. HI subjects with a high BMI may be more efficient at digesting all starch, therefore decreasing the amount available for colonic digestion. This may be a factor contributing to their greater body weight.

Topics: Adult; Amylopectin; Amylose; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Breath Tests; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates; Humans; Hydrogen; Hyperinsulinism; Insulin; Male; Nutritional Requirements; United States

The pharmacological effects of glutinous rice (GR) and GR amylopectin (GRA) on the gastrointestine were investigated in rhubarb-induced spleen deficiency rats by determining the levels of gastrointestinal hormones such as the peptides serum gastrin, amylase motilin, and somatostatin. GR and GRA were given by gavage at various doses of GR (7.5, 15, and 30 g per kg body weight) and GRA (3.8, 7.6, and 15 g per kg body weight) every day for 4 weeks, respectively. The results indicated that the final body weight of rats in the highest-dose GR (GRH) group and all the GRA groups significantly (P < 0.05) increased (7.2-12.1%) compared with the model control (MC) group. All the GR and GRA treated groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher gastrin contents (32.8-51.2%), motilin levels (13.8-39.2%), and amylase contents (22.5-39.4%) and the GRH and highest-dose GRA (GRAH) groups had significantly (P < 0.05) lower somatostatin contents compared with the MC group. Meanwhile, the somatostatin contents were negatively correlated with the motilin levels (r = -0.964, P < 0.01) and amylase contents (r = -0.981, P < 0.01). The GRAH treatment group had the highest final body weight, gastrin contents, motilin levels, and amylase contents and the lowest somatostatin contents, which demonstrated that GRA might play the most important role in the spleen-regulating activities of GR.

Topics: Amylopectin; Animals; Body Weight; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gastrins; Male; Motilin; Oryza; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rheum; Somatostatin; Spleen

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) on body health and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of forty-eight DLY pigs (initial body weight of 74.9±5.0kg) were randomly allotted to two treatments, and fed either with LR (DAR: 12/88) or HR (DAR: 30/70) diet. Results showed that ingestion of a HR diet not only decreased the triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations in plasma (P<0.05), but also reduced the lipid contents in liver (P<0.05). Interestingly, ingestion of a HR diet tended to reduce the intramuscular fat content (P=0.06), and significantly increased the firmness (P<0.05) and loin-eye area (P<0.01). Moreover, ingestion of a HR diet significantly decreased the levels of MyHC I (P<0.05), and elevated the levels of MyHCIIb (P<0.05) gene expression in longissimus dorsi. Ingestion of a HR diet has resulted in down-regulation of the FAS3 gene in liver and longissimus dorsi (P<0.05). These findings suggested that a HR diet is helpful to reduce the lipogenesis both in liver and muscle.

Topics: Amylopectin; Amylose; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet; Down-Regulation; Food Quality; Insulin; Lipid Metabolism; Meat; Muscle, Skeletal; Myosin Heavy Chains; Swine; Triglycerides

The anti-fatigue activities of glutinous rice (GR) and GR amylopectin (GRA) were investigated in mice by determining tissue glycogen, blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) after the weight loaded forced swim test (WFST). GR and GRA were given by gavage at various doses of GR (7.5, 15, 30 g/kg body weight) and GRA (3.8, 7.5, 15 g/kg body weight) every day for 7 days, respectively. The results indicated that the hepatic glycogen levels significantly (P<0.05) increased 26-44% and 35-60% and the muscle glycogen levels significantly (P<0.05) increased 36-100% and 67-133% in GR and GRA treatment groups, compared with the negative control group. The GRA treatment groups also had significantly (P<0.05) higher (9.1-20.3%) blood LDH levels. Meanwhile, the blood LDH activities in GR and GRA treatment groups had a significantly positive correlation with the hepatic glycogen levels (r=0.978, P<0.01). Moreover, except of the low-dose GR (7.5 g/kg body weight) supplemented group, mice in all other treatment groups had significantly (P<0.05) lower (13-23%) BUN levels. Compared with the GR treatment groups, GRA treatment groups had similar or even higher anti-fatigue activities, which demonstrated that GRA might play the most important role on the anti-fatigue activities for GR.

Topics: Amylopectin; Animals; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Fatigue; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Mice; Oryza; Swimming

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the chronic consumption of two starches, characterized by different glycemic indices and amylose-amylopectin content, on glucose metabolism in rat epididymal adipocytes. The two chosen starches were from mung bean (32% amylose) and cornstarch (0.5% amylose). The alpha-amylase digestibility was higher for the waxy cornstarch than that of the mung bean starch (60 +/- 4 vs. 45 +/- 3%, mean +/- SEM, respectively). The glycemic index of the waxy cornstarch diet (575 g starch /kg diet) was higher than that of the mung bean starch diet (107 +/- 7 vs. 67 +/- 5%, P < 0.01) when measured in vivo in two groups of normal rats (n = 9). In a subsequent study, normal and diabetic (streptozotocin-injected on d 2 of life) male Sprague-Dawley rats (18 per group) consumed a diet containing 575 g starch/kg diet as either waxy cornstarch or mung bean starch. After 3 wk, food intake, epididymal fat pad weights, and plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations did not differ between diet groups. Adipocyte diameter was smaller in rats that consumed mung bean starch compared with those that consumed the waxy cornstarch diet (P < 0.01). The mung bean diet increased maximal insulin-stimulated 14C-glucose oxidation (% of basal values, P < 0. 05). In contrast, incorporation of 14C-glucose into total lipids was significantly lower in rats that consumed the mung bean diet (P < 0. 05). We conclude that in both normal and diabetic rats, the chronic replacement of a high glycemic index starch by a low glycemic index one in a mixed diet increases insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation, decreases glucose incorporation into total lipids and decreases epididymal adipocyte diameter. Thus, the type of starch mixed into the diet has important metabolic consequences at the cellular level in both normal and diabetic rats.

Topics: Adipocytes; Amylopectin; Amylose; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Dietary Carbohydrates; Eating; Glucose; Glucose Tolerance Test; Insulin; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Triglycerides

In liquid enteral formulations, high molecular weight soluble starches may be able to replace glucose and low molecular weight glucose polymers that have high glycemic indices. Male rats were fed either commercial cornstarch, dextrose, modified soluble potato (70-75% amylopectin) starch, or modified soluble amylomaize-7 (70% amylose) starch for 4 wk. Body weights did not differ among the groups. Food consumption was significantly higher in the two modified starch-fed groups than in the two control groups. Commercial cornstarch, dextrose, modified potato starch and modified amylomaize-7 starch were 100 +/- 0, 100 +/- 0, 69.0 +/- 1.0 and 91.5 +/- 0.8% digestible, respectively (n = 9, mean +/- SEM). The modified potato starch-fed group deposited the least fat, protein and energy. In both modified starch-fed groups, liver weights were significantly greater than in the two control groups. In food-deprived rats, serum free fatty acid concentrations in the modified potato starch-fed group were significantly higher than in the two control groups, and serum glucose concentrations were significantly higher in the two modified starch-fed groups than in the controls. The insulin to glucagon ratios were significantly lower in the modified potato starch-fed and amylomaize-7 starch-fed groups than in the dextrose-fed control group. Serum protein concentrations, measured after food deprivation, were significantly lower in the modified potato starch-fed group than in the other three groups. Gluconeogenesis from fermentation products might account for the high serum glucose concentrations in the two experimental groups. These data indicate that only the modified amylomaize-7 starch may be useful in the development of food products for liquid nutritional supplements because of the high digestibility and the low resultant insulin levels.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Amylopectin; Amylose; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Weight; Dietary Carbohydrates; Digestion; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Glucagon; Heart; Insulin; Lipids; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solanum tuberosum; Starch; Zea mays

In Experiment 1, adult female rats were fed, in addition to chow and water, a carbohydrate source that consisted of pure amylopectin corn starch or hydrolyzed corn starch (Polycose) in either a dry powder form or a hydrated gel form. Over the 30-day test periods, carbohydrate intake, total food intake, and body weight gain were greater with the Polycose than with the amylopectin, and greater with the gel form than with the powder form of the carbohydrates. The amylopectin gel produced overeating and overweight relative to a chow-fed control group, although the effects were less than that obtained with the Polycose gel. In a second experiment, test meals of the carbohydrate gels produced larger postmeal increases in plasma glucose than did the carbohydrate powders. There was no effect of carbohydrate type (amylopectin vs. Polycose) on the plasma glucose response. In Experiment 3, the addition of amylopectin to a Polycose gel reduced carbohydrate and total caloric intake. Both orosensory and postingestive factors may contribute to the differential food intake and body weight gains produced by the different types (Polycose vs. amylopectin) and forms (gel vs. powder) of carbohydrates.

Topics: Amylopectin; Animals; Body Weight; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Gels; Glucans; Hyperphagia; Powders; Rats; Starch

Topics: Acetates; Aluminum Hydroxide; Amylopectin; Animals; Atropine; Body Weight; Duodenal Ulcer; Gastric Juice; Intestinal Mucosa; Ligation; Male; Pepsin A; Pylorus; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Amylopectin; Animals; Body Weight; Cecum; Colitis, Ulcerative; Colon; Disease Models, Animal; Guinea Pigs; Intestinal Mucosa; Lignin; Male; Occult Blood; Pepsin A; Polysaccharides; Rabbits; Rectum

Topics: Amylopectin; Animal Feed; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Composition; Body Weight; Dietary Carbohydrates; Hemoglobins; Liver; Organ Size; Organophosphorus Compounds; Starch; Swine; Zea mays