amphetamine and Disease Models, Animal studies

Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.
amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.

Disease Models, Animal: Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"In the suited rat-models, we focused on the stable pentadecapeptide BPC 157, L-NAME, NOS-inhibitor, and L-arginine, NOS-substrate, relation, the effect on schizophrenia-like symptoms."	8.02	Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 counteracts L-NAME-induced catalepsy. BPC 157, L-NAME, L-arginine, NO-relation, in the suited rat acute and chronic models resembling 'positive-like' symptoms of schizophrenia. ( Balenovic, I; Blagaic, AB; Cilic, M; Drmic, D; Filipcic, I; Ilic, S; Kokot, A; Seiwerth, S; Sikiric, P; Strbe, S; Tvrdeic, A; Vukojevic, J; Zemba Cilic, A; Zemba, M; Zoricic, Z, 2021)
"We measured cell distribution in striatum and cortex by histology and microtomography, and quantified the basal and amphetamine-stimulated locomotion and nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity (in blood and brain) of transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 rat vs wild-type littermate controls."	7.96	Decreased nuclear distribution nudE-like 1 enzyme activity in an animal model with dysfunctional disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 signaling featuring aberrant neurodevelopment and amphetamine-supersensitivity. ( Cruz, FC; Dias, CS; Engi, SA; Fonseca, MC; Gazarini, ML; Hayashi, MA; Korth, C; Nani, JV; Perillo, MG, 2020)
"Nicotine use and dependence is very high in patients with schizophrenia."	7.88	Acquisition of nicotine self-administration in amphetamine and phencyclidine models of schizophrenia: A role for stress? ( Coen, KM; Fletcher, PJ; Lê, AD; Li, Z, 2018)
" Some dimensions of the schizophrenia syndrome in man can be mimicked in animals by the amphetamine (AMPH)-sensitization-induced psychosis model."	7.88	Schizophrenia dimension-specific antipsychotic drug action and failure in amphetamine-sensitized psychotic-like rats. ( Dere, E; Grömer, TW; Kornhuber, J; Müller, CP; Schindehütte, M; Uzuneser, TC; von Hörsten, S, 2018)
"To examine the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on animal models of schizophrenia."	7.80	Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone in amphetamine-induced schizophrenia models in mice. ( Kilic, FS; Kulluk, D; Musmul, A, 2014)
"This study assessed behaviour, as measured by 50kHz calls related to positive affect, in rats with different fear conditioned response strengths: low-anxiety rats (LR) and high-anxiety rats (HR), after amphetamine injection in a two-injection protocol (TIPS)."	7.80	High-anxiety rats are less sensitive to the rewarding affects of amphetamine on 50kHz USV. ( Kaniuga, E; Lehner, MH; Płaźnik, A; Skórzewska, A; Sobolewska, A; Taracha, E; Turzyńska, D; Wisłowska-Stanek, A; Wróbel, J, 2014)
"Withdrawal from amphetamine is associated with increased anxiety and sensitivity to stressors which are thought to contribute to relapse."	7.80	Serotonin in the ventral hippocampus modulates anxiety-like behavior during amphetamine withdrawal. ( Cook, A; Forster, GL; Mears, M; Renner, KJ; Scholl, JL; Tu, W; Watt, MJ, 2014)
"Perturbation of Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) and D-serine/NMDA receptor hypofunction have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders."	7.79	Pathogenic disruption of DISC1-serine racemase binding elicits schizophrenia-like behavior via D-serine depletion. ( Abazyan, B; Abazyan, S; Ma, TM; Nomura, J; Pletnikov, MV; Sawa, A; Seshadri, S; Snyder, SH; Yang, C, 2013)
"The objective of this study was to examine the effects of d-amphetamine (amph) upon recovery after embolic stroke in rats."	7.77	Acute but not delayed amphetamine treatment improves behavioral outcome in a rat embolic stroke model. ( Johansen, FF; Kristiansen, U; Overgaard, K; Rasmussen, RS, 2011)
" As this is a similar profile to that observed in the CNS from subjects with schizophrenia, we examined whether postmortem CNS tissue from subjects with the disorder and brain striata from an animal model of psychosis or schizophrenia (the amphetamine-sensitized rat) had altered levels of RGS9-2."	7.74	Consistent with dopamine supersensitivity, RGS9 expression is diminished in the amphetamine-treated animal model of schizophrenia and in postmortem schizophrenia brain. ( Dean, B; Greenstein, R; Jack, E; Ko, F; Seeman, P, 2007)
"Amphetamine (AMPH) has been proposed as a treatment for post-stroke motor deficits when coupled with symptom-relevant physical rehabilitation."	7.74	No improvement by amphetamine on learned non-use, attempts, success or movement in skilled reaching by the rat after motor cortex stroke. ( Alaverdashvili, M; Lim, DH; Whishaw, IQ, 2007)
"Based on the 'endogenous dopamine sensitization' hypothesis of schizophrenia the present study employed a repeated amphetamine administration regime in order to investigate the behavioral, neurochemical and neuroanatomical consequences following short- and long-term withdrawal periods."	7.74	Amphetamine sensitization in rats as an animal model of schizophrenia. ( Feldon, J; Knuesel, I; Peleg-Raibstein, D, 2008)
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subchronic caffeine treatment on MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion, ataxia and cognitive deficits, as well as amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice."	7.73	Effect of subchronic caffeine treatment on MK-801-induced changes in locomotion, cognition and ataxia in mice. ( Dall'Igna, OP; de Oliveira, RV; Lara, DR; Neto, PF; Santos Gomes, MW; Schuh, JF; Souza, DO; Tort, AB, 2005)
"As a test of plausibility for the hypothesis that schizophrenia can result from abnormal brain, especially cerebral cortical, development, these studies examined whether, in the rat, disruption of brain development initiated on embryonic day (E) 17, using the methylating agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM), leads to a schizophrenia-relevant pattern of neural and behavioral pathology."	7.73	A neurobehavioral systems analysis of adult rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate on E17: implications for the neuropathology of schizophrenia. ( Geyer, MA; Ghajarnia, M; Grace, AA; Jentsch, JD; Moore, H, 2006)
"The aim of these studies was to examine whether amphetamine-induced sensitization in rats could be used as an animal model to study the basis of certain abnormalities seen in schizophrenia."	7.72	Amphetamine-sensitized animals show a sensorimotor gating and neurochemical abnormality similar to that of schizophrenia. ( Fletcher, PJ; Kapur, S; Tenn, CC, 2003)
"The modulation of cerebellar Purkinje cell activity and EEG from parietal cortex was studied in the rat model of epilepsy induced by penicillin under acute haloperidol and amphetamine treatment."	7.69	Amphetamine and haloperidol modulatory effects on Purkinje cell activity and on EEG power spectra in the acute rat model of epilepsy. ( Culić, M; Janković, B; Rakić, L; Saponjić, J, 1994)
" Imipramine and mianserine potentiated amphetamine-induced anorexia both after acute administration or after prolonged previous treatment with each drug."	7.68	Lack of tolerance to imipramine or mianserine in two animal models of depression. ( Barros, HM; Tannhauser, M; Wainstein, M, 1990)
"The fact that amphetamine, a noradrenaline releaser, prevents motion sickness leads the hypothesis of Wood and Graybiel that the noradrenergic neuron system in the brain stem acts against the development of motion sickness."	7.68	Catecholaminergic responses to rotational stress in rat brain stem: implications for amphetamine therapy of motion sickness. ( Matsunaga, T; Morita, M; Takeda, N; Wada, H; Yamatodani, A, 1990)
" Clinical evidence suggests that a similar agonist-induced hypersensitivity may play a role in the development of dyskinetic movement disorders and psychoses in humans following the chronic use of such dopamine agonists as amphetamine and levodopa."	7.65	Amphetamine-induced dopaminergic hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Implications in psychosis and human movement disorders. ( Klawans, HL; Margolin, DI, 1975)
"Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder which impacts a broad range of cognitive, behavioural and emotional domains."	6.44	The amphetamine-induced sensitized state as a model of schizophrenia. ( Featherstone, RE; Fletcher, PJ; Kapur, S, 2007)
" One potentially critical issue relates to pharmacokinetic differences between the species."	6.41	Relevance of pharmacokinetic parameters in animal models of methamphetamine abuse. ( Cho, AK; Kuczenski, R; Melega, WP; Segal, DS, 2001)
"Treatment with levetiracetam dose-dependently improved memory performance of the ketamine-exposed rats."	5.48	Treatment with levetiracetam improves cognition in a ketamine rat model of schizophrenia. ( Gallagher, M; Koh, MT; Rosenzweig-Lipson, S; Shao, Y, 2018)
" Relative to vehicle, SHR and WIS with adolescent d-amphetamine treatment self-administered less cocaine upon reaching acquisition criteria, and WIS additionally acquired cocaine self-administration more slowly and had downward shifts in FR and PR cocaine dose-response curves."	5.43	Adolescent d-amphetamine treatment in a rodent model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact on cocaine abuse vulnerability in adulthood. ( Dwoskin, LP; Jordan, CJ; Kantak, KM; Lemay, C, 2016)
"Strain genome comparisons identified autism candidate genes, including Cntnap2 and Slc6a4, located within regions divergent in C58/J."	5.40	Repetitive behavior profile and supersensitivity to amphetamine in the C58/J mouse model of autism. ( Agster, KL; Baker, LK; Bodfish, JW; Moy, SS; Nadler, JJ; Nikolova, VD; Nonneman, RJ; Riddick, NV; Teng, BL; Young, NB, 2014)
"Trials of novel compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia are typically tested in patients following brief withdrawal of ongoing medication despite known long-term changes in the dopamine (DA) system following chronic antipsychotic drug therapy."	5.40	Prior antipsychotic drug treatment prevents response to novel antipsychotic agent in the methylazoxymethanol acetate model of schizophrenia. ( Cook, JM; Gill, KM; Grace, AA; Poe, MM, 2014)
"Schizophrenia is a disease typically associated with an adolescent onset."	5.40	An augmented dopamine system function is present prior to puberty in the methylazoxymethanol acetate rodent model of schizophrenia. ( Chen, L; Lodge, DJ; Perez, SM, 2014)
"Amphetamine (AMPH) is a highly abused drug that presents potent stimulating effects on the CNS and has been shown to induce behavioral, biochemical and immunological effects."	5.37	Amphetamine modulates cellular recruitment and airway reactivity in a rat model of allergic lung inflammation. ( Damazo, AS; de Oliveira, AP; Farsky, SH; Hamasato, EK; Hebeda, CB; Lino-Dos-Santos-Franco, A; Palermo-Neto, J; Quinteiro-Filho, W; Tavares-de-Lima, W, 2011)
"Amphetamine pretreatment induced behavioral sensitization in both rat strains similarly."	5.35	The amphetamine sensitization model of schizophrenia: relevance beyond psychotic symptoms? ( Feldon, J; Hauser, J; Peleg-Raibstein, D; Yee, BK, 2009)
"Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder of a neurodevelopmental origin manifested symptomatically after puberty."	5.35	Clozapine administration in adolescence prevents postpubertal emergence of brain structural pathology in an animal model of schizophrenia. ( Assaf, Y; Piontkewitz, Y; Weiner, I, 2009)
" In the present experiment, prefrontal acetylcholine (ACh) release was measured in attentional task-performing and non-performing rats pretreated with an escalating dosing regimen of amphetamine (AMPH) and following challenges with AMPH."	5.34	Toward a neuro-cognitive animal model of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia: disruption of cortical cholinergic neurotransmission following repeated amphetamine exposure in attentional task-performing, but not non-performing, rats. ( Brown, H; Bruno, JP; Kozak, R; Martinez, V; Sarter, M; Young, D, 2007)
"Schizophrenia is characterized by severe abnormalities in cognition, including disordered attention."	5.32	Phencyclidine exacerbates attentional deficits in a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia. ( Grottick, AJ; Higgins, GA; Le Pen, G; Moreau, JL, 2003)
"Myo-inositol is an important precursor in cellular second-messenger synthesis."	5.29	The effect of peripheral inositol injection on rat motor activity models of depression. ( Alpert, C; Belmaker, RH; Bersudsky, Y; Kofman, O; Vinnitsky, I, 1993)
" Second, we review the studies that have examined latent inhibition in populations with schizophrenia and in healthy populations after administration of amphetamine or haloperidol."	4.88	The positive symptoms of acute schizophrenia and latent inhibition in humans and animals: underpinned by the same process(es)? ( Le Pelley, M; Schmidt-Hansen, M, 2012)
"Lithium carbonate (LiCO) is a mainstay therapeutic for the prevention of mood-episode recurrences in bipolar disorder (BD)."	4.31	Different pharmacokinetics of lithium orotate inform why it is more potent, effective, and less toxic than lithium carbonate in a mouse model of mania. ( Bekar, LK; Pacholko, AG, 2023)
"In the suited rat-models, we focused on the stable pentadecapeptide BPC 157, L-NAME, NOS-inhibitor, and L-arginine, NOS-substrate, relation, the effect on schizophrenia-like symptoms."	4.02	Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 counteracts L-NAME-induced catalepsy. BPC 157, L-NAME, L-arginine, NO-relation, in the suited rat acute and chronic models resembling 'positive-like' symptoms of schizophrenia. ( Balenovic, I; Blagaic, AB; Cilic, M; Drmic, D; Filipcic, I; Ilic, S; Kokot, A; Seiwerth, S; Sikiric, P; Strbe, S; Tvrdeic, A; Vukojevic, J; Zemba Cilic, A; Zemba, M; Zoricic, Z, 2021)
"We measured cell distribution in striatum and cortex by histology and microtomography, and quantified the basal and amphetamine-stimulated locomotion and nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity (in blood and brain) of transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 rat vs wild-type littermate controls."	3.96	Decreased nuclear distribution nudE-like 1 enzyme activity in an animal model with dysfunctional disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 signaling featuring aberrant neurodevelopment and amphetamine-supersensitivity. ( Cruz, FC; Dias, CS; Engi, SA; Fonseca, MC; Gazarini, ML; Hayashi, MA; Korth, C; Nani, JV; Perillo, MG, 2020)
"Amphetamine-induced augmentation of striatal dopamine and its blunted release in prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hallmark of schizophrenia pathophysiology."	3.91	Schizophrenia-Like Dopamine Release Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of NMDA Receptor Hypofunction. ( Belforte, JE; Diaz, NB; Eskow Jaunarajs, KL; Fujita, Y; Hashimoto, K; Jeevakumar, V; Jiang, SZ; Nakao, K; Nakazawa, K; Pretell Annan, CA, 2019)
" In the context of bipolar disorder, amphetamine-induced hyperactivity (AIH) is a frequently used screening model for antimanic effects."	3.91	Questioning the predictive validity of the amphetamine-induced hyperactivity model for screening mood stabilizing drugs. ( Einat, H; Lan, A, 2019)
"Nicotine use and dependence is very high in patients with schizophrenia."	3.88	Acquisition of nicotine self-administration in amphetamine and phencyclidine models of schizophrenia: A role for stress? ( Coen, KM; Fletcher, PJ; Lê, AD; Li, Z, 2018)
"The methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia exhibits aberrant dopamine system activation attributed to hippocampal dysfunction."	3.88	Impaired contextual fear-conditioning in MAM rodent model of schizophrenia. ( Gill, KM; Grace, AA; Miller, SA, 2018)
"Abrupt discontinuation of chronic amphetamine consumption leads to withdrawal symptoms including depression, anhedonia, dysphoria, fatigue, and anxiety."	3.88	Involvement of NO/NMDA-R pathway in the behavioral despair induced by amphetamine withdrawal. ( Afshari, K; Amini-Khoei, H; Amiri, S; Dehpour, AR; Ghesmati, M; Haj-Mirzaian, A; Hashemiaghdam, A; Ramezanzadeh, K, 2018)
"We used the passive avoidance test and acute amphetamine administration in aging gammasynuclein knock-out mice."	3.88	The Dopaminergic Dysfunction and Altered Working Memory Performance of Aging Mice Lacking Gamma-synuclein Gene. ( Aliev, G; Fisenko, VP; Kokhan, TYG; Kokhan, VS; Samsonova, AN; Ustyugov, AA, 2018)
" Some dimensions of the schizophrenia syndrome in man can be mimicked in animals by the amphetamine (AMPH)-sensitization-induced psychosis model."	3.88	Schizophrenia dimension-specific antipsychotic drug action and failure in amphetamine-sensitized psychotic-like rats. ( Dere, E; Grömer, TW; Kornhuber, J; Müller, CP; Schindehütte, M; Uzuneser, TC; von Hörsten, S, 2018)
"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is comorbid with cocaine abuse."	3.83	Adolescent D-amphetamine treatment in a rodent model of ADHD: Pro-cognitive effects in adolescence without an impact on cocaine cue reactivity in adulthood. ( Dwoskin, LP; Jordan, CJ; Kantak, KM; Taylor, DM, 2016)
"Considering that ligands of metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptors may exert beneficial effects on schizophrenia, we assessed the actions of the first mGlu>4-selective orthosteric agonist, LSP4-2022, in several tests reflecting positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia."	3.83	Involvement of GABAB Receptor Signaling in Antipsychotic-like Action of the Novel Orthosteric Agonist of the mGlu4 Receptor, LSP4-2022. ( Acher, F; Gruca, P; Lasoń-Tyburkiewicz, M; Marciniak, M; Papp, M; Pilc, A; Wierońska, JM; Woźniak, M, 2016)
"Gestational day 17 methylazoxymethanol (MAM) treatment has been shown to reproduce, in rodents, some of the alterations in cortical and mesolimbic circuitries thought to contribute to schizophrenia."	3.81	MAM (E17) rodent developmental model of neuropsychiatric disease: disruptions in learning and dysregulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine release, but spared executive function. ( Howe, WM; Kozak, R; Oomen, C; Tierney, PL; Young, DA, 2015)
"To examine the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on animal models of schizophrenia."	3.80	Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone in amphetamine-induced schizophrenia models in mice. ( Kilic, FS; Kulluk, D; Musmul, A, 2014)
"This study assessed behaviour, as measured by 50kHz calls related to positive affect, in rats with different fear conditioned response strengths: low-anxiety rats (LR) and high-anxiety rats (HR), after amphetamine injection in a two-injection protocol (TIPS)."	3.80	High-anxiety rats are less sensitive to the rewarding affects of amphetamine on 50kHz USV. ( Kaniuga, E; Lehner, MH; Płaźnik, A; Skórzewska, A; Sobolewska, A; Taracha, E; Turzyńska, D; Wisłowska-Stanek, A; Wróbel, J, 2014)
"Withdrawal from amphetamine is associated with increased anxiety and sensitivity to stressors which are thought to contribute to relapse."	3.80	Serotonin in the ventral hippocampus modulates anxiety-like behavior during amphetamine withdrawal. ( Cook, A; Forster, GL; Mears, M; Renner, KJ; Scholl, JL; Tu, W; Watt, MJ, 2014)
"Perturbation of Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) and D-serine/NMDA receptor hypofunction have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders."	3.79	Pathogenic disruption of DISC1-serine racemase binding elicits schizophrenia-like behavior via D-serine depletion. ( Abazyan, B; Abazyan, S; Ma, TM; Nomura, J; Pletnikov, MV; Sawa, A; Seshadri, S; Snyder, SH; Yang, C, 2013)
"We have shown previously that aberrant hippocampal (HPC) output underlies the dopamine (DA) dysfunction observed in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) developmental model of schizophrenia in the rodent."	3.77	A novel α5GABA(A)R-positive allosteric modulator reverses hyperactivation of the dopamine system in the MAM model of schizophrenia. ( Aras, S; Cook, JM; Gill, KM; Grace, AA; Lodge, DJ, 2011)
"The objective of this study was to examine the effects of d-amphetamine (amph) upon recovery after embolic stroke in rats."	3.77	Acute but not delayed amphetamine treatment improves behavioral outcome in a rat embolic stroke model. ( Johansen, FF; Kristiansen, U; Overgaard, K; Rasmussen, RS, 2011)
" The antidepressant imipramine, which shows pro-manic properties in patients with bipolar disorder (BPD), also enhanced phospho-MARCKS in prefrontal cortex in vivo."	3.75	Glutamate receptors as targets of protein kinase C in the pathophysiology and treatment of animal models of mania. ( Cirelli, C; Du, J; Falke, C; Machado-Vieira, R; Manji, HK; Szabo, ST; Tononi, G; Wang, Y; Wei, Y; Yuan, P, 2009)
"Ketamine-induced alterations in EEG power spectra are consistent with abnormalities in the theta and gamma frequency ranges reported in patients with schizophrenia."	3.75	N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor antagonist-induced frequency oscillations in mice recreate pattern of electrophysiological deficits in schizophrenia. ( Contreras, D; Ehrlichman, RS; Finkel, LH; Gandal, MJ; Lazarewicz, MT; Maxwell, CR; Siegel, SJ; Turetsky, BI, 2009)
" The known PPI-enhancing effect of the antipsychotic, clozapine, was then evaluated in half of the animals, whilst the other half was subjected to two additional schizophrenia-relevant behavioural tests: latent inhibition (LI) and locomotor reaction to the psychostimulants-amphetamine and phencyclidine."	3.75	Are DBA/2 mice associated with schizophrenia-like endophenotypes? A behavioural contrast with C57BL/6 mice. ( Feldon, J; Singer, P; Yee, BK, 2009)
"To establish a primate animal model of schizophrenia with negative symptoms, the behavioral effects of chronic phencyclidine (PCP) and additional acute methamphetamine (MAP) administration were investigated in six monkeys."	3.74	A primate model of schizophrenia using chronic PCP treatment. ( Hori, E; Maior, R; Maior, RS; Mao, CV; Nishijo, H; Ono, T, 2008)
" As this is a similar profile to that observed in the CNS from subjects with schizophrenia, we examined whether postmortem CNS tissue from subjects with the disorder and brain striata from an animal model of psychosis or schizophrenia (the amphetamine-sensitized rat) had altered levels of RGS9-2."	3.74	Consistent with dopamine supersensitivity, RGS9 expression is diminished in the amphetamine-treated animal model of schizophrenia and in postmortem schizophrenia brain. ( Dean, B; Greenstein, R; Jack, E; Ko, F; Seeman, P, 2007)
" In sight of the scarcity of studies with other neurotrophins, and the possible relevance of multiple neurotrophic signaling systems in bipolar disorder we investigated the effects of Li and VPT on NT-3 levels in rat serum and hippocampus, using an animal model of mania induced by amphetamine (AMPH)."	3.74	Effects of lithium and valproate on serum and hippocampal neurotrophin-3 levels in an animal model of mania. ( Andreazza, AC; Cacilhas, AA; Ceresér, KM; Frey, BN; Kapczinski, F; Quevedo, J; Valvassori, SS; Walz, JC, 2008)
"Amphetamine (AMPH) has been proposed as a treatment for post-stroke motor deficits when coupled with symptom-relevant physical rehabilitation."	3.74	No improvement by amphetamine on learned non-use, attempts, success or movement in skilled reaching by the rat after motor cortex stroke. ( Alaverdashvili, M; Lim, DH; Whishaw, IQ, 2007)
"Based on the 'endogenous dopamine sensitization' hypothesis of schizophrenia the present study employed a repeated amphetamine administration regime in order to investigate the behavioral, neurochemical and neuroanatomical consequences following short- and long-term withdrawal periods."	3.74	Amphetamine sensitization in rats as an animal model of schizophrenia. ( Feldon, J; Knuesel, I; Peleg-Raibstein, D, 2008)
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subchronic caffeine treatment on MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion, ataxia and cognitive deficits, as well as amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice."	3.73	Effect of subchronic caffeine treatment on MK-801-induced changes in locomotion, cognition and ataxia in mice. ( Dall'Igna, OP; de Oliveira, RV; Lara, DR; Neto, PF; Santos Gomes, MW; Schuh, JF; Souza, DO; Tort, AB, 2005)
" The present study aims to investigate the effects of the mood stabilizers lithium (Li) and valproate (VPT) in an animal model of bipolar disorder."	3.73	Effects of mood stabilizers on hippocampus BDNF levels in an animal model of mania. ( Andreazza, AC; Ceresér, KM; Frey, BN; Kapczinski, F; Martins, MR; Quevedo, J; Réus, GZ; Valvassori, SS, 2006)
"As a test of plausibility for the hypothesis that schizophrenia can result from abnormal brain, especially cerebral cortical, development, these studies examined whether, in the rat, disruption of brain development initiated on embryonic day (E) 17, using the methylating agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM), leads to a schizophrenia-relevant pattern of neural and behavioral pathology."	3.73	A neurobehavioral systems analysis of adult rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate on E17: implications for the neuropathology of schizophrenia. ( Geyer, MA; Ghajarnia, M; Grace, AA; Jentsch, JD; Moore, H, 2006)
" Amphetamine-induced disruption of LI and its potentiation by antipsychotic drugs (APDs) in the adult rat are well-established models of schizophrenia and antipsychotic drug action, respectively."	3.72	Latent inhibition in 35-day-old rats is not an "adult" latent inhibition: implications for neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia. ( Rimmerman, N; Weiner, I; Zuckerman, L, 2003)
"Amphetamine withdrawal and major depression share many behavioral commonalities in humans."	3.72	Withdrawal from chronic amphetamine induces depressive-like behavioral effects in rodents. ( Cryan, JF; Hoyer, D; Markou, A, 2003)
"The aim of these studies was to examine whether amphetamine-induced sensitization in rats could be used as an animal model to study the basis of certain abnormalities seen in schizophrenia."	3.72	Amphetamine-sensitized animals show a sensorimotor gating and neurochemical abnormality similar to that of schizophrenia. ( Fletcher, PJ; Kapur, S; Tenn, CC, 2003)
"003) in pups born to mothers who were stressed during pregnancy by injections of either saline or amphetamine in saline."	3.72	Very mild stress of pregnant rats reduces volume and cell number in nucleus accumbens of adult offspring: some parallels to schizophrenia. ( Ishtoyan, A; Lyon, M; McClure, WO, 2004)
"The indirect DA agonist amphetamine has been used to model the auditory sensory processing deficits in schizophrenia."	3.72	Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: a novel mechanism for receptor-independent antipsychotic medications. ( Abel, T; Kanes, SJ; Maxwell, CR; Siegel, SJ, 2004)
"The symptom of "diminished interest or pleasure" in rewarding stimuli is an affective symptom of nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal, and a core symptom of depression."	3.71	Fluoxetine combined with a serotonin-1A receptor antagonist reversed reward deficits observed during nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in rats. ( Harrison, AA; Liem, YT; Markou, A, 2001)
" In the present study, JL13 was compared with clozapine and haloperidol in several animal models for schizophrenia."	3.71	Effects of JL13, a pyridobenzoxazepine with potential atypical antipsychotic activity, in animal models for schizophrenia. ( Bruhwyler, J; Cools, AR; Ellenbroek, BA; Liégeois, JF, 2001)
"Excepting clozapine and DOD 647, all drugs induced dystonia."	3.70	New and old antipsychotics versus clozapine in a monkey model: adverse effects and antiamphetamine effects. ( Gerlach, J; Peacock, L, 1999)
"The enhancement of immobility in a forced swimming test of mice induced by repeated treatment with phencyclidine and amphetamine swimming "normalization" test of mice were used as animal models of negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, respectively."	3.70	Atypical antipsychotic effects of quetiapine fumarate in animal models. ( Dai, J; Guan, HJ; Zhu, XZ, 2000)
"The modulation of cerebellar Purkinje cell activity and EEG from parietal cortex was studied in the rat model of epilepsy induced by penicillin under acute haloperidol and amphetamine treatment."	3.69	Amphetamine and haloperidol modulatory effects on Purkinje cell activity and on EEG power spectra in the acute rat model of epilepsy. ( Culić, M; Janković, B; Rakić, L; Saponjić, J, 1994)
" Imipramine and mianserine potentiated amphetamine-induced anorexia both after acute administration or after prolonged previous treatment with each drug."	3.68	Lack of tolerance to imipramine or mianserine in two animal models of depression. ( Barros, HM; Tannhauser, M; Wainstein, M, 1990)
"The fact that amphetamine, a noradrenaline releaser, prevents motion sickness leads the hypothesis of Wood and Graybiel that the noradrenergic neuron system in the brain stem acts against the development of motion sickness."	3.68	Catecholaminergic responses to rotational stress in rat brain stem: implications for amphetamine therapy of motion sickness. ( Matsunaga, T; Morita, M; Takeda, N; Wada, H; Yamatodani, A, 1990)
" Catecholamines, to a lesser extent the indolamine, serotonin, and the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid all alter seizures as do less well understood intrinsic hormones and pentapeptides."	3.67	Evidence for neurotransmitter abnormalities related to seizure activity in the epileptic baboon. ( Killam, EK; Killam, KF, 1984)
"The animal amphetamine model of schizophrenia has been based primarily on stereotyped behavior."	3.67	Abolition of the expression but not the acquisition of latent inhibition by chronic amphetamine in rats. ( Feldon, J; Lubow, RE; Weiner, I, 1984)
" Clinical evidence suggests that a similar agonist-induced hypersensitivity may play a role in the development of dyskinetic movement disorders and psychoses in humans following the chronic use of such dopamine agonists as amphetamine and levodopa."	3.65	Amphetamine-induced dopaminergic hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Implications in psychosis and human movement disorders. ( Klawans, HL; Margolin, DI, 1975)
"Amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction is described by specific behavioral alterations, suggesting long-lasting changes in gene and protein expression within specific brain subregions involved in the reward circuitry."	2.52	Epigenetic landscape of amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction in rodents. ( Cadet, JL; Godino, A; Jayanthi, S, 2015)
"In laboratory studies, the effect of amphetamine on recovery depends on the location and extent of brain injury, the dosing and timing of amphetamine, and the type, intensity, and timing of concomitant behavioral training."	2.45	Amphetamine trials and tribulations. ( Goldstein, LB, 2009)
"Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder which impacts a broad range of cognitive, behavioural and emotional domains."	2.44	The amphetamine-induced sensitized state as a model of schizophrenia. ( Featherstone, RE; Fletcher, PJ; Kapur, S, 2007)
" One potentially critical issue relates to pharmacokinetic differences between the species."	2.41	Relevance of pharmacokinetic parameters in animal models of methamphetamine abuse. ( Cho, AK; Kuczenski, R; Melega, WP; Segal, DS, 2001)
"Dextro-amphetamine and sleep deprivation induced hyperactivity and increased histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase activities in the animal's brain."	1.62	Role of epigenetic regulatory enzymes in animal models of mania induced by amphetamine and paradoxical sleep deprivation. ( Andersen, ML; Dal-Pont, GC; Gava, FF; Nadas, GB; Quevedo, J; Resende, WR; Tye, SJ; Valvassori, SS; Varela, RB, 2021)
"Alcoholism is often associated with other forms of drug abuse, suggesting that innate predisposing factors may confer vulnerability to addiction to diverse substances."	1.51	phMRI, neurochemical and behavioral responses to psychostimulants distinguishing genetically selected alcohol-preferring from genetically heterogenous rats. ( Bifone, A; Cannella, N; Ciccocioppo, R; Cippitelli, A; Domi, E; Gozzi, A; Li, H; Matzeu, A; Scuppa, G; Ubaldi, M; Weiss, F, 2019)
"Treatment with levetiracetam dose-dependently improved memory performance of the ketamine-exposed rats."	1.48	Treatment with levetiracetam improves cognition in a ketamine rat model of schizophrenia. ( Gallagher, M; Koh, MT; Rosenzweig-Lipson, S; Shao, Y, 2018)
"Besides seizures, patients with epilepsy are affected by a variety of cognitive and psychiatric comorbidities that further impair their quality of life."	1.48	6 Hz corneal kindling in mice triggers neurobehavioral comorbidities accompanied by relevant changes in c-Fos immunoreactivity throughout the brain. ( Albertini, G; De Bundel, D; Demuyser, T; Massie, A; Smolders, I; Walrave, L, 2018)
"The polyglutamine disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to severe neurological symptoms during development."	1.46	Capturing schizophrenia-like prodromal symptoms in a spinocerebellar ataxia-17 transgenic rat. ( Amato, D; Bauer, P; Canneva, F; Müller, CP; Nguyen, HP; Riess, O; von Hörsten, S, 2017)
" The water solubility and improved bioavailability may help reduce medication frequency associated with l-DOPA treatment of PD."	1.43	DopAmide: Novel, Water-Soluble, Slow-Release l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) Precursor Moderates l-DOPA Conversion to Dopamine and Generates a Sustained Level of Dopamine at Dopaminergic Neurons. ( Atlas, D, 2016)
" Relative to vehicle, SHR and WIS with adolescent d-amphetamine treatment self-administered less cocaine upon reaching acquisition criteria, and WIS additionally acquired cocaine self-administration more slowly and had downward shifts in FR and PR cocaine dose-response curves."	1.43	Adolescent d-amphetamine treatment in a rodent model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact on cocaine abuse vulnerability in adulthood. ( Dwoskin, LP; Jordan, CJ; Kantak, KM; Lemay, C, 2016)
"Amphetamine treatment has been shown to produce recovery from visual, frontal, and sensorimotor cortex damage in animals and this recovery may be the result of axonal growth originating from the opposite, unlesioned hemisphere."	1.42	The time-dependent and persistent effects of amphetamine treatment upon recovery from hemispatial neglect in rats. ( Brenneman, MM; Corwin, JV; Hylin, MJ, 2015)
"Candesartan (CDS) is an AT1 receptor antagonist with potential neuroprotective properties."	1.42	Antimanic-like activity of candesartan in mice: Possible involvement of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic mechanisms. ( Berk, M; Budni, J; Carvalho, AF; Cavalcante, LM; de Lucena, DF; de Sousa, FC; de Souza Gomes, JA; de Souza, GC; Macêdo, D; Quevedo, J, 2015)
"Strain genome comparisons identified autism candidate genes, including Cntnap2 and Slc6a4, located within regions divergent in C58/J."	1.40	Repetitive behavior profile and supersensitivity to amphetamine in the C58/J mouse model of autism. ( Agster, KL; Baker, LK; Bodfish, JW; Moy, SS; Nadler, JJ; Nikolova, VD; Nonneman, RJ; Riddick, NV; Teng, BL; Young, NB, 2014)
"Trials of novel compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia are typically tested in patients following brief withdrawal of ongoing medication despite known long-term changes in the dopamine (DA) system following chronic antipsychotic drug therapy."	1.40	Prior antipsychotic drug treatment prevents response to novel antipsychotic agent in the methylazoxymethanol acetate model of schizophrenia. ( Cook, JM; Gill, KM; Grace, AA; Poe, MM, 2014)
"Schizophrenia is a disease typically associated with an adolescent onset."	1.40	An augmented dopamine system function is present prior to puberty in the methylazoxymethanol acetate rodent model of schizophrenia. ( Chen, L; Lodge, DJ; Perez, SM, 2014)
"Thus, mouse strains selected for a particular trait may be leveraged to generate hypothesis-driven studies aimed at clarifying the potential role played by the environment in modulating the exhibition of the symptoms of interest."	1.40	A behavioural test battery to investigate tic-like symptoms, stereotypies, attentional capabilities, and spontaneous locomotion in different mouse strains. ( Ceci, C; Laviola, G; Macrì, S; Proietti Onori, M, 2014)
"Other PTSD symptoms, such as anxiety (elevated plus maze) and hyperarousal (acoustic startle response), were also investigated in these rats."	1.40	Only susceptible rats exposed to a model of PTSD exhibit reactivity to trauma-related cues and other symptoms: an effect abolished by a single amphetamine injection. ( Gisquet-Verrier, P; Toledano, D, 2014)
"Amphetamine has a significant potential for abuse and addiction."	1.39	Abstinence from repeated amphetamine treatment induces depressive-like behaviors and oxidative damage in rat brain. ( Andreazza, AC; Che, Y; Cui, YH; Tan, H; Wang, JF; Young, LT, 2013)
"Parkinson's disease is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons."	1.39	The neuroprotective and neurorescue effects of carbamylated erythropoietin Fc fusion protein (CEPO-Fc) in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. ( Agari, T; Date, I; Kadota, T; Kameda, M; Kikuchi, Y; Liang, H; Shinko, A; Thomas Tayra, J; Vcelar, B; Wakamori, T; Wang, F; Weik, R; Yasuhara, T, 2013)
"The extrapyramidal side effect of catalepsy was tested based on the ability of the extracts to alter the duration of akinesia in mice placed on a vertical wrapped string."	1.38	Antipsychotic property of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanescens (Schumach and Thonn.) Benth. (Fabaceae) in rodents. ( Shonibare, ET; Sonibare, MA; Umukoro, S, 2012)
"Treatment with pimavanserin, a selective serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor inverse agonist, prevented 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride-induced head twitches, reversed the augmented locomotor response to amphetamine, and normalized prepulse inhibition in mice with amyloid pathology."	1.38	Pimavanserin, a 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist, reverses psychosis-like behaviors in a rodent model of Alzheimer's disease. ( Bonhaus, DW; McFarland, K; Price, DL, 2012)
"Amphetamine (AMPH) is a highly abused drug that presents potent stimulating effects on the CNS and has been shown to induce behavioral, biochemical and immunological effects."	1.37	Amphetamine modulates cellular recruitment and airway reactivity in a rat model of allergic lung inflammation. ( Damazo, AS; de Oliveira, AP; Farsky, SH; Hamasato, EK; Hebeda, CB; Lino-Dos-Santos-Franco, A; Palermo-Neto, J; Quinteiro-Filho, W; Tavares-de-Lima, W, 2011)
"Haloperidol is an antipsychotic drug associated with the development of movement disorders."	1.37	Haloperidol-loaded polysorbate-coated polymeric nanocapsules increase its efficacy in the antipsychotic treatment in rats. ( Barcelos, RC; Beck, RC; Benvegnú, DM; Boufleur, N; Bürger, ME; Ourique, AF; Pase, CS; Reckziegel, P, 2011)
" In addition, the side-effect profile was established by measuring catalepsy, antipsychotic-induced weight gain, plasma levels of prolactin, and anxiogenic potential."	1.37	AVE1625, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, as a co-treatment with antipsychotics for schizophrenia: improvement in cognitive function and reduction of antipsychotic-side effects in rodents. ( Arad, M; Barak, S; Black, MD; Borowsky, B; Cohen, C; De Levie, A; Featherstone, RE; Giardino, O; Griebel, G; Pichat, P; Rogacki, N; Senyah, Y; Stemmelin, J; Stevens, RJ; Varty, GB; Weiner, I, 2011)
" The dose-response curves were, however, different for the different behaviors."	1.37	Impulsiveness, overactivity, and poorer sustained attention improve by chronic treatment with low doses of l-amphetamine in an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ( Sagvolden, T, 2011)
" Complete dose-response functions for the effects of the drugs on food pellet intake on days that candy was not available were determined before, during, and after the period of access to candy."	1.37	Consumption of palatable food decreases the anorectic effects of serotonergic, but not dopaminergic drugs in baboons. ( Foltin, RW, 2011)
" Chronic administration of clozapine (5 mg/kg s."	1.36	Further neurochemical and behavioural investigation of Brattleboro rats as a putative model of schizophrenia. ( Cilia, J; Dawson, LA; Gartlon, JE; Jones, DN; Moore, SH; Shilliam, C, 2010)
"Early onset torsion dystonia (DYT1), the most common form of hereditary primary dystonia, is caused by a mutation in the TOR1A gene, which codes for the protein, torsinA."	1.36	Function of dopamine transporter is compromised in DYT1 transgenic animal model in vivo. ( Balcioglu, A; Hewett, J; Johanson, P; Sharma, N; Standaert, D, 2010)
"We found that cataplexy is modulated by a D2-like receptor mechanism, whereas dopamine modulates sleep attacks by a D1-like receptor mechanism."	1.36	Dopaminergic regulation of sleep and cataplexy in a murine model of narcolepsy. ( Burgess, CR; Gillis, L; Peever, JH; Tse, G, 2010)
"The ability of CCBs to produce catalepsy in mice was also evaluated in the study."	1.36	Anti-psychotic and sedative effect of calcium channel blockers in mice. ( Bakre, TO; Onwuchekwa, C; Umukoro, S, 2010)
"Amphetamine treatment increased CRF(2) receptor densities in most subregions of the dRN, and CRF(2) receptors were still elevated following 6 weeks of withdrawal."	1.35	Amphetamine treatment increases corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. ( Forster, GL; Lukkes, JL; Mouw, NJ; Pringle, RB, 2008)
"Graft-induced dyskinesias (GIDs), side-effects found in clinical grafting trials for Parkinson's disease (PD), may be associated with the withdrawal of immunosuppression."	1.35	The synaptic impact of the host immune response in a parkinsonian allograft rat model: Influence on graft-derived aberrant behaviors. ( Collier, TJ; Freeman, TB; McGuire, SO; Meredith, G; Soderstrom, KE; Sortwell, CE; Steece-Collier, K; Wu, Q, 2008)
"No changes in haloperidol-induced catalepsy or MK-801-induced locomotion were seen following PD."	1.35	Prenatal protein deprivation alters dopamine-mediated behaviors and dopaminergic and glutamatergic receptor binding. ( Brown, AS; Butler, PD; Keegan, D; Palmer, AA; Rotrosen, J; Siska, LD; Susser, E, 2008)
"Animal models of Parkinson's disease have been widely used for investigating the mechanisms of neurodegenerative process and for discovering alternative strategies for treating the disease."	1.35	Restorative effect of endurance exercise on behavioral deficits in the chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease with severe neurodegeneration. ( Kurz, MJ; Lau, YS; Pothakos, K, 2009)
"Pretreatment with lamotrigine significantly attenuated AMPH/CDP-induced effects, but also reduced motility when tested in the presence of CDP-alone."	1.35	Effects of neuronal Kv7 potassium channel activators on hyperactivity in a rodent model of mania. ( Nielsen, AN; Redrobe, JP, 2009)
"Nicotine pre-treatment attenuated behavioral deficits and lessened lesion-induced losses of the striatal dopamine transporter, and alpha6beta2* and alpha4beta2* nicotinic receptors (nAChRs)."	1.35	Nicotine is neuroprotective when administered before but not after nigrostriatal damage in rats and monkeys. ( Bordia, T; Huang, LZ; Michael McIntosh, J; Parameswaran, N; Quik, M, 2009)
"Amphetamine pretreatment induced behavioral sensitization in both rat strains similarly."	1.35	The amphetamine sensitization model of schizophrenia: relevance beyond psychotic symptoms? ( Feldon, J; Hauser, J; Peleg-Raibstein, D; Yee, BK, 2009)
" We now show that they are associated with the chronic administration of L-DOPA prior to the transplantation surgery."	1.35	Priming for L-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements increases the severity of amphetamine-induced dyskinesia in grafted rats. ( Brundin, P; Cenci, MA; Lane, EL; Vercammen, L, 2009)
"Asenapine was highly potent (active at 0."	1.35	Asenapine effects in animal models of psychosis and cognitive function. ( Azar, MR; Geyer, MA; Gold, L; Marston, HM; Martin, FD; Meltzer, LT; Moore, CL; Serpa, KA; Shahid, M; Wong, EH; Young, JW, 2009)
"Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder of a neurodevelopmental origin manifested symptomatically after puberty."	1.35	Clozapine administration in adolescence prevents postpubertal emergence of brain structural pathology in an animal model of schizophrenia. ( Assaf, Y; Piontkewitz, Y; Weiner, I, 2009)
"Bipolar mania and schizophrenia are recognized as separate disorders but share many commonalities, which raises the question of whether they are the same disorder on different ends of a continuum."	1.35	A reverse-translational study of dysfunctional exploration in psychiatric disorders: from mice to men. ( Ferguson, EJ; Geyer, MA; Henry, BL; Kincaid, MJ; Masten, VL; Minassian, A; Paulus, MP; Perry, W; Sharp, RF; Young, JW; Zhuang, X, 2009)
"The effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation (that worsens psychotic symptoms) and the performance in a latent inhibition protocol (an animal model of schizophrenia) were also verified."	1.35	Neuroleptic drugs revert the contextual fear conditioning deficit presented by spontaneously hypertensive rats: a potential animal model of emotional context processing in schizophrenia? ( Abílio, VC; Andersen, ML; Calzavara, MB; Frussa-Filho, R; Kameda, SR; Levin, R; Medrano, WA; Silva, RH; Tufik, S, 2009)
"Psychosis is linked to dysregulation of the neuromodulator dopamine and antipsychotic drugs (APDs) work by blocking dopamine receptors."	1.34	Linking animal models of psychosis to computational models of dopamine function. ( Becker, S; Kapur, S; Li, M; Smith, AJ, 2007)
"Perinatal asphyxia was induced by immersing foetuses-containing uterine horns removed from ready-to-deliver rats into a water bath for 16 or 20 min."	1.34	Nicotinamide prevents the effect of perinatal asphyxia on dopamine release evaluated with in vivo microdialysis 3 months after birth. ( Bustamante, D; Goiny, M; Herrera-Marschitz, M; Morales, P; Pereyra, JT, 2007)
" In the present experiment, prefrontal acetylcholine (ACh) release was measured in attentional task-performing and non-performing rats pretreated with an escalating dosing regimen of amphetamine (AMPH) and following challenges with AMPH."	1.34	Toward a neuro-cognitive animal model of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia: disruption of cortical cholinergic neurotransmission following repeated amphetamine exposure in attentional task-performing, but not non-performing, rats. ( Brown, H; Bruno, JP; Kozak, R; Martinez, V; Sarter, M; Young, D, 2007)
"In amphetamine-pretreated animals, valproate administration reversed citrate synthase activity inhibition induced by amphetamine."	1.34	Effects of lithium and valproate on hippocampus citrate synthase activity in an animal model of mania. ( Amboni, G; Assis, LC; Corrêa, C; Kapczinski, F; Martins, MR; Quevedo, J; Streck, EL, 2007)
"The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a structurally novel, potent, selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist with improved bioavailability (LY404039) in animal models predictive of antipsychotic and anxiolytic efficacy."	1.34	In vivo pharmacological characterization of the structurally novel, potent, selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY404039 in animal models of psychiatric disorders. ( Griffey, KI; Johnson, BG; Knitowski, KM; McKinzie, DL; Monn, JA; Perry, KW; Rorick-Kehn, LM; Salhoff, CR; Schoepp, DD; Tizzano, JP; Witkin, JM, 2007)
"Using the rat Maximal Electroshock Seizure Threshold (MEST) test, (S)-3,4-DCPG (30 mg/kg, i."	1.34	Evaluation of the mGlu8 receptor as a putative therapeutic target in schizophrenia. ( Harris, AJ; Honey, A; Jones, DN; Jones, GA; Kelly, FM; Kew, JN; Maycox, PR; Melarange, RA; Murdock, PR; Robbins, MJ; Rocheville, M; Rourke, C; Rupniak, T; Soffin, EM; Starr, KR; Strum, J, 2007)
"In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the median forebrain bundle received dopamine-rich ventral mesencephalic grafts derived from embryos of crown to rump length 4, 6, 9, or 10."	1.34	Improved survival of young donor age dopamine grafts in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. ( Bagga, V; Dunnett, SB; Gates, MA; Monville, C; Torres, EM, 2007)
" Dose-response analysis for total AIM scores yielded a levodopa ED50 value of 3."	1.34	Evaluation of levodopa dose and magnitude of dopamine depletion as risk factors for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. ( Belknap, JK; Johnson, SW; Kozell, LB; Munhall, AC; Putterman, DB, 2007)
"Depression is the most common psychiatric complication in Parkinson's disease (PD)."	1.34	Lesions of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and in the ventral tegmental area enhance depressive-like behavior in rats. ( Juckel, G; Klein, J; Kupsch, A; Lee, T; Morgenstern, R; Mundt, A; Petrus, D; von Rumohr, A; Winter, C, 2007)
" In a primary culture of E14 murine ventral mesencephalic neurons, earlier treatment with the higher dosage of GDNF suppressed 6-OHDA-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons better than later treatment."	1.33	Early transplantation of an encapsulated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-producing cell demonstrating strong neuroprotective effects in a rat model of Parkinson disease. ( Date, I; Kameda, M; Kobayashi, K; Matsui, T; Miyoshi, Y; Muraoka, K; Shingo, T; Takeuchi, A; Wenji, Y; Yano, A; Yasuhara, T, 2005)
"Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant that induces excessive release of dopamine (DA) in the striatum."	1.33	Induction of striatal pre- and postsynaptic damage by methamphetamine requires the dopamine receptors. ( Angulo, JA; Xu, W; Zhu, JP, 2005)
"Although oral administration of L-Dopa remains the best therapy for Parkinson disease, its long-term administration causes the appearance of abnormal involuntary movements such as dyskinesia."	1.33	Coordinated and spatial upregulation of arc in striatonigral neurons correlates with L-dopa-induced behavioral sensitization in dyskinetic rats. ( Benabid, AL; Berger, F; Buggia, V; Gilbert, F; Lévesque, D; Sgambato-Faure, V, 2005)
"The poor survival of dopamine grafts in Parkinson's disease is one of the main obstacles to the widespread application of this therapy."	1.33	Delivery of sonic hedgehog or glial derived neurotrophic factor to dopamine-rich grafts in a rat model of Parkinson's disease using adenoviral vectors Increased yield of dopamine cells is dependent on embryonic donor age. ( Castro, MG; Dunnett, SB; Lowenstein, PR; Monville, C; Torres, EM, 2005)
"Animals were treated with continuous AMPH release (via osmotic mini-pumps at a dosage of 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 7 days) and tested for their performance in L and PPI during withdrawal in a drug free state."	1.33	Withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration abolishes latent inhibition but leaves prepulse inhibition intact. ( Feldon, J; Peleg-Raibstein, D; Russig, H; Sydekum, E, 2006)
"Amphetamine-pretreated Ca(v)1."	1.33	Up-regulation of dopamine D(2)L mRNA levels in the ventral tegmental area and dorsal striatum of amphetamine-sensitized C57BL/6 mice: role of Ca(v)1.3 L-type Ca(2+) channels. ( Giordano, TP; Kosofsky, BE; Rajadhyaksha, AM; Satpute, SS; Striessnig, J, 2006)
"In rodent models of Parkinson's disease (PD) blockade of these receptors increases locomotion and enhances the actions of dopamine (DA) replacement therapy."	1.33	Effect of ketanserin and amphetamine on nigrostriatal neurotransmission and reactive oxygen species in Parkinsonian rats. In vivo microdialysis study. ( Biedka, I; Brus, R; Drosik, M; Kostrzewa, RM; Nowak, P; Szczerbak, G, 2006)
"Schizophrenia is characterized by severe abnormalities in cognition, including disordered attention."	1.32	Phencyclidine exacerbates attentional deficits in a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia. ( Grottick, AJ; Higgins, GA; Le Pen, G; Moreau, JL, 2003)
"Pretreatment with riluzole 10 mg/kg, but not 3 mg/kg, had a moderately depressant effect both on spontaneous and amphetamine-induced locomotion."	1.32	Effect of riluzole on MK-801 and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion. ( Dall'Igna, OP; Dietrich, MO; Hoffmann, A; Lara, DR; Lourenço Da Silva, A; Souza, DO, 2003)
" The application schedule was validated, and the bioavailability of the compound determined, by means of a HPLC-pharmacokinetic study."	1.32	FAUC 213, a highly selective dopamine D4 receptor full antagonist, exhibits atypical antipsychotic properties in behavioural and neurochemical models of schizophrenia. ( Boeckler, F; Feldon, J; Ferger, B; Gmeiner, P; Hübner, H; Löber, S; Russig, H; Schetz, J; Zhang, W, 2004)
"Dopaminergic lesion produced catalepsy and hypoactivity."	1.32	Behavioral and neurochemical effects of noradrenergic depletions with N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. ( Schmidt, WJ; Srinivasan, J, 2004)
"Treatment with amphetamine caused significant disruption of prepulse inhibition in SHR and WKY rats, but not SD rats."	1.32	Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ( van den Buuse, M, 2004)
"Psychosis frequently occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD), being associated with more severe cognitive decline, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown."	1.32	Beta-amyloid treatment sensitizes mice to amphetamine-induced locomotion but reduces response to caffeine. ( da Silva, AL; Dall'Igna, OP; Hoffmann, A; Lara, DR; Souza, DO, 2004)
"Schizophrenia is associated with increased birth complications, suggesting that birth complications might alter CNS dopaminergic activity later in life."	1.31	Birth insult alters dopamine-mediated behavior in a precocial species, the guinea pig. Implications for schizophrenia. ( Boksa, P; Vaillancourt, C, 2000)
"Treatment with amphetamine induced decrease of GAP-43 mRNA expression, that was detected also during recovery period, up to 14 days after the last day of 7 days treatments."	1.31	Differential effects of amphetamine and phencyclidine on the expression of growth-associated protein GAP-43. ( Kanazir, S; Rakic, L; Ruzdijic, S; Veskov, R; Vukosavic, S, 2001)
"The predictive validity of catalepsy as a rodent model for detecting the extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) of antipsychotic drugs was recently questioned when the novel antipsychotic savoxepine produced little catalepsy in rodents while producing significant EPS in schizophrenic patients."	1.29	Catalepsy as a rodent model for detecting antipsychotic drugs with extrapyramidal side effect liability. ( Donovan, H; Hoffman, DC, 1995)
"Neither (-)-3-PPP nor SND 919 produced dystonia, but had observable dopamine D2 receptor agonistic effects, (-)-3-PPP producing emesis at 1-4 mg/kg and SND 919 producing motoric unrest and stereotypy at 0."	1.29	Effects of several partial dopamine D2 receptor agonists in Cebus apella monkeys previously treated with haloperidol. ( Gerlach, J; Peacock, L, 1993)
"Myo-inositol is an important precursor in cellular second-messenger synthesis."	1.29	The effect of peripheral inositol injection on rat motor activity models of depression. ( Alpert, C; Belmaker, RH; Bersudsky, Y; Kofman, O; Vinnitsky, I, 1993)
"The mouse mutant coloboma (Cml+) exhibits profound spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity resulting from a deletion mutation."	1.29	Mouse model of hyperkinesis implicates SNAP-25 in behavioral regulation. ( Collins, KA; Hess, EJ; Wilson, MC, 1996)
"All amphetamine treatments diminished the potassium-stimulated (50 mM) release of preloaded labelled dopamine from superfused striatal and frontal cortical slices in vitro."	1.28	Animal models of amphetamine psychosis: neurotransmitter release from rat brain slices. ( Lillrank, SM; Oja, SS; Saransaari, P; Seppälä, T, 1991)
"Rats treated with chlorpromazine (CPZ) (1 mg/kg/day i."	1.27	Amphetamine and chlorpromazine modify cerebral insulin levels in rats. ( Benedi, J; Cantón, R; Grande, C; Manzanares, J; Zaragozá, F, 1988)
" Terguride has both agonist and antagonist actions at striatal dopamine receptors, but chronic administration did not produce behavioral supersensitivity."	1.27	Terguride, a mixed dopamine agonist-antagonist, in animal models of Parkinson's disease. ( Herbster, G; Koller, WC, 1987)
"Rats with ablated frontal sensorimotor cortex and one with ablated sensorimotor connections to forebrain showed more vacuous chewing movements following 6-week chronic administration of a neuroleptic than did occipitally damaged rats or normal controls who were treated in the same way."	1.26	Oral dyskinesia in brain-damaged rats withdrawn from a neuroleptic: implication for models of tardive dyskinesia. ( Glassman, HN; Glassman, RB, 1980)
"Controversial multiple investigations have reported that chronic administration of amphetamine or similar drugs in different animals produces a reverse tolerance or a receptor hypersensitivity."	1.26	Dopamine receptors hypersensitivity: further confirmation following drug abuse model. ( Flemenbaum, A, 1977)

Research

Studies (559)

Authors

Clinical Trials (8)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Length of Time From Extubation to Discharge From Postanesthesia Recovery Unit

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	69 (12.34)	18.7374
1990's	42 (7.51)	18.2507
2000's	199 (35.60)	29.6817
2010's	233 (41.68)	24.3611
2020's	16 (2.86)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Gatica, RI	1
Aguilar-Rivera, M	1
Henny, P	1
Fuentealba, JA	1
Kusljic, S	2
van den Buuse, M	5
Gogos, A	1
Lai, CC	2
Baskaran, R	2
Tsao, CY	1
Tuan, LH	2
Siow, PF	1
Palani, M	1
Lee, LJ	4
Liu, CM	2
Hwu, HG	2
Perez-Palomar, B	1
Erdozain, AM	1
Erkizia-Santamaría, I	1
Ortega, JE	1
Meana, JJ	1
Pacholko, AG	1
Bekar, LK	1
Anderson, EM	1
McFadden, LM	1
Matuszewich, L	1
Moore, CF	1
Leonard, MZ	1
Micovic, NM	1
Miczek, KA	1
Sabino, V	1
Cottone, P	1
Li, WY	1
Wang, CC	1
Menegas, S	1
Dal-Pont, GC	2
Cararo, JH	1
Varela, RB	3
Aguiar-Geraldo, JM	1
Possamai-Della, T	1
Andersen, ML	3
Quevedo, J	11
Valvassori, SS	9
Phan, DH	1
Shin, EJ	1
Jeong, JH	1
Tran, HQ	1
Sharma, N	3
Nguyen, BT	1
Jung, TW	1
Nah, SY	1
Saito, K	1
Nabeshima, T	1
Kim, HC	1
Nani, JV	1
Fonseca, MC	1
Engi, SA	1
Perillo, MG	1
Dias, CS	1
Gazarini, ML	1
Korth, C	3
Cruz, FC	1
Hayashi, MA	1
Hurley, SW	1
Beltz, TG	1
Guo, F	1
Xue, B	1
Johnson, AK	1
Warnecke, AMP	1
Kang, MS	1
Jakowec, MW	1
Davies, DL	1
Resende, WR	1
Gava, FF	1
Nadas, GB	1
Tye, SJ	1
Zemba Cilic, A	1
Zemba, M	1
Cilic, M	1
Balenovic, I	1
Strbe, S	1
Ilic, S	1
Vukojevic, J	1
Zoricic, Z	1
Filipcic, I	1
Kokot, A	1
Drmic, D	1
Blagaic, AB	1
Tvrdeic, A	1
Seiwerth, S	1
Sikiric, P	1
Antipova, V	1
Holzmann, C	1
Hawlitschka, A	1
Witt, M	1
Wree, A	1
Elabi, OF	1
Cunha, JPMCM	1
Gaceb, A	1
Fex, M	1
Paul, G	2
Fletcher, PJ	5
Li, Z	2
Coen, KM	1
Lê, AD	1
Boekhoudt, L	1
Roelofs, TJM	1
de Jong, JW	1
de Leeuw, AE	1
Luijendijk, MCM	1
Wolterink-Donselaar, IG	1
van der Plasse, G	1
Adan, RAH	1
Rajagopal, L	1
Kwon, S	1
Huang, M	1
Michael, E	1
Bhat, L	1
Cantillon, M	1
Meltzer, HY	1
Wood, MW	1
Martino, G	1
Coupal, M	1
Lindberg, M	1
Schroeder, P	1
Santhakumar, V	1
Valiquette, M	1
Sandin, J	1
Widzowski, D	1
Laird, J	1
Koh, MT	3
Shao, Y	2
Rosenzweig-Lipson, S	2
Gallagher, M	2
Hylin, MJ	2
Brenneman, MM	2
Corwin, JV	2
Zeeb, FD	1
Fisher, DC	1
Zack, MH	1
Parekh, PK	1
Sidor, MM	1
Gillman, A	1
Becker-Krail, D	1
Bettelini, L	1
Arban, R	1
Alvaro, GS	1
Zambello, E	1
Mutinelli, C	1
Huang, Y	1
Large, CH	1
McClung, CA	1
Gill, KM	4
Miller, SA	1
Grace, AA	10
Hales, CA	1
Houghton, CJ	1
Robinson, ESJ	1
Albertini, G	1
Walrave, L	1
Demuyser, T	1
Massie, A	1
De Bundel, D	1
Smolders, I	1
Nielsen, J	2
Fejgin, K	2
Sotty, F	1
Nielsen, V	2
Mørk, A	1
Christoffersen, CT	1
Yavich, L	1
Lauridsen, JB	1
Clausen, D	1
Larsen, PH	2
Egebjerg, J	1
Werge, TM	2
Kallunki, P	1
Christensen, KV	1
Didriksen, M	4
Aguilar, DD	1
Giuffrida, A	1
Lodge, DJ	9
Hodes, A	1
Lifschytz, T	1
Rosen, H	1
Cohen Ben-Ami, H	1
Lichtstein, D	1
Nakao, K	1
Jeevakumar, V	1
Jiang, SZ	1
Fujita, Y	1
Diaz, NB	1
Pretell Annan, CA	1
Eskow Jaunarajs, KL	1
Hashimoto, K	1
Belforte, JE	1
Nakazawa, K	1
Haj-Mirzaian, A	2
Amiri, S	1
Amini-Khoei, H	1
Hashemiaghdam, A	1
Ramezanzadeh, K	1
Ghesmati, M	1
Afshari, K	1
Dehpour, AR	1
Christensen, AB	1
Sørensen, JCH	1
Ettrup, KS	1
Orlowski, D	1
Bjarkam, CR	1
Popkin, S	1
Nanchanatt, A	1
Mauterer, MI	1
Rhoads, DE	1
Adams, WK	2
D'souza, AM	1
Sussman, JL	1
Kaur, S	2
Kieffer, TJ	1
Winstanley, CA	2
Ahrens, PS	1
Le Dorze, C	1
Tassin, JP	1
Chauveau, F	1
Gisquet-Verrier, P	3
Bhupal, PK	1
Anderson, KA	1
Shall, GP	1
Lynn, JD	1
Hoolsema, KS	1
Rossignol, J	1
Dunbar, GL	1
Sandstrom, MI	1
Kokhan, VS	1
Kokhan, TYG	1
Samsonova, AN	1
Fisenko, VP	1
Ustyugov, AA	1
Aliev, G	1
Cieślik, P	1
Woźniak, M	2
Rook, JM	1
Tantawy, MN	1
Conn, PJ	2
Acher, F	2
Tokarski, K	3
Kusek, M	2
Pilc, A	4
Wierońska, JM	3
Gray, A	1
Tattoli, R	1
Dunn, A	1
Hodgson, DM	1
Michie, PT	1
Harms, L	1
Miszkiel, J	1
Jastrzębska, J	1
Filip, M	1
Przegaliński, E	1
Han, L	1
Wang, L	1
Tang, S	1
Yuan, L	1
Wu, S	1
Du, X	1
Xiang, Y	1
Qu, X	1
Liu, H	1
Luo, H	1
Qin, X	1
Liu, C	1
Giovanoli, S	3
Mortensen, PB	1
Meyer, U	5
Papathanou, M	1
Creed, M	1
Dorst, MC	1
Bimpisidis, Z	1
Dumas, S	1
Pettersson, H	1
Bellone, C	1
Silberberg, G	1
Lüscher, C	1
Wallén-Mackenzie, Å	1
Uzuneser, TC	1
Schindehütte, M	1
Dere, E	1
von Hörsten, S	3
Kornhuber, J	1
Grömer, TW	1
Müller, CP	2
Shaver, TK	1
Ozga, JE	1
Zhu, B	1
Anderson, KG	1
Martens, KM	1
Vonder Haar, C	2
Grimm, CM	1
Aksamaz, S	1
Schulz, S	1
Teutsch, J	1
Sicinski, P	1
Liss, B	1
Kätzel, D	1
Bifone, A	1
Gozzi, A	1
Cippitelli, A	1
Matzeu, A	1
Domi, E	1
Li, H	1
Scuppa, G	1
Cannella, N	1
Ubaldi, M	1
Weiss, F	1
Ciccocioppo, R	1
Nilsson, SRO	1
Heath, CJ	1
Takillah, S	1
Didienne, S	1
Saksida, LM	1
Mariani, J	1
Faure, P	1
Robbins, TW	2
Bussey, TJ	1
Mar, AC	1
Loiodice, S	1
Wing Young, H	1
Rion, B	1
Méot, B	1
Montagne, P	1
Denibaud, AS	1
Viel, R	1
Drieu La Rochelle, C	1
Lan, A	1
Einat, H	5
Perez, SM	5
Donegan, JJ	1
Dias, VT	2
Rosa, HZ	1
D'avila, LF	1
Vey, LT	1
Barcelos, RCS	1
Burger, ME	3
Kim, W	1
Won, SY	1
Yoon, BJ	1
Björklund, A	11
Dunnett, SB	10
Kołosowska, K	1
Gawryluk, A	1
Wisłowska-Stanek, A	2
Liguz-Lęcznar, M	1
Hetmańczyk, K	1
Ługowska, A	1
Sobolewska, A	2
Skórzewska, A	2
Gryz, M	1
Lehner, M	1
McKinley, JW	1
Shi, Z	1
Kawikova, I	1
Hur, M	1
Bamford, IJ	1
Sudarsana Devi, SP	1
Vahedipour, A	1
Darvas, M	1
Bamford, NS	1
Casas, S	1
Giuliani, F	1
Cremaschi, F	1
Yunes, R	1
Cabrera, R	1
Tournier, BB	1
Steimer, T	1
Millet, P	1
Moulin-Sallanon, M	1
Vallet, P	1
Ibañez, V	1
Ginovart, N	1
Levi, MS	1
Patton, RE	1
Hanig, JP	1
Tranter, KM	1
George, NI	1
James, LP	1
Davis, KJ	1
Bowyer, JF	1
Hamasato, EK	2
Ligeiro de Oliveira, AP	1
Lino-dos-Santos-Franco, A	2
Ribeiro, A	1
Ferraz de Paula, V	1
Peron, JP	1
Damazo, AS	2
Tavares-de-Lima, W	2
Palermo-Neto, J	2
Willi, R	2
Harmeier, A	1
Sławińska, A	1
Stachowicz, K	2
Marciniak, M	2
Lasoń-Tyburkiewicz, M	2
Gruca, P	2
Papp, M	2
Doller, D	1
Petri, D	1
Pum, M	1
Vesper, J	1
Huston, JP	5
Schnitzler, A	1
Smith, GA	2
Heuer, A	3
Klein, A	3
Vinh, NN	1
Lane, EL	6
Der-Avakian, A	1
D'Souza, MS	1
Pizzagalli, DA	1
Markou, A	3
Summerson, SR	1
Kemere, CT	1
Aazhang, B	1
Shin, E	4
Lisci, C	1
Tronci, E	3
Fidalgo, C	1
Stancampiano, R	2
Carta, M	6
Moy, SS	2
Riddick, NV	1
Nikolova, VD	1
Teng, BL	1
Agster, KL	1
Nonneman, RJ	1
Young, NB	1
Baker, LK	1
Nadler, JJ	1
Bodfish, JW	1
Hawken, ER	2
Beninger, RJ	2
Ramshaw, H	1
Xu, X	1
Jaehne, EJ	1
McCarthy, P	1
Greenberg, Z	1
Saleh, E	1
McClure, B	1
Woodcock, J	1
Kabbara, S	1
Wiszniak, S	1
Wang, TY	1
Parish, C	1
Baune, BT	1
Lopez, A	1
Schwarz, Q	1
Mergy, MA	1
Gowrishankar, R	2
Davis, GL	1
Jessen, TN	1
Wright, J	1
Stanwood, GD	1
Hahn, MK	1
Blakely, RD	1
Effenberg, A	1
Gibb, R	1
Carroll, C	1
Baumgärtner, W	1
Grothe, C	1
Ratzka, A	1
Bavaresco, DV	1
Budni, J	2
Bobsin, TS	1
Gonçalves, CL	1
de Freitas, KV	1
Streck, EL	4
Byun, NE	1
Grannan, M	1
Bubser, M	1
Barry, RL	1
Thompson, A	1
Rosanelli, J	1
Kelm, ND	1
Damon, S	1
Bridges, TM	1
Melancon, BJ	1
Tarr, JC	1
Brogan, JT	1
Avison, MJ	1
Deutch, AY	1
Wess, J	1
Wood, MR	1
Lindsley, CW	1
Gore, JC	1
Jones, CK	1
Cook, JM	3
Poe, MM	2
Lapish, CC	1
Ahn, KC	1
Chambers, RA	2
Ashby, DM	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Neuroactive Steroids in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Association With Cognitive, Functional and Neurological Outcomes.[NCT02914106]		60 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-06-30	Completed
Changes in Plasma Cortisol, Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Nitrites in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke[NCT03242304]		40 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-04-01	Completed
Examining the Effects of Estradiol on Neural and Molecular Response to Rewards in Perimenopausal-Onset Anhedonia and Psychosis[NCT05282277]	Phase 4	103 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-20	Recruiting
Dysbindin-antipsychotics Psychophamarcogenetics: a Mouse-human Translational Study Towards Personalized Healthcare in Bipolar Disorders[NCT06167577]		150 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-11-08	Completed
Candidate Gene Screening for 6-14 Year Old Patients With ADHD (Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder)[NCT03018574]		100 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-05-31	Completed
The Impact of Caffeine on Cognition in Schizophrenia[NCT02832401]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-02	Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Evaluation of Modafinil vs Placebo for the Treatment of General Anesthesia Related Delayed Emergence in Patients With the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea[NCT02494102]	Phase 4	105 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Terminated
Modafinil Treatment for Sleep/Wake Disturbances in Older Adults[NCT00626210]	Phase 4	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Terminated
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Length of time of above compared between groups (NCT02494102)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postanesthesia Quality Recovery Scale Score

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Placebo	53.5
Modafinil	61.0

Postanesthesia quality recovery scale (PQRS). Component and aggregate scoring on the scale. Measures physiology, nociceptive, emotional activities of daily living cognitive and overall patient perspective. The scale is dimensionless and the aggregate of all individually tested dimensions is scaled from 17-65. A higher value implies improved postanesthesia recovery. Mean difference was assessed in each patient and aggregated thus patients with no difference between pre- and post-operative scores were zeroed (received a zero score if the difference was zero). A negative value was associated with worse outcome. (NCT02494102)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 hours after surgery

Article	Year
The Amphetamine Induced Rotation Test: A Re-Assessment of Its Use as a Tool to Monitor Motor Impairment and Functional Recovery in Rodent Models of Parkinson's Disease. Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2019, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Agents; Do	2019
Genetic targeting of the amphetamine and methylphenidate-sensitive dopamine transporter: on the path to an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurochemistry international, 2014, Volume: 73 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Central Nervous System Stimulan	2014
Sources of variation in the design of preclinical studies assessing the effects of amphetamine-type stimulants in pregnancy and lactation. Behavioural brain research, 2015, Feb-15, Volume: 279 Topics: Amphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Disease Mod	2015
Epigenetic landscape of amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction in rodents. Epigenetics, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:7 Topics: Acetylation; Amphetamine; Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Central N	2015
Individual vulnerabilities relative for potential pathological conditions. Brain research, 2016, 08-15, Volume: 1645 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Amphetamine; Animals; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Corticosterone;	2016
Amphetamine trials and tribulations. Stroke, 2009, Volume: 40, Issue:3 Suppl Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relat	2009
An animal model of social instability stress in adolescence and risk for drugs of abuse. Physiology & behavior, 2010, Feb-09, Volume: 99, Issue:2 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Hypothalam	2010
Current pharmacological models of social withdrawal in rats: relevance to schizophrenia. Behavioural pharmacology, 2010, Volume: 21, Issue:8 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Cannabinoids; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino A	2010
Animal models of schizophrenia. British journal of pharmacology, 2011, Volume: 164, Issue:4 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Cognition Disorders; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Hum	2011
The positive symptoms of acute schizophrenia and latent inhibition in humans and animals: underpinned by the same process(es)? Cognitive neuropsychiatry, 2012, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning, Psychological; Disease M	2012
[Genetic study on schizophrenia and its recurrence utilizing pharmacological models]. Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi = Psychiatria et neurologia Japonica, 2002, Volume: 104, Issue:6 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cocaine; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine A	2002
[Stress sensitization induced by stressor and methamphetamine]. Nihon shinkei seishin yakurigaku zasshi = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology, 2004, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Disease Models, An	2004
Experimental investigations on dopamine transmission can provide clues on the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate in ADHD. Neural plasticity, 2004, Volume: 11, Issue:1-2 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamin	2004
Drug-induced neurobehavioral plasticity: the role of environmental context. Behavioural pharmacology, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:5-6 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Behavior; Brain; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cocaine; Disease Models, A	2004
Update on amphetamine neurotoxicity and its relevance to the treatment of ADHD. Journal of attention disorders, 2007, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Brain; Central Nervous System S	2007
The amphetamine-induced sensitized state as a model of schizophrenia. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2007, Nov-15, Volume: 31, Issue:8 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cognition Disorders	2007
New perspectives from microdialysis studies in freely-moving, spontaneously hypertensive rats on the pharmacology of drugs for the treatment of ADHD. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2008, Volume: 90, Issue:2 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Dise	2008
Stimulant-induced psychosis: an evaluation of animal methods. Essays in neurochemistry and neuropharmacology, 1981, Volume: 5 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Disease Models, Animal; F	1981
Attenuation of experimentally-induced amnesia. Progress in neurobiology, 1981, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; alpha-Methyltyrosine; Amnesia; Amphetamine; Animals; Anisomycin; Cycloh	1981
Animal models of tardive dyskinesia: their use in the search for new treatment methods. Modern problems of pharmacopsychiatry, 1983, Volume: 21 Topics: Age Factors; Amphetamine; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Apomorphine; Carbidopa; Corpus Striatum; Di	1983
Animal models related to developmental disorders: theoretical and pharmacological analyses. Applied research in mental retardation, 1981, Volume: 2, Issue:1 Topics: 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine; Amphetamine; Animals; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Brain;	1981
Is there a relationship between social isolation, cognitive inflexibility, and behavioral stereotypy? An analysis of the effects of amphetamine in the marmoset. Progress in clinical and biological research, 1983, Volume: 131 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Autistic Disorder; Brain; Callithrix; Choice Behavior; Cognition; Discriminati	1983
The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology, 1984, Volume: 83, Issue:1 Topics: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; Amphetamine; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Circadian Rhythm; Depressive Disorder;	1984
Amphetamine models of paranoid schizophrenia: an overview and elaboration of animal experimentation. Psychological bulletin, 1980, Volume: 88, Issue:3 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Arousal; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Drug Tolerance; H	1980
Amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia: a dual model. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 1981,Winter, Volume: 5, Issue:4 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Humans; Norepinephrine; Psychoses, Substance	1981
The role of excitatory amino acids in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Journal of neural transmission. Parkinson's disease and dementia section, 1994, Volume: 8, Issue:1-2 Topics: alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; Amphetamine; Animals; Catalepsy; Disease M	1994
Relevance of pharmacokinetic parameters in animal models of methamphetamine abuse. Synapse (New York, N.Y.), 2001, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Amphetamine; Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Methamphetamine	2001
Stereotyped behavior. Pharmacology & therapeutics. Part B: General & systematic pharmacology, 1975, Volume: 1, Issue:4 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Behavior; Birds; Cats; Chickens; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Corpus Str	1975
Drug-induced dyskinesia in monkeys. Advances in neurology, 1975, Volume: 10 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Inhibitors; Azides; Carbachol; Caudate Nucle	1975
Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain research, 1986, Volume: 396, Issue:2 Topics: Amino Acids; Amphetamine; Animals; Behavior; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models	1986
Catecholamines in the brain as mediators of amphetamine psychosis. Archives of general psychiatry, 1972, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Brain Chemistry; Bromides; Catecholamines; Cats; Cocain	1972
On stereotypy and catalepsy: studies on the effect of amphetamines and neuroleptics in rats. Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1972, Volume: 50 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Basal Ganglia; Caffeine; Catalepsy; Cocaine; Compulsive Behavior; Corpus Stria	1972
Some speculations concerning a possible biochemical basis of minimal brain dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1973, Feb-28, Volume: 205 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Arousal; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Avoidance Learning; Br	1973
[Tranquilizing agents. Possibilities for animal studies]. Actualites pharmacologiques, 1970, Volume: 23 Topics: Aggression; Amphetamine; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Conflict,	1970

amphetamine and Disease Models, Animal