amoxicillin-potassium-clavulanate-combination and Critical-Illness

Beta-lactam dose optimization in critical care is a current priority. We aimed to review the pharmacokinetics (PK) of three commonly used beta-lactams (amoxicillin ± clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem) to compare PK parameters reported in critically and noncritically ill neonates, children and adults, and to investigate whether allometric and maturation scaling principles could be applied to describe changes in PK parameters through life.. A systematic review of PK studies of the three drugs was undertaken using MEDLINE and EMBASE. PK parameters and summary statistics were extracted and scaled using allometric principles to 70 kg individual for comparison. Pooled data were used to model clearance maturation and decline using a sigmoidal (Hill) function.. A total of 130 papers were identified. Age ranged from 29 weeks to 82 years and weight from 0.9-200 kg. PK parameters from critically ill populations were reported with wider confidence intervals than those in healthy volunteers, indicating greater PK variability in critical illness. The standard allometric size and sigmoidal maturation model adequately described increasing clearance in neonates, and a sigmoidal model was also used to describe decline in older age. Adult weight-adjusted clearance was achieved at approximately 2 years postmenstrual age. Changes in volume of distribution were well described by the standard allometric model, although amoxicillin data suggested a relatively higher volume of distribution in neonates.. Critical illness is associated with greater PK variability than in healthy volunteers. The maturation models presented will be useful for optimizing beta-lactam dosing, although a prospective, age-inclusive study is warranted for external validation.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; Biological Variation, Population; Child; Critical Illness; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meropenem; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination

In critically ill children, severely altered pharmacokinetics may result in subtherapeutic β-lactam antibiotic concentrations when standard pediatric dosing regimens are applied. However, it remains unclear how to recognize patients most at risk for suboptimal exposure and their outcome. This study aimed to: 1) describe target attainment for β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill children, 2) identify risk factors for suboptimal exposure, and 3) study the association between target nonattainment and clinical outcome.. Post hoc analysis of the "Antibiotic Dosing in Pediatric Intensive Care" study (NCT02456974, 2012-2019). Steady-state trough plasma concentrations were classified as therapeutic if greater than or equal to the minimum inhibitory concentration of the (suspected) pathogen. Factors associated with subtherapeutic concentrations and clinical outcome were identified by logistic regression analysis.. The pediatric and cardiac surgery ICU of a Belgian tertiary-care hospital.. One hundred fifty-seven patients (aged 1 mo to 15 yr) treated intravenously with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, or meropenem.. None.. Three hundred eighty-two trough concentrations were obtained from 157 patients (median age, 1.25 yr; interquartile range, 0.4-4.2 yr). Subtherapeutic concentrations were measured in 39 of 60 (65%), 43 of 48 (90%), and 35 of 49 (71%) of patients treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem, respectively. Estimates of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; 54% increase in odds for each sd increase in value, 95% CI, 0.287-0.736; p = 0.001) and the absence of vasopressor treatment (2.8-fold greater odds, 95% CI, 1.079-7.253; p = 0.034) were independently associated with target nonattainment. We failed to identify an association between antibiotic concentrations and clinical failure.. Subtherapeutic β-lactam concentrations are common in critically ill children and correlate with renal function. eGFR equations may be helpful in identifying patients who may require higher dosing. Future studies should focus on the impact of subtherapeutic concentrations on clinical outcome.

Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactams; Child; Critical Illness; Humans; Infant; Meropenem; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; Risk Factors

There is little data available to guide amoxicillin-clavulanic acid dosing in critically ill children. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of both compounds in this pediatric subpopulation. Patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) in whom intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was indicated (25 to 35 mg/kg of body weight every 6 h) were enrolled. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted, and the clinical outcome was documented. A total of 325 and 151 blood samples were collected from 50 patients (median age, 2.58 years; age range, 1 month to 15 years) treated with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, respectively. A three-compartment model for amoxicillin and a two-compartment model for clavulanic acid best described the data, in which allometric weight scaling and maturation functions were added a priori to scale for size and age. In addition, plasma cystatin C and concomitant treatment with vasopressors were identified to have a significant influence on amoxicillin clearance. The typical population values of clearance for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were 17.97 liters/h/70 kg and 12.20 liters/h/70 kg, respectively. In 32% of the treated patients, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid therapy was stopped prematurely due to clinical failure, and the patient was switched to broader-spectrum antibiotic treatment. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that four-hourly dosing of 25 mg/kg was required to achieve the therapeutic target for both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. For patients with augmented renal function, a 1-h infusion was preferable to bolus dosing. Current published dosing regimens result in subtherapeutic concentrations in the early period of sepsis due to augmented renal clearance, which risks clinical failure in critically ill children, and therefore need to be updated. (This study has been registered at Clinicaltrials.gov as an observational study [NCT02456974].).

Topics: Adolescent; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Monte Carlo Method; Prospective Studies; Sepsis

The objective of this study was to investigate the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in critically ill patients.. In this observational pharmacokinetic study, multiple blood samples were taken over one dosing interval of intravenous amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (1000/200 mg). Blood samples were analysed using a validated ultra HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry technique. Population pharmacokinetic analysis and dosing simulations were performed using non-linear mixed-effects modelling.. One-hundred-and-four blood samples were collected from 13 patients. For both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, a two-compartment model with between-subject variability for both the clearance and the volume of distribution of the central compartment described the data adequately. For both compounds, 24 h urinary creatinine clearance was supported as a descriptor of drug clearance. The mean clearance of amoxicillin was 10.0 L/h and the mean volume of distribution was 27.4 L. For clavulanic acid, the mean clearance was 6.8 L/h and the mean volume of distribution was 19.2 L. Dosing simulations for amoxicillin supported the use of standard dosing regimens (30 min infusion of 1 g four-times daily or 2 g three-times daily) for most patients when using a target MIC of 8 mg/L and a pharmacodynamic target of 50% fT>MIC, except for those with a creatinine clearance >190 mL/min. Dosing simulations for clavulanic acid showed little accumulation when high doses were administered to patients with high creatinine clearance.. Although vast pharmacokinetic variability exists for both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in intensive care unit patients, current dosing regiments are appropriate for most patients, except those with very high creatinine clearance.

Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Chemical Analysis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Critical Illness; Humans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry