amoxicillin-potassium-clavulanate-combination and Appendicitis

Topics: Adolescent; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Comamonas testosteroni; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male

To assess an incidence rate of surgical site infections (SSI) after open appendectomy and effectiveness of combined preventive measures (CPM).. This study was performed at three surgical departments of Smolensk hospitals. A total of 150 consecutive patients (50 at each department) hospitalized since January 2012 were included into the retrospective observation (period I). In order to perform prospective evaluation of CPM, a total of 66 consecutive patients (randomized 1:1) hospitalized since December 2012 (period II) were followed up at each of the departments. Antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) with IV amoxicillin/clavulanate (1.2 g) was planned for all patients from period II. The study group (group 1) included patients with surgical wound closure with triclosan-coated polyglactin 910 and additionally with a skin 2-octylcyanoacrylate-based adhesive. The control group (group 2) included patients with surgical wound closure with non-triclosan-coated polyglactin 910. Each patient from the period II was assigned to an "Individual SSI Prevention Package" (IPP), which included an antibiotic, sutures, skin adhesive (only in a package for CPM) and label "AP" for patients' medical records. Patients' medical records were reviewed by one expert. Exclusion criteria were: age <14 years; transition to midline laparotomy; drainage of the abdominal cavity through the surgical wound; simultaneous interventions; secondary appendicitis; refusal to use of sutures from the IPP. In order to determine signs of SSI presence/absence within 30 days after surgery, attempts to contact with patients by phone were made. The data obtained was recorded into case report forms and then entered into the study database.. A total of 322 patients were included into the final analysis (mean age: 34.8±17.1 years). The mean length of hospital stay was 8.2±2.5 days. The mean duration of hospital stay with or without SSI was 7.9±1.8 and 14.2±4.0 days, respectively (p<0.001). The AP during the periods I and II was performed in 56.1% (83/148) and 97.7% (170/174) of patients, respectively (p<0.00001). Cephalosporins I-IV were the most frequently used antibiotics during the period I (85.6%). During the period II, amoxicillin/clavulanate from IPP was used in 98.2% of patients. Percentage of IV antibiotic administration in different time periods was 57.3% and 98.2%, respectively (p<0.0001); frequency of the first administration before skin incision was 53.6% and 97.1%, respectively (p<0.0001). The telephone contact with patient was successful in 74.8% (both periods), 56.8% (period I) and 90.2% (period II) of cases, respectively. SSI was recorded only once per patient with the following priority: SSI was documented in the patient's medical record; patient developed SSI that was not documented (in the expert's opinion) in the patient's medical record; SSI signs were determined during the telephone contact or reported by the patient. The incidence of SSI in both study periods, period I and period II was 14.9%, 15.5% and 14.4%, respectively (p>0.05 for all comparisons). In the patient subgroup with successful telephone contact, the incidence of SSI in both study periods, period I and period II was 17.4%, 21.4% and 15.3%, respectively; the incidence of SSI in group 1 and group 2 of the period II was 12.0% and 18.9%, respectively (p>0.05 for all comparisons).. SSI after an open appendectomy remains an important problem. In order to determine a true incidence of SSI, it is necessary to improve the national nosocomial infection surveillance system. The CMP used in the study have showed a trend to significant SSI risk reduction and may be recommended to maximize patient protection. Further large studies are needed to confirm effectiveness of the proposed CMP.. Цель работы. Определить актуальность инфекций области хирургического вмешательства (ИОХВ) после аппендэктомии с лапаротомным доступом по Волковичу-Дьяконову на современном этапе и оценить эффективность комплексного подхода к профилактике их развития. Материал и методы. Проведено многоцентровое проспективное рандомизированное слепое исследование в трех хирургических отделениях (центрах) стационаров Смоленска, в которых в наблюдение были включены первые 50 пациентов, госпитализированных последовательно с 01.01.12 по 30.11.12 (I период). Истории болезни (ИБ) пациентов были запрошены в архиве и подвергнуты ретроспективной оценке одним экспертом. Для проспективной оценки эффективности комплексного подхода к профилактике ИОХВ в наблюдение были включены пациенты, последовательно поступавшие с 01.12.12 (II период) в те же хирургические отделения. В каждом центре были включены по 66 пациентов, которые предварительно были рандомизированы на равные группы по 33 человека. Всем пациентам планировалось проведение профилактики ИОХВ амоксициллином/клавуланатом, т.е. 'стандартизированной' антибактериальной профилактики (АБП), под которой понимали ограничение выбора антибиотика при хирургических вмешательствах одного вида в обычных условиях одним препаратом в отличие от 'рутинной' практики АБП без какой-либо регламентации (на усмотрение врача). Анализируемую (1-ю) группу с комплексным подходом к профилактике ИОХВ составили пациенты, которым операционная рана была ушита шовным материалом полиглактином 910, импрегнированным триклозаном и дополнительно закрыта кожным клеем на основе 2-октилцианоакрилата, а контрольную (2-ю) - без триклозана. В наблюдение были включены 198 пациентов (по 99 в каждой группе). Для каждого пациента были приготовлены 'индивидуальные пакеты профилактики ИОХВ', включавшие помимо антибиотика, шовного материала и клея (последний - только в пакетах для комплексной профилактики) еще и 'стикер АБП' - наклейку в ИБ о факте проведения процедуры. ИБ пациентов II периода были подвергнуты анализу одним экспертом. При указании в ИБ контактных телефонов пациентов обоих периодов была предпринята попытка их телефонного опроса в целях установления факта развития/отсутствия ИОХВ после выписки в сроки до 30 дней с момента оперативного вмешательства. Критериями исключения из окончательного анализа являлись следующие условия: возраст менее 14 лет, конверсия (переход на срединную лапаротомию); выполнение дренирования брюшной полости через операционную рану; симультанные

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Humans; Incidence; Infection Control; Male; Middle Aged; Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; Russia; Surgical Wound Infection; Triclosan; Wound Closure Techniques

Initial antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis has been shown to be safe in adults; so far, not much is known about the safety and efficacy of this treatment in children. The aims of this study were to investigate the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating initial antibiotic treatment for acute appendectomy in children with acute simple appendicitis and to evaluate the safety of this approach.. In a multicenter, prospective cohort study patients aged 7-17 years with a radiologically confirmed simple appendicitis were eligible. Intravenous antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 250/25 mg/kg 4 times daily; maximum 6,000/600 mg/d and gentamicin 7 mg/kg once daily) were administered for 48-72 hours. Clinical reevaluation every 6 hours, daily blood samples, and ultrasound follow-up after 48 hours was performed. In case of improvement after 48 hours, oral antibiotics were given for a total of 7 days. At any time, in case of clinical deterioration or non-improvement after 72 hours, an appendectomy could be performed. Follow-up continued until 8 weeks after discharge. Adverse events were defined as major complications of antibiotic treatment, such as allergic reactions, perforated appendicitis, and recurrent appendicitis.. Of 44 eligible patients, 25 participated (inclusion rate, 57%; 95% CI, 42%-70%). Delayed appendectomy was performed in 2, and the other 23 were without symptoms at the 8 weeks follow-up. Minor complications occurred in three patients. None of the patients suffered from an adverse event or a recurrent appendicitis.. Our study shows that an RCT comparing initial antibiotic treatment strategy with urgent appendectomy is feasible in children; the intervention seems to be safe.

Topics: Adolescent; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; Child; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies

This prospective, randomized, open, international, multicenter study of adults with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) compared the efficacy and safety of sequential intravenous (i.v.) to oral (p.o.) moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily, with that of i.v. ceftriaxone 2 g once daily, plus metronidazole 500 mg three times daily, followed by p.o. amoxicillin/clavulanate 625 mg three times daily. The primary efficacy variable was clinical cure at test of cure (TOC) (day 28-42 after study entry) in the per protocol (PP) population. Of 595 patients in the study, 511 patients were valid for PP analysis (246 moxifloxacin, 265 ceftriaxone/metronidazole). Sequential moxifloxacin was noninferior to the comparator regimen--clinical cure rates at TOC were 80.9% versus 82.3% (moxifloxacin versus ceftriaxone/metronidazole; 95% CI -8.9, 4.2%). The incidence of adverse events was comparable between the two treatment groups. Therefore, sequential moxifloxacin monotherapy is as effective and safe as combination therapy with i.v. ceftriaxone plus i.v. metronidazole followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanate for the treatment of cIAI.

Topics: Abdominal Abscess; Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Infective Agents; Appendicitis; Aza Compounds; Bacterial Infections; Ceftriaxone; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Intestinal Perforation; Male; Metronidazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Moxifloxacin; Peritonitis; Prospective Studies; Quinolines

To compare the safety and efficacy of sequential intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) moxifloxacin treatment against a standard antimicrobial regimen of IV piperacillin-tazobactam followed by PO amoxicillin-clavulanate for the treatment of adults with complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI).. cIAIs are commonly due to mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and require both source control and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, phase III comparative trial. Patients with cIAI were stratified by disease severity (APACHE II score) and randomized to either IV/PO moxifloxacin (400 mg q24 hours) or comparator (IV piperacillin-tazobactam [3.0/0.375 g q6 hours] +/- PO amoxicillin-clavulanate [800 mg/114 mg q12 hours]), each for 5 to 14 days. The primary efficacy variable was clinical cure rate at the test-of-cure visit (days 25-50). Bacteriologic outcomes were also determined.. : Of 656 intent-to-treat patients, 379 (58%) were valid to assess efficacy (183 moxifloxacin, 196 comparator). Demographic and baseline medical characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. Clinical cure rates at test-of-cure were 80% (146 of 183) for moxifloxacin versus 78% (153 of 196) for comparator (95% confidence interval, -7.4%, 9.3%). The clinical cure rate at test-of-cure for hospital-acquired cIAI was higher with moxifloxacin (82%, 22 of 27) versus comparator (55%, 17 of 31; P = 0.05); rates were similar for community-acquired infections (80% [124 of 156] versus 82% [136 of 165], respectively). Bacterial eradication rates were 78% (117 of 150) with moxifloxacin versus 77% (126 of 163) in the comparator group (95% confidence interval, -9.9%, 8.7%).. Once daily IV/PO moxifloxacin monotherapy was as least as effective as standard IV piperacillin-tazobactam/PO amoxicillin-clavulanate dosed multiple times daily for the treatment of cIAIs.

Topics: Abdominal Abscess; Administration, Oral; Adult; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendicitis; Aza Compounds; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Intestinal Perforation; Male; Middle Aged; Moxifloxacin; Penicillanic Acid; Piperacillin; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; Prospective Studies; Quinolines; Safety; Stomach Rupture; Treatment Outcome

The conventional treatment of acute appendicitis is appendectomy followed by intravenous (IV) antibiotics until intraabdominal infection has resolved. It is controversial as to whether it is efficacious to add a course of oral antibiotics after cessation of IV antibiotics. All consenting patients who presented to Kern Medical Center between October 2000 and June 2003 with acute appendicitis were entered into the study. Perforated/gangrenous appendicitis was equally represented in the two study arms. After appendectomy, and when IV antibiotics were ready to be discontinued, patients were randomized to receive a 7-day outpatient course of either placebo (Group 1) or oral antibiotics (Group 2). Patients were monitored for infectious complications for a minimum of 3 months, and there was no statistical difference (11.5% in Group 1 vs 12.1% in Group 2, P = 0.61). The data suggest that adding a course of outpatient oral antibiotics, after completing a course of IV antibiotics, does not decrease postoperative infectious complications in appendicitis patients.

Topics: Abdominal Abscess; Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Ofloxacin; Postoperative Period; Prospective Studies; Surgical Wound Infection; Treatment Outcome

Two hundred and fifty patients were admitted to a prospective randomized trial to compare the efficacy of Augmentin with metronidazole in the prevention of sepsis after appendicectomy. Pre-operatively they received either 500 mg metronidazole or 1.2g Augmentin intravenously. Those patients with gangrenous or perforated appendices received eight additional doses of the trial drug at 8 hourly intervals. Overall there were 13 wound infections in the Augmentin group (11 per cent) and 21 in the metronidazole group (18 per cent). The 90 per cent confidence limits for the overall 7 per cent difference in infection rates were +/- 8.5 per cent. There were high rates of wound infection in the gangrenous group (Augmentin 8 per cent versus metronidazole 19 per cent) and especially in the perforated group (Augmentin 33 per cent versus metronidazole 63 per cent). There was no statistically significant difference between the infection rates with the two antibiotics but our study suggests that Augmentin, which is active against both aerobes and anaerobes, may be more effective than metronidazole in reducing wound sepsis after appendicectomy.

Topics: Adult; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Clavulanic Acids; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Surgical Wound Infection

Despite evidence supporting short course outpatient antibiotic treatment following appendectomy for perforated appendicitis, evidence of real-world implementation and consensus for antibiotic choice is lacking. We therefore aimed to compare outpatient antibiotic treatment regimens in a national cohort.. We identified children who underwent surgery for perforated appendicitis between 2010 and 2018 using the PearlDiver database and compared 45-day disease-specific readmission between children who received shortened (5-8 days) versus prolonged (10-14 day) total antibiotic courses (inpatient intravenous and/or oral) completed with outpatient Amoxicillin/Clavulanate versus Ciprofloxacin/Metronidazole, and compared antibiotic type (5-14 days) to each other.. 4916 children were identified, 2001 (90.0%) treated with Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (5-14 days), 381 (19.0%) with shortened (5-8 days), 1464 (73.2%) with prolonged (10-14 days) courses. 222 (10.0%) were treated with Ciprofloxacin/Metronidazole, 44 (19.8%) with shortened, 174 (78.4%) with prolonged courses. Freedom from readmission was not different between prolonged and shortened course whether they received Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.54, 95%CI 0.95-2.5) or Ciprofloxacin/Metronidazole (AHR 3.49, 95%CI 0.45-27.3). Antibiotic type did not affect readmission rate (Amoxicillin/Clavulanate versus Ciprofloxacin/Metronidazole, AHR 1.21, 95%CI 0.71-2.05).. Prolonged antibiotic regimens are routinely prescribed despite evidence suggesting shorter courses and antibiotic choice are not associated with greater treatment failure. As it is better tolerated, we recommend a shortened course of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate for oral management of perforated appendicitis.. Retrospective.. Level III.

Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Child; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Metronidazole; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

The objective of this study was to assess the results of a clinical guideline for the treatment and early discharge of patients with complicated acute appendicitis in terms of infectious complications and hospital stay.. A guideline for appendicitis treatment according to severity was created. Complicated appendicitis cases were treated with ceftriaxone-metronidazole for 48h, with discharge being approved if certain clinical and blood test criteria were met. A retrospective analytical study comparing the incidence of postoperative intra-abdominal abscess (IAA) and surgical site infection (SSI) in patients under 14 years of age to whom the new guideline was applied (Group A) vs. the historical cohort (Group B, treated with gentamicin-metronidazole for 5 days) was carried out. A prospective cohort study to assess which antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or cefuroxime-metronidazole) proved more effective in patients meeting early discharge criteria was also conducted.. 205 patients under 14 years of age were included in Group A, whereas 109 patients were included in Group B. IAA was present in 14.3% of patients from Group A vs. 13.8% from Group B (p= 0.83), while SSI was present in 1.9% of patients from Group A vs. 8.25% from Group B (p= 0.008). Early discharge criteria were met by 62.7% of patients from Group A. Median hospital stay decreased from 6 to 3 days. At discharge, 57% of patients received amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, whereas 43% received cefuroxime-metronidazole, with no differences being found in terms of SSI (p= 0.24) or IAA (p= 0.12).. Early discharge reduces hospital stay without increasing the risk of postoperative infectious complications. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is a safe option for at-home oral antibiotic therapy.. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los resultados en términos de complicaciones infecciosas y estancia hospitalaria de la instauración de una guía clínica para el tratamiento y alta precoz en pacientes con apendicitis aguda complicada.. Se elaboró una guía para el tratamiento de las apendicitis en función de su grado de severidad. Las complicadas se trataron con ceftriaxona-metronidazol durante 48 h, siendo alta si cumplen ciertos criterios clínicos y analíticos. Se realizó un estudio analítico retrospectivo comparando la incidencia de abscesos intraabdominales postquirúrgicos (AIA) e infección del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) en pacientes menores de 14 años sometidos a la nueva guía (Grupo A), respecto a una cohorte histórica (Grupo B), en la que la pauta de tratamiento era gentamicina-metronidazol 5 días. Además, se realizó un estudio de cohortes prospectivas para evaluar qué antibioterapia (amocilina-clavulánico o cefuroxima-metronidazol) es más eficaz en los pacientes que cumplen criterios de alta precoz.. Se incluyeron 205 pacientes menores de 14 años en el Grupo A y 109 en el Grupo B. Presentaron AIA un 14,3% en el grupo A, frente al 13,8% en el B (p=  0,83); e ISQ un 1,9% y un 8,25% respectivamente (p=  0,008). Cumplieron criterios de alta precoz el 62,7% de los pacientes del Grupo A. La mediana de estancia disminuyó a de 6 a 3 días. Al alta, el 57% recibieron amoxicilina-clavulánico y el 43% cefuroxima-metronidazol, sin hallarse diferencias en términos de ISQ (p=  0,24) ni de AIA (p=  0,12).. El alta precoz disminuye la estancia hospitalaria sin aumentar el riesgo de complicaciones infecciosas postquirúrgicas. La amoxicilina-clavulánico es una opción segura para la antibioterapia oral domiciliaria.

Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Cefuroxime; Humans; Metronidazole; Patient Discharge; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Surgical Wound Infection; Treatment Outcome

The success rate of non-operative treatment (NOT) of acute uncomplicated appendicitis (AUA) in children varies from 65% to 95%. There are no recommendations on the appropriate antibiotic therapy.. To determine the clinical efficacy of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for NOT of AUA in children.. Design: Cross-sectional study in a single medical centre.. Emergency department and Paediatric Visceral Surgery department of the Children Hospital in Toulouse, France.. Patients 5-15 years old who were diagnosed with appendicitis, (1) With abdominal pain and a first episode of acute appendicitis, (2) With no radiological or ultrasound evidence of appendicolith, appendiceal perforation, pelvic abscess nor peritonitis, and (3) With non-septic general aspect, were included.. NOT consisted of hospital admission. The antibiotic treatment was a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (80 mg/kg/day of amoxicillin): intravenous regimen during 48 hours followed by oral route during 7 days.. Success rate of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid NOT in children with AUA at 2 years.. The initial success rate of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid NOT in children with AUA was 100% (104/104 patients). The success rate at 2 years was 85.6% (89/104) at discharge. None of the 15 patients who underwent surgery after recurrence of appendicitis presented with peritonitis, appendiceal perforation nor pelvic abscess.. Narrowed antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid seems to be an alternative to surgery in children with AUA. It is necessary to wait for the results of ongoing studies to confirm these results.

Topics: Abscess; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendicitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Clavulanic Acid; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Peritonitis; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

Antibiotic choice for complicated appendicitis should be based on both microbiological effectiveness as well as ease of administration and cost especially in lower resourced settings. Data is limited on comparative morbidity outcomes for antibiotics with similar microbiological spectrum of activity. Incidence and morbidity of surgical site infection after appendectomy for complicated appendicitis was assessed after protocol change from triple antibiotic (ampicillin, gentamycin, and metronidazole) regimen to single agent (amoxycillin/clavulanic acid).. Surgical site infection (SSI) rate, relook surgery rate and length of hospital stay were retrospectively compared in patients treated for acute appendicitis preceding (2014, 2015; "triple-therapy, TT") and following (2017, 2018; "single agent, SA") antibiotic protocol change.. The rate of complicated appendicitis was similar between groups; 72.6% in TT and 66% in SA (p = 0.239). Significantly, SSI occurred in 22.7% of the SA group compared to 13.3% in TT group (OR 1.920, 95% CI 1.000-3.689, p = 0.048). Use of laparoscopy increased from 31% in TT to 89% in SA, but with subgroup analysis this was not associated with increased SSI (17.3% in open and 20.6% in laparoscopic; OR 0.841, 95% CI 0.409-1.728, p = 0.637). Relook rate (OR 1.444, 95% CI 0.595-3.507, p = 0.093) length of hospital stay (U = 6859, z = -1.163, p = 0.245), and ICU admission (U = 7683, z = 0.634 p = 0.522) were equivocal. Neither group had mortalities.. Despite increased SSI with SA, overall morbidity relating to ICU admission, relook rate and length of hospital stay was similar in both groups. More prospective research is required to confirm equivalent overall morbidity and that single agent therapy is more cost-effective with acceptable clinical outcomes.

Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Child; Humans; Laparoscopy; Length of Stay; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Surgical Wound Infection; Treatment Outcome

Acute appendicitis is the most frequent surgical emergency in the paediatric population. Complicated appendicitis accounts for 30% of cases and is inextricably linked to postoperative infectious complications. A study at our institution showed that amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant Escherichia coli in complicated appendicitis was significantly linked to postoperative infectious complications. These findings led to a change in the empirical antibiotic protocol (amoxicillin-clavulanate changed to ceftriaxone + metronidazole as of 2017), intending to reduce postoperative infectious complications in complicated appendicitis in our institution.. This study aimed to analyse the microbiology and resistance profiles of pathogens of complicated appendicitis at our institution since implementing the new antibiotic protocol and the postoperative infectious complications rate.. We designed a retrospective comparative cohort study. During the defined study period (01 January 2017 to 31 July 2020), medical records were analysed for cases of acute appendicitis, complicated appendicitis and postoperative infectious complications, retaining only those who fulfilled inclusion criteria. Postoperative outcomes, microbiology and antibiotic resistance of peritoneal swabs were analysed.. During the study period, 95 patients presented with a complicated appendicitis, and 11 (12%) developed postoperative infectious complications. The most frequent pathogens found in complicated appendicitis were E. coli (66%), Streptococcus anginosus (45%), and Bacteroides fragilis (22%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was present in 17% of complicated appendicitis. Pathogens involved in postoperative infectious complications mirrored the distribution found in complicated appendicitis without postoperative infectious complications. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis showed that 10 (15%) of E. coli strains were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate but sensitive to ceftriaxone + metronidazole, with only one strain responsible for causing a postoperative infectious complication. Six additional strains of E. coli (9%) were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate and our empirical antibiotic regimen but were not associated with an increase in postoperative infectious complications. Compared with our previous study, there was a decrease in postoperative infectious complications from 16% to 12%. Postoperative infectious complications caused by amoxicillin-clavulanate-resistant E. coli decreased from 28% to 9%.. This retrospective study demonstrated a decrease in the rate of postoperative infectious complications due to amoxicillin-clavulanate-resistant E. coli in complicated appendicitis. These findings accentuate the need to implement evidence-based treatment protocols based on local microbiology profiles and resistance rates to optimise post-operative antibiotics in complicated appendicitis.

Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Ceftriaxone; Child; Clinical Protocols; Cohort Studies; Escherichia coli; Humans; Metronidazole; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Bacteremia; Child; Comamonas testosteroni; Drainage; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Morocco; Treatment Outcome

Based on limited evidence, the American Pediatric Surgical Association recommends 5-7 d of postoperative antibiotics in perforated appendicitis for preventing intra-abdominal abscess (IAA). In 2015, our institutional clinical practice guideline was modified to standardize prescription for 7 additional days of oral antibiotics after discharge. We hypothesized that prescribing oral antibiotics after discharge would be associated with fewer complications in perforated appendicitis.. A retrospective cohort study was conducted of pediatric (younger than 18 y) patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for perforated appendicitis (August 1, 2012-April 30, 2019). Patients diagnosed with IAA before discharge or with a postoperative length of stay ≥8 d were excluded. Patient outcomes were compared prestandardization and poststandardization of discharge antibiotics.. Of 617 patients, 212 (34.5%) were admitted prestandardization and 404 (65.5%) poststandardization. Overall, 409 patients (66.3%) received discharge antibiotics. The median total postoperative antibiotic duration was 4 d (interquartile range, 3-5) prestandardization versus 11 d (interquartile range, 10-12) poststandardization (P < 0.001). Prestandardization patients had a higher rate of IAA (8.9% versus 4.5%, P = 0.03) and were readmitted more frequently (13.1% versus 6.4%, P = 0.005). On adjusted analysis, admission poststandardization was associated with reduced odds of IAA (odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-1.06), but the relationship was imprecise. Admission poststandardization was significantly associated with reduced adjusted odds of readmission (odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.85).. Prescription for seven additional days of oral antibiotics after discharge was associated with reduced odds of readmission in pediatric perforated appendicitis. This population may benefit from a longer postoperative antibiotic course than currently recommended.

Topics: Adolescent; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendicitis; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Patient Discharge; Patient Readmission; Retrospective Studies

To assess compliance of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery for acute appendicitis in children and its effect on surgical site infection.. We carried out a prospective cohort study to evaluate compliance of antibiotic prophylaxis in appendectomies in children. An assessment of the level of compliance with prophylaxis was made, as well as the causes of non-compliance. The effect of non-compliance of antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of surgical site infection was studied with the adjusted relative risk (RR) with a backstep logistic regression model.. The study included a total of 412 patients. Antibiotic prophylaxis was indicated in 348 patients, and administered in 95.7% of cases, with an overall protocol compliance of 90.7%. The principal cause of non-compliance was time of initiation. Cumulative incidence of surgical site infection was 2.7%. No relationship was found between inadequate prophylaxis compliance and infection (RR: 1.01; 95% confidence interval: 0.95-1.11; p = 0.61).. Compliance of antibiotic prophylaxis was high, but could be improved. No relationship was found between prophylaxis compliance and surgical site infection rate.. Evaluar la adecuación de la profilaxis antibiótica en la cirugía de apendicitis aguda en niños y su efecto en la infección del sitio quirúrgico.. Estudio de cohortes prospectivo para evaluar la adecuación al protocolo de la profilaxis antibiótica en apendicectomías en población infantil. Se evaluaron la administración de la profilaxis y las causas de la inadecuación. Se estudió el efecto de la inadecuación en la incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico con el riesgo relativo (RR) ajustado con un modelo de regresión logística por pasos hacia atrás.. Se estudiaron 412 pacientes. La profilaxis antibiótica estaba indicada en 348 pacientes y se administró en el 95.7% de los casos, con una adecuación global al protocolo del 90.7%. La causa principal del incumplimiento fue la hora de inicio. La incidencia acumulada de infección del sitio quirúrgico fue del 2.7%. No se encontró relación entre la adecuación de la profilaxis y la infección del sitio quirúrgico (RR: 1.01; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 0.95-1.11; p = 0.61).. La adecuación de la profilaxis antibiótica fue alta, pero puede mejorarse. No se encontró relación entre la adecuación de la profilaxis antibiótica y la incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico.

Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Ampicillin; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Cefazolin; Ceftriaxone; Child; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Gentamicins; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Incidence; Logistic Models; Male; Medication Adherence; Metronidazole; Prospective Studies; Surgical Wound Infection

This study evaluated nonoperative treatment for mild appendicitis and reviewed selection criteria to be used in introducing this option into clinical practice. A retrospective review of 73 consecutive cases of appendicitis treated by a single surgeon from 2011 to 2013 was completed. Patients who were diagnosed with mild appendicitis meeting the criteria of an APPENDICITIS scoring algorithm proposed in this manuscript were considered for nonoperative management. An additional 17 patients with mild appendicitis were offered and successfully treated nonoperatively between 2014 and 2016 and reviewed. Of these original 73 patients, 37 had moderate to severe appendicitis and directly underwent appendectomy. The remaining patients were diagnosed with mild appendicitis and considered eligible for nonoperative management. Of these, 14 patients were offered nonoperative therapy. Thirteen responded successfully; one patient responded partially, but later opted for surgery. In 2014, this scoring system and preliminary results were shared with the other surgeons in our department. Nonoperative management was then selectively adopted by a few of the surgeons from 2014 to 2016 with another 17 patients (APPENDICITIS score of 0 or 1) being offered and successfully managed nonoperatively. Patients with mild or early appendicitis can be successfully managed nonoperatively. A proposed APPENDICITIS scoring system may provide a helpful mnemonic for successfully selecting patients for this option.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Clinical Decision-Making; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Selection; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Sulbactam; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

Nonoperative treatment of acute appendicitis appears to be feasible in adults. It is unclear whether the same is true for children.. Children 5-18 years with <48 h symptoms of acute appendicitis were offered nonoperative treatment: 2 doses of piperacillin IV, then ampicillin/clavulanate ×1 week. Treatment failure (worsening on therapy) and recurrence (after completion of therapy) were noted. Patients who declined enrollment were asked to participate as controls. Cost-utility analysis was performed using Pediatric Quality of Life Scale (PedsQL®) to calculate quality-adjusted life month (QALM) for study and control patients.. Twenty-four patients agreed to undergo nonoperative management, and 50 acted as controls. At a mean follow-up of 14 months, three of the 24 failed on therapy, and 2/21 returned with recurrent appendicitis at 43 and 52 days, respectively. Two patients elected to undergo an interval appendectomy despite absence of symptoms. Appendectomy-free rate at one year was therefore 71% (C.I. 50-87%). No patient developed perforation or other complications. Cost-utility analysis shows a 0.007-0.03 QALM increase and a $1359 savings from $4130 to $2771 per nonoperatively treated patient.. Despite occasional late recurrences, antibiotic-only treatment of early appendicitis in children is feasible, safe, cost-effective and is experienced more favorably by patients and parents.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Penicillanic Acid; Piperacillin; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; Quality of Life; Recurrence; Treatment Failure

Current evidence suggests that nonoperative management of uncomplicated appendicitis is safe, but overall effectiveness is determined by combining medical outcomes with the patient's and family's perspective, goals, and expectations.. To determine the effectiveness of patient choice in nonoperative vs surgical management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis in children.. Prospective patient choice cohort study in patients aged 7 to 17 years with acute uncomplicated appendicitis presenting at a single pediatric tertiary acute care hospital from October 1, 2012, through March 6, 2013. Participating patients and families gave informed consent and chose between nonoperative management and urgent appendectomy.. Urgent appendectomy or nonoperative management entailing at least 24 hours of inpatient observation while receiving intravenous antibiotics and, on demonstrating improvement of symptoms, completion of 10 days of treatment with oral antibiotics.. The primary outcome was the 1-year success rate of nonoperative management. Successful nonoperative management was defined as not undergoing an appendectomy. Secondary outcomes included comparisons of the rates of complicated appendicitis, disability days, and health care costs between nonoperative management and surgery.. A total of 102 patients were enrolled; 65 patients/families chose appendectomy (median age, 12 years; interquartile range [IQR], 9-13 years; 45 male [69.2%]) and 37 patients/families chose nonoperative management (median age, 11 years; IQR, 10-14 years; 24 male [64.9%]). Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. The success rate of nonoperative management was 89.2% (95% CI, 74.6%-97.0%) at 30 days (33 of 37 children) and 75.7% (95% CI, 58.9%-88.2%) at 1 year (28 of 37 children). The incidence of complicated appendicitis was 2.7% in the nonoperative group (1 of 37 children) and 12.3% in the surgery group (8 of 65 children) (P = .15). After 1 year, children managed nonoperatively compared with the surgery group had fewer disability days (median [IQR], 8 [5-18] vs 21 [15-25] days, respectively; P < .001) and lower appendicitis-related health care costs (median [IQR], $4219 [$2514-$7795] vs $5029 [$4596-$5482], respectively; P = .01).. When chosen by the family, nonoperative management is an effective treatment strategy for children with uncomplicated acute appendicitis, incurring less morbidity and lower costs than surgery.. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01718275.

Topics: Adolescent; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Child; Ciprofloxacin; Family; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Laparoscopy; Male; Metronidazole; Patient Participation; Patient Preference; Penicillanic Acid; Piperacillin; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

In a previous randomized trial, we found children with perforated appendicitis could be safely discharged prior to completion of a 5 day intravenous antibiotics course. To progress the protocol further, patients who met discharge criteria early were discharged without oral antibiotics if leukocyte counts were normal.. Children undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy for perforated appendicitis were prospectively observed after institution of a new antibiotic regimen consisting of daily intravenous dosing ceftriaxone/metronidazole while an inpatient. Patients discharged prior to 5 days were discharged home without oral amoxicillin-clavulanate if no leukocytosis at discharge. Outcomes were compared to the previous protocol of daily intravenous ceftriaxone/metronidazole with completion of a 7-day antibiotic course with amoxicillin-clavulanate of all patients discharged prior to 5 days.. 540 patients (270 new protocol, 270 old protocol) were identified. There was no significant difference in patient demographics, admission leukocyte count, time to regular diet, or length of stay. Postoperative abscess occurred in 21.8% in the new protocol compared to 19.3% of the previous (P=0.5). There was a significant decrease in the number of patients discharged home on oral antibiotic therapy (P<0.001).. Patients meeting discharge criteria with normal leukocyte count prior to completion of 5 days IV antibiotic therapy can be safely discharged home without oral antibiotics after laparoscopic appendectomy for perforated appendicitis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Ceftriaxone; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Protocols; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Laparoscopy; Male; Metronidazole; Patient Discharge; Postoperative Care; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Time Factors; Young Adult

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiology of secondary bacterial peritonitis due to appendicitis and the appropriateness of current antimicrobial practice in one institution.. A 14-year retrospective single-centre study of 69 consecutive paediatric patients (age 1-14 years) with appendicitis-related peritonitis and positive peritoneal specimen cultures was conducted. Post-operative outcomes, microbiology and antibiotic susceptibility of peritoneal isolates were analysed in all patients.. Escherichia coli was identified in 56/69 (81 %) peritoneal specimens; four isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, and one other isolate was resistant to gentamicin. Anaerobes were identified in 37/69 (54 %) peritoneal specimens; two anaerobic isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate and one isolate was resistant to metronidazole. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified in 4/69 (6 %) peritoneal specimens, and all were susceptible to gentamicin. Streptococcal species (two Group F streptococci and three β-haemolytic streptococci) were identified in 5/69 (7 %) specimens, and all were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Combination therapy involving amoxicillin-clavulanate and aminoglycoside is appropriate empirical treatment in 68/69 (99 %) patients. Addition of metronidazole to this regime would provide 100 % initial empirical coverage. Inadequate initial empiric antibiotic treatment and the presence of amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant E. coli were independent predictors of the post-operative infectious complications observed in 14/69 (20 %) patients.. E. coli and mixed anaerobes are the predominant organisms identified in secondary peritonitis from appendicitis in children. Inadequate initial empirical antibiotic and amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant E. coli may contribute to increased post-operative infectious complications. This study provides evidence-based information on choice of combination therapy for paediatric appendicitis-related bacterial peritonitis.

Topics: Adolescent; Aminoglycosides; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendicitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Male; Metronidazole; Peritonitis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Retrospective Studies; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae

Antibiotic administration during acute appendicitis in children continues to be debated. The purpose of this study was to compare efficacy of two prophylactic antibiotic treatment guidelines in acute appendicitis and peritonitis in children.. The infectious complication rate after appendicectomy was compared during two distinct periods (before/after study). During the first period, the guidelines for antibiotic administration were based on ticarcillin-clavulanic acid. During the second period, the guidelines were based on amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for non-perforated appendicitis or appendicitis with localized peritonitis, and clavulanic acid was reserved for general peritonitis. All children younger than 16 years of age who underwent appendicectomy during the periods studied were included. Data were retrospectively collected from surgical and anesthetics charts.. Ninety-five children during the first period and 238 during the second were included. In the children with non-perforated appendicitis, no postoperative infectious complication occurred in 74 children during the first period versus two out of 153 (1%) during the second period. In cases of perforated appendicitis, postoperative infectious complications occurred two cases (10%) during the first period versus nine (11%) during the second. There were no significant differences between the two periods.. In this population, antibiotic administration guidelines based on amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for stages I-III of appendicitis maintained a low rate of postoperative infectious complications and were not associated with a higher postoperative infectious complication rate than guidelines based on ticarcillin-clavulanic acid.

Topics: Adolescent; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Clavulanic Acids; Female; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Male; Peritonitis; Retrospective Studies; Surgical Wound Infection; Ticarcillin

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Appendicitis; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious

Appendicitis is a common cause of acute abdominal pain in children and is treated by an open or laparoscopic appendicectomy. Well documented post-operative complications include wound infection, intra-abdominal collection, and adhesional bowel obstruction. We present the rare case of right sacro-iliitis and iliac bone osteomyelitis in a 13 year old boy following an open appendicectomy for a perforated appendicitis.

Topics: Adolescent; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Ascitic Fluid; Ciprofloxacin; Clindamycin; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Laparotomy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Metronidazole; Osteomyelitis; Rifampin; Rupture, Spontaneous; Sacroiliitis

Topics: Adult; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Appendicitis; beta-Lactams; Cephalosporins; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ertapenem; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Intestines; Male; Morocco; Peptic Ulcer Perforation; Peritonitis; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Prospective Studies

The aim of the study was to determine the microbiological profile of acute appendicitis in children.. Prospective descriptive study including children hospitalized for acute appendicitis.. A specimen of the appendice and the peritoneal exudates (if exists) was performed intraoperatively for aerobe bacteriological examination. Anaerobic incubation was not possible in our study.. Eighty children were included. The specimen culture isolated aerobic bacteria in 56 patients (70%). Polymicrobial infection was found in 14 children. Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequently isolated microorganisms (64/70). Escherichia coli was found in 48 children. The resistance rate to amoxicilline-clavulanic acid and to cefazolin was 35%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible to ticarcillin was detected in seven patients.. In our study, the specimen culture found aerobic bacteria in 70% of cases, especially Gram-negative bacilli. Empiric antibiotherapy in acute complicated appendicitis in children should be efficient against these microorganisms.

Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Appendicitis; Bacteria, Aerobic; Cefazolin; Child; Colony Count, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Ticarcillin