ammonium hydroxide and Brain Edema studies

Brain Edema: Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized neuropathologically by cytotoxic brain edema and biochemically by increased brain ammonia and its detoxification product, glutamine."	8.88	Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure: role of glutamine redefined. ( Butterworth, RF; Desjardins, P; Du, T; Jiang, W; Peng, L, 2012)
"Brain myo-inositol, an organic osmolyte, is decreased in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy but appears unchanged in fulminant hepatic failure."	7.69	Glutamine, myo-inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: implications for ammonia-induced brain edema. ( Blei, AT; Cordoba, J; Gottstein, J, 1996)
"By contrast, rats with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) following administration of a hepatotoxin, thioacetamide, were characterized by CC edema and an increased Tau content in both BG and CC."	5.29	Relation of taurine transport and brain edema in rats with simple hyperammonemia or liver failure. ( Albrecht, J; Hilgier, W; Olson, JE, 1996)
"Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized neuropathologically by cytotoxic brain edema and biochemically by increased brain ammonia and its detoxification product, glutamine."	4.88	Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure: role of glutamine redefined. ( Butterworth, RF; Desjardins, P; Du, T; Jiang, W; Peng, L, 2012)
"Increased brain lactate, and not glutamine, is a primary player in the pathogenesis of brain edema in CLD."	3.80	Increased brain lactate is central to the development of brain edema in rats with chronic liver disease. ( Bosoi, CR; Huynh, J; Marin, H; Parent-Robitaille, C; Rose, CF; Tremblay, M; Zwingmann, C, 2014)
"Patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction have inflammation and hyperammonemia made evident by higher blood TNF-α, IL-6, ammonia, and brain glutamine levels."	3.77	Pro-inflammatory cytokines are raised in extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. ( Gupta, RK; Saraswat, VA; Srivastava, A; Thomas, MA; Yachha, SK; Yadav, SK, 2011)
"The pathogenesis of brain edema in an experimental model of ALF involves a cytotoxic mechanism: the metabolism of ammonia in astrocytes induces an increase of glutamine and lactate that appears to mediate cellular swelling."	3.76	Diffusion tensor imaging supports the cytotoxic origin of brain edema in a rat model of acute liver failure. ( Alonso, J; Chavarria, L; Cordoba, J; Lope-Piedrafita, S; Oria, M; Romero-Gimenez, J, 2010)
" We report a case of combined ecstasy/cocaine-induced fulminant hepatic failure presenting with severe rhabdomyolysis, myocardial infarction and multiorgan failure."	3.72	Successful treatment of refractory cerebral oedema in ecstasy/cocaine-induced fulminant hepatic failure using a new high-efficacy liver detoxification device (FPSA-Prometheus). ( Bauer, E; Kramer, L; Mallek, R; Schenk, P; Steininger, R; Vigl, M, 2003)
"We observed that cerebral hyperemia follows an initial rise in brain water content, rather than in the cerebrospinal fluid concentration of glutamine."	3.71	Cerebral hyperemia and nitric oxide synthase in rats with ammonia-induced brain edema. ( Blei, AT; Gottstein, J; Larsen, FS, 2001)
"Adult onset type II citrullinemia is an inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism caused by a deficiency of liver specific argininosuccinate synthetase activity."	3.71	Type II (adult onset) citrullinaemia: clinical pictures and the therapeutic effect of liver transplantation. ( Hashikura, Y; Ikeda, S; Ikegami, T; Iwai, M; Kawasaki, S; Kobayashi, K; Saheki, T; Takei, Y; Yazaki, M, 2001)
" It has been postulated that the osmotic effects of glutamine, generated in astrocytes from ammonia and glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase, could mediate brain swelling."	3.69	Ammonia-induced brain edema and intracranial hypertension in rats after portacaval anastomosis. ( Blei, AT; Butterworth, RF; Olafsson, S; Therrien, G, 1994)
"Brain myo-inositol, an organic osmolyte, is decreased in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy but appears unchanged in fulminant hepatic failure."	3.69	Glutamine, myo-inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: implications for ammonia-induced brain edema. ( Blei, AT; Cordoba, J; Gottstein, J, 1996)
"The mechanism of brain swelling during hyperammonemia is not understood, but glutamine accumulation is consistently observed."	3.68	Inhibition of brain glutamine accumulation prevents cerebral edema in hyperammonemic rats. ( Brusilow, SW; Koehler, RC; Takahashi, H; Traystman, RJ, 1991)
" Intravenous infusion of ammonium acetate alone into dogs did not induce brain edema, although blood ammonia reached unphysiologically high levels."	3.67	Role of ammonia in the pathogenesis of brain edema. ( Fujiwara, M, 1986)
"Hyperammonemia is necessary for development of the cerebral complications to liver disease including hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema but the mechanisms are unclear."	2.50	Cerebral effects of ammonia in liver disease: current hypotheses. ( Ott, P; Vilstrup, H, 2014)
"We review PET- and MR studies on hepatic encephalopathy (HE) metabolism in human subjects from the point of views of methods, methodological assumptions and use in studies of cirrhotic patients with clinically overt HE, cirrhotic patients with minimal HE, cirrhotic patients with no history of HE and healthy subjects."	2.49	Brain metabolism in patients with hepatic encephalopathy studied by PET and MR. ( Keiding, S; Pavese, N, 2013)
"Hepatic encephalopathy is a medical phenomenon that is described as a neuropsychiatric manifestation of chronic or acute liver disease that is characterized by psychomotor, intellectual and cognitive abnormalities with emotional/affective and behavioral disturbances."	2.49	Current pathogenetic aspects of hepatic encephalopathy and noncirrhotic hyperammonemic encephalopathy. ( Cichoż-Lach, H; Michalak, A, 2013)
"The mechanisms responsible for cerebral edema in ALF suggest both cytotoxic and vasogenic injury."	2.48	Neuropathology of acute liver failure. ( Dhiman, RK; Taneja, S; Thumburu, KK; Vasishta, RK, 2012)
"Acute liver failure is a severe condition with a very unfavourable prognosis."	2.46	[Intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure and microdialysis]. ( Lásziková, E; Prazák, J; Ryska, M; Ryska, O, 2010)
"Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome whose pathophysiology is poorly understood, for which we lack high-quality diagnostic tests and markers, and whose treatment has improved only slightly over the last several decades."	2.46	Hepatic encephalopathy: current management strategies and treatment, including management and monitoring of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure. ( O'connor, M; Zafirova, Z, 2010)
"Hepatic encephalopathy is a common metabolic condition in children, having a significantly different aetiopathogenesis from that in adults."	2.46	Management of hepatic encephalopathy in children. ( Arya, R; Deopujari, S; Gulati, S, 2010)
"Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) is a serious clinical problem in patiens with liver damage and precise pathophisiological mechanisms resonsible for encephalopathy are not fully understood."	2.46	[Pathogenesis and diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy]. ( Ciećko-Michalska, I; Mach, T; Słowik, A, 2010)
"Mechanisms involved in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) still remain poorly understood."	2.45	Signaling factors in the mechanism of ammonia neurotoxicity. ( Jayakumar, AR; Norenberg, MD; Rama Rao, KV, 2009)
"When hyperammonemia is not thought to be the result of liver failure, treatment for an occult disorder of metabolism must begin prior to the confirmation of an etiology."	2.44	Hyperammonemia in the ICU. ( Clay, AS; Hainline, BE, 2007)
"Brain edema with intracranial hypertension is a major complication in patients with acute liver failure."	2.43	Mild hypothermia for acute liver failure: a review of mechanisms of action. ( Blei, AT; Vaquero, J, 2005)
"Increased brain ammonia may cause brain swelling via the osmotic effects of an increase in astrocytic glutamine concentration or by inhibition of glutamate removal from brain extracellular space."	2.42	Brain edema in acute liver failure. ( Butterworth, RF, 2003)
"Comparison of HE in acute liver failure (ALF) with that of cirrhosis allows recognition of important differences and similarities."	2.42	Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. ( Blei, AT; Cahill, ME; Chung, C; Vaquero, J, 2003)
"Fulminant hepatic failure is a life-threatening clinical syndrome following severe hepatic injury leading to cerebral edema and brainstem herniation."	2.41	Extracorporeal treatment in fulminant hepatic failure: pathophysiologic considerations. ( Bauer, E; Kramer, L, 2002)
"The definition of hepatic coma has been used for the most severe course of hepatic insufficiency, independent from the pathogenesis."	2.36	[On the neuro-psychiatric symptomatology of the so-called "hepatic coma" (author's transl)]. ( Binder, H, 1981)
"This can cause neurotoxicity, cerebral edema, and seizures."	1.91	Treatment of hyperammonemia using in-line renal replacement and hyperosmolar therapies within an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit. ( Grazioli, A; Iacono, A; Krupnik, AS; Madathil, RJ; Podell, JE; Shah, SR, 2023)
"Liver dysfunction is the main cause of hepatic encephalopathy."	1.91	Severe Acute Liver Dysfunction Induces Delayed Hepatocyte Swelling and Cytoplasmic Vacuolization, and Delayed Cortical Neuronal Cell Death. ( Itakura, Y; Kawakami, K; Mita, H; Nakadate, K; Sono, C, 2023)
"Cerebral edema was documented in 8 (10%) patients, only one of whom survived."	1.56	Characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with severe hyperammonemia. ( Jacoby, KJ; Leatherman, JW; Prekker, ME; Singh, P, 2020)
"On multivariate analysis, presence of cerebral edema(HR 2."	1.46	Predictors of infection in viral-hepatitis related acute liver failure. ( Acharya, SK; Kedia, S; Sharma, H; Sonika, U; Upadhyaya, AD; Vasudevan, S, 2017)
"Intracerebral abscesses contain toxic levels of ammonia."	1.43	Toxic levels of ammonia in human brain abscess. ( Dahlberg, D; Hassel, B; Ivanovic, J, 2016)
"Although the mechanisms of brain swelling are likely different, exposure to anoxia for 96 h caused similar, but lesser (10%) increases in brain water content in crucian carp."	1.42	Reversible brain swelling in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) in response to high external ammonia and anoxia. ( Couturier, CS; Nilsson, GE; Sandvik, GK; Sidhu, S; Stecyk, JA; Wilkie, MP, 2015)
"Dimethyl maleate induced an increase in ROS and MDA in the blood, but not in the brain, of the PCA rats, compared with non-treated PCA rats."	1.40	Induction of systemic oxidative stress leads to brain oedema in portacaval shunted rats. ( Bosoi, CR; Rose, CF; Tremblay, M, 2014)
"Astrocyte swelling (cytotoxic brain edema) is the major neurological complication of acute liver failure (ALF), a condition in which ammonia has been strongly implicated in its etiology."	1.40	Sulfonylurea receptor 1 contributes to the astrocyte swelling and brain edema in acute liver failure. ( Gonzalez, W; Jayakumar, AR; Norenberg, MD; Shamaladevi, N; Tong, XY; Valdes, V, 2014)
"Brain edema is a major neurological complication of acute liver failure (ALF) and swelling of astrocytes (cytotoxic brain edema) is the most prominent neuropathological abnormality in this condition."	1.39	Brain edema in acute liver failure: role of neurosteroids. ( Jayakumar, AR; Norenberg, MD; Ruiz-Cordero, R; Tong, XY, 2013)
"Cerebral edema is a well-recognized and potentially fatal complication of acute liver failure (ALF)."	1.39	Cerebral microdialysis reflects the neuroprotective effect of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption in acute liver failure better and earlier than intracranial pressure: a controlled study in pigs. ( Koblihova, E; Laszikova, E; Pantoflicek, T; Prazak, J; Ryska, M; Ryska, O, 2013)
"Hyperammonemia is a metabolic derangement that can be potentially fatal."	1.39	A rare case of hyperammonemia complication of high-protein parenteral nutrition. ( Bhat, Z; Cadnapaphorncai, P; Kahlon, R; Pillai, U; Sondheimer, J, 2013)
"Patients admitted to the hospital with acute liver failure (ALF) and high arterial levels of ammonia are more likely to have complications and poor outcomes than patients with lower levels of ammonia."	1.38	Persistent hyperammonemia is associated with complications and poor outcomes in patients with acute liver failure. ( Acharya, SK; Khanal, S; Kumar, R; Panda, SK; Prakash, S; Sharma, H, 2012)
"Brain edema is an important complication of acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE), and astrocyte swelling is largely responsible for its development."	1.38	Role of cerebral endothelial cells in the astrocyte swelling and brain edema associated with acute hepatic encephalopathy. ( Jayakumar, AR; Norenberg, MD; Ospel, J; Tong, XY, 2012)
"Reye's syndrome is an acute illness characterized by hepatic encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the liver."	1.38	[21-year-old woman with Reye's syndrome after influenza]. ( Böhm, M; Kaplan, BT; Link, A, 2012)
"Specific treatments of hyperammonemia are rarely used in liver failure when compared with urea cycle defect even though use of ammonia scavengers may help to decrease ammonemia."	1.38	Threshold for toxicity from hyperammonemia in critically ill children. ( Alvarez, F; Cousineau, J; Ducruet, T; Jouvet, P; Lambert, M; Mitchell, G; Nelson, J; Ozanne, B; Phan, V, 2012)
"The pathophysiology of cerebral edema in ALF is incompletely understood."	1.37	Ammonia-induced brain swelling and neurotoxicity in an organotypic slice model. ( Back, A; Bai, T; Brorson, JR; Chiranand, P; Frank, JI; Goldenberg, FD; Tupper, KY, 2011)
"Acute liver failure was surgically induced in swine by complete hepatectomy (n = 8)."	1.37	Neuromonitoring in a porcine model of acute hepatic failure. ( Frühauf, NR; Grabellus, F; Kaiser, GM; Laube, T; Radunz, S; Uerschels, AK, 2011)
"Patients with acute liver failure (ALF) often die of intracranial pressure (IP) and cerebral herniation."	1.37	Brain region-selective mechanisms contribute to the progression of cerebral alterations in acute liver failure in rats. ( Agusti, A; Boix, J; Cauli, O; Cerdán, S; Felipo, V; López-Larrubia, P; Nieto-Charques, L; Rodrigo, R, 2011)
"Cerebral edema is present in patients with MHE."	1.36	Effect of surgical portosystemic shunt on prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction: assessment by magnetic resonance imaging and psychometry. ( Gupta, RK; Lal, R; Saraswat, VA; Srivastava, A; Thomas, MA; Yachha, SK; Yadav, SK, 2010)
"Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) has recently been reported in patients with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO)."	1.36	Cerebral oedema in minimal hepatic encephalopathy due to extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. ( Goel, A; Gupta, R; Pandey, CM; Rathore, R; Saraswat, V; Srivastava, A; Thomas, MA; Yadav, S, 2010)
"There is evidence to suggest that, in acute liver failure (ALF), brain ammonia and proinflammatory cytokines may act synergistically to cause brain edema and its complications (intracranial hypertension, brain herniation)."	1.36	Ammonia and proinflammatory cytokines modify expression of genes coding for astrocytic proteins implicated in brain edema in acute liver failure. ( Butterworth, RF; Chastre, A; Desjardins, P; Jiang, W, 2010)
"However, the efficacy of CsA to protect cytotoxic brain edema in ALF is problematic because it poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier, which is relatively intact in ALF."	1.35	Inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition reduce ammonia-induced cell swelling in cultured astrocytes. ( Norenberg, MD; Rama Rao, KV; Reddy, PV, 2009)
"LPS induced cytotoxic brain swelling and maintained anatomical integrity of the blood-brain barrier."	1.34	Endotoxemia produces coma and brain swelling in bile duct ligated rats. ( Brooks, HF; Davies, C; Davies, NA; Harry, D; Hodges, SJ; Jalan, R; Mani, AR; Moore, KP; Shawcross, DL; Stadlbauer, V; Williams, R; Wright, G; Zou, Z; Zwingmann, C, 2007)
"Myo-inositol levels were strongly decreased already at 3h after treatment with NH4Cl; other intracellular osmolytes, such as hypotaurine and choline-containing compounds were also decreased, along with a concomitant increase of both the total concentration and the amount of newly synthesized glutamine, alanine, and glutathione."	1.33	Ammonia toxicity under hyponatremic conditions in astrocytes: de novo synthesis of amino acids for the osmoregulatory response. ( Leibfritz, D; Zwingmann, C, 2005)
"The initial development of cerebral edema and increased ICP occurs independently of CBF changes in this noninflammatory model of ALF."	1.33	Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: a randomized study. ( Butterworth, RF; Davies, NA; Deutz, NE; Drevland, SS; Hodges, SJ; Jalan, R; Kjønnø, M; Nedredal, GI; Prinzen, FW; Revhaug, A; Rose, C; Sen, S; Williams, R; Ytrebø, LM, 2006)
"We describe a rare and lethal case of arginase deficiency in a 2-day-old female infant with encephalopathy and cerebral edema."	1.32	Arginase deficiency with lethal neonatal expression: evidence for the glutamine hypothesis of cerebral edema. ( Cederbaum, SD; Cox, GF; Degirolami, U; Kern, RM; Levy, HL; Ligon, KL; Marsden, D; Picker, JD; Puga, AC; Shih, VE, 2003)
"Minimal hepatic encephalopathy and low-grade cerebral edema appear to be the consequences of the metabolism of ammonia in the brain."	1.31	The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation. ( Alonso, J; Castells, L; Córdoba, J; Esteban, R; Guardia, J; Jacas, C; Kulisewsky, J; Margarit, C; Rovira, A; Sanpedro, F; Vargas, V, 2001)
"Hyponatremia was induced in rats with 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) administered through an osmotic minipump for 1 week."	1.30	Chronic hyponatremia exacerbates ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. ( Blei, AT; Córdoba, J; Gottstein, J, 1998)
"Mild hypothermia could be tested for treatment of intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure."	1.30	Mild hypothermia modifies ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. ( Blei, AT; Córdoba, J; Crespin, J; Gottstein, J, 1999)
"We describe here two patients with OTC deficiency, one a late on-set female patient (case 1) and the other a neonatal-onset male patient (case 2), who were successfully treated with orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx)."	1.29	Orthotopic liver transplantation for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency with hyperammonemic encephalopathy. ( Finegold, DN; Hasegawa, T; Nour, B; Reyes, J; Starzl, TE; Todo, S; Tzakis, AG, 1995)
"An unusual case of acute cerebral edema as part of the syndrome of portal systemic encephalopathy in an individual with established chronic liver disease is reported."	1.29	Acute cerebral edema as part of the syndrome of hepatic encephalopathy in an individual with chronic liver disease: a case report. ( Jabbour, N; Karavias, D; Van Thiel, DH, 1994)
"During acute liver failure severe encephalopathy developed after 10."	1.29	Encephalopathy from acute liver failure and from acute hyperammonemia in the rabbit. A clinical and biochemical study. ( de Knegt, RJ; Groeneweg, M; Hekking-Weijma, I; Schalm, SW, 1994)
"By contrast, rats with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) following administration of a hepatotoxin, thioacetamide, were characterized by CC edema and an increased Tau content in both BG and CC."	1.29	Relation of taurine transport and brain edema in rats with simple hyperammonemia or liver failure. ( Albrecht, J; Hilgier, W; Olson, JE, 1996)
"Brain edema in hepatic encephalopathy has been associated with circulating ammonia that is metabolized to glutamine."	1.29	Brain ion and amino acid contents during edema development in hepatic encephalopathy. ( Hilgier, W; Olson, JE, 1994)
"Pretreatment with methionine sulfoximine inhibited glutamine synthetase, prevented the increase in glutamine during hyperammonemia, and prevented the decrease in specific gravity."	1.28	Glutamine synthetase inhibition prevents cerebral oedema during hyperammonemia. ( Brusilow, SW; Koehler, RC; Takahashi, H; Traystman, RJ, 1990)
"The condition resembles hepatic encephalopathy but can occur without obvious liver disease."	1.27	Hyperammonemic encephalopathy related to ureterosigmoidostomy. ( Edwards, RH, 1984)
"This indicated cytotoxic brain edema."	1.27	Hyperammonemia-induced cytotoxic brain edema under osmotic opening of blood-brain barrier in dogs. ( Fujiwara, M; Higashi, T; Kobayashi, K; Nagashima, H; Nakatsukasa, H; Shiota, T; Takei, N; Watanabe, A; Yamauchi, Y, 1985)
"Thus, many of the abnormalities seen in Reye's syndrome were seen in this model; however, there were no hepatic enzyme changes despite altered mitochondrial morphology and no evidence of cerebral edema despite a florid encephalopathy."	1.27	Investigation of an animal model of a Reye-like syndrome caused by Margosa oil. ( Arcinue, EL; Mitchell, RA; Schwartz, PH; Sinniah, D, 1985)
"Increased HVA in Reye syndrome may reflect cerebral ischemia and release of vasoactive amines (particularly dopamine) into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)."	1.26	Reye syndrome: monoamine metabolites in ventricular fluid. ( Bowers, MB; Cohen, DJ; Shaywitz, BA; Venes, J, 1979)
"Sixteen patients with Reye's syndrome were seen over a 3-year period and treated with conservative management with an overall mortality of 31%."	1.25	Anticerebral oedema therapy in Reye's syndrome. ( Bresnan, MJ; Lombroso, CT; Lovejoy, FH; Smith, AL, 1975)

Research

Studies (159)

Authors

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in Ammonia

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	26 (16.35)	18.7374
1990's	26 (16.35)	18.2507
2000's	41 (25.79)	29.6817
2010's	59 (37.11)	24.3611
2020's	7 (4.40)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Starr, MC	1
Cater, DT	1
Wilson, AC	1
Wallace, S	1
Bennett, WE	1
Hains, DS	1
Nakadate, K	1
Sono, C	1
Mita, H	1
Itakura, Y	1
Kawakami, K	1
Saunders, JM	1
González-Maeso, J	1
Bajaj, JS	1
Jacoby, KJ	1
Singh, P	1
Prekker, ME	1
Leatherman, JW	1
Liotta, EM	1
Kimberly, WT	1
Sepehrinezhad, A	1
Zarifkar, A	1
Namvar, G	1
Shahbazi, A	1
Williams, R	6
Hamdani, EH	1
Popek, M	1
Frontczak-Baniewicz, M	1
Utheim, TP	1
Albrecht, J	5
Zielińska, M	1
Chaudhry, FA	1
Grazioli, A	1
Podell, JE	1
Iacono, A	1
Krupnik, AS	1
Madathil, RJ	1
Shah, SR	1
Hadjihambi, A	1
Arias, N	1
Sheikh, M	1
Jalan, R	6
Kedia, S	1
Sharma, H	2
Vasudevan, S	1
Sonika, U	1
Upadhyaya, AD	1
Acharya, SK	2
Jayakumar, AR	10
Ruiz-Cordero, R	2
Tong, XY	4
Norenberg, MD	17
Görg, B	4
Schliess, F	2
Häussinger, D	4
Keiding, S	1
Pavese, N	1
Prazak, J	2
Laszikova, E	2
Pantoflicek, T	1
Ryska, O	2
Koblihova, E	1
Ryska, M	2
Curtis, KM	2
Abreu, MT	1
Scott, TR	1
Kronsten, VT	1
Hughes, RD	2
Shawcross, DL	2
Blanco, VM	1
Márquez, MS	1
Alvarez-Leefmans, FJ	1
Valdes, V	1
Shamaladevi, N	1
Gonzalez, W	1
Ott, P	1
Vilstrup, H	1
Bosoi, CR	5
Zwingmann, C	4
Marin, H	1
Parent-Robitaille, C	3
Huynh, J	2
Tremblay, M	4
Rose, CF	5
Rama Rao, KV	7
Karababa, A	1
Shafigullina, A	1
Bidmon, HJ	2
Wilkie, MP	2
Stecyk, JA	1
Couturier, CS	1
Sidhu, S	1
Sandvik, GK	1
Nilsson, GE	1
Uygun, V	1
Karasu, G	1
Daloğlu, H	1
Hazar, V	1
Yeşilipek, A	1
Kodali, S	1
McGuire, BM	1
Dahlberg, D	1
Ivanovic, J	1
Hassel, B	1
Oeltzschner, G	1
Butz, M	1
Wickrath, F	1
Wittsack, HJ	1
Schnitzler, A	1
Yonai, R	1
Sato, R	1
Nasu, M	1
Lisser, DF	1
Lister, ZM	1
Pham-Ho, PQ	1
Scott, GR	1
Sinke, AP	1
Panickar, KS	2
Moriyama, M	1
Reddy, PV	3
Bjerring, PN	1
Eefsen, M	1
Hansen, BA	1
Larsen, FS	2
Jiang, W	4
Desjardins, P	4
Butterworth, RF	18
Konopacka, A	1
Konopacki, FA	1
Chavarria, L	1
Oria, M	2
Romero-Gimenez, J	1
Alonso, J	2
Lope-Piedrafita, S	1
Cordoba, J	7
Arya, R	1
Gulati, S	1
Deopujari, S	1
Tong, X	2
Zafirova, Z	1
O'connor, M	1
Chastre, A	1
Wright, G	2
Sharifi, Y	1
Goel, A	1
Yadav, S	1
Saraswat, V	1
Srivastava, A	3
Thomas, MA	3
Pandey, CM	1
Rathore, R	1
Gupta, R	1
Ciećko-Michalska, I	1
Mach, T	1
Słowik, A	1
Yadav, SK	2
Lal, R	1
Yachha, SK	2
Saraswat, VA	2
Gupta, RK	2
Cauli, O	1
López-Larrubia, P	1
Rodrigo, R	1
Agusti, A	1
Boix, J	1
Nieto-Charques, L	1
Cerdán, S	1
Felipo, V	1
Anderson, K	1
Frühauf, NR	1
Radunz, S	1
Grabellus, F	1
Laube, T	1
Uerschels, AK	1
Kaiser, GM	1
Ozanne, B	1
Nelson, J	1
Cousineau, J	1
Lambert, M	1
Phan, V	1
Mitchell, G	1
Alvarez, F	1
Ducruet, T	1
Jouvet, P	1
Alvarez, VM	1
Brahmbhatt, M	1
Kramer, L	3
Kodras, K	1
Skowrońska, M	2
Vaquero, J	5
Back, A	1
Tupper, KY	1
Bai, T	1
Chiranand, P	1
Goldenberg, FD	1
Frank, JI	1
Brorson, JR	1
Thumburu, KK	1
Taneja, S	1
Vasishta, RK	1
Dhiman, RK	1
Yang, X	1
Du, T	1
Peng, L	1
Kumar, R	1
Prakash, S	1
Panda, SK	1
Khanal, S	1
Odena, G	1
Miquel, M	1
Serafín, A	1
Galan, A	1
Morillas, R	1
Planas, R	1
Bartolí, R	1
Ospel, J	1
Pillai, U	1
Kahlon, R	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Phase 2a Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of OCR-002 (Ornithine Phenylacetate) in the Treatment of Patients With Acute Liver Failure/Severe Acute Liver Injury[NCT01548690]	Phase 2	47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Therapeutic Efficacy of L-Ornithine L-Aspartate Infusion in Patients With Acute Liver Failure: A Double- Blind, Randomized, Placebo- Controlled Study[NCT00470314]	Phase 2	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Active, not recruiting
The Effectiveness of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on Plasma Ammonia in Cirrhotic Patients After TIPS Procedure: a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Open-label Clinical Trial[NCT01440829]	Phase 2/Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

To evaluate the effect of OCR-002 on ammonia levels in patients with acute liver failure/severe acute liver injury (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: Baseline and 72 Hours

Measurement of OCR-002 Plasma Concentration

Intervention	Percent Change (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	41.2
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	16.6
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	41.8
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	38.4

To evaluate the steady state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of OCR-002 in patients with impaired and intact renal function using urinary phenylacetylglutamine (PAGN) as a surrogate marker (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 24 Hours after last infusion

Neurological Function Measured by the Orientation Log (O-log)

Intervention	micrograms per millileter (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	65.6
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	32.2
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	33.4
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	104.9

The orientation log focuses on orientation to place, time, and circumstance. There are 10 items on the orientation log, which are scored 0-3. A spontaneous correct response is awarded 3 points. A spontaneous response that is lacking or incorrect, but a correct response is provided following a logical cue is awarded 2 points. A score of 1 is given if spontaneous and cued responses are lacking or incorrect, but a correct response is provided in a recognition format. A score of 0 is given if the spontaneous, cued, or recognition format does not generate a correct answer. Scores from the 10 items are summed and the final score ranges from 0 to 30. (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 30 Days

Neurological Function Measured by the West Haven Criteria (WHC) for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	23.8
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	24.0
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	24.0
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	24.0

The West Haven Criteria (WHC) for Hepatic Encephalopathy measures the severity of encephalopathy and patient's level of consciousness. The scale ranges from 0 to 4; a minimum score of 0 represents a better outcome, and a maximum total score of 4 represents a worse outcome. A score of 0 corresponds to normal consciousness and behavior and normal neurological examination. A score of 1 corresponds to mild lack of awareness, shortened attention span, and impaired addition or subtraction; mild asterixis or tremor. A score of 2 corresponds to lethargy, disorientated or inappropriate behavior, obvious asterixis; slurred speech. A score of 3 corresponds to somnolent but arousable, gross disorientation or bizarre behavior, muscle rigidity and clonus; hyperreflexia. A score of 4 corresponds to coma and decerebrate posturing. (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 120 hours from start of infusion

Number of Participants That do Not Tolerate the Administered Dose and Had Grade 3 or 4 Treatment Emergent Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	2.4
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	3.2
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	1.6
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	1.8

To evaluate the safety and tolerability of OCR-002 in patients with acute liver failure/severe acute liver injury (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 30 Days

Article	Year
Cerebral edema and liver disease: Classic perspectives and contemporary hypotheses on mechanism. Neuroscience letters, 2020, 03-16, Volume: 721 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute	2020
Astrocyte swelling in hepatic encephalopathy: molecular perspective of cytotoxic edema. Metabolic brain disease, 2020, Volume: 35, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hyperammonemia;	2020
Hepatic encephalopathy: a critical current review. Hepatology international, 2018, Volume: 12, Issue:Suppl 1 Topics: Albumins; Ammonia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Acids and Salts; Brain; Brain Edema; Cognitive Dysfun	2018
Brain metabolism in patients with hepatic encephalopathy studied by PET and MR. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2013, Aug-15, Volume: 536, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Magnetic Resona	2013
Pathophysiology of cerebral oedema in acute liver failure. World journal of gastroenterology, 2013, Dec-28, Volume: 19, Issue:48 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Capillary Permeability; Disea	2013
Cerebral effects of ammonia in liver disease: current hypotheses. Metabolic brain disease, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Diffusion; Energy Metabolism; gamma-	2014
Brain edema in acute liver failure: mechanisms and concepts. Metabolic brain disease, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Body Water; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Confounding Factors	2014
Elevated cerebral lactate: Implications in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Metabolic brain disease, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Citric Acid Cycle; Dichloroacetic Acid; Drug Evaluation, Precl	2014
Diagnosis and Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Clinics in liver disease, 2015, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Free Radical Scavengers; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hepatic Ence	2015
The brain in acute liver failure. A tortuous path from hyperammonemia to cerebral edema. Metabolic brain disease, 2009, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Intracranial H	2009
Signaling factors in the mechanism of ammonia neurotoxicity. Metabolic brain disease, 2009, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Calcium Signaling; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Mitochondri	2009
Interaction of oxidative stress, astrocyte swelling and cerebral ammonia toxicity. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care, 2010, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Gene Expression; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; M	2010
Management of hepatic encephalopathy in children. Postgraduate medical journal, 2010, Volume: 86, Issue:1011 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Infections	2010
Hepatic encephalopathy: current management strategies and treatment, including management and monitoring of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Liver Failure, Acut	2010
The Na-K-Cl Co-transporter in astrocyte swelling. Metabolic brain disease, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatic Encepha	2010
[Pathogenesis and diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy]. Przeglad lekarski, 2010, Volume: 67, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure; Neuropsychological Tests	2010
[Intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure and microdialysis]. Rozhledy v chirurgii : mesicnik Ceskoslovenske chirurgicke spolecnosti, 2010, Volume: 89, Issue:10 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Glutamine; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Liver Failure, Acute; Microdialy	2010
Detoxification as a treatment goal in hepatic failure. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2011, Volume: 31 Suppl 3 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Extracorporeal Circulation; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acu	2011
Alterations of blood brain barrier function in hyperammonemia: an overview. Neurotoxicity research, 2012, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Animals; Biological Transport; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Humans	2012
Therapeutic hypothermia in the management of acute liver failure. Neurochemistry international, 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Glucose; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Intracranial Pressure; Liver F	2012
Neuropathology of acute liver failure. Neurochemistry international, 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Humans; Intracranial Pressure; Liver Failure, Acute	2012
Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure: role of glutamine redefined. Neurochemistry international, 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Biological Transport; Brain; Brain Edema; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver	2012
Oxidative and nitrosative stress in ammonia neurotoxicity. Neurochemistry international, 2013, Volume: 62, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Capillaries; Cells, Cultured; Endothelium, Vascular; Glutathio	2013
Liver-brain proinflammatory signalling in acute liver failure: role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema. Metabolic brain disease, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Cytokines; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans	2013
Current pathogenetic aspects of hepatic encephalopathy and noncirrhotic hyperammonemic encephalopathy. World journal of gastroenterology, 2013, Jan-07, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hepatic Encephal	2013
Extracorporeal treatment in fulminant hepatic failure: pathophysiologic considerations. The International journal of artificial organs, 2002, Volume: 25, Issue:10 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Human	2002
Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. Seminars in liver disease, 2003, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Cirr	2003
Intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: pathophysiological basis of rational management. Seminars in liver disease, 2003, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Intrac	2003
Brain edema in acute liver failure. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, 2003, Volume: 22 Suppl 2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Intracranial Pr	2003
[New concepts in the physiopathology of hepatic encephalopathy and therapeutic prospects]. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia, 2004, Volume: 27 Suppl 1 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Flumazenil; Glutaminase; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	2004
Mild hypothermia for acute liver failure: a review of mechanisms of action. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 2005, Volume: 39, Issue:4 Suppl 2 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Glucose; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypothermia	2005
Pathophysiological basis of therapy of raised intracranial pressure in acute liver failure. Neurochemistry international, 2005, Volume: 47, Issue:1-2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Encephalitis; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hu	2005
New concepts in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. Metabolic brain disease, 2007, Volume: 22, Issue:3-4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Energy Metabolism; Glutamine; Humans; Liver Fa	2007
Hyperammonemia in the ICU. Chest, 2007, Volume: 132, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Algorithms; Ammonia; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Critical Ca	2007
Mechanisms of brain edema in acute liver failure and impact of novel therapeutic interventions. Neurological research, 2007, Volume: 29, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Diseases, Metabolic; Brain Edema; Energy Metabolism; Glutamine; Hepat	2007
Brain edema in acute liver failure. Critical care clinics, 2008, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Critical Care; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Prognosis	2008
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Article	Year
Association Between Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy Clearance and Outcome in Pediatric Patients With Hyperammonemia Not Due to Inborn Error of Metabolism. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2022, 07-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child; Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Re	2022
Severe Acute Liver Dysfunction Induces Delayed Hepatocyte Swelling and Cytoplasmic Vacuolization, and Delayed Cortical Neuronal Cell Death. International journal of molecular sciences, 2023, Apr-16, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hepatocytes; Mice	2023
The Toll of Hyperammonemia on the Brain. Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology, 2019, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Macrophages; T-Lymphocytes; Toll-Like Receptor	2019
Characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with severe hyperammonemia. Journal of critical care, 2020, Volume: 56 Topics: Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure; Adult; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Hyper	2020
Perturbation of astroglial Slc38 glutamine transporters by NH FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2021, Volume: 35, Issue:7 Topics: Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Azoxymethane; Brain Edema; Cere	2021
Treatment of hyperammonemia using in-line renal replacement and hyperosmolar therapies within an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit. Perfusion, 2023, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Hemofiltration; Humans; Hyperammonemia; R	2023
Predictors of infection in viral-hepatitis related acute liver failure. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 2017, Volume: 52, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Bacterial Infections; Biomarkers; Brain Edema; Female; Fungi; Gram-Negative Bacteria	2017
Brain edema in acute liver failure: role of neurosteroids. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2013, Aug-15, Volume: 536, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Cells, Cultured; Endothelial	2013
Osmotic and oxidative/nitrosative stress in ammonia toxicity and hepatic encephalopathy. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2013, Aug-15, Volume: 536, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Gene Expression Regulation; Hepatic Encephalopathy	2013
Cerebral microdialysis reflects the neuroprotective effect of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption in acute liver failure better and earlier than intracranial pressure: a controlled study in pigs. BMC gastroenterology, 2013, Jun-08, Volume: 13 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrum; Extracorporeal Circulation; Glucose; Glutamic Acid; Glutami	2013
Increased toll-like receptor 4 in cerebral endothelial cells contributes to the astrocyte swelling and brain edema in acute hepatic encephalopathy. Journal of neurochemistry, 2014, Volume: 128, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Cell Communication; Cells, Cultured; Cereb	2014
Parallel changes in intracellular water volume and pH induced by NH(3)/NH(4)(+) exposure in single neuroblastoma cells. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 2013, Volume: 32, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Biological Transport; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Chemical and Drug Induced	2013
Sulfonylurea receptor 1 contributes to the astrocyte swelling and brain edema in acute liver failure. Translational stroke research, 2014, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; Glyburide; Hypoglycemic Agent	2014
Increased brain lactate is central to the development of brain edema in rats with chronic liver disease. Journal of hepatology, 2014, Volume: 60, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Chronic Disease; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Lactic Aci	2014
Ammonia-induced senescence in cultured rat astrocytes and in human cerebral cortex in hepatic encephalopathy. Glia, 2015, Volume: 63, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cells, Cultured; Cellu	2015
Induction of systemic oxidative stress leads to brain oedema in portacaval shunted rats. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2014, Volume: 34, Issue:9 Topics: Ammonia; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biomarkers; Brain Edema; End Stage Liver Disease; Glutathion	2014
Reversible brain swelling in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) in response to high external ammonia and anoxia. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology, 2015, Volume: 184 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Body Water; Brain Edema; Carps; Ethanol; Goldfish; Hypoxia	2015
Idiopathic hyperammonemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A case report. Pediatric transplantation, 2015, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child; Fanconi Anemia; Fatal Outcome; Febrile Neutropenia; Female; Hematopoiet	2015
Toxic levels of ammonia in human brain abscess. Journal of neurosurgery, 2016, Volume: 124, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Brain Abscess; Brain Edema; Child, Preschool;	2016
Covert hepatic encephalopathy: elevated total glutathione and absence of brain water content changes. Metabolic brain disease, 2016, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Creatine; Female; Glutathione; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Ma	2016
Cerebral edema induced by hyperammonemia: a case report. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2016, Volume: 34, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Coma; Female; Hemodiafiltration; Humans; Hyperammonemia	2016
Relationship between oxidative stress and brain swelling in goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to high environmental ammonia. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2017, 01-01, Volume: 312, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Environmental Exposure; Fema	2017
NFkappaB in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling in culture. Journal of neurochemistry, 2008, Volume: 106, Issue:6 Topics: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; Ammonia; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antioxidants; Astrocytes; Brain	2008
Direct evidence for central proinflammatory mechanisms in rats with experimental acute liver failure: protective effect of hypothermia. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2009, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; CD11b Antigen; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression; He	2009
Inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition reduce ammonia-induced cell swelling in cultured astrocytes. Journal of neuroscience research, 2009, Volume: 87, Issue:12 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; C	2009
Protein kinase G is involved in ammonia-induced swelling of astrocytes. Journal of neurochemistry, 2009, Volume: 109 Suppl 1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Calci	2009
Diffusion tensor imaging supports the cytotoxic origin of brain edema in a rat model of acute liver failure. Gastroenterology, 2010, Volume: 138, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Glu	2010
Brain edema in acute liver failure: inhibition by L-histidine. The American journal of pathology, 2010, Volume: 176, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Glutaminase; Glutamine; Heme Oxygena	2010
Ammonia and proinflammatory cytokines modify expression of genes coding for astrocytic proteins implicated in brain edema in acute liver failure. Metabolic brain disease, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Aquaporin 4; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Encephali	2010
Blood-brain barrier in liver failure: are cracks appearing in the wall? Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2010, Volume: 30, Issue:8 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Live	2010
Cerebral oedema in minimal hepatic encephalopathy due to extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2010, Volume: 30, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Constriction, Pathologic; Female; Flicker Fusion; He	2010
Brain aquaporin-4 in experimental acute liver failure. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 2010, Volume: 69, Issue:9 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Aquaporin 4; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Cell Membra	2010
Effect of surgical portosystemic shunt on prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction: assessment by magnetic resonance imaging and psychometry. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2010, Volume: 51, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child; Creatine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Glutamine; Hepat	2010
Brain region-selective mechanisms contribute to the progression of cerebral alterations in acute liver failure in rats. Gastroenterology, 2011, Volume: 140, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Capillary Permeability; Cerebellum; Cerebrum; En	2011
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are raised in extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2011, Volume: 26, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Case-Control Studies; Child; Diffusion Tensor Imagin	2011
AST-120 (spherical carbon adsorbent) lowers ammonia levels and attenuates brain edema in bile duct-ligated rats. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2011, Volume: 53, Issue:6 Topics: Acetates; Ammonia; Animals; Bile Ducts; Brain Edema; Carbon; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Infus	2011
Neuromonitoring in a porcine model of acute hepatic failure. Laboratory animals, 2011, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Disease Models, Animal; Electroencephalography; Evok	2011
Threshold for toxicity from hyperammonemia in critically ill children. Journal of hepatology, 2012, Volume: 56, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Encephalocele; Female; Humans; Hype	2012
Interaction between cytokines and ammonia in the mitochondrial permeability transition in cultured astrocytes. Journal of neuroscience research, 2011, Volume: 89, Issue:12 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blotting, Western; Brain Edema; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Hepatic En	2011
Ammonia-induced brain swelling and neurotoxicity in an organotypic slice model. Neurological research, 2011, Volume: 33, Issue:10 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Brain Edema; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatic Encephalopat	2011
Systemic oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema in rats with chronic liver failure. Free radical biology & medicine, 2012, Apr-01, Volume: 52, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Disease Models, Animal; End Stage Liver Disease;	2012
Persistent hyperammonemia is associated with complications and poor outcomes in patients with acute liver failure. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2012, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Blood Chemical Analysis; Brain Edema; Child; Communicable Diseases	2012
Rifaximin, but not growth factor 1, reduces brain edema in cirrhotic rats. World journal of gastroenterology, 2012, May-07, Volume: 18, Issue:17 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bacteria; Body Weight; Brain; Brain Edema; Cecum; Endotoxins; Insulin-Like Growth	2012
Role of cerebral endothelial cells in the astrocyte swelling and brain edema associated with acute hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroscience, 2012, Aug-30, Volume: 218 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Cells, Cultured; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Culture Med	2012
A rare case of hyperammonemia complication of high-protein parenteral nutrition. JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2013, Volume: 37, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Dietary Proteins; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Male; Parenter	2013
[21-year-old woman with Reye's syndrome after influenza]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2012, Volume: 137, Issue:38 Topics: Ammonia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Brain Edema; Diagnosis, Differential; Ele	2012
Ammonia induces aquaporin-4 rearrangement in the plasma membrane of cultured astrocytes. Neurochemistry international, 2012, Volume: 61, Issue:8 Topics: alpha-Synuclein; Ammonia; Animals; Aquaporin 4; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Cell Membrane; Cells, Cultu	2012
Selective increase of brain lactate synthesis in experimental acute liver failure: results of a [H-C] nuclear magnetic resonance study. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2003, Volume: 37, Issue:2 Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Animals; Blood; Body Water; Brain; Brain Edema; Carbon Isotopes; Glucose; Hepa	2003
Mild hypothermia in the prevention of brain edema in acute liver failure: mechanisms and clinical prospects. Metabolic brain disease, 2002, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Lactic Acid; Liver Failure	2002
Arginase deficiency with lethal neonatal expression: evidence for the glutamine hypothesis of cerebral edema. The Journal of pediatrics, 2003, Volume: 142, Issue:3 Topics: Amino Acids, Basic; Ammonia; Arginase; Arginine; Brain Edema; Female; Glutamine; Humans; Hyperargini	2003
Vasopressin accelerates experimental ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Journal of hepatology, 2003, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; Blood Pressure; Brain Edema; Cardiac Ou	2003
Successful treatment of refractory cerebral oedema in ecstasy/cocaine-induced fulminant hepatic failure using a new high-efficacy liver detoxification device (FPSA-Prometheus). Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 2003, Sep-15, Volume: 115, Issue:15-16 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Cocaine; Encephalocele; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Huma	2003
Fatal cerebral edema after moderate valproic acid overdose. Annals of emergency medicine, 2005, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Cyclohexanols; Drug Overdose; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Male; Risperidone;	2005
Ammonia toxicity under hyponatremic conditions in astrocytes: de novo synthesis of amino acids for the osmoregulatory response. Neurochemistry international, 2005, Volume: 47, Issue:1-2 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Brain Edema	2005
Evaluation of plasma ammonia levels in patients with acute liver failure and chronic liver disease and its correlation with the severity of hepatic encephalopathy and clinical features of raised intracranial tension. Clinical biochemistry, 2005, Volume: 38, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Chronic Disease; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intracranial H	2005
Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: a randomized study. Critical care medicine, 2006, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Albumins; Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Disease Models, Animal; Female	2006
Selectively increased expression of the astrocytic/endothelial glucose transporter protein GLUT1 in acute liver failure. Glia, 2006, Apr-01, Volume: 53, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Antimetabolites; Antisense Elements (Genetics); Astrocytes; Blotting, Western; Bra	2006
The role of infection and inflammation in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema in acute liver failure. Nature clinical practice. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2006, Volume: 3, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cytokines; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Infections; Inflammation;	2006
Hypoosmotic swelling and ammonia increase oxidative stress by NADPH oxidase in cultured astrocytes and vital brain slices. Glia, 2007, Volume: 55, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme Inhibito	2007
Endotoxemia produces coma and brain swelling in bile duct ligated rats. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2007, Volume: 45, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Capillaries; Cholestasis, Extrahepatic; Coma; Consciousness; C	2007
Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2007, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension	2007
Predicting prognosis in acute liver failure: Ammonia and the risk of cerebral edema. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2007, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Prognosis	2007
Hyperammonemic encephalopathy related to ureterosigmoidostomy. Archives of neurology, 1984, Volume: 41, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Brain Diseases; Brain Edema; Female; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray C	1984
Hyperammonemia. Current problems in pediatrics, 1984, Volume: 14, Issue:11 Topics: Acetyltransferases; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Amino-Acid N-Acetyltransferase; Ammonia; A	1984
Astrocyte swelling in liver failure: role of glutamine and benzodiazepines. Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum, 1994, Volume: 60 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Chlor	1994
Orthotopic liver transplantation for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency with hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Journal of pediatric surgery, 1995, Volume: 30, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Liver Transplantation; Male; Metabolism, Inbo	1995
Acute cerebral edema as part of the syndrome of hepatic encephalopathy in an individual with chronic liver disease: a case report. The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association, 1994, Volume: 87, Issue:11 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Chronic Disease; Fatal Outcome; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	1994
Encephalopathy from acute liver failure and from acute hyperammonemia in the rabbit. A clinical and biochemical study. Liver, 1994, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Disease Models, Animal; Electroencephalography; Hepatic Encephalopath	1994
Ammonia-induced brain edema and intracranial hypertension in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1994, Volume: 19, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Water; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Dose-Response Relationsh	1994
Brain ion and amino acid contents during edema development in hepatic encephalopathy. Journal of neurochemistry, 1994, Volume: 62, Issue:1 Topics: Acetates; Alanine Transaminase; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Pr	1994
Relation of taurine transport and brain edema in rats with simple hyperammonemia or liver failure. Journal of neuroscience research, 1996, Jul-01, Volume: 45, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Basal Ganglia; Body Water; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Hepatic Encephalopathy; I	1996
Determinants of ammonia clearance by hemodialysis. Artificial organs, 1996, Volume: 20, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Blood Flow Velocity; Brain Edema; Dialysis Solutions; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hu	1996
Glutamine, myo-inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: implications for ammonia-induced brain edema. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1996, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Water; Body Weight; Brain; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Glut	1996
Orthotopic liver transplantation for adult-onset type II citrullinaemia. Clinical transplantation, 1997, Volume: 11, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Ammonia; Arginine; Arginin	1997
Chronic hyponatremia exacerbates ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Journal of hepatology, 1998, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Chronic Disease; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hyponatremia; Male; P	1998
Effect of benzodiazepines and neurosteroids on ammonia-induced swelling in cultured astrocytes. Journal of neuroscience research, 1998, Dec-01, Volume: 54, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Astrocytes; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; Benzodiazepines; Benzodiazepinones; Brain Edema; Cel	1998
Mild hypothermia modifies ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Gastroenterology, 1999, Volume: 116, Issue:3 Topics: Acetates; Ammonia; Animals; Body Water; Brain; Brain Edema; Cardiac Output; Cerebrovascular Circulat	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
Cerebral blood flow and the development of ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Cranial Sinuses; Hemodynamics; In	1999
Mild hypothermia delays the onset of coma and prevents brain edema and extracellular brain glutamate accumulation in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2000, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Hepatic Artery; Hepatic En	2000
Loss of noradrenaline transporter sites in frontal cortex of rats with acute (ischemic) liver failure. Neurochemistry international, 2001, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Carrier Proteins; Fluoxetine; Frontal Lobe; Hepatic En	2001
Cerebral hyperemia and nitric oxide synthase in rats with ammonia-induced brain edema. Journal of hepatology, 2001, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Arteries; Body Water; Brain; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Cir	2001
Indomethacin prevents the development of experimental ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2001, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Ammonia; Animals; Body Water; Brain; Brain Edema; Glutamine; Indometha	2001
Monitoring of brain water by chemical shift imaging during ammonia-induced brain swelling in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Artificial organs, 2001, Volume: 25, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Body Water; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Intracranial Hypertension; Liver Failure	2001
Type II (adult onset) citrullinaemia: clinical pictures and the therapeutic effect of liver transplantation. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2001, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Citrulline; Citrullinemia; Cognition Disorders; Coma	2001
The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation. Journal of hepatology, 2001, Volume: 35, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Transpla	2001
Mild hypothermia prevents cerebral edema and CSF lactate accumulation in acute liver failure. Metabolic brain disease, 2001, Volume: 16, Issue:1-2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Energy Metabolism; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hypothermia, Induce	2001
[Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (author's transl)]. Leber, Magen, Darm, 1977, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Alkalosis; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Anemia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Carbon Dioxide; Catecholamines	1977
Blood/brain barrier and brain oedema in ammonia intoxication. Lancet (London, England), 1977, Jan-22, Volume: 1, Issue:8004 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood Volume; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Cats; Intracranial Pressure	1977
Management of severe cerebral edema in the metabolic encephalopathy of Reye-Johnson syndrome. Journal of neurosurgery, 1978, Volume: 48, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infa	1978
Reye syndrome: a metabolic response to an acute mitochondrial insult? Neurology, 1978, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child; Coma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female	1978
Reye syndrome: monoamine metabolites in ventricular fluid. Neurology, 1979, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child; Child, Preschool; Dopamine; Female; Homovanillic Acid; Huma	1979
Prolonged continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure in severe Reye's syndrome. Pediatrics, 1977, Volume: 59, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child, Preschool; Dexamethasone; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Female; Gl	1977
Anticerebral oedema therapy in Reye's syndrome. Archives of disease in childhood, 1975, Volume: 50, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Brain Diseases; Brain Edema; Child; Dexamethasone; Female; Glycerol; Humans; In	1975
Ammonia and related amino acids in the pathogenesis of brain edema in acute ischemic liver failure in rats. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1992, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Animals; Body Water; Brain; Brain Edema; Ischemia; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, In	1992
Inhibition of brain glutamine accumulation prevents cerebral edema in hyperammonemic rats. The American journal of physiology, 1991, Volume: 261, Issue:3 Pt 2 Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Ammonia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Brain Edema; Carbon Dioxide; Glutamate-Ammo	1991
Regulatory effect of neurotransmitter by hemofiltration in cardiogenic shock patients after open heart surgery. Contributions to nephrology, 1991, Volume: 93 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Aspartic Acid; Brain Edema; Coronary Artery Bypass; Female; Glasgo	1991
Synergistic effect of bile acid, endotoxin, and ammonia on brain edema. Metabolic brain disease, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Blood-Brain Barrier; Body Water; Brain; Brain Edema; Carotid	1991
Glutamine synthetase inhibition prevents cerebral oedema during hyperammonemia. Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum, 1990, Volume: 51 Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Glu	1990
Acute encephalopathy and hyperammonaemia complicating treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with asparaginase. Lancet (London, England), 1986, Jan-18, Volume: 1, Issue:8473 Topics: Acute Disease; Ammonia; Asparaginase; Brain Edema; Child, Preschool; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Mal	1986
[Cerebral edema with hyperammonemia in valpromide poisoning. Manifestation in an adult, of a partial deficit in type I carbamylphosphate synthetase]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 1988, Nov-05, Volume: 17, Issue:39 Topics: Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Brain Edema; Carbamoyl-Phosph	1988
Bile acid and ammonia-induced brain edema in rats. Hiroshima journal of medical sciences, 1987, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Chenodeoxycholic Acid; Deo	1987
Role of ammonia in the pathogenesis of brain edema. Acta medica Okayama, 1986, Volume: 40, Issue:6 Topics: Acetates; Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dimethylnitrosamine; Dogs; Intracranial Pressure; Liver	1986
Hyperammonemia-induced cytotoxic brain edema under osmotic opening of blood-brain barrier in dogs. Research in experimental medicine. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimenteller Chirurgie, 1985, Volume: 185, Issue:6 Topics: Acetates; Ammonia; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Dogs; Infusions, Intra-Arterial; Intra	1985
Investigation of an animal model of a Reye-like syndrome caused by Margosa oil. Pediatric research, 1985, Volume: 19, Issue:12 Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Ammonia; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Glucose; Brain Edema; Dis	1985
[Parenchymatous organs, hematopoietic system]. Wiener Zeitschrift fur Nervenheilkunde und deren Grenzgebiete, 1971, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Anemia; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Edema; Cerebral Hemorrhag	1971
[Neurologic complications of liver diseases]. Wiener Zeitschrift fur Nervenheilkunde und deren Grenzgebiete, 1971, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Brain Edema; Central Nervous Syste	1971
Proceedings: Case of hyperammonaemia due to ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Archives of disease in childhood, 1974, Volume: 49, Issue:9 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child, Preschool; Coma; Female; Humans; Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficie	1974
Hepatic encephalopathy. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1973, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Acetaminophen; Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Diet Therapy; Dopamine; Female; Humans; Lactulo	1973
Clinical staging in Reye syndrome. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1974, Volume: 128, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Blood Glucose; Brain Diseases; Brain Edema; Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Child	1974
[Pathogenesis of hyperbaric oxygen intoxication. Experimental studies on the significance of CO2 and NH3 accumulation in the central nervous system for the pathogenesis of hyperbaric pulmonary edema]. Der Anaesthesist, 1969, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Brain Edema; Carbon Dioxide; Central Nervous System; Electroencep	1969

ammonium hydroxide and Brain Edema