ammonium hydroxide and Acute Hepatic Failure studies

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized neuropathologically by cytotoxic brain edema and biochemically by increased brain ammonia and its detoxification product, glutamine."	8.88	Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure: role of glutamine redefined. ( Butterworth, RF; Desjardins, P; Du, T; Jiang, W; Peng, L, 2012)
" The current investigation was designed to evaluate the role of taurine treatment on the brain and liver mitochondrial function in a rat model of hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia."	7.85	Taurine treatment preserves brain and liver mitochondrial function in a rat model of fulminant hepatic failure and hyperammonemia. ( Abasvali, M; Abdoli, N; Asadi, B; Azarpira, N; Heidari, R; Jafari, F; Jamshidzadeh, A; Khodaei, F; Latifpour, Z; Mardani, E; Najibi, A; Ommati, MM; Yeganeh, Y; Zarei, A; Zarei, M, 2017)
"Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1) is a urea cycle disorder which typically presents in the neonatal period or infancy with hyperammonemia and concurrent neurologic deterioration."	7.77	Transient fulminant liver failure as an initial presentation in citrullinemia type I. ( Baruteau, J; de Baulny, HO; Faghfoury, H; Häberle, J; Schulze, A, 2011)
"L-Ornithine and phenylacetate act synergistically to successfully attenuate increases in arterial ammonia, which is accompanied by a significant decrease in extracellular brain ammonia and prevention of intracranial hypertension in pigs with ALF."	7.75	L-ornithine phenylacetate attenuates increased arterial and extracellular brain ammonia and prevents intracranial hypertension in pigs with acute liver failure. ( Cobos, MJ; Fuskevåg, OM; Jalan, R; Kalstad, T; Kristiansen, RG; Maehre, H; Revhaug, A; Rose, CF; Ytrebø, LM, 2009)
" Of the reported serious adverse events (AEs), which included 11 deaths, none was attributable to study medication."	5.48	Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of l-ornithine phenylacetate in patients with acute liver injury/failure and hyperammonemia. ( Bukofzer, S; Clasen, K; Durkalski, V; Fontana, RJ; Ganger, D; Gottfried, M; Hameed, B; Hanje, AJ; Koch, D; Lee, WM; Little, L; Ravis, WR; Sherker, A; Stravitz, RT; Subramanian, RM, 2018)
"Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder of complex pathogenesis caused by acute or chronic liver failure."	5.37	Cannabidiol improves brain and liver function in a fulminant hepatic failure-induced model of hepatic encephalopathy in mice. ( Avraham, Y; Berry, E; Grigoriadis, N; Ilan, Y; Magen, I; Mechoulam, R; Poutahidis, T; Vorobiev, L, 2011)
"The treatment with flumazenil completely abolished the decrease in the metabolite (P < 0."	5.33	Flumazenil-induced improvement of the central dopaminergic system in rats with acute hepatic failure. ( Adachi, N; Arai, T; Liu, K; Yano, M, 2005)
"Its role in acute hepatic failure (AHF) is controversial."	5.32	The effects of early and late administration of inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase in a thioacetamide-induced model of acute hepatic failure in the rat. ( Hodgson, HJ; Rahman, TM, 2003)
"Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized neuropathologically by cytotoxic brain edema and biochemically by increased brain ammonia and its detoxification product, glutamine."	4.88	Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure: role of glutamine redefined. ( Butterworth, RF; Desjardins, P; Du, T; Jiang, W; Peng, L, 2012)
" The current investigation was designed to evaluate the role of taurine treatment on the brain and liver mitochondrial function in a rat model of hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia."	3.85	Taurine treatment preserves brain and liver mitochondrial function in a rat model of fulminant hepatic failure and hyperammonemia. ( Abasvali, M; Abdoli, N; Asadi, B; Azarpira, N; Heidari, R; Jafari, F; Jamshidzadeh, A; Khodaei, F; Latifpour, Z; Mardani, E; Najibi, A; Ommati, MM; Yeganeh, Y; Zarei, A; Zarei, M, 2017)
"Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1) is a urea cycle disorder which typically presents in the neonatal period or infancy with hyperammonemia and concurrent neurologic deterioration."	3.77	Transient fulminant liver failure as an initial presentation in citrullinemia type I. ( Baruteau, J; de Baulny, HO; Faghfoury, H; Häberle, J; Schulze, A, 2011)
"The pathogenesis of brain edema in an experimental model of ALF involves a cytotoxic mechanism: the metabolism of ammonia in astrocytes induces an increase of glutamine and lactate that appears to mediate cellular swelling."	3.76	Diffusion tensor imaging supports the cytotoxic origin of brain edema in a rat model of acute liver failure. ( Alonso, J; Chavarria, L; Cordoba, J; Lope-Piedrafita, S; Oria, M; Romero-Gimenez, J, 2010)
"L-Ornithine and phenylacetate act synergistically to successfully attenuate increases in arterial ammonia, which is accompanied by a significant decrease in extracellular brain ammonia and prevention of intracranial hypertension in pigs with ALF."	3.75	L-ornithine phenylacetate attenuates increased arterial and extracellular brain ammonia and prevents intracranial hypertension in pigs with acute liver failure. ( Cobos, MJ; Fuskevåg, OM; Jalan, R; Kalstad, T; Kristiansen, RG; Maehre, H; Revhaug, A; Rose, CF; Ytrebø, LM, 2009)
" The aim of this study was to assess the effects of simvastatin on rats with TAA-induced acute liver damage and hepatic encephalopathy."	3.74	Simvastatin for rats with thioacetamide-induced liver failure and encephalopathy. ( Chan, CY; Chang, FY; Chen, YC; Chu, CJ; Huang, HC; Lee, FY; Lee, SD; Lin, HC; Wang, SS, 2008)
" ALF pigs developed hyperammonemia and increased glutamine levels, whereas glutamate levels were decreased."	3.73	Interorgan ammonia, glutamate, and glutamine trafficking in pigs with acute liver failure. ( Davies, NA; Deutz, NE; Hodges, S; Jalan, R; Nedredal, GI; Revhaug, A; Romero-Gomez, M; Rose, C; Sen, S; Ten Have, GA; Williams, R; Ytrebø, LM, 2006)
"We investigated the role of brain peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) and pregnenolone (a product of PBRs activation) in hepatic encephalopathy (HE)/hyperammonemia."	3.69	Acute liver failure and hyperammonemia increase peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor binding and pregnenolone synthesis in mouse brain. ( Dombro, RS; Itzhak, Y; Norenberg, MD; Roig-Cantisano, A, 1995)
"About 20% of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) die from increased intracranial pressure (ICP) while awaiting transplantation."	2.71	Moderate hypothermia in patients with acute liver failure and uncontrolled intracranial hypertension. ( Deutz, NE; Hayes, PC; Jalan, R; Lee, A; Olde Damink, SW, 2004)
"Patients with acute liver failure were treated with an ECHS device utilizing continuous hemodiafiltration with continuous albumin dialysis."	2.70	Results of a phase I trial evaluating a liver support device utilizing albumin dialysis. ( Awad, SS; Bartlett, RH; Magee, J; Punch, J; Swaniker, F, 2001)
"In patients with acute liver failure cerebral microdialysis studies show a linear correlation between the lactate to pyruvate ratio and the glutamine concentration, as well as to some of the adenosine triphosphate degradation products."	2.49	Changes in cerebral oxidative metabolism in patients with acute liver failure. ( Bjerring, PN; Larsen, FS, 2013)
"Hyperammonemia in end-stage acute liver failure (ALF) is often associated with cerebral edema and astrocyte pathology/swelling."	2.49	Possible treatment of end-stage hyperammonemic encephalopathy by inhibition of glutamine synthetase. ( Cooper, AJ, 2013)
"Hepatic encephalopathy is a medical phenomenon that is described as a neuropsychiatric manifestation of chronic or acute liver disease that is characterized by psychomotor, intellectual and cognitive abnormalities with emotional/affective and behavioral disturbances."	2.49	Current pathogenetic aspects of hepatic encephalopathy and noncirrhotic hyperammonemic encephalopathy. ( Cichoż-Lach, H; Michalak, A, 2013)
"The mechanisms responsible for cerebral edema in ALF suggest both cytotoxic and vasogenic injury."	2.48	Neuropathology of acute liver failure. ( Dhiman, RK; Taneja, S; Thumburu, KK; Vasishta, RK, 2012)
"Patients with hepatic encephalopathy exhibit sings of energy impairment that may participate in the development of disturbances in neurotransmission."	2.47	Acute-on-chronic liver failure: the brain. ( Córdoba, J; García-Martínez, R, 2011)
"Acute liver failure is a severe condition with a very unfavourable prognosis."	2.46	[Intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure and microdialysis]. ( Lásziková, E; Prazák, J; Ryska, M; Ryska, O, 2010)
"Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome whose pathophysiology is poorly understood, for which we lack high-quality diagnostic tests and markers, and whose treatment has improved only slightly over the last several decades."	2.46	Hepatic encephalopathy: current management strategies and treatment, including management and monitoring of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure. ( O'connor, M; Zafirova, Z, 2010)
"Acute liver failure is a rare disorder with high mortality and resource cost."	2.46	Acute liver failure. ( Auzinger, G; Bernal, W; Dhawan, A; Wendon, J, 2010)
"Systemic hyperammonemia has been largely found in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy, and ammonia plays a major role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy."	2.45	Gut ammonia production and its modulation. ( Galán, JJ; Jover, M; Romero-Gómez, M; Ruiz, A, 2009)
"When hyperammonemia is not thought to be the result of liver failure, treatment for an occult disorder of metabolism must begin prior to the confirmation of an etiology."	2.44	Hyperammonemia in the ICU. ( Clay, AS; Hainline, BE, 2007)
"Mechanical hyperventilation has a prompt effect on intracranial pressure."	2.44	The effect of hyperventilation upon cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. ( Strauss, GI, 2007)
"Brain edema with intracranial hypertension is a major complication in patients with acute liver failure."	2.43	Mild hypothermia for acute liver failure: a review of mechanisms of action. ( Blei, AT; Vaquero, J, 2005)
"Hyperammonemic disorders such as acute liver failure (ALF) or urea cycle enzymopathies are associated with hyperexcitability, seizures, brain edema and increased extracellular brain glutamate."	2.43	Effect of ammonia on astrocytic glutamate uptake/release mechanisms. ( Rose, C, 2006)
"Increased brain ammonia may cause brain swelling via the osmotic effects of an increase in astrocytic glutamine concentration or by inhibition of glutamate removal from brain extracellular space."	2.42	Brain edema in acute liver failure. ( Butterworth, RF, 2003)
"Distinct syndromes are identified in acute liver failure and cirrhosis."	2.42	The molecular pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. ( Davies, N; Jalan, R; Shawcross, D, 2003)
"Comparison of HE in acute liver failure (ALF) with that of cirrhosis allows recognition of important differences and similarities."	2.42	Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. ( Blei, AT; Cahill, ME; Chung, C; Vaquero, J, 2003)
"In 20 patients with acute liver failure, mean hepatic blood flow was increased."	2.41	Splanchnic circulation and metabolism in patients with acute liver failure. ( Clemmesen, O, 2002)
"Experimental acute liver failure also results in post-translational modifications of the serotonin and noradrenaline transporters resulting in increased extracellular concentrations of these monoamines."	2.41	Alterations in expression of genes coding for key astrocytic proteins in acute liver failure. ( Bélanger, M; Butterworth, RF; Desjardins, P, 2001)
"We successfully established a reproducible Tibetan miniature pig model of d-galactosamine-induced ALF, and we believe that a dosage of 0."	1.91	Establishment of acute liver failure model in Tibetan miniature pig and verified by dual plasma molecular adsorption system. ( Cai, L; Feng, L; Fu, Y; Gao, Y; Jiang, Z; Liu, S; Wang, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, L; Zhou, C, 2023)
"Outcome of pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) in countries with limited availability of LT is not well described."	1.72	Etiology, outcome and prognostic indicators of acute liver failure in Asian children. ( Chew, KS; Choong, CL; Kam, CC; Koay, ZL; Lee, WS; Ng, RT; Ranai, NBM; Song, ZL; Teh, JKL; Wong, SY, 2022)
"BBD can prevent and cure hepatic encephalopathy (HE) derived from both chronic and acute liver diseases."	1.56	BabaoDan cures hepatic encephalopathy by decreasing ammonia levels and alleviating inflammation in rats. ( An, YT; Bahaji Azami, NL; Lu, BJ; Lu, L; Sun, MY; Wang, HJ; Wang, Z; Wu, C; Xie, D; Ye, G, 2020)
"C3A cells cultured with acute liver failure plasma showed mild inhibition of cell viabilities, reduction of albumin secretion, and increase of ammonia accumulation."	1.56	Assessment of biological functions for C3A cells interacting with adverse environments of liver failure plasma. ( Huang, KZ; Li, LJ; Li, ZH; Ouyang, XX; Xie, ZY; Yu, J; Yu, XP; Zhang, YH; Zhao, YL; Zhu, DH, 2020)
"Hyperammonemia is a key contributing factor for cerebral edema in acute liver failure."	1.56	Correction and Control of Hyperammonemia in Acute Liver Failure: The Impact of Continuous Renal Replacement Timing, Intensity, and Duration. ( Bellomo, R; Fisher, C; Warrillow, S, 2020)
"Its efficacy in acute liver failure has been suggested but further investigation is required to prove this."	1.56	Continuous renal replacement therapy and transplant-free survival in acute liver failure: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Dionne, JC; Featherstone, R; Karvellas, CJ; Rewa, OG; Robinson, AM; Sebastianski, M; Vandermeer, B, 2020)
"Neurological symptoms of acute liver failure (ALF) reflect decreased excitatory transmission, but the status of ALF-affected excitatory synapse has not been characterized in detail."	1.48	Cortical Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in Acute Liver Failure Are Decreased by Presynaptic Events. ( Albrecht, J; Bobula, B; Filipkowski, RK; Frontczak-Baniewicz, M; Hess, G; Polowy, R; Popek, M; Sowa, J; Zabłocka, B; Zielińska, M, 2018)
" Of the reported serious adverse events (AEs), which included 11 deaths, none was attributable to study medication."	1.48	Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of l-ornithine phenylacetate in patients with acute liver injury/failure and hyperammonemia. ( Bukofzer, S; Clasen, K; Durkalski, V; Fontana, RJ; Ganger, D; Gottfried, M; Hameed, B; Hanje, AJ; Koch, D; Lee, WM; Little, L; Ravis, WR; Sherker, A; Stravitz, RT; Subramanian, RM, 2018)
"On multivariate analysis, presence of cerebral edema(HR 2."	1.46	Predictors of infection in viral-hepatitis related acute liver failure. ( Acharya, SK; Kedia, S; Sharma, H; Sonika, U; Upadhyaya, AD; Vasudevan, S, 2017)
"We successfully established a simplified, reproducible D-galactosamine-induced cynomolgus monkey model of acute liver failure, and the single or divided dosage of 0."	1.46	Novel D-galactosamine-induced cynomolgus monkey model of acute liver failure. ( Cai, L; Feng, L; Gao, Y; He, GL; Jiang, ZS; Li, Y; Pan, MX; Peng, Q; Weng, J, 2017)
"Of 165 children admitted with pediatric acute liver failure, 136 met the inclusion criteria and 45 of these received continuous renal replacement therapy prior to transplantation or recovery."	1.43	Effect of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy on Outcome in Pediatric Acute Liver Failure. ( Deep, A; Dhawan, A; Douiri, A; Stewart, CE, 2016)
"BACKGROUND Acute liver failure (ALF) is an emergent condition that requires intensive care and manifests in particular by significant elevation in serum ammonia level."	1.43	Ammonia Level and Mortality in Acute Liver Failure: A Single-Center Experience. ( Alachkar, N; Alqahtani, S; Araz, F; Cameron, AM; Gurakar, A; Niranjan-Azadi, AM; Patel, YA; Stevens, RD, 2016)
"Glycine is an important ammoniagenic amino acid, which is increased in acute liver failure (ALF)."	1.40	L-Ornithine phenylacetate reduces ammonia in pigs with acute liver failure through phenylacetylglycine formation: a novel ammonia-lowering pathway. ( Fuskevåg, OM; Jalan, R; Kristiansen, RG; Mæhre, H; Revhaug, A; Rose, CF; Ytrebø, LM, 2014)
"Because fulminant Wilson disease (WD) has an extremely poor prognosis, the use of liver support that can bridge patients to liver transplantation is lifesaving."	1.40	Effect of molecular adsorbents recirculating system treatment in children with acute liver failure caused by Wilson disease. ( Boillot, O; Bordet, F; Bost, M; Brunet, AS; Cour-Andlauer, F; Javouhey, E; Lachaux, A; Richard, N; Rustom, N; Valla, F, 2014)
"Astrocyte swelling (cytotoxic brain edema) is the major neurological complication of acute liver failure (ALF), a condition in which ammonia has been strongly implicated in its etiology."	1.40	Sulfonylurea receptor 1 contributes to the astrocyte swelling and brain edema in acute liver failure. ( Gonzalez, W; Jayakumar, AR; Norenberg, MD; Shamaladevi, N; Tong, XY; Valdes, V, 2014)
"Mortality of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) is still unacceptably high."	1.39	Evaluation of the Hepa Wash® treatment in pigs with acute liver failure. ( Al-Chalabi, A; Huber, W; Kreymann, B; Luppa, P; Matevossian, E; Nairz, E; Neiss, A; Perren, A; Radermacher, P; Schimmel, P; Schmid, RM; Schreiber, C; Schuster, T; V Thaden, AK; Yang, Z, 2013)
"Cerebral edema is a well-recognized and potentially fatal complication of acute liver failure (ALF)."	1.39	Cerebral microdialysis reflects the neuroprotective effect of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption in acute liver failure better and earlier than intracranial pressure: a controlled study in pigs. ( Koblihova, E; Laszikova, E; Pantoflicek, T; Prazak, J; Ryska, M; Ryska, O, 2013)
"Brain edema is a major neurological complication of acute liver failure (ALF) and swelling of astrocytes (cytotoxic brain edema) is the most prominent neuropathological abnormality in this condition."	1.39	Brain edema in acute liver failure: role of neurosteroids. ( Jayakumar, AR; Norenberg, MD; Ruiz-Cordero, R; Tong, XY, 2013)
"Specific treatments of hyperammonemia are rarely used in liver failure when compared with urea cycle defect even though use of ammonia scavengers may help to decrease ammonemia."	1.38	Threshold for toxicity from hyperammonemia in critically ill children. ( Alvarez, F; Cousineau, J; Ducruet, T; Jouvet, P; Lambert, M; Mitchell, G; Nelson, J; Ozanne, B; Phan, V, 2012)
"Patients admitted to the hospital with acute liver failure (ALF) and high arterial levels of ammonia are more likely to have complications and poor outcomes than patients with lower levels of ammonia."	1.38	Persistent hyperammonemia is associated with complications and poor outcomes in patients with acute liver failure. ( Acharya, SK; Khanal, S; Kumar, R; Panda, SK; Prakash, S; Sharma, H, 2012)
"Patients with acute liver failure (ALF) often die of intracranial pressure (IP) and cerebral herniation."	1.37	Brain region-selective mechanisms contribute to the progression of cerebral alterations in acute liver failure in rats. ( Agusti, A; Boix, J; Cauli, O; Cerdán, S; Felipo, V; López-Larrubia, P; Nieto-Charques, L; Rodrigo, R, 2011)
"Fulminant hepatic failure is associated with transcerebral ammonia uptake, which is fully and rapidly corrected by liver transplantation."	1.37	Liver transplantation rapidly stops cerebral ammonia uptake in fulminant hepatic failure. ( Bellomo, R; Farley, KJ; Glassford, NJ; Warrillow, S, 2011)
"Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder of complex pathogenesis caused by acute or chronic liver failure."	1.37	Cannabidiol improves brain and liver function in a fulminant hepatic failure-induced model of hepatic encephalopathy in mice. ( Avraham, Y; Berry, E; Grigoriadis, N; Ilan, Y; Magen, I; Mechoulam, R; Poutahidis, T; Vorobiev, L, 2011)
"Acute liver failure was surgically induced in swine by complete hepatectomy (n = 8)."	1.37	Neuromonitoring in a porcine model of acute hepatic failure. ( Frühauf, NR; Grabellus, F; Kaiser, GM; Laube, T; Radunz, S; Uerschels, AK, 2011)
"Besides, SC-560 treatment improved hepatic encephalopathy and decrease plasma levels of PGF(1α), but did not change TNF-α levels."	1.37	Selective cyclooxygenase inhibition improves hepatic encephalopathy in fulminant hepatic failure of rat. ( Chan, CY; Chang, CC; Chuang, CL; Huang, HC; Lee, FY; Lee, SD; Lin, HC; Nong, JY; Wang, SS, 2011)
"To develop a reliable surgical model of acute hepatic failure and hyperammonemia in rats that avoids porto-systemic shunt and bile duct ligation, applicable to hepatic encephalopathy research."	1.36	A new experimental model for acute hepatic failure in rats. ( Bellodi-Privato, M; D'Albuquerque, LA; Kubrusly, MS; Leite, KR; Machado, MC; Molan, NT; Teixeira, AR, 2010)
"There is evidence to suggest that, in acute liver failure (ALF), brain ammonia and proinflammatory cytokines may act synergistically to cause brain edema and its complications (intracranial hypertension, brain herniation)."	1.36	Ammonia and proinflammatory cytokines modify expression of genes coding for astrocytic proteins implicated in brain edema in acute liver failure. ( Butterworth, RF; Chastre, A; Desjardins, P; Jiang, W, 2010)
"In 87 patients with acute liver failure admitted to the intensive care unit, we simultaneously evaluated arterial ammonia, pNH(3), clinical grade of hepatic encephalopathy, the sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA score), and evidence of intracranial hypertension."	1.35	Severity of organ failure is an independent predictor of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. ( Ferenci, P; Funk, GC; Holzinger, U; Kaider, A; Kitzberger, R; Kramer, L; Madl, C; Miehsler, W, 2009)
"Pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) results in death or need for liver transplantation (LT) in up to 50% of patients."	1.35	Evaluation of a scoring system for assessing prognosis in pediatric acute liver failure. ( Dobyns, EL; Gralla, J; Liu, E; Lu, BR; Narkewicz, MR; Sokol, RJ, 2008)
"After transplantation into mice with acute liver failure, ASC-derived hepatocytes can restore such liver functions as ammonia and purine metabolism."	1.35	Rapid hepatic fate specification of adipose-derived stem cells and their therapeutic potential for liver failure. ( Banas, A; Kato, T; Ochiya, T; Okochi, H; Osaki, M; Takeshita, F; Teratani, T; Tokuhara, M; Yamamoto, Y, 2009)
"Hyperammonemia is a main contributor to brain herniation and mortality in acute liver failure (ALF)."	1.35	Acute liver failure-induced death of rats is delayed or prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in brain. ( Agusti, A; Boix, J; Cauli, O; Felipo, V; Piedrafita, B; Rodrigo, R, 2008)
"Patients with acute liver failure (ALF) display impairment of cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation, which may contribute to the development of fatal intracranial hypertension, but the pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear."	1.35	Cerebral blood flow autoregulation in experimental liver failure. ( Dethloff, TJ; Knudsen, GM; Larsen, FS, 2008)
"We previously demonstrated in pigs with acute liver failure (ALF) that albumin dialysis using the molecular adsorbents recirculating system (MARS) attenuated a rise in intracranial pressure (ICP)."	1.34	Association of reduced extracellular brain ammonia, lactate, and intracranial pressure in pigs with acute liver failure. ( Belanger, M; Davies, NA; Jalan, R; Nedredal, GI; Revhaug, A; Rose, C; Sen, S; Ytrebø, LM, 2007)
"The cause of liver failure included acute liver failure (n = 2), acute on chronic liver failure (n = 12), posthepatectomy liver failure (n = 4), and posttransplantation allograft failure (n = 4)."	1.33	Molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment for patients with liver failure: the Hong Kong experience. ( Chan, LM; Chiu, A; Fan, ST, 2006)
"In the experiments of BAL in vitro, acute liver failure (ALF) model in canine was induced by an end-side portocaval shunt combined with common bile duct ligation and transaction."	1.33	Functional evaluation of a new bioartificial liver system in vitro and in vitro. ( Chen, Z; Ding, YT, 2006)
"The initial development of cerebral edema and increased ICP occurs independently of CBF changes in this noninflammatory model of ALF."	1.33	Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: a randomized study. ( Butterworth, RF; Davies, NA; Deutz, NE; Drevland, SS; Hodges, SJ; Jalan, R; Kjønnø, M; Nedredal, GI; Prinzen, FW; Revhaug, A; Rose, C; Sen, S; Williams, R; Ytrebø, LM, 2006)
"The treatment with flumazenil completely abolished the decrease in the metabolite (P < 0."	1.33	Flumazenil-induced improvement of the central dopaminergic system in rats with acute hepatic failure. ( Adachi, N; Arai, T; Liu, K; Yano, M, 2005)
"It has been proposed that, in acute liver failure, skeletal muscle adapts to become the principle organ responsible for removal of blood-borne ammonia by increasing glutamine synthesis, a reaction that is catalyzed by the cytosolic ATP-dependent enzyme glutamine synthetase."	1.33	Direct molecular and spectroscopic evidence for increased ammonia removal capacity of skeletal muscle in acute liver failure. ( Butterworth, RF; Chatauret, N; Desjardins, P; Rao, KV; Rose, C; Zwingmann, C, 2006)
"Its role in acute hepatic failure (AHF) is controversial."	1.32	The effects of early and late administration of inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase in a thioacetamide-induced model of acute hepatic failure in the rat. ( Hodgson, HJ; Rahman, TM, 2003)
"In patients with acute liver failure, hyperammonemia is associated with cerebral herniation."	1.31	Splanchnic and leg exchange of amino acids and ammonia in acute liver failure. ( Clemmesen, JO; Kondrup, J; Ott, P, 2000)
"Patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) often die awaiting liver transplantation."	1.31	Extracorporeal liver perfusion using human and pig livers for acute liver failure. ( Collier, DS; Dixon, RS; Fox, IJ; Fristoe, LW; Hammel, JM; Horslen, SP; Kangas, JA; Langnas, AN; Prentice, ED; Shaw, BW; Sudan, DL, 2000)
"We conclude that during acute liver failure and acute hyperammonemia in the rabbit there is no decreased glutamate availability in the extracellular space of the cortical brain; on the contrary, we found evidence for increased extracellular glutamate concentrations in the cortical brain, which were more pronounced in acute liver failure."	1.29	Extracellular brain glutamate during acute liver failure and during acute hyperammonemia simulating acute liver failure: an experimental study based on in vivo brain dialysis. ( Dalm, E; de Knegt, RJ; Fekkes, D; Hekking-Weyma, I; Schalm, SW; van der Rijt, CC, 1994)
"Acute hepatic failure is associated with many biochemical abnormalities in plasma and brain."	1.29	Metabolic abnormalities and grade of encephalopathy in acute hepatic failure. ( DeJoseph, MR; Hawkins, RA; Mans, AM, 1994)
"All rabbits with acute liver failure or acute hyperammonemia developed severe encephalopathy, after 13."	1.29	45CaCl2 autoradiography in brain from rabbits with encephalopathy from acute liver failure or acute hyperammonemia. ( de Knegt, RJ; Gramsbergen, JB; Schalm, SW, 1994)
"Other abnormalities found were cerebral edema and lactic acidosis."	1.29	Encephalopathy from acute liver failure and from acute hyperammonemia in the rabbit. A clinical and biochemical study. ( de Knegt, RJ; Groeneweg, M; Hekking-Weijma, I; Schalm, SW, 1994)

Research

Studies (181)

Authors

Clinical Trials (5)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in Ammonia

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	12 (6.63)	18.2507
2000's	78 (43.09)	29.6817
2010's	80 (44.20)	24.3611
2020's	11 (6.08)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Hui, WF	1
Cheung, WL	1
Chung, FS	1
Leung, KKY	1
Ku, SW	1
Ng, RT	1
Chew, KS	1
Choong, CL	1
Song, ZL	1
Teh, JKL	1
Koay, ZL	1
Wong, SY	1
Kam, CC	1
Ranai, NBM	1
Lee, WS	1
Wang, Y	3
Zhou, C	1
Fu, Y	1
Zhang, L	2
Liu, S	1
Cai, L	3
Jiang, Z	1
Xu, X	1
Feng, L	3
Gao, Y	4
Lu, L	1
Wu, C	1
Lu, BJ	1
Xie, D	1
Wang, Z	3
Bahaji Azami, NL	1
An, YT	1
Wang, HJ	1
Ye, G	1
Sun, MY	1
Li, ZH	1
Xie, ZY	1
Ouyang, XX	1
Huang, KZ	1
Yu, XP	2
Zhao, YL	1
Zhang, YH	1
Zhu, DH	1
Yu, J	1
Li, LJ	3
Warrillow, S	2
Fisher, C	1
Bellomo, R	2
Liotta, EM	1
Kimberly, WT	1
Zoica, BS	1
Deep, A	2
Robinson, AM	1
Karvellas, CJ	4
Dionne, JC	1
Featherstone, R	1
Sebastianski, M	1
Vandermeer, B	1
Rewa, OG	1
Varghese, J	1
Joshi, V	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Phase 2a Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of OCR-002 (Ornithine Phenylacetate) in the Treatment of Patients With Acute Liver Failure/Severe Acute Liver Injury[NCT01548690]	Phase 2	47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Steroids in the Management of Fulminant Hepatic Failure Due to Hepatitis A Virus in the Pediatric Age Group[NCT02375867]	Phase 4	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Brain Energy Metabolism in Patients With Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy Measured With PET[NCT00424957]		18 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2006-11-30	Completed
Therapeutic Efficacy of L-Ornithine L-Aspartate Infusion in Patients With Acute Liver Failure: A Double- Blind, Randomized, Placebo- Controlled Study[NCT00470314]	Phase 2	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Active, not recruiting
The Effectiveness of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on Plasma Ammonia in Cirrhotic Patients After TIPS Procedure: a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Open-label Clinical Trial[NCT01440829]	Phase 2/Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

To evaluate the effect of OCR-002 on ammonia levels in patients with acute liver failure/severe acute liver injury (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: Baseline and 72 Hours

Measurement of OCR-002 Plasma Concentration

Intervention	Percent Change (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	41.2
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	16.6
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	41.8
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	38.4

To evaluate the steady state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of OCR-002 in patients with impaired and intact renal function using urinary phenylacetylglutamine (PAGN) as a surrogate marker (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 24 Hours after last infusion

Neurological Function Measured by the Orientation Log (O-log)

Intervention	micrograms per millileter (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	65.6
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	32.2
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	33.4
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	104.9

The orientation log focuses on orientation to place, time, and circumstance. There are 10 items on the orientation log, which are scored 0-3. A spontaneous correct response is awarded 3 points. A spontaneous response that is lacking or incorrect, but a correct response is provided following a logical cue is awarded 2 points. A score of 1 is given if spontaneous and cued responses are lacking or incorrect, but a correct response is provided in a recognition format. A score of 0 is given if the spontaneous, cued, or recognition format does not generate a correct answer. Scores from the 10 items are summed and the final score ranges from 0 to 30. (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 30 Days

Neurological Function Measured by the West Haven Criteria (WHC) for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	23.8
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	24.0
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	24.0
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	24.0

The West Haven Criteria (WHC) for Hepatic Encephalopathy measures the severity of encephalopathy and patient's level of consciousness. The scale ranges from 0 to 4; a minimum score of 0 represents a better outcome, and a maximum total score of 4 represents a worse outcome. A score of 0 corresponds to normal consciousness and behavior and normal neurological examination. A score of 1 corresponds to mild lack of awareness, shortened attention span, and impaired addition or subtraction; mild asterixis or tremor. A score of 2 corresponds to lethargy, disorientated or inappropriate behavior, obvious asterixis; slurred speech. A score of 3 corresponds to somnolent but arousable, gross disorientation or bizarre behavior, muscle rigidity and clonus; hyperreflexia. A score of 4 corresponds to coma and decerebrate posturing. (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 120 hours from start of infusion

Number of Participants That do Not Tolerate the Administered Dose and Had Grade 3 or 4 Treatment Emergent Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	2.4
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	3.2
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	1.6
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	1.8

To evaluate the safety and tolerability of OCR-002 in patients with acute liver failure/severe acute liver injury (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 30 Days

Article	Year
Cerebral edema and liver disease: Classic perspectives and contemporary hypotheses on mechanism. Neuroscience letters, 2020, 03-16, Volume: 721 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute	2020
Extracorporeal renal and liver support in pediatric acute liver failure. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2021, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Child; Extracorporeal Circulation; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Renal Dialysis; Water	2021
Why and when to measure ammonemia in cirrhosis? Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology, 2018, Volume: 42, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Diagnosis, Differential; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Liver Cirrhosis; L	2018
Pathophysiology of cerebral oedema in acute liver failure. World journal of gastroenterology, 2013, Dec-28, Volume: 19, Issue:48 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Capillary Permeability; Disea	2013
Diagnosis and Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Clinics in liver disease, 2015, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Free Radical Scavengers; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hepatic Ence	2015
Multifactorial Effects on Different Types of Brain Cells Contribute to Ammonia Toxicity. Neurochemical research, 2017, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Cyclic GMP; Energy Metabolism; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopath	2017
An update on the use of benzoate, phenylacetate and phenylbutyrate ammonia scavengers for interrogating and modifying liver nitrogen metabolism and its implications in urea cycle disorders and liver disease. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2017, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Benzoates; Drug Design; Glutamine; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Diseases; Liver	2017
The brain in acute liver failure. A tortuous path from hyperammonemia to cerebral edema. Metabolic brain disease, 2009, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Intracranial H	2009
Gut ammonia production and its modulation. Metabolic brain disease, 2009, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Glutaminase; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	2009
Hepatic encephalopathy: current management strategies and treatment, including management and monitoring of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Liver Failure, Acut	2010
The Na-K-Cl Co-transporter in astrocyte swelling. Metabolic brain disease, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatic Encepha	2010
Prognostic models for acute liver failure. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT, 2010, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: alpha-Fetoproteins; Ammonia; Humans; Lactic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Models, Biological; Phosphat	2010
Acute liver failure. Lancet (London, England), 2010, Jul-17, Volume: 376, Issue:9736 Topics: Acetaminophen; Ammonia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Emergency	2010
Acute-on-chronic liver failure: the brain. Current opinion in critical care, 2011, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; End Stage Liver Disease; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute	2011
[Intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure and microdialysis]. Rozhledy v chirurgii : mesicnik Ceskoslovenske chirurgicke spolecnosti, 2010, Volume: 89, Issue:10 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Glutamine; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Liver Failure, Acute; Microdialy	2010
Detoxification as a treatment goal in hepatic failure. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2011, Volume: 31 Suppl 3 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Extracorporeal Circulation; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acu	2011
Therapeutic hypothermia in the management of acute liver failure. Neurochemistry international, 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Glucose; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Intracranial Pressure; Liver F	2012
Neuropathology of acute liver failure. Neurochemistry international, 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Humans; Intracranial Pressure; Liver Failure, Acute	2012
Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure: role of glutamine redefined. Neurochemistry international, 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Biological Transport; Brain; Brain Edema; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver	2012
Possible treatment of end-stage hyperammonemic encephalopathy by inhibition of glutamine synthetase. Metabolic brain disease, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Homeos	2013
Changes in cerebral oxidative metabolism in patients with acute liver failure. Metabolic brain disease, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Lactic Acid; Liver Fa	2013
Liver-brain proinflammatory signalling in acute liver failure: role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema. Metabolic brain disease, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Cytokines; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans	2013
Current pathogenetic aspects of hepatic encephalopathy and noncirrhotic hyperammonemic encephalopathy. World journal of gastroenterology, 2013, Jan-07, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hepatic Encephal	2013
Splanchnic circulation and metabolism in patients with acute liver failure. Danish medical bulletin, 2002, Volume: 49, Issue:3 Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Cardiac Output; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Hemodynamics; Humans; Liver; Liver	2002
The molecular pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 2003, Volume: 35, Issue:8 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Gene Expression Regulation; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	2003
Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. Seminars in liver disease, 2003, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Cirr	2003
Intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: pathophysiological basis of rational management. Seminars in liver disease, 2003, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Intrac	2003
Brain edema in acute liver failure. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, 2003, Volume: 22 Suppl 2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Intracranial Pr	2003
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Cerebral metabolic disturbances in the brain during acute liver failure: from hyperammonemia to energy failure and proteolysis. Neurochemistry international, 2005, Volume: 47, Issue:1-2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Cerebral Cortex; Citric Acid Cycle; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hy	2005
Pathophysiological basis of therapy of raised intracranial pressure in acute liver failure. Neurochemistry international, 2005, Volume: 47, Issue:1-2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Encephalitis; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hu	2005
Therapy of intracranial hypertension in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Neurocritical care, 2006, Volume: 4, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Brain; Cardiovascular Agents; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Electr	2006
Effect of ammonia on astrocytic glutamate uptake/release mechanisms. Journal of neurochemistry, 2006, Volume: 97 Suppl 1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Calcium; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; Excitatory Amino Acid Tran	2006
The effect of hyperventilation upon cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Danish medical bulletin, 2007, Volume: 54, Issue:2 Topics: Acetaminophen; Ammonia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Carbon Dioxide; Cerebrovascular Circulati	2007
[Disturbances in ammonia metabolism in hepatic failure]. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 2007, May-31, Volume: 127, Issue:11 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney;	2007
New concepts in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. Metabolic brain disease, 2007, Volume: 22, Issue:3-4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Energy Metabolism; Glutamine; Humans; Liver Fa	2007
Hyperammonemia in the ICU. Chest, 2007, Volume: 132, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Algorithms; Ammonia; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Critical Ca	2007
Mechanisms of brain edema in acute liver failure and impact of novel therapeutic interventions. Neurological research, 2007, Volume: 29, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Diseases, Metabolic; Brain Edema; Energy Metabolism; Glutamine; Hepat	2007
Brain edema in acute liver failure. Critical care clinics, 2008, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Critical Care; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Prognosis	2008
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Review of a flat membrane bioreactor as a bioartificial liver. Annals of transplantation, 2001, Volume: 6, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bioreactors; Biotransformation; Cells, Cultured; Diazepam; Hepatocytes; Humans; Li	2001

Article	Year
[Clinical research of patients with acute or chronic hepatic failure treated with molecular adsorbent recirculating system]. Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology, 2002, Volume: 10, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Chronic Disease; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kidney Function	2002
MARS (Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System): experience in 34 cases of acute liver failure. Liver, 2002, Volume: 22 Suppl 2 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Middl	2002
Bridging a patient with acute liver failure to liver transplantation by the AMC-bioartificial liver. Cell transplantation, 2003, Volume: 12, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Female; Hepatitis B; Hepatocytes; Humans; Lactic Acid; Liver Fai	2003
Moderate hypothermia in patients with acute liver failure and uncontrolled intracranial hypertension. Gastroenterology, 2004, Volume: 127, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Biomarkers; Blood Flow Velocity; Brain; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Female; Humans;	2004
Results of a phase I trial evaluating a liver support device utilizing albumin dialysis. Surgery, 2001, Volume: 130, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Blood Coagulation; Hemodiafiltration; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	2001

Article	Year
The successful application of hemoadsorption for extracorporeal liver support in a child with acute liver failure. The International journal of artificial organs, 2022, Volume: 45, Issue:10 Topics: Ammonia; Bile Acids and Salts; Bilirubin; Child; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Male	2022
Etiology, outcome and prognostic indicators of acute liver failure in Asian children. Hepatology international, 2022, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Bilirubin; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Liver Transplantation; Ma	2022
Establishment of acute liver failure model in Tibetan miniature pig and verified by dual plasma molecular adsorption system. The International journal of artificial organs, 2023, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Adsorption; Ammonia; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Galactosamine; Lipopolysaccharides; Liver; Liv	2023
BabaoDan cures hepatic encephalopathy by decreasing ammonia levels and alleviating inflammation in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2020, Mar-01, Volume: 249 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Inflamma	2020
Assessment of biological functions for C3A cells interacting with adverse environments of liver failure plasma. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT, 2020, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Albumins; Ammonia; Bioartificial Organs; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Culture Media	2020
Correction and Control of Hyperammonemia in Acute Liver Failure: The Impact of Continuous Renal Replacement Timing, Intensity, and Duration. Critical care medicine, 2020, Volume: 48, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Ammonia; APACHE; Body Weight; Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; Female; Huma	2020
Continuous renal replacement therapy and transplant-free survival in acute liver failure: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic reviews, 2020, 06-16, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Liver Failure, Acute; M	2020
Role of therapeutic plasma exchange in acute liver failure due to yellow phosphorus poisoning. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, 2020, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Hypotension; International Normalized Ratio; Liver	2020
Predictive Value of Blood Ammonia in the Prognosis of Acute Liver Failure Evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves. The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology, 2021, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; ROC Curve	2021
Can Patients Who Develop Cerebral Death in Fulminant Liver Failure Despite Liver Transplantation Be Previously Forseen? Transplantation proceedings, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Biomarkers; Brain Death; Case-Control Studies; Child; C	2017
Association between MFN2 gene polymorphisms and the risk and prognosis of acute liver failure: a case-control study in a Chinese population. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2017, May-15, Volume: 50, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Asian People; Case-Control Studies; China; Female; Gene Frequency; Genetic Predispos	2017
Artificial liver support in pigs with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. World journal of gastroenterology, 2017, May-14, Volume: 23, Issue:18 Topics: Acetaminophen; Ammonia; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Cell Nucleus; Creatinine; D	2017
Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced serum ammonia levels and mortality in acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2018, Volume: 67, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Female; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Renal Replacement Therapy;	2018
Predictors of infection in viral-hepatitis related acute liver failure. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 2017, Volume: 52, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Bacterial Infections; Biomarkers; Brain Edema; Female; Fungi; Gram-Negative Bacteria	2017
Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of l-ornithine phenylacetate in patients with acute liver injury/failure and hyperammonemia. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2018, Volume: 67, Issue:3 Topics: Acetates; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Female; Glutamine; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Kidney Functi	2018
Should venous ammonia be used in decision-making acute liver failure patients? Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2018, Volume: 67, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Renal Replacement Therapy	2018
Reply. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2018, Volume: 67, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Renal Replacement Therapy	2018
Novel D-galactosamine-induced cynomolgus monkey model of acute liver failure. World journal of gastroenterology, 2017, Nov-14, Volume: 23, Issue:42 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Galactosamine; Intracranial Pressure; Liver Failure, Acute	2017
A Role of Renal Replacement Therapy for Acute Liver Failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2018, Volume: 68, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Renal Dialysis; Renal Replacement Therapy	2018
Effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on the expression of the ammonia transporter Rhcg in the brain in mice with acute liver failure. Journal of neuroinflammation, 2018, Aug-22, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain; Cation Transport Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Do	2018
Dysregulated bile acid signaling contributes to the neurological impairment in murine models of acute and chronic liver failure. EBioMedicine, 2018, Volume: 37 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; End Stage Liver Disease;	2018
Prognostic parameters of pediatric acute liver failure and the role of plasma exchange. Pediatrics and neonatology, 2019, Volume: 60, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; alpha-Fetoproteins; Ammonia; Antithyroid Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury;	2019
Prognostic Role of Ammonia in Patients With Cirrhosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2019, Volume: 70, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Biomarkers; Biopsy, Needle; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Female; Hospitals,	2019
Brain edema in acute liver failure: role of neurosteroids. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2013, Aug-15, Volume: 536, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Cells, Cultured; Endothelial	2013
Clinical impact of arterial ammonia levels in ICU patients with different liver diseases. Intensive care medicine, 2013, Volume: 39, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Austria; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Disease-Free Survival; Female; Hepa	2013
Evaluation of the Hepa Wash® treatment in pigs with acute liver failure. BMC gastroenterology, 2013, May-13, Volume: 13 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Creatinine; Dialysis; Disease Models, Animal; Fema	2013
Cerebral microdialysis reflects the neuroprotective effect of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption in acute liver failure better and earlier than intracranial pressure: a controlled study in pigs. BMC gastroenterology, 2013, Jun-08, Volume: 13 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrum; Extracorporeal Circulation; Glucose; Glutamic Acid; Glutami	2013
Lipopolysaccharide precipitates hepatic encephalopathy and increases blood-brain barrier permeability in mice with acute liver failure. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2014, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Azoxymethane; Blood-Brain Barrier; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatic Ence	2014
Integration of single-layer skin hollow fibers and scaffolds develops a three-dimensional hybrid bioreactor for bioartificial livers. Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2014, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Bilirubin; Bioreactors; Cell Survival; Equipment Design; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver Failure	2014
Sulfonylurea receptor 1 contributes to the astrocyte swelling and brain edema in acute liver failure. Translational stroke research, 2014, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; Glyburide; Hypoglycemic Agent	2014
Effect of molecular adsorbents recirculating system treatment in children with acute liver failure caused by Wilson disease. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2014, Volume: 58, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Adsorption; Albumins; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Child; Copper; Creatinine	2014
Treatment with N-acetylcystein and total plasma exchange for extracorporeal liver support in children with paracetamol intoxication. Klinische Padiatrie, 2014, Volume: 226, Issue:2 Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcysteine; Ammonia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver In	2014
Pannexin1 as a novel cerebral target in pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Metabolic brain disease, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Connexins; Energy Metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Heart Arrest; Hepatic Encephalopathy; H	2014
Acute liver failure in Chinese children: a multicenter investigation. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT, 2014, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Ammonia; Area Under Curve; Biomarkers; Blood Coagulation; Chi-Square Distri	2014
L-Ornithine phenylacetate reduces ammonia in pigs with acute liver failure through phenylacetylglycine formation: a novel ammonia-lowering pathway. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2014, Nov-15, Volume: 307, Issue:10 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Biomarkers; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glycine; Hyperammonemia; Kidney	2014
Improved survival of porcine acute liver failure by a bioartificial liver device implanted with induced human functional hepatocytes. Cell research, 2016, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Albumins; Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Cell Line; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Liver,	2016
Frequency and Pathophysiology of Acute Liver Failure in Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (OTCD). PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Child; Female; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Liver; Liver Failure, Acute; Long	2016
Acute liver failure impairs function and expression of breast cancer-resistant protein (BCRP) at rat blood-brain barrier partly via ammonia-ROS-ERK1/2 activation. Journal of neurochemistry, 2016, Volume: 138, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; Biological Transport; Blo	2016
Effect of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy on Outcome in Pediatric Acute Liver Failure. Critical care medicine, 2016, Volume: 44, Issue:10 Topics: Ammonia; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Protocols; Female; Hospitals, University; Humans; Intensi	2016
The use of temporary portocaval shunt as a technical aid in auxiliary orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society, 2016, Volume: 22, Issue:11 Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Adult; Allografts; Ammonia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Biopsy; Female; Gra	2016
Ammonia Level and Mortality in Acute Liver Failure: A Single-Center Experience. Annals of transplantation, 2016, Aug-02, Volume: 21 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Ammonia; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; L	2016
Etiologies, outcomes, and prognostic factors of pediatric acute liver failure: A single center's experience in Turkey. The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology, 2016, Volume: 27, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Blood Coagulation Tests; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Hepatitis	2016
Taurine treatment preserves brain and liver mitochondrial function in a rat model of fulminant hepatic failure and hyperammonemia. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2017, Volume: 86 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hyperammonemia; Liver; Live	2017
Cortical Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in Acute Liver Failure Are Decreased by Presynaptic Events. Molecular neurobiology, 2018, Volume: 55, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Mi	2018
Acute liver failure-induced death of rats is delayed or prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in brain. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2008, Volume: 295, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitator	2008
Rapid hepatic fate specification of adipose-derived stem cells and their therapeutic potential for liver failure. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2009, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Alanine Transaminase; Ammonia; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Biomarkers; Carbon Tetra	2009
Plasma exchange-based plasma recycling dialysis system as an artificial liver support. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2008, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Anion Exchange Resins; Bile Acids and Salts; Bilirubin; Charcoal; Dialysis; Diseas	2008
Evaluation of a scoring system for assessing prognosis in pediatric acute liver failure. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2008, Volume: 6, Issue:10 Topics: Ammonia; Bilirubin; Child; Female; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Pediatrics; Predictive Value	2008
Direct evidence for central proinflammatory mechanisms in rats with experimental acute liver failure: protective effect of hypothermia. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2009, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; CD11b Antigen; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression; He	2009
Severity of organ failure is an independent predictor of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2009, Volume: 7, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; APACHE; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Intracranial H	2009
Minocycline attenuates oxidative/nitrosative stress and cerebral complications of acute liver failure in rats. Neurochemistry international, 2009, Volume: 55, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blotting, Western; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Disease Progression; Heme Oxygenase-1;	2009
L-ornithine phenylacetate attenuates increased arterial and extracellular brain ammonia and prevents intracranial hypertension in pigs with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2009, Volume: 50, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Arteries; Brain; Drug Combinations; Extracellular Space; Intracranial Hypertension	2009
Diffusion tensor imaging supports the cytotoxic origin of brain edema in a rat model of acute liver failure. Gastroenterology, 2010, Volume: 138, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Glu	2010
Non-specific interference in the measurement of plasma ammonia: importance of using a sample blank. Annals of clinical biochemistry, 2010, Volume: 47, Issue:Pt 1 Topics: Ammonia; Artifacts; Enzyme Assays; Glutamate Dehydrogenase (NADP+); Humans; Liver; Liver Failure, Ac	2010
Brain edema in acute liver failure: inhibition by L-histidine. The American journal of pathology, 2010, Volume: 176, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Glutaminase; Glutamine; Heme Oxygena	2010
Portacaval anastomosis-induced hyperammonemia does not lead to oxidative stress. Metabolic brain disease, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Aldehydes; Ammonia; Animals; Biomarkers; Blotting, Western; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Frontal L	2010
Ammonia and proinflammatory cytokines modify expression of genes coding for astrocytic proteins implicated in brain edema in acute liver failure. Metabolic brain disease, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Aquaporin 4; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Encephali	2010
A new experimental model for acute hepatic failure in rats. Acta cirurgica brasileira, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Creatine; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatectomy; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	2010
Blood-brain barrier in liver failure: are cracks appearing in the wall? Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2010, Volume: 30, Issue:8 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Live	2010
Transplantation of immortalized human fetal hepatocytes prevents acute liver failure in 90% hepatectomized mice. Transplantation proceedings, 2010, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Genetic	2010
Brain aquaporin-4 in experimental acute liver failure. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 2010, Volume: 69, Issue:9 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Aquaporin 4; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Edema; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Cell Membra	2010
Brain region-selective mechanisms contribute to the progression of cerebral alterations in acute liver failure in rats. Gastroenterology, 2011, Volume: 140, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Capillary Permeability; Cerebellum; Cerebrum; En	2011
Extracellular brain ammonia levels in association with arterial ammonia, intracranial pressure and the use of albumin dialysis devices in pigs with acute liver failure. Metabolic brain disease, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Albumins; Ammonia; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Chemistry; Disease Progression; Electroenceph	2010
Effects of plasma from patients with acute on chronic liver failure on function of cytochrome P450 in immortalized human hepatocytes. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT, 2010, Volume: 9, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Proteins; Cell Line, Transformed; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System;	2010
Cannabidiol improves brain and liver function in a fulminant hepatic failure-induced model of hepatic encephalopathy in mice. British journal of pharmacology, 2011, Volume: 162, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Brain; Cannabidiol; Cognition; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Liver; L	2011
Transient fulminant liver failure as an initial presentation in citrullinemia type I. Molecular genetics and metabolism, 2011, Volume: 102, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Argininosuccinate Synthase; Base Sequence; Citrulline; Citrullinemia; Fatty Liver; Female;	2011
Neuromonitoring in a porcine model of acute hepatic failure. Laboratory animals, 2011, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Disease Models, Animal; Electroencephalography; Evok	2011
Selective cyclooxygenase inhibition improves hepatic encephalopathy in fulminant hepatic failure of rat. European journal of pharmacology, 2011, Volume: 666, Issue:1-3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Gene Expression Reg	2011
Liver transplantation rapidly stops cerebral ammonia uptake in fulminant hepatic failure. Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Brain; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acu	2011
Threshold for toxicity from hyperammonemia in critically ill children. Journal of hepatology, 2012, Volume: 56, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Encephalocele; Female; Humans; Hype	2012
A simple dummy liver assist device prolongs anhepatic survival in a porcine model of total hepatectomy by slight hypothermia. BMC gastroenterology, 2011, Jul-14, Volume: 11 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Body Temperature; Creatinine; Extracorporeal Circulation; Female; Hepatectomy; Hyp	2011
Development of a porcine model of post-hepatectomy liver failure. The Journal of surgical research, 2011, Volume: 170, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Hepatecto	2011
Extracorporeal liver perfusion system for artificial liver support across a membrane. The Journal of surgical research, 2011, Volume: 171, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Endogenous Retroviruses; Extracorporeal Circulation; Galactose; Liver Circulation;	2011
Prospective derivation and validation of early dynamic model for predicting outcome in patients with acute liver failure. Gut, 2012, Volume: 61, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Analysis of Variance; Female; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Logist	2012
Artificial liver support system reduces intracranial pressure more effectively than bioartificial system: an experimental study. The International journal of artificial organs, 2012, Volume: 35, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Biomarkers; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Disease Models, Animal; Equipm	2012
Persistent hyperammonemia is associated with complications and poor outcomes in patients with acute liver failure. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2012, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Blood Chemical Analysis; Brain Edema; Child; Communicable Diseases	2012
Inflammatory cascades driven by tumor necrosis factor-alpha play a major role in the progression of acute liver failure and its neurological complications. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:11 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azoxymethane; CD40 Ligand; Cerebrum; Dise	2012
Effects of acute-liver-failure-plasma exposure on hepatic functionality of HepaRG-AMC-bioartificial liver. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2013, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Animals; Apolipoprotein A-I; Cell Line, Tumor; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Disease	2013
A method to assess biochemical activity of liver cells during clinical application of extracorporeal hybrid liver support. The International journal of artificial organs, 2002, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Biochemistry; Bioreactors; Blood Flow Velocity; Extracorporeal Circulation; Glucos	2002
Treatment of acute liver failure in pigs reduces hepatocyte function in a bioartificial liver support system. The International journal of artificial organs, 2002, Volume: 25, Issue:10 Topics: 7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase; Ammonia; Animals; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cells, Cultured; Female; Hep	2002
Selective increase of brain lactate synthesis in experimental acute liver failure: results of a [H-C] nuclear magnetic resonance study. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2003, Volume: 37, Issue:2 Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Animals; Blood; Body Water; Brain; Brain Edema; Carbon Isotopes; Glucose; Hepa	2003
Mild hypothermia in the prevention of brain edema in acute liver failure: mechanisms and clinical prospects. Metabolic brain disease, 2002, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Brain Edema; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Lactic Acid; Liver Failure	2002
The development of a new bioartificial liver and its application in 12 acute liver failure patients. World journal of gastroenterology, 2003, Volume: 9, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Disease Models, Animal; Equipment Design; Female; He	2003
The effects of early and late administration of inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase in a thioacetamide-induced model of acute hepatic failure in the rat. Journal of hepatology, 2003, Volume: 38, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Enzyme Inhibitors; Guanidines; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Liver; Liver Failure, Acute	2003
Ammonium detoxification performed by porcine hepatocyte spheroids in a bioartificial liver for pediatric use: preliminary report. Artificial organs, 2003, Volume: 27, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Child; Diazepam; Equipment Design; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Live	2003
Pathogenesis of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: inflammation, ammonia and cerebral blood flow. Journal of hepatology, 2004, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Biomarkers; Brain; Cardiovascular System; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Female; Hemod	2004
Flumazenil-induced improvement of the central dopaminergic system in rats with acute hepatic failure. Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Anesthesia; Animals; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain Chemistry; Central Nervous System; Dopamine	2005
Transplantation of human hepatocytes cultured with deleted variant of hepatocyte growth factor prolongs the survival of mice with acute liver failure. Transplantation, 2005, May-27, Volume: 79, Issue:10 Topics: Albumins; Ammonia; Animals; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; Cell Division; Child; Diazepam; DN	2005
An experimental animal model of fulminant hepatic failure in pigs. Journal of Korean medical science, 2005, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Acidosis; Ammonia; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Blood Glucose; Blood Urea Nitrog	2005
Evaluation of plasma ammonia levels in patients with acute liver failure and chronic liver disease and its correlation with the severity of hepatic encephalopathy and clinical features of raised intracranial tension. Clinical biochemistry, 2005, Volume: 38, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Chronic Disease; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intracranial H	2005
Predictive value of arterial ammonia for complications and outcome in acute liver failure. Gut, 2006, Volume: 55, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Biomarkers; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	2006
Predictive value of arterial ammonia for complications and outcome in acute liver failure. Gut, 2006, Volume: 55, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Biomarkers; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	2006
Predictive value of arterial ammonia for complications and outcome in acute liver failure. Gut, 2006, Volume: 55, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Biomarkers; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	2006
Predictive value of arterial ammonia for complications and outcome in acute liver failure. Gut, 2006, Volume: 55, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Biomarkers; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	2006
Characterization of acute liver failure and development of a continuous risk of death staging system in children. Journal of hepatology, 2006, Volume: 44, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Bilirubin; Biomarkers; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Male	2006
Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: a randomized study. Critical care medicine, 2006, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Albumins; Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Disease Models, Animal; Female	2006
Selectively increased expression of the astrocytic/endothelial glucose transporter protein GLUT1 in acute liver failure. Glia, 2006, Apr-01, Volume: 53, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Antimetabolites; Antisense Elements (Genetics); Astrocytes; Blotting, Western; Bra	2006
Prolonged survival of mice with acute liver failure with transplantation of monkey hepatocytes cultured with an antiapoptotic pentapeptide V5. Transplantation, 2006, Feb-15, Volume: 81, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Cell Culture Techniques; Cells, Cultured; Diazepam; Haplorhini; Hepatocytes; Lidoc	2006
The role of infection and inflammation in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema in acute liver failure. Nature clinical practice. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2006, Volume: 3, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Cytokines; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Infections; Inflammation;	2006
Direct molecular and spectroscopic evidence for increased ammonia removal capacity of skeletal muscle in acute liver failure. Journal of hepatology, 2006, Volume: 44, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Gene Expression; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Glutamine; Liver Failure, Acute; Male;	2006
Functional evaluation of a new bioartificial liver system in vitro and in vitro. World journal of gastroenterology, 2006, Feb-28, Volume: 12, Issue:8 Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Albumins; Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Bioreactors; Cell Survival; Cells, Cult	2006
Interorgan ammonia, glutamate, and glutamine trafficking in pigs with acute liver failure. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2006, Volume: 291, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Female; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Hyperammonemia; Ki	2006
Molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment for patients with liver failure: the Hong Kong experience. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2006, Volume: 26, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Female; Hepatectomy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; H	2006
Comparison between bioartificial and artificial liver for the treatment of acute liver failure in pigs. World journal of gastroenterology, 2006, Dec-14, Volume: 12, Issue:46 Topics: Amino Acids, Aromatic; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Ammonia; Animals; Female; Hemodiafiltration; Hum	2006
Pediatric liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Transplantation proceedings, 2007, Volume: 39, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Cadaver; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Liver Failure, Acute;	2007
Simvastatin for rats with thioacetamide-induced liver failure and encephalopathy. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2008, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Pt 2 Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Ammonia; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Disease Models, Anim	2008
MARS dialysis in decompensated alcoholic liver disease: a single-center experience. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society, 2007, Volume: 13, Issue:8 Topics: Ammonia; Bilirubin; Female; Humans; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Liver Failure; Liver Failure, Acute;	2007
Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2007, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Brain Edema; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension	2007
Association of reduced extracellular brain ammonia, lactate, and intracranial pressure in pigs with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2007, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Disease Models, Animal; Extracellular Space; Female; Glutamic Aci	2007
Recovery of brain dopamine metabolism by branched-chain amino acids in rats with acute hepatic failure. Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 2007, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Alanine Transaminase; Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Ammo	2007
Brain cytokine flux in acute liver failure and its relationship with intracranial hypertension. Metabolic brain disease, 2007, Volume: 22, Issue:3-4 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Brain; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytokines; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Interleuk	2007
Predicting prognosis in acute liver failure: Ammonia and the risk of cerebral edema. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2007, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Brain Edema; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Prognosis	2007
Cerebral blood flow autoregulation in experimental liver failure. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2008, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Disease Models, Anim	2008
Variation in blood ammonia concentration with site of measurement and evidence of brain and muscle uptake in patients with acute liver failure. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2008, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Arteries; Brain; Female; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Veins	2008
Albumin dialysis in critically ill patients: use versus omission of intradialytic heparin. Artificial organs, 2008, Volume: 32, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Albumins; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Contraindications; Creatinine; Dialysis; Dialysis Solutio	2008
Extracellular brain glutamate during acute liver failure and during acute hyperammonemia simulating acute liver failure: an experimental study based on in vivo brain dialysis. Journal of hepatology, 1994, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Electroencephalography; Extracellular Space; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Hep	1994
Metabolic abnormalities and grade of encephalopathy in acute hepatic failure. Journal of neurochemistry, 1994, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Arginine; Aspartic Acid; Blood Glucose; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Chemistry; Brai	1994
45CaCl2 autoradiography in brain from rabbits with encephalopathy from acute liver failure or acute hyperammonemia. Metabolic brain disease, 1994, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Acetates; Ammonia; Animals; Autoradiography; Blood Glucose; Brain; Brain Diseases; Calcium; Calcium	1994
Encephalopathy from acute liver failure and from acute hyperammonemia in the rabbit. A clinical and biochemical study. Liver, 1994, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Disease Models, Animal; Electroencephalography; Hepatic Encephalopath	1994
Acute liver failure and hyperammonemia increase peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor binding and pregnenolone synthesis in mouse brain. Brain research, 1995, Dec-24, Volume: 705, Issue:1-2 Topics: Acetates; Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Liver Failure, Ac	1995
Two models of acute hepatic failure with extensive hepatic necrosis and blood ammonia elevation in small animals. Journal of medicine, 1997, Volume: 28, Issue:1-2 Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Common Bile Duct; Disease Models, Animal; Emulsio	1997
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain Edema; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Rats; Rats, Sp	1999
Hyperammonia and cerebral herniation: is an abnormality of ammonia metabolism responsible? The American journal of gastroenterology, 1999, Volume: 94, Issue:12 Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Encephalocele; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Liver; Liv	1999
Transplantation of highly differentiated immortalized human hepatocytes to treat acute liver failure. Transplantation, 2000, Jan-27, Volume: 69, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Transpl	2000
Hyperammonemia and intracranial hypertension: lying in wait for patients with hepatic disorders? The American journal of gastroenterology, 2000, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Encephalocele; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Liver Failure, Acute; Predictive Value of	2000
Mild hypothermia delays the onset of coma and prevents brain edema and extracellular brain glutamate accumulation in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2000, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Hepatic Artery; Hepatic En	2000
Splanchnic and leg exchange of amino acids and ammonia in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology, 2000, Volume: 118, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Citrulline; Female; Femoral Artery; Femor	2000
Extracorporeal liver perfusion using human and pig livers for acute liver failure. Transplantation, 2000, Nov-27, Volume: 70, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Animals; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Biopsy; Child; Endothelium, Vascula	2000
Effects of high-volume plasmapheresis on ammonia, urea, and amino acids in patients with acute liver failure. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2001, Volume: 96, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Female; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Male; Plasmapheresis; Urea	2001
Development and characterization of a hybrid bioartificial liver using primary hepatocytes entrapped in a basement membrane matrix. Digestive diseases and sciences, 2001, Volume: 46, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Basement Membrane; Cells, Cultured; Collagen; Culture Media; Gels; Hepatocytes; La	2001
Effects of prostaglandin E(1) on the efficacy of xenogeneic extracorporeal pig liver perfusion in a canine model of acute liver failure. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society, 2001, Volume: 7, Issue:6 Topics: Alprostadil; Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Ammonia; Animals; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts;	2001
Monitoring of brain water by chemical shift imaging during ammonia-induced brain swelling in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Artificial organs, 2001, Volume: 25, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Body Water; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Intracranial Hypertension; Liver Failure	2001
Mild hypothermia prevents cerebral edema and CSF lactate accumulation in acute liver failure. Metabolic brain disease, 2001, Volume: 16, Issue:1-2 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Energy Metabolism; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hypothermia, Induce	2001
Hepatocellular transplantation for metabolic support in experimental acute ischemic liver failure in rats. Transplantation proceedings, 1992, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood Glucose; Gluconeogenesis; Ischemia; Liver; Liver Failure, Acute; Liver Trans	1992

ammonium hydroxide and Acute Hepatic Failure