Page last updated: 2024-10-22

amantadine and Parkinsonian Disorders

amantadine has been researched along with Parkinsonian Disorders in 38 studies

amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source

Parkinsonian Disorders: A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Potential neuroprotective activity of the novel antiparkinsonian drug hemantane (hydrochloride N-2-(adamantyl)-hexamethylenimine) in comparison to amantadine has been studied in various regimes of administration on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line injury induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which is used as in vitro model of dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson's disease."7.83[COMPARISON OF CYTOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HEMANTANE AND AMANTADINE UNDER CONDITIONS OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE NEUROTOXIN ACTION ON CULTURED HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS]. ( Antipova, TA; Logvinov, IO; Nepoklonov, AV; Valdman, EA, 2016)
"Potential neuroprotective activity of the novel antiparkinsonian drug hemantane (hydrochloride N-2-(adamantyl)-hexamethylenimine) in comparison to amantadine has been studied in various regimes of administration on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line injury induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which is used as in vitro model of dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson's disease."3.83[COMPARISON OF CYTOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HEMANTANE AND AMANTADINE UNDER CONDITIONS OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE NEUROTOXIN ACTION ON CULTURED HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS]. ( Antipova, TA; Logvinov, IO; Nepoklonov, AV; Valdman, EA, 2016)
"Amantadine is an antiparkinsonian medication scarcely associated with PHS."2.72Parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia Syndrome After Amantadine Withdrawal: Case Report and Review of the Literature. ( Dos Santos, DT; Imthon, AK; Pille, A; Schumacher-Schuh, AF; Strelow, MZ, 2021)
"Our patient had developed overt parkinsonism presenting with a resting tremor, expressionless face, and lack of blinking along with marked cogwheel rigidity and a stooped, slow gait."2.43Extrapyramidal parkinsonism complicating acute organophosphate insecticide poisoning. ( Bar-Joseph, G; Bentur, Y; Cahana, A; Hershman, E; Shahar, E, 2005)
"There are many causes of parkinsonism such as drug induced parkinsonism, subcortical vascular disease, and multisystem atrophy."2.42[Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's syndrome. What is important for the general practitioner?]. ( Ceballos-Baumann, A, 2003)
"Dopamine replacement therapy using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is a gold standard treatment in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, chronic administration of L-DOPA causes excessive involuntary movements called L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia."1.56Ameliorative effects of a phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, MR1916 on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats. ( Arakawa, K; Maehara, S; Yuge, N, 2020)
"Amantadine (10 mg/kg PO) was tested as a positive control."1.56The selective 5-HT ( Brotchie, JM; Depoortere, R; Fox, SH; Johnston, TH; Newman-Tancredi, A, 2020)
"Amantadine may cause RVOT-VT as well as other cardiac arrhythmias."1.42Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia after an initial dose of amantadine. ( Çetinkal, G; Doğan, SM; Kocaş, C; Türkmen, Y, 2015)
"Although neurological manifestations of typhoid fever was thought to be obsolete from modern world, emergence of multidrug resistant typhoid bacilli and reporting of outbreak of typhoid fever with a range of early neuropsychiatric manifestations from various parts of world has led clinicians and investigators to re-evaluate the clinical spectrum of this endemic sinister disease."1.39Catatonia and parkinsonism as a sequelae of typhoid fever: a rare experience. ( Dutta, A; Rana, S; Talukdar, A; Talukdar, P, 2013)
" The chronic administration of these drugs together with amantadine (20 mg/kg) accelerates the onset of latency and increases the magnitude of dyskinesia."1.37[Comparative study of amantadine and hemantane effects on development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in rat model of parkinsonian syndrome]. ( Ivanova, EA; Kapitsa, IG; Kokshenev, II; Nepoklonov, AV; Val'dman, EA; Voronina, TA, 2011)
"Methanol poisoning is an uncommon but potent central nervous system toxin."1.32Methanol poisoning: diagnosis and management. A case report. ( Ahmed, S; Ashebu, SD; Bitar, ZI, 2004)
"Once a parkinsonian syndrome was diagnosed, she was given amantadine therapy with complete recovery."1.31Extra-pyramidal parkinsonism complicating organophosphate insecticide poisoning. ( Andraws, J; Shahar, E, 2001)

Research

Studies (38)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19901 (2.63)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's12 (31.58)29.6817
2010's17 (44.74)24.3611
2020's8 (21.05)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Bourque, M3
Grégoire, L3
Patel, W3
Dickens, D3
Snodgrass, R3
Di Paolo, T3
Rentsch, P1
Stayte, S1
Egan, T1
Clark, I1
Vissel, B1
Arakawa, K1
Yuge, N1
Maehara, S1
Shen, W1
Ren, W1
Zhai, S1
Yang, B1
Vanoye, CG1
Mitra, A1
George, AL1
Surmeier, DJ1
Wiwanitkit, V1
Aranda-Abreu, GE1
Depoortere, R1
Johnston, TH2
Fox, SH2
Brotchie, JM2
Newman-Tancredi, A1
Dos Santos, DT1
Imthon, AK1
Strelow, MZ1
Pille, A1
Schumacher-Schuh, AF1
McGarry, A1
Biglan, K1
Talukdar, P1
Dutta, A1
Rana, S1
Talukdar, A1
Kocaş, C1
Türkmen, Y1
Çetinkal, G1
Doğan, SM1
Chattopadhyaya, I1
Gupta, S1
Mohammed, A1
Mushtaq, N1
Chauhan, S1
Ghosh, S2
Park, H1
Jeon, BS1
Shin, JH1
Park, SH1
Zhang, LL1
Canning, SD1
Wang, XP1
Tada, H1
Ogihara, T1
Nakamura, T1
Sasayama, D1
Sugiyama, N1
Takahashi, Y1
Washizuka, S1
Amano, N1
Logvinov, IO2
Antipova, TA2
Nepoklonov, AV2
Valdman, EA1
Ghaffariyeh, A1
Honarpisheh, N1
Spinnewyn, B1
Charnet, C1
Cornet, S1
Roubert, V1
Chabrier, PE1
Auguet, M1
Zimin, IA1
Kovalev, GI1
Ossola, B1
Schendzielorz, N1
Chen, SH1
Bird, GS1
Tuominen, RK1
Männistö, PT1
Hong, JS1
Kapitsa, IG1
Ivanova, EA1
Kokshenev, II1
Voronina, TA1
Val'dman, EA1
Paquette, MA1
Martinez, AA1
Macheda, T1
Meshul, CK1
Johnson, SW1
Berger, SP1
Giuffrida, A1
Breger, LS1
Dunnett, SB1
Lane, EL1
Yeh, CH1
Lin, SF1
Lin, CY1
Chen, CY1
Chow, KC1
Bezard, E1
Tronci, E1
Pioli, EY1
Li, Q1
Porras, G1
Björklund, A1
Carta, M2
Skolimowski, J1
Kochman, A1
Gebicka, L1
Metodiewa, D1
Ceballos-Baumann, A1
Bitar, ZI1
Ashebu, SD1
Ahmed, S1
Lundblad, M1
Usiello, A1
Håkansson, K1
Fisone, G1
Cenci, MA1
Shahar, E2
Bentur, Y1
Bar-Joseph, G1
Cahana, A1
Hershman, E1
Visanji, NP1
Gomez-Ramirez, J1
Pires, D1
Voon, V1
Fann, WE1
Lake, CR1
Shiio, Y1
Fredriksson, A1
Danysz, W1
Quack, G1
Archer, T1
Andraws, J1
Brooks, DJ1
Finsterer, J1

Reviews

6 reviews available for amantadine and Parkinsonian Disorders

ArticleYear
Parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia Syndrome After Amantadine Withdrawal: Case Report and Review of the Literature.
    The neurologist, 2021, Jul-06, Volume: 26, Issue:4

    Topics: Aged; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Female; Humans; Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome; Parkinson Di

2021
Freezing of Gait in Parkinsonism and its Potential Drug Treatment.
    Current neuropharmacology, 2016, Volume: 14, Issue:4

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Botulinum Toxins; Droxidopa; Gait Disorde

2016
[Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's syndrome. What is important for the general practitioner?].
    MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2003, May-26, Volume: 145 Suppl 2

    Topics: Aged; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Apomorphine; Botulinum Toxins; Catechols; Cholinesterase Inh

2003
Extrapyramidal parkinsonism complicating acute organophosphate insecticide poisoning.
    Pediatric neurology, 2005, Volume: 33, Issue:5

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Basal Ganglia Diseases; Dimethoate; Hum

2005
[Drug-induced parkinsonism].
    Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2007, Oct-28, Volume: 65 Suppl 8

    Topics: Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzamides; Butyrophenones; Calcium Channel

2007
[Parkinson disease: diagnostic and therapeutic criteria].
    Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 2001, Mar-03, Volume: 30, Issue:8

    Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Aged; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Bromocriptine; Diagnosis,

2001

Trials

1 trial available for amantadine and Parkinsonian Disorders

ArticleYear
On the coexistence of parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia.
    Diseases of the nervous system, 1974, Volume: 35, Issue:7

    Topics: Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced;

1974

Other Studies

31 other studies available for amantadine and Parkinsonian Disorders

ArticleYear
AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys.
    Cells, 2022, 11-08, Volume: 11, Issue:22

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dyskinesia,

2022
AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys.
    Cells, 2022, 11-08, Volume: 11, Issue:22

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dyskinesia,

2022
AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys.
    Cells, 2022, 11-08, Volume: 11, Issue:22

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dyskinesia,

2022
AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys.
    Cells, 2022, 11-08, Volume: 11, Issue:22

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dyskinesia,

2022
AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys.
    Cells, 2022, 11-08, Volume: 11, Issue:22

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dyskinesia,

2022
AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys.
    Cells, 2022, 11-08, Volume: 11, Issue:22

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dyskinesia,

2022
AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys.
    Cells, 2022, 11-08, Volume: 11, Issue:22

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dyskinesia,

2022
AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys.
    Cells, 2022, 11-08, Volume: 11, Issue:22

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dyskinesia,

2022
AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys.
    Cells, 2022, 11-08, Volume: 11, Issue:22

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dyskinesia,

2022
Targeting the cannabinoid receptor CB2 in a mouse model of l-dopa induced dyskinesia.
    Neurobiology of disease, 2020, Volume: 134

    Topics: Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Camphanes; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Cannabinoids; D

2020
Ameliorative effects of a phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, MR1916 on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats.
    Pharmacological reports : PR, 2020, Volume: 72, Issue:2

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D

2020
Striatal Kir2 K+ channel inhibition mediates the antidyskinetic effects of amantadine.
    The Journal of clinical investigation, 2020, 05-01, Volume: 130, Issue:5

    Topics: Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; CHO Cells; Corpus Striatum; Cricetulus; Dyskinesia, Drug-

2020
Amantadine, COVID-19 and Parkinsonism.
    Archives of medical research, 2020, Volume: 51, Issue:7

    Topics: Amantadine; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; Parkinsonian Disor

2020
Response to: Amantadine, COVID-19 and Parkinsonism.
    Archives of medical research, 2020, Volume: 51, Issue:7

    Topics: Amantadine; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; Parkinsonian Disor

2020
The selective 5-HT
    Parkinsonism & related disorders, 2020, Volume: 78

    Topics: Amantadine; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Agents; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Female; Levo

2020
Improvement of freezing of gait with amantadine in a patient with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and Parkinsonism.
    Parkinsonism & related disorders, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic; Gait Disorders, Neurologic; H

2013
Catatonia and parkinsonism as a sequelae of typhoid fever: a rare experience.
    BMJ case reports, 2013, Jun-27, Volume: 2013

    Topics: Adolescent; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Benzothiazoles;

2013
Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia after an initial dose of amantadine.
    Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi arsivi : Turk Kardiyoloji Derneginin yayin organidir, 2015, Volume: 43, Issue:5

    Topics: Amantadine; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Middle Aged; Parkinsonian Disorde

2015
Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina fusiform and amantadine in the 6-OHDA induced Parkinsonism in rats.
    BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2015, Aug-25, Volume: 15

    Topics: Amantadine; Animals; Dietary Supplements; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidopamine; Parkinsonian Disorder

2015
A patient with 41 CAG repeats in SCA17 presenting with parkinsonism and chorea.
    Parkinsonism & related disorders, 2016, Volume: 22

    Topics: Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Benzothiazoles; Brain; Chorea; Humans; Levodopa; Male; Middle Aged

2016
A case of severe parkinsonism in an elderly person induced by valproic acid.
    Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 2017, Volume: 17, Issue:1

    Topics: Aged; Amantadine; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Magnetic

2017
[COMPARISON OF CYTOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HEMANTANE AND AMANTADINE UNDER CONDITIONS OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE NEUROTOXIN ACTION ON CULTURED HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS].
    Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia, 2016, Volume: 79, Issue:1

    Topics: Adamantane; Amantadine; Cell Line, Tumor; Cytoprotection; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans;

2016
Amantadine-associated corneal edema.
    Parkinsonism & related disorders, 2010, Volume: 16, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Amantadine; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antiparkinson Agents; Corneal Edema; Female; Humans; Oph

2010
An improved model to investigate the efficacy of antidyskinetic agents in hemiparkinsonian rats.
    Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2011, Volume: 25, Issue:5

    Topics: Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bens

2011
[A comparative study of hemantane and amantadine effects on dopamine transporter expression in brain of normal and MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice].
    Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia, 2011, Volume: 74, Issue:1

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Adamantane; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents;

2011
Amantadine protects dopamine neurons by a dual action: reducing activation of microglia and inducing expression of GDNF in astroglia [corrected].
    Neuropharmacology, 2011, Volume: 61, Issue:4

    Topics: Amantadine; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Dopamine;

2011
[Comparative study of amantadine and hemantane effects on development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in rat model of parkinsonian syndrome].
    Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia, 2011, Volume: 74, Issue:7

    Topics: Adamantane; Amantadine; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Benserazide; Disease Models, Animal; Dyskinesia,

2011
Anti-dyskinetic mechanisms of amantadine and dextromethorphan in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease: role of NMDA vs. 5-HT1A receptors.
    The European journal of neuroscience, 2012, Volume: 36, Issue:9

    Topics: Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Cycloserine; Dextromethorphan; Dopamine Agents; Dyskinesi

2012
Comparison of rating scales used to evaluate L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the 6-OHDA lesioned rat.
    Neurobiology of disease, 2013, Volume: 50

    Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dopamine Agonists; Dyskinesia, Drug-In

2013
Acute onset of parkinsonism with reversible course after H1N1 vaccination: insight from a young lady.
    The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2012,Fall, Volume: 24, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Amantadine; Benzothiazoles; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Influenza A Virus

2012
Study of the antidyskinetic effect of eltoprazine in animal models of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
    Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:8

    Topics: Amantadine; Amphetamine; Animals; Apomorphine; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Agents; Dyskinesia,

2013
Synthesis and antioxidant activity evaluation of novel antiparkinsonian agents, aminoadamantane derivatives of nitroxyl free radical.
    Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2003, Aug-05, Volume: 11, Issue:16

    Topics: Adamantane; Amantadine; Animals; Antioxidants; Antiparkinson Agents; Brain; Dopamine; Female; Free R

2003
Methanol poisoning: diagnosis and management. A case report.
    International journal of clinical practice, 2004, Volume: 58, Issue:11

    Topics: Adult; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Humans; Male; Methanol; Parkinsonian Disorders; Solvents; T

2004
Pharmacological validation of a mouse model of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
    Experimental neurology, 2005, Volume: 194, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic Agents; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Basal

2005
Pharmacological characterization of psychosis-like behavior in the MPTP-lesioned nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease.
    Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2006, Volume: 21, Issue:11

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Apomorphine

2006
Co-administration of memantine and amantadine with sub/suprathreshold doses of L-Dopa restores motor behaviour of MPTP-treated mice.
    Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2001, Volume: 108, Issue:2

    Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Amantadine; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Dizocilpine

2001
Extra-pyramidal parkinsonism complicating organophosphate insecticide poisoning.
    European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society, 2001, Volume: 5, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Basal Ganglia Diseases; Female; Humans; Insecticides;

2001
Diagnosis and management of atypical parkinsonian syndromes.
    Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2002, Volume: 72 Suppl 1

    Topics: Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Brain; Cholinergic Antagonists; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnosti

2002
Parkinson syndrome as a manifestation of mitochondriopathy.
    Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 2002, Volume: 105, Issue:5

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amantadine; Antiparkinson Agents; Biopsy; DNA, Mitochondrial; Dopamine; Ele

2002