alpha-chymotrypsin and Body-Weight

Topics: Amylases; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Carboxypeptidases; Chymotrypsin; Enzyme Activation; Gastrins; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lipase; Microspheres; Organ Size; Pancreas; Radioisotopes; Secretin; Selenium; Trypsin

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is mainly characterized by synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis, inflammatory cells infiltration. Chymotrypsin is a proteolytic enzyme with anti-inflammatory effects. The current project was intended to test the efficacy and mechanism of chymotrypsin in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats to provide an experimental basis for the clinical application of chymotrypsin.. The body weight of the rats in each group showed an increasing trend, and there was no significant difference in weight between the groups. CHD and piroxicam suppressed paw swelling and arthritic scores and decreased synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, and bone destruction. Furthermore, the overproduction of MMP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum was remarkably attenuated in the chymotrypsin- and piroxicam-treated rats. The protein levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in the synovial tissue of the chymotrypsin group and the piroxicam group were significantly lower than those in the model group. Likewise, the rats treated with chymotrypsin and piroxicam had a substantial decline in the mRNA expression of TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in synovial tissue.. Chymotrypsin alleviates the joint damage of AIA rats, probably by reducing the expression of MMP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Topics: Animals; Arthritis; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Hyperplasia; Interleukin-6; Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; NF-kappa B; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of dietary crude protein (CP) intake on ileal amino acid digestibilities and expression of genes for digestive enzymes in growing and finishing pigs. In Experiment 1, 18 growing pigs (average initial BW = 36.5 kg) were assigned randomly into one of three treatments (n = 6/treatment group) representing normal (18 % CP), low (15 % CP), and very low (12 % CP) protein intake. In Experiment 2, 18 finishing pigs (average initial BW = 62.3 kg) were allotted randomly into one of three treatments (n = 6/treatment group), representing normal (16 % CP), low (13 % CP) and very low (10 % CP) protein intake. In both experiments, diets with low and very low CP were supplemented with crystalline amino acids to achieve equal content of standardized ileal digestible Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp, and were provided to pigs ad libitum. Daily feed intake, BW, and feed/gain ratios were determined. At the end of each experiment, all pigs were slaughtered to collect pancreas, small-intestine samples, and terminal ileal chymes. Samples were used for determining expression of genes for digestive enzymes and ileal amino acid digestibilities. Growing pigs fed the 12 % CP and 15 % CP diets had lower final body weight (P < 0.01) and ADG (P < 0.0001) when compared with pigs fed the 18 % dietary CP diet. Growing pigs fed with the 12 % CP diet showed higher digestibilities for CP (P < 0.05), DM (P < 0.05), Lys (P < 0.0001), Met (P < 0.01), Cys (P < 0.01), Thr (P < 0.01), Trp (P < 0.05), Val (P < 0.05), Phe (P < 0.05), Ala (P < 0.05), Cys (P < 0.01), and Gly (P < 0.05) than those fed the 18 % CP diet. Finishing pigs fed the 16 % CP diet had a higher (P < 0.01) final body weight than those fed the 10 % CP diet. mRNA levels for digestive enzymes (trypsinogen, chymotrypsin B, and dipeptidases-II and III) differed among the three groups of pigs (P < 0.05), and no difference was noted in the genes expression between control group and lower CP group. These results indicated that a reduction of dietary CP by a six-percentage value limited the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs and that a low-protein diet supplemented with deficient amino acids could reduce the excretion of nitrogen into the environment without affecting weight gain.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Female; Ileum; Male; Swine; Trypsinogen

Peripheral skeletal muscle is altered in patients suffering from emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Oxidative stress have been demonstrated to participate on skeletal muscle loss of several states, including disuse atrophy, mechanical ventilation, and chronic diseases. No evidences have demonstrated the occurance in a severity manner.. We evaluated body weight, muscle loss, oxidative stress, and chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity in the gastrocnemius muscle of emphysemic hamsters. The experimental animals had 2 different severities of lung damage from experimental emphysema induced by 20 mg/mL (E20) and 40 mg/mL (E40) papain.. The severity of emphysema increased significantly in E20 (60.52 ± 2.8, p < 0.05) and E40 (52.27 ± 4.7; crossed the alveolar intercepts) groups. As compared to the control group, there was a reduction on body (171.6 ± 15.9 g) and muscle weight (251.87 ± 24.87 mg) in the E20 group (157.5 ± 10.3 mg and 230.12 ± 23.52 mg, for body and muscle weight, respectively), which was accentuated in the E40 group (137.4 ± 7.2 g and 197.87 ± 10.49 mg, for body and muscle weight, respectively). Additionally, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), tert-butyl hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence (CL), carbonylated proteins, and chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity were elevated in the E40 group as compared to the E20 group (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). The severity of emphysema significantly correlated with the progressive increase in CL (r = -0.95), TBARS (r = -0.98), carbonyl proteins (r = -0.99), and chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity (r = -0.90). Furthermore, augmentation of proteolytic activity correlated significantly with CL (r = 0.97), TBARS (r = 0.96), and carbonyl proteins (r = 0.91).. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that muscle atrophy observed in this model of emphysema is mediated by increased muscle chymotrypsin-like activity, with possible involvement of oxidative stress in a severity-dependent manner.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Cricetinae; Disease Models, Animal; Lung; Male; Mesocricetus; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Atrophy; Organ Size; Oxidative Stress; Papain; Protein Carbonylation; Pulmonary Emphysema; Severity of Illness Index; tert-Butylhydroperoxide; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

This study comprised the results of three different seawater trials using unique combination of techniques to study protease digestive efficiency and growth performance quality to illustrate the effects of light regimes and vaccine types in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish with higher growth had higher trypsin (T) and chymotrypsin (C) specific activities with higher T/C ratio or slope T/C ratio [calculated from the regression between trypsin (y) and chymotrypsin (x) specific activities] in the pyloric caeca. The T/C ratios indicated fish growth rates over a period of 1-2 months, while the slope T/C ratios indicated fish growth rates at sampling. Adaptation period for adjustment to the new environment of continuous light was 70 days, indicated by the differences in trypsin specific activities and the crossing of slope T/C ratio regressions following with the changes in growth rate directions between the control and the treated group. Vaccine types affected fish vertebral growth, and additional continuous light enhanced the impact of vaccines on fish growth during springtime, indicated by differences in slope T/C ratios. Continuous light stimulated fish growth during winter to spring, when the natural day length was short, without significantly changing white muscle and oocyte qualities in the fish of about 500 g, except for significantly increased white muscle RNA concentration. Continuous light also reduced fish growth rate later during summer, when the natural day length was long, by precedently decreasing the T/C ratio in late spring. Interestingly, plasma levels of free lysine related to tryptic digestion were correlated with trypsin specific activity levels. Continuous light caused higher levels of most free amino acids (FAA) involved in nitrogen metabolism, higher incorporation of essential FAA for protein synthesis, and higher protein turnover rate (free hydroxyproline levels) in both plasma and white muscle. However, continuous light did not affect higher protein content, intracellular buffering capacity and RNA levels in the white muscle of the fish of about 1 kg, probably due to limitation of FAA available for protein synthesis. It is therefore suggested that enhancing fish growth by continuous light stimulation should be accompanied by increasing availability or content of dietary protein (and probably minerals), which in turn would improve the quality of fish growth performance through increasing fillet protein concentration, strengthenin

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Digestion; Muscle, Skeletal; Oocytes; Photoperiod; Salmo salar; Vaccination

We studied the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in rat skeletal muscle during sepsis and subsequent recovery. Sepsis was induced with intraperitoneal zymosan injections. This model allows one to study a sustained and reversible catabolic phase and mimics the events that prevail in septic and subsequently recovering patients. In addition, the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system during muscle recovery is poorly documented. There was a trend for increased ubiquitin-conjugate formation in the muscle wasting phase, which was abolished during the recovery phase. The trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like peptidase activities of the 20S proteasome peaked at day 6 following zymosan injection (i.e. when both muscle mass and muscle fiber cross-sectional area were reduced the most), but remained elevated when muscle mass and muscle fiber cross-sectional area were recovering (11 days). This clearly suggests a role for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the muscle remodeling and/or recovery process. Protein levels of 19S complex and 20S proteasome subunits did not increase throughout the study, pointing to alternative mechanisms regulating proteasome activities. Overall these data support a role for ubiquitin-proteasome dependent proteolysis in the zymosan septic model, in both the catabolic and muscle recovery phases.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Eating; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Protein Subunits; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis; Ubiquitin; Zymosan

Effects of physiological variables (age, body weight and sex) on lipemia (total lipids, phospholipids, triglycerides and NEFA), fecal fat and chymotrypsin excretion were examined in dogs. On comparing various ages and body weights, they found statistically significant differences, while only total lipids showed a statistically significant difference between the two sexes. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between body weight and fecal fat and chymotrypsin excretion. The results obtained contribute to the evaluation of small intestine functionality, especially in relation to some diseases, as malabsorption, maldigestion and steatorrhea in the dog.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Dogs; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Feces; Female; Lipids; Male; Phospholipids; Regression Analysis; Sex Characteristics; Species Specificity

Protein food modulates the activity of proteases of the midgut gland of Penaeus vannamei. Shrimp fed with food containing 15, 30 and 50% protein exhibited differences in trypsin and chymotrypsin activity and trypsin mRNA levels. Shrimp fed with 30% protein showed higher trypsin and chymotrypsin activities than those fed 15 or 50% protein. An additional paralogue trypsin was observed with electrophoretic analysis in shrimp fed 30% protein. Shrimp fed 30% protein showed the highest trypsin to mRNA concentration, suggesting that trypsin genes expression is regulated transcriptionally.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; Digestive System; Gene Expression Regulation; Organ Size; Penaeidae; Ribosomal Proteins; RNA, Messenger; Trypsin

Juvenile piracanjuba, Brycon orbignyanus, in the wild consume protein from both plant and animal sources. Digestion of protein in piracanjuba begins in the stomach with pepsin, at low pH, and is followed by hydrolysis at alkaline pH in the lumen of the intestine. The digestive system in piracanjuba was evaluated to characterize the enzymes responsible for the digestion of feed protein and their composition. The gastric tissue synthesizes pepsin and the intestine tissues trypsin and chymotrypsin. Operational variables were evaluated and defined for future studies of the digestive system physiology. The enzymatic activity in the intestine and the relative concentration of enzymes were heavily influenced by the composition of the feed and the feeding regime, as detected by substrate-SDS-PAGE. Piracanjuba possess a mechanism of enzyme adaptation responding to food quality and regime, by varying the amount and composition of digestive proteases. This is a requisite study to determine the enzymes digesting protein in food and their characteristics and to gain some clues about the possible regulation mechanisms of enzyme synthesis in piracanjuba.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Digestion; Digestive System; Endopeptidases; Enzyme Stability; Fishes; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestines; Male; Organ Size; Pepsin A; Stomach; Substrate Specificity; Temperature; Trypsin

Administration intraperitoneally of the Ascaris alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitor (40-300 mg/kg/day) at a late stage of organogenesis (8-12 days of gestation) disturbed course of mouse pregnancy. The low doses of alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitor (40-80 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased the number of live fetuses per litter, increased the number of fetal resorptions. The symptoms of maternal toxicity that occurred after administration of the highest doses of the inhibitor (80-300 mg/kg/day) to pregnant mice included: decreased body weight gain as compared to control, vaginal hemorrhage, intrauterine resorption of litters, abortions, altered behaviour of animals immediately after injection and death. There is a linear interrelationship between the logarithm of the doses of the inhibitor and mortality of pregnant mice. The DL50 value of the inhibitor for female was 116 mg/kg/day (confidence interval: 95.5-140.0 mg/kg/day).

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Ascaris; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Resorption; Helminth Proteins; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Organ Size; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy, Animal; Teratogens

Most patients who undergo pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) are able to gain their weight postoperatively. However, sometimes patients experience a lack of weight gain even at long term after PPPD. The aim of this study was to examine factors influencing a body weight change after PPPD.. In 34 Japanese patients with PPPD, 28 clinical parameters were assessed as possible factors affecting body weight maintenance at long term (1 year) after the operation by univariate and multivariate analyses.. Univariate analysis showed that long operation time (P = 0.02), extended retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (P = 0.0005), intraoperative radiotherapy (P = 0.02), adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy (P = 0.02), histopathological diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (P = 0.02), postoperative ulceration (P = 0.007), and insufficient postoperative pancreatic exocrine function (P = 0.002) were significantly related with the lack of weight gain at long term after PPPD. Multivariate analysis regarding the seven profound factors revealed that the insufficient postoperative pancreatic exocrine function significantly affected the lack of weight gain after PPPD. The use of ordinary amount of pancreatic exocrine enzymes did not influence the weight gain after PPPD (P = 0.23).. In patients refractory to an ordinary amount of medicine, a large dosage of enzymes may be necessary to gain weight after PPPD.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreaticoduodenectomy; Pancreatin; Pancreatitis; Weight Gain

This study was undertaken in order to determine the influence of chronic ethanol administration on pancreatic regeneration during acute pancreatitis (AP). Rats were pair fed with isocaloric diet containing or not ethanol. After 8 weeks of such feeding AP was induced by s.c. injection of caerulein (Cae). 6 h, 24 h and 5 days after first Cae dose pancreatic weight, amylase, chymotrypsin, protein, RNA, DNA contents were determined and phosphatidic acid (PA) production in isolated pancreatic acini was measured. Proliferating cells were quantified by immunochemical staining of cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU).. Pancreatic weight was significantly higher at 6 h after first Cae injection in both, ethanol fed (EF) and control groups (C), however at 24 h pancreatic weight did not differ from prior to AP induction in EF rats. Ethanol feeding (EF) did not influence significantly protein, chymotrypsin and amylase content in pancreatic tissue in groups with AP. In EF rats RNA content after 5 days of AP was higher than in control animals. Total DNA content in EF rats with AP was lower 6 h after AP induction, earlier than in control animals with AP. Immunochemistry showed higher labelling index for BrdU after 6 h, 24 h and 5 days of AP in EF rats. In contrast to this findings, in EF animals, AP induction was not able to stimulate further PA accumulation.. We conclude that chronic ethanol feeding, while inhibiting PA accumulation in comparison to control group, does not impair pancreatic tissue regeneration during the early phase of Cae-induced AP. Stimulation of regenerative/reparative processes in EF rats during Cae-induced AP seems to be even more pronounced than in the control group.

Topics: Acute Disease; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Ethanol; Male; Nucleic Acids; Organ Size; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Phosphatidic Acids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Regeneration

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effect of chlormethiazole treatment on liver damage in the experimental rat intragastric ethanol-feeding model of alcoholic liver disease. Chlormethiazole has been used in the treatment of alcoholic withdrawal and has been shown to inhibit cytochrome P4502E1. Since treatment of experimental alcoholic liver disease with CYP2E1 inhibitors had an ameliorating effect on liver injury in the rat, chlormethiazole was used to see if it had a similar effect. Rats fed ethanol for 2 months had significantly less liver injury when chlormethiazole was added to the diet, fed intragastrically. The CYP2E1 apoprotein levels, which were increased by ethanol feeding, were also increased when chlormethiazole was fed with ethanol. Chlormethiazole inhibited the increase in the ethanol-induced CYP2E1 activity in vivo, as measured by chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation, but did not affect the level of CYP2E1 apoprotein. Likewise, the reduction in proteasome proteolytic enzyme activity produced by ethanol feeding was blunted in chlormethiazole-fed rats. These results support the conclusion that chlormethiazole treatment partially protects the liver from injury by inhibiting CYP2E1 activity in vivo.

Topics: Animals; Apoenzymes; Body Weight; Chlormethiazole; Chlorzoxazone; Chymotrypsin; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; Hydroxylation; Immunohistochemistry; Liver; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Male; Multienzyme Complexes; Organ Size; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Trypsin

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is thought to play a major role in normal muscle protein turnover and to contribute to diabetes-induced protein wasting in skeletal muscle. However, its importance in cardiac muscle is not clear. We measured heart muscle mRNA for ubiquitin and for the C2 and C8 proteasomal subunits, the amount of free ubiquitin and the proteasome chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity in control and diabetic rats. Results were compared to those in skeletal muscle (rectus). Heart ubiquitin, C2 and C8 subunit mRNA and proteolytic activity were significantly greater than in skeletal muscle (P

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Insulin; Male; Multienzyme Complexes; Muscle, Skeletal; Myocardium; Organ Size; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Protein Subunits; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Ubiquitins

Increase of phosphatidic acid (PA) accumulation in response to caerulein (Cae) and after subtotal pancreatectomy (SP) has been previously described and phospholipase D (PLD) derived PA involvement in pancreatic regeneration was suggested. We also described decrease of Cae stimulated PA accumulation after a single dose of ethanol (both in vitro and in vivo). The present study was undertaken in order to determine the influence of chronic ethanol feeding on basal and Cae stimulated PA accumulation and other parameters of pancreatic regeneration in control and ethanol feed rats. Male rats were pair fed ad libitum with an isocaloric liquid diet (Lieber De Carli) with or without ethanol. In vitro study: pair fed rats were killed after 2 or 6 weeks of feeding, pancreata were dissected out and weighted, dispersed pancreatic acini were then prepared and loaded with 3H myristic acid in order to label the phosphatidylcholine pool. Phosphatidic acid (3H PA) accumulation, in the presence of propranolol, was measured after stimulation with increasing doses of Cae. In vivo study: PA was measured 3 days after SP or sham operation in both groups of rats, and also after 1 h of Cae infusion (0.25 microg/kg/h). Pancreatic weight, amylase, protein, RNA and DNA content were established.. In vitro study 1) Basal PLD activity expressed as PA accumulation was significantly elevated after 6 weeks of ethanol feeding in comparison to the control values (28%). 2) Cae in doses ranging from 100 pM to 5 nM was not able to stimulate PA accumulation in isolated pancreatic acini prepared from ethanol fed rats. In vivo study: 1) Body weight and pancreatic weight were similar in, both the ethanol fed and the control groups, after 2 and 6 weeks. 2) Ethanol feeding significantly decreased total amylase content in the pancreas, but did not change protein, RNA and DNA content. 3) in contrast to the control animals in which SP caused a 71.1% increase of PA accumulation over the sham operation, subtotal pancreatectomy was not able to stimulate PA in rats fed with ethanol. 4) Also Cae infusion did not stimulate PA accumulation in the ethanol fed animals in comparison to the controls. Since the involvement of PLD activation in the early stages of pancreatic regeneration was postulated, our results suggest that chronic ethanol feeding can influence this process by decrease of PA production, probably because of the inhibition of hydrolytic PLD activity in the presence of ethanol. This could be one of the mechanisms responsible for pancreatic injury after chronic ethanol consumption.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Ceruletide; Chymotrypsin; DNA; Ethanol; Gastrointestinal Agents; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Pancreatectomy; Phosphatidic Acids; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Regeneration; RNA; Solvents

The effect of age and weaning on the activities of digestive enzymes with emphasis on the lipolytic enzymes before and after weaning was investigated. The activities of amylase, chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxyl ester hydrolase, pancreatic lipase, and colipase in pancreatic tissue and the activity of gastric lipase in the cardiac mucosa of the stomach in 45 pigs were response variables. The activity of trypsin was not affected by weaning and the rate of increase was similar during the whole experiment. The activities of chymotrypsin and amylase decreased at weaning (P < .05). After weaning the activity of chymotrypsin increased more slowly than before weaning (P < .001), whereas the rate of increase of amylase activity remained unchanged. Lipase, colipase, and carboxyl ester hydrolase activities decreased at weaning (P < .001), whereas gastric lipase activity increased at weaning (P < .01). The development of lipase, colipase, and carboxyl ester hydrolase activity decreased postweaning (P < .01), whereas gastric lipase activity increased before weaning and remained constant after weaning. Pancreatic lipase had a considerably higher capacity for hydrolyzing tributyrin, and the total activity of pancreatic lipase was up to 600 times higher than that of gastric lipase. The lipolytic enzymes displayed a non-parallel pattern of development, and we suggest that this reflects the importance of these enzymes during the suckling and postweaning phases, respectively. However, the significance of gastric lipase for the digestion of fat in pigs remains to be elucidated.

Topics: Aging; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Endopeptidases; Fatty Acids; Glycoside Hydrolases; Intestine, Small; Lipase; Lipolysis; Milk; Organ Size; Pancreas; Stomach; Swine; Trypsin; Weaning

The effect of supplementing a cornsoybean diet (C) with glucose (G) or maltose (M) on young broilers (from hatch to 3 wk of age) affected by stunting syndrome (SS) was studied. Stunting syndrome was induced by orally administering an inoculum prepared from the intestines of SS broiler chicks. Relative to the M diet, the G diet improved growth and feed utilization and increased feed intake in naive (NA) control chickens. The C diet was intermediate in this respect. In contrast to the NA chickens, diet did not affect growth or feed utilization in SS chicks. Changes in the relative weights of the gastrointestinal tract segments were evident by 1 wk of age and hypertrophy of these segments persevered to 3 wk of age. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a significant increase in pancreatic trypsin-specific activity during Weeks 1 and 2, and in chymotrypsin activity at 1 wk. During this time, amylase-specific activity was not affected. At 3 wk of age, the specific activities of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the pancreas were lower in the inoculated vs control birds. Whereas no significant effect of SS was observed with activities of amylase in the intestinal contents, trypsin activity was higher in SS chicks at 1 wk, and that of chymotrypsin lower during Weeks 2 and 3. Relative to NA chicks, the maltase and saccharase activities of SS chicks were much lower during Week 1, but increased later on and were similar to NA chick values at 2 and 3 wk. Whereas the level of blood plasma proteins did not vary from 1 to 3 wk in the NA chicks, it increased gradually in SS chicks to a level that significantly exceeded that in their NA counterparts. Blood plasma glucose and triglyceride levels were slightly lower in the SS chicks (NS), and the blood plasma cholesterol level was significantly reduced during Week 2. Relative to NA chicks, SS infection caused a significant increase in plasma calcium during Weeks 2 and 3, accompanied by a significant reduction in blood plasma phosphorus at 2 wk only. No difference was observed in the blood plasma level of uric acid, which peaked in both treatments during Week 2, or in D-beta-hydroxybutyric acid level, which was quite stable during the experimental period. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a dramatic increase in amylase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the blood plasma, and by a slight but significant decrease in activity of lactic dehydrogenase. Stunting syndrome was concluded to be an afflic

Topics: Aging; alpha-Glucosidases; Amylases; Animal Feed; Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Calcium; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Digestive System; Eating; Food, Fortified; Glucose; Growth Disorders; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Lipids; Male; Maltose; Organ Size; Phosphorus; Poultry Diseases; Sucrase; Syndrome; Tissue Extracts; Trypsin

Clinical significance and duration of insufficient release of pancreatic enzymes in childhood celiac disease have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role that pancreatic impairment plays in growth recovery and the duration of this impairment.. Forty-six patients with celiac disease who had a median age of 2.5 years were enrolled. Fecal chymotrypsin level was determined at diagnosis and then every 15 days after the beginning of a gluten-free diet in all patients.. At diagnosis, 17 of 46 patients with celiac disease had subnormal fecal chymotrypsin values. During the gluten-free diet, a progressive reduction in the percentage of patients with subnormal fecal chymotrypsin values was observed: 12 of 46 patients after 30 days and 2 of 46 patients after 60 days. Weight increase after 2 months of gluten-free diet was significantly greater in patients with normal fecal chymotrypsin values at diagnosis than in patients with subnormal values, and a positive correlation was found between fecal chymotrypsin at diagnosis and weight increase (r = 0.56).. A small percentage of patients with celiac disease still had subnormal chymotrypsin concentrations after 60 days of gluten-free diet. Fecal chymotrypsin is a predictive index of weight recovery in the first months after diagnosis of celiac disease; it could be used to select patients for enzyme supplementation therapy.

Topics: Body Weight; Celiac Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Female; Glutens; Humans; Infant; Male; Pancreas

To study pancreas enzyme content regulation when the diet was modified in suckling goats, a comparison was made between kids fed a milk replacer and ones fed maternal milk. A total of 25 preruminant Granadina breed goats were bottle-fed a milk replacer ad libitum from postnatal days 3 to 28 (until the age of 3 days kids had been fed colostrum). Body weight, pancreas weight, total protein concentration, and enzyme activities in pancreatic tissue were determined at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age, and the results were compared to those previously obtained in kids fed maternal milk for the same period. Lipase activity was significantly lower in the group fed milk replacer, which was poorer in fat. Amylase activity was higher in this group, perhaps due to the starch products present in the milk substitute. However, the postnatal evolution of chymotrypsin activity followed a similar pattern regardless of diet. Our results seem to confirm that in preruminant kids there is a nutritional regulation of pancreatic amylase and lipase activities, depending on the amounts of their respective substrates in the diet, similar to that described in nonruminants.

Topics: Amino Acids; Amylases; Animal Feed; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Enzyme Induction; Glycine max; Goats; Lipase; Milk; Milk Proteins; Minerals; Pancreas; Plant Proteins; Starch; Vitamins

Two experiments were performed to study the effect of feeding diets containing oils with different fatty acid composition on exocrine pancreatic secretions in growing pigs using two different methods to collect pancreatic juice. In the first experiment, three barrows (initial weight 37 kg) were fitted with a pancreatic pouch re-entrant cannula. An isolated pouch was prepared where the pancreatic duct enters the duodenum. In the second experiment, also using three barrows (initial weight 32 kg), a catheter was inserted into the pancreatic duct. Three wheat starch and fish meal-based diets were formulated to contain either 15 g fish oil, rapeseed oil or coconut oil/100 g. In both experiments, the diets were fed according to a 3 times 3 Latin square design. The volume of pancreatic juice secreted, pH and secretion of bicarbonate, protein, amylase, trypsin, lipase and colipase were not significantly affected by the diets in the first experiment. In the second experiment, chymotrypsin secretion was significantly greater in pigs fed the coconut oil diet, and secretion of carboxyl ester hydrolase was significantly higher in pigs fed the fish oil diet. When compared qualitatively, pigs in Experiment 2 secreted more pancreatic juice; the pancreatic juice had a higher pH, and trypsin, carboxyl ester hydrolase and colipase secretions were substantially higher whereas amylase secretion was lower than for pigs in Experiment 1. The fatty acid composition of the different oils had minor effects on exocrine pancreatic secretion in growing pigs. However, there were considerable differences between the two surgical methods used to collect pancreatic juice, and these differences may be explained by physiological changes induced by the two methods.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Brassica; Catheterization; Chymotrypsin; Coconut Oil; Cocos; Colipases; Diet; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fish Oils; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lipase; Male; Pancreas; Pancreatic Juice; Plant Oils; Proteins; Rapeseed Oil; Swine; Trypsin

1. Two-week old male chicks of a light-bodied strain were either fed ad libitum or given one (1M) or two (2M) 2-h meals per day. A fourth group was pair-fed (P1M) the amount of food which had been consumed by the 1M group on the preceding day. 2. Compared with ad libitum-fed counterparts, a marked increase in the relative weight of the storage organs (crop and gizzard) was observed in the meal-fed birds. The relative weight of the intestine was not affected by meal feeding but the ileal wall became thinner. 3. After food deprivation for 14 or 22 h, respectively, for the ad libitum and the meal-fed chicks, the weights of contents in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments did not differ between treatments except for those of the gizzard and caecum. Food restoration resulted in an increase in the contents of the GIT of meal-fed chicks. The increments in the crop and gizzard contents were related to the severity of food restriction. The contents of the intestinal segments were quite similar in all treatments. 4. The activities of the digestive enzymes in the pancreas, expressed as units/g pancreas or units/kg body weight, were not significantly affected by feeding regime. In the small intestine of the meal-fed birds, marked increases in specific (units/g content) and relative (units/kg body weight) activities were observed of amylase and chymotrypsin when compared with their ad libitum-fed counterparts. The effect of meal feeding on trypsin activities was less pronounced.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Eating; Food Deprivation; Intestine, Small; Male; Pancreas; Trypsin

The conjugate of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) with poly(D-lysine) (PDL-ss-BBI) has been suggested as a lung-targeted anti-carcinogenic agent. The authors demonstrate that PDL-ss-BBI, given i.p., reduces the tumor number in the lungs of 3-methylcholanthrene treated mice (61-71% compared to control group) in a dose-dependent manner, but is toxic to the treated animals at a high dosage. In order to develop a better lung-targeted anti-carcinogenic agent, spermine-conjugated BBI (spermine-BBI) was synthesized by coupling BBI to spermine through amide bonds using a carbodiimide-mediated reaction. Results from in vitro transformation assays demonstrated that spermine-BBI was at least as effective as BBI in reducing the transformation yield in C3H10T1/2 cells. When injected intravenously into mice [125I]spermine-BBI accumulated to a greater extent in the lungs and the liver compared to BBI. The in vitro cytotoxicity of spermine-BBI in C3H10T1/2 cells was 30-fold less than that of PDL-ss-BBI. These results suggest that spermine-BBI is likely to be an improved cancer chemopreventive agent compared to BBI or PDL-ss-BBI.

Topics: Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Body Weight; Cell Survival; Chromatography, Gel; Chymotrypsin; Injections, Intravenous; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Methylcholanthrene; Mice; Mice, Inbred A; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Polylysine; Spermine; Tissue Distribution; Trypsin Inhibitor, Bowman-Birk Soybean; Tumor Cells, Cultured

The role of exogenous and endogenous cholecystokinin has been studied in the process of pancreatic regeneration after acute pancreatitis. A mild form of pancreatitis was induced in rats by subcutaneous cerulein at 12 micrograms.kg-1, three times a day for 2 days. After 3 days of rest, the cerulein-treated rats were divided into four groups: rats with acute pancreatitis fed 20% casein, who received no treatment; rats fed 50% casein; rats fed 20% casein supplemented with 1% soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI); and rats fed 20% casein who received 1 microgram.kg-1 of subcutaneous cerulein, three times a day. Controls were fed 20% casein plus saline subcutaneously. Rats were killed after 5, 10, or 20 days of treatment. Pancreatitis resulted in significant decreases in pancreatic weight and contents of protein, amylase, chymotrypsin, RNA and DNA. During the regenerative process, 1 microgram.kg-1 of cerulein increased all parameters to control values within 5 days and induced pancreatic growth thereafter. SBTI restored the pancreas to normal after 10 days with cellular hypertrophy; the 50% casein diet gave a response similar to SBTI without hypertrophy. It can be concluded that cerulein and SBTI can accelerate pancreatic regeneration after an attack of acute pancreatitis.

Topics: Acute Disease; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Ceruletide; Cholecystokinin; Chymotrypsin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glycine max; Hypertrophy; Male; Nucleic Acids; Organ Size; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Regeneration; Trypsin Inhibitors

The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in induction and maintenance of pancreatic growth stimulated by a high-protein diet was investigated. Rats adapted to 5% casein diet were switched to 70% casein for 21 days. MK-329, a CCK receptor antagonist, was administered at 2.5 mg.kg-1.day-1 ip, beginning on day zero (day zero treatment) or day 7 (midcourse treatment) of feeding 70% casein and thereafter. Another group was returned to 5% casein after 7 days of feeding 70% casein. Feeding 70% casein significantly stimulated increases of 32, 87, 74, 216, and 1,450% in pancreatic DNA, RNA, wet weight, protein content, and chymotrypsin content, respectively. Midcourse treatment with MK-329 was more effective than day zero treatment, and it completely reversed increases in pancreatic weight and RNA content, partially reversed increases in protein and chymotrypsin content, and had no effect on DNA content. Return to 5% casein rapidly reversed increases in pancreatic parameters, except for DNA. The results indicate that CCK is essential for induction and maintenance of dietary protein-stimulated pancreatic hypertrophy.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Cholecystokinin; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; DNA; Eating; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; RNA

Levels of amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase in the pancreas and small intestinal chyme were measured in females from four lines of chickens. Two of the lines had undergone 32 generations of divergent selection for 56-day body weight, and in the other two lines selection for high or low weight had been relaxed for 5 generations. The diet used in the present experiment was that under which selection had been practiced (20% crude protein and 2,685 kcal of ME/kg). Comparisons between divergently selected lines at common ages revealed higher enzyme levels for high- than low-weight lines. When comparisons were made at a common body weight (80 +/- 5 g) there were no differences between lines. These results suggested that correlated responses in feed intake were mediating the regulation of digestive enzyme levels in the pancreas and in intestinal chyme of growth-selected lines of chickens. Chicks from high-weight lines had elevated enzyme levels after a mild feed restriction compared with those provided ad libitum access to feed. It was hypothesized that hyperphagia associated with the high-weight lines in combination with a mild feed restriction and the associated meal feeding stimulated synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes.

Topics: Age Factors; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Breeding; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Digestive System; Gastrointestinal Contents; Intestine, Small; Lipase; Pancreas; Trypsin

The structural and functional properties of the pancreas are known to be affected by a number of hormones, particularly those of the gastrin-CCK family, yet little is known about the responsiveness of the pancreas to gastrin-CCK peptides during the latter stages of life. The present investigation examined the changes in pancreatic growth, the activity, and the steady-state mRNA levels of some of the digestive enzymes during advancing age and after administration of gastrin. Groups of 3-, 6-, 12-, and 16-month-old male Fischer-344 rats were infused (osmotic minipump) with either gastrin G-17 (250 ng/kg/h) or saline (controls) for 14 days. In control pancreas, aging resulted in slight progressive reduction in pancreatic DNA, RNA, and protein concentrations. This decrease was markedly enhanced by gastrin treatment in 16-month-old rats. Pancreatic amylase and trypsin (TRP) activities in these animals were also slightly decreased with aging, whereas the steady-state mRNA levels of both enzymes were significantly higher in 16-month-old rats than in their 3-month-old counterparts. However, in 16-month-old rats, the steady-state mRNA levels of amylase and TRP were significantly reduced after gastrin administration, when compared with the corresponding controls. Chymotrypsin (CHY) activity in the pancreas remained essentially unchanged between 3- and 12-month-old rats, but in 16-month-old animals it was markedly decreased. CHY activity was further reduced by gastrin treatment only in the 16-month-old group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Aging; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; DNA; Gastrins; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Pancreatin; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; RNA; RNA, Messenger; Trypsin

The effect of dietary protein deficiency and protein concentration of the diet on the pancreatic trophic response to a CCK analogue (cerulein) were studied. Rats were fed for 14 days with semipurified diets containing 5, 30, or 60% casein. During the final 4 days, they received 2 micrograms/kg cerulein or gelatin vehicle subcutaneously three times/day, and the effects on pancreatic weight and pancreatic content of protein, RNA, DNA, amylase, and chymotrypsin were determined. Cerulein failed to increase significantly any pancreatic parameter in rats fed 5% casein, while stimulating significant increases in almost all parameters in rats fed 30 and 60% casein diets. In the absence of cerulein treatment, increases in dietary protein levels caused progressive increases in all pancreatic growth parameters with the exception of amylase. In the presence of cerulein, increases in dietary protein concentrations caused progressive increases in pancreatic growth parameters (except amylase), which were maximal at 30% casein concentration of the diet for most parameters. The results confirm that pancreatic growth is stimulated by increasing protein concentration of the diet and indicate that a low protein diet, acting through a deficiency of dietary nitrogen and essential amino acids, limits the pancreatic trophic response to CCK or analogues. These results explain the failure of trypsin inhibitors to stimulate pancreatic growth in rats fed low levels of dietary protein.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Ceruletide; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; DNA; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; RNA

Weights of internal organs and levels of digestive enzymes were obtained through the first 15 days posthatch for cockerels from three lines of chickens known to differ greatly in body weight. On Day 15 body weights from the fastest growing line were eight times greater than those from the slowest growing line. Differences among lines were found for weights at hatching and for growth patterns (both absolute and relative to body weight) of the vitelline residue, heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, and segments of the small intestine. Line differences were also evident for levels of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase in the pancreas and contents of the small intestine. Ranking of lines for these traits varied with age. In all lines weights of the small intestine, liver, and pancreas increased relatively more than did total body weight during the 1st wk posthatch, after which the relationship reversed.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Crop, Avian; Egg Proteins; Gizzard, Avian; Heart; Intestine, Small; Liver; Lung; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Proventriculus; Trypsin

Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing initially 185-225 g, were treated with 5, 15, or 50 mg nicotine or placebo 3-week-release pellets by sc implantation, for 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 weeks. These doses of nicotine correspond to infusion rates of 9.9, 29.8, and 99.2 micrograms/h, respectively. At the highest nicotine dose trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were markedly higher in pancreas from 12-week nicotine-treated rats compared with controls. This was associated with a fourfold increase in steady-state amylase mRNA levels in comparison to placebo controls. In addition, secretagogue-stimulated enzyme release from pancreatic acini isolated from rats treated with 50 mg nicotine pellets was significantly higher than controls at 1.5 and 3 weeks and declined below control levels after 12 weeks of treatment. In rats treated with 15-mg nicotine pellets, maximal secretagogue-stimulated enzyme release from isolated acini occurred at 1.5 weeks, declining thereafter to control levels. Electron microscopy of pancreas from rats treated with the 50 mg nicotine dose revealed intracytoplasmic vaculoes appearing after 3 weeks of treatment, and persisting throughout the remaining experimental period. It is concluded that 12-week nicotine treatment results in increased pancreatic enzyme biosynthesis and accumulation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. This is associated with altered responsiveness to secretagogues and evidence of morphological damage.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Blotting, Northern; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; DNA; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Nicotine; Organ Size; Pancreas; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; RNA; Sincalide; Trypsin; Trypsinogen; Vacuoles

1. Activities of digestive enzymes in meat-type chickens under ad libitum or alternate-day feeding were determined from 14 to 83 d of age. 2. Final body weight of intermittently fed birds attained 75% of that of the ad libitum-fed controls. 3. When compared with the ad libitum-fed counterparts, a marked increase in the relative weight of the pancreas and intestinal contents were found on repletion days. On depletion days the relative weights of the pancreas and of the intestinal contents were about half those found in ad libitum-fed birds. 4. The activity of the digestive enzymes in the pancreas, expressed as U/g pancreas or U/kg body weight, was not affected consistently by the feeding regime. In the small intestine a marked increase in relative activity (U/kg body weight) was observed on repletion days and a marked decrease on depletion days as compared with ad libitum-fed controls. The activities per g intestinal contents following food restoration did not differ significantly from those of ad libitum-fed controls except for trypsin, which was higher in the former. On depletion days the activities per g intestinal contents were lowest, lipase excepted.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Aging; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Eating; Intestine, Small; Lipase; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Trypsin

Changes in content and recovery of pancreatic enzymes after a protein-free diet were examined in young (8-month) and old (26-month) Fischer-344 female rats. In control rats fed a normal diet for 15 days, no significant difference between young and old rats was observed in pancreatic weight or in pancreatic content of protein, enzymes, and DNA. A 7-day protein-free diet significantly decreased pancreatic wet weight as well as content of protein, chymotrypsin, amylase, and DNA in both age groups, whereas body weight and amount of daily food intake did not differ from respective control values (in normal diet-fed rats) in either age group. In young rats, chymotrypsin and protein contents were significantly greater than control values during the recovery period in which rats were fed a normal diet following the 7-day protein-free treatment. In contrast, these values in old rats remained lower than corresponding control values throughout the entire recovery period. These results agree with our previous study suggesting that aging probably attenuates the reserve capacity of the pancreas for enzyme secretion, but not its basal functions.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; DNA; Female; Organ Size; Pancreas; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Reference Values

The effects of chronic oral treatment of rats with 400 mg/kg body weight camostat, a synthetic protease inhibitor, on weight gain and both pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretion were studied and compared with pair-fed controls. Administration of camostat was found to result in a lower weight gain than in untreated rats fed ad libitum because of reduced food intake. The pancreas of treated rats showed hypertrophy and hyperplasia with significantly higher total contents of amylase, lipase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen than that of pair-fed controls. The specific activity of lipase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen remained unchanged but the specific activity of amylase was significantly lower than in pair-fed controls. Stimulation of pancreatic enzymes with CCK 8 in treated rats resulted in a greater output of proteases, no difference in secretion of lipase and a lower secretion of amylase than in pair-fed rats. Glucose-dependent insulin secretion was also significantly lower in camostat-treated rats than in controls. This effect could be reversed by gastric inhibitory polypeptide. After termination of treatment with camostat all enzymes were normalized within 14 d. Our results on the hypertrophied pancreas of rats suggest preferential synthesis and secretion of protease at the expense of amylase and diminished sensitivity of insulin to stimulation by glucose. All effects of camostat on the pancreas were reversible.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chymotrypsin; Esters; Gabexate; Guanidines; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Lipase; Male; Pancreas; Protease Inhibitors; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trypsin

To determine the effect of riboflavin deficiency on the rat pancreas, one-third of a group of rats was fed a purified riboflavin-sufficient diet ad libitum and two-thirds were fed isocaloric amounts of riboflavin-deficient diet for 13 wk; one-half of the latter group was replenished with daily intraperitoneal injections of riboflavin for the last 3 wk. Body weight, pancreas weight, DNA, protein, amylase, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen decreased in riboflavin-deficient animals. In vitro basal secretion of chymotrypsinogen decreased and basal and bethanechol-stimulated secretions of trypsinogen increased in riboflavin-deficient rats. These changes were considered to be caused by relative inanition resulting from decreased food consumption. On replenishment of riboflavin, amylase content reverted to that of animals fed ad libitum whereas increases in body weight, pancreas weight, DNA, protein, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen were not statistically significant. Both basal- and bethanechol-stimulated secretions of chymotrypsinogen increased. These data indicate that riboflavin deficiency, which commonly accompanies chronic alcoholism, may contribute to the pancreatic injury in chronic alcoholism.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Bethanechol; Bethanechol Compounds; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; DNA; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Riboflavin Deficiency; Trypsinogen

This study describes the progressive effects on pancreatic enzyme activities from washings of the small intestine of rats fed diets containing either 62% starch (S) or fructose (F), with 0.6 mg copper/kg diet (-Cu) or 6.0 mg copper/kg diet (+Cu) from 21 to 61 d of age. Hepatic copper concentration of the copper-deficient groups was 50% of that of the copper-supplemented groups. Body and relative pancreatic weights were lower in the F-Cu dietary group than in any other group. Relative liver weight was significantly higher in the fructose dietary groups than in the starch dietary groups. There were significant carbohydrate (CHO) X week and Cu X week interactions for luminal amylase activities and the CHO X Cu X week interaction was significant for luminal lipase and trypsin activities. The lowest enzyme activities were observed in the F-Cu-fed rats. The CHO X week interaction was significant for chymotrypsin with the lowest enzyme activities in the fructose-fed rats. It appears that high dietary fructose and low dietary copper interact to produce greatly reduced pancreatic enzyme activities in small intestinal washings. We speculate that subsequent digestive and absorptive abnormalities during a period of rapid growth may account for the severe morbidity and mortality in copper-deficient, fructose-fed rats.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Copper; Dietary Carbohydrates; Fructose; Intestine, Small; Lipase; Male; Pancreas; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Starch; Trypsin; Weaning

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Aging; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Female; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Swine; Trypsin

Diets containing raw soybean products (RSD) fed ad libitum caused a reduction in food consumption and growth, pancreatic enlargement, hypersecretion of digestive enzymes, and enlargement of intestinal segments and their contents in rats, chicks and geese. These effects were found to be related to the concentration of trypsin inhibitor (TI) in the diet. Geese were more sensitive than rats and chicks. Calves fed RSD did not respond in pancreatic hypertrophy and hypersecretion of digestive enzymes, but growth was depressed. Meal-feeding also caused enlargement of the pancreas, digestive tract segments and their contents. The effects of feeding RSD and of meal feeding were found to be additive. In ad libitum feeding the animal can regulate food consumption and moderate the effects of antinutritional factors in the diet. Meal or tube-feeding interfered with this defense mechanism and the negative effects of RSD were accentuated and were lethal in non adapted rats and geese. In long-term studies the incidence of pancreatic nodules was correlated to the level of TI in the diet. Feeding RSD potentiated the carcinogenic effect of azaserine and meal feeding enhanced the incidence and size of the pancreatic nodules in rats fed RSD.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Glycine max; Kinetics; Organ Size; Organ Specificity; Pancreas; Rats; Trypsin; Trypsin Inhibitors

The effects of dietary pectin (P), guar gum (G) and lignin (L) on stomach emptying and potential levels of pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin during a 2-h period after force-feeding were investigated in growing rats. All of the fibers delayed stomach emptying by 21-26 min. Total potential pepsin activity over 2 h decreased for P (57%), G (44%) and L (20%). In the intestine, total potential trypsin activity over 2 h increased for L (16%) but decreased for P (21%). Total potential chymotrypsin activity over 2 h increased for L (54%) and G (39%). Sixteen to 21% of the variability in intestinal activity over time was statistically attributable to variation in the weight of intestinal contents. The results indicate that fiber components altered proteolytic enzyme levels in the gastrointestinal tract, but the decreased protein utilization previously observed with these fibers is probably not due to reduced levels of intestinal proteases.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Galactans; Gastric Emptying; Intestine, Small; Lignin; Male; Mannans; Pepsin A; Plant Gums; Rats; Stomach; Trypsin

Feeding soy-based protein containing trypsin inhibitor causes pancreatic hypertrophy in the rat, and long-term feeding (up to 2 years) has revealed a high incidence of adenoma following hypertrophy. It was therefore of interest to determine whether the ingestion of soy-based protein has any adverse effects on the primate pancreas. A resource of 27 Cebus albifrons monkeys, previously used to evaluate the protein quality of several soy and milk proteins, has been maintained on semi-synthetic diets for 3 to 4 years; the protein sources for the diets were casein, lactalbumin, soy isolate and soy concentrate. In general the monkeys were in good physical health and their weights were appropriate for age and sex. Serum biochemical and hematological profiles were normal and there were no major differences between the groups. A pancreatic biopsy from both the head and tail region of the pancreas was taken from each monkey. Visual observation of the pancreas revealed no overt pathology; two independent histological examinations indicated no diet-related differences between groups, and biochemical analyses of trypsin, chymotrypsin, protein, DNA and RNA revealed no differences. It is concluded that feeding low level trypsin inhibitor-containing diets for up to 4 years caused no adverse effects in the pancreas of the Cebus nonhuman primate.

Topics: Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Cebus; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Glycine max; Pancreas; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Proteins; Soybean Proteins; Time Factors; Trypsin

Cannulas were implanted to collect bile and pancreatic juice, and the collected secretions were pumped back into the intestine at the level of the duodenum or the proximal ileum. The effect of 6 days of such treatment on pancreatic secretion and on pancreatic growth was determined. The effect on pancreatic secretion was studied by measuring the pancreatic secretory response to a stimulus, provided by acute diversion of bile-pancreatic juice from the proximal intestine. Trophic effects were studied in a separate group of rats by measuring pancreatic weight, protein content, and chymotrypsin activity after an overnight fast. Stimulated pancreatic secretion was 2.1 times greater for protein output and 3.4 times greater for fluid output in rats with chronic diversion of bile-pancreatic juice to the ileum. Pancreatic weight, protein content, and chymotrypsin activity were increased 2.6, 2.9, and 4.8 times, respectively, by chronic diversion of bile-pancreatic juice to the ileum. These results indicate that pancreatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia reported in rats with bile-pancreatic duct transposition to the ileum are the result of loss of feed-back inhibition from bile-pancreatic juice in the proximal intestine.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Bile; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Ileum; Pancreas; Pancreatic Juice; Rats

Male Wistar rats were fed for four weeks on defined diets containing no fiber additions, 10% levels of insoluble fiber derivatives (cellulose or alfalfa), or 5% levels of viscous fiber derivatives (pectin, guar gum, or metamucil). After an overnight fast, the pancreas was assayed for protein, amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Homogenates of small intestinal mucosa were analyzed for protein, alkaline phosphatase, invertase and thymidine kinase. There were, with few exceptions, no dietary effects on the exocrine pancreatic enzymes. The specific activities of the villus marker enzymes (invertase and alkaline phosphatase) tended to be higher in the proximal (but not middle or distal) intestines of the fiber-fed groups, while total activities were the same in all groups. In contrast, the activity of the crypt marker, thymidine kinase, was highest in the distal intestinal segments, and even higher in animals given the alfalfa, guar gum or metamucil-supplemented diets.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Animals; beta-Fructofuranosidase; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Fiber; Glycoside Hydrolases; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Lipase; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thymidine Kinase; Trypsin

This work investigates the effect, on the rat pancreas, of a chronic administration of bombesin in function of the dose and duration of treatment and examines whether this effect may be mediated by the release of endogenous gastrin or cholecystokinin. Bombesin, administered three times daily for 5 or 15 days, induced a marked increase in pancreatic weight, its protein, RNA and enzyme contents with the dose of 10 micrograms/kg body weight; the ratios of pancreatic weight, protein and RNA contents to DNA contents increased significantly after a 5 day treatment, suggesting cellular hypertrophy. Pancreatic DNA content was markedly enhanced after a 15 day treatment, suggesting cellular hyperplasia. Antrectomy decreased plasma gastrin levels, but did not alter the pancreatico-trophic action of a 10 micrograms/kg bombesin treatment for 5 days. Proglumide, an inhibitor of cholecystokinin and gastrin in the pancreas, did not affect the growth of the pancreas induced by a 10 micrograms/kg bombesin treatment for 5 days. It is concluded that chronic bombesin induces, in the rat pancreas, cellular hypertrophy or hyperplasia depending on the duration of treatment. Pancreatic hypertrophy is not mediated by the release of endogenous gastrin or cholecystokinin.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Bombesin; Cholecystokinin; Chymotrypsin; Gastrectomy; Gastrins; Lipase; Microscopy, Electron; Organ Size; Pancreas; Proglumide; Rats; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Cholecystokinin; RNA

The study was aimed both at defining normal values of pancreatic function and at looking at variables (age, sex, body weight, height, and body surface) which may influence the range of normality in 271 normal controls evaluated consecutively by duodenal intubation from 1974 to 1981. Frequency distribution of all functional values were consistent with a Gaussian curve. A positive, linear correlation was found between secretory parameters and both volume secretion and output values, while no correlation was detected with bicarbonate and enzymes values. Duodenal fluid secretion and both bicarbonate and enzymes output were approximately 20% higher in males than in females, the difference being statistically significant. Mean values of both bicarbonate and enzyme concentration were not statistically different between sexes. When related to body surface, both volume and outputs values in males were no more different from those observed in females. The study has shown that body size influences pancreatic functional values and, therefore, the values should be related to some parameters of body size as body surface. The difference between males and females in fluid secretion and output values is linked primarily to differences in body size. The normal distribution of all functional parameters implies that normal limits may be calculated with standard parametric statistical analysis.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Amylases; Bicarbonates; Body Constitution; Body Height; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Ceruletide; Chymotrypsin; Duodenum; Female; Humans; Lipase; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreas; Secretin; Sex Factors; Software

The possibility of reducing calf weaning age by accelerating development of the pancreas of dairy calves with hormone administration was studied. Hydrocortisone acetate or dexamethasone was injected at 3 or 17 days of age to determine their effects on the pancreas. Hydrocortisone acetate injections (50 mg/kg body weight) to 3-day-old calves increased within 4 days the pancreas weight, amylase and chymotrypsin activities, and proteins, ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid contents. However, the glucocorticoid injection had no effect on activities of digestive enzymes of the 21-day-old calves. The pancreas hypertrophied in the 7-day-old calves following hormonal treatment. In the 21-day-old calves administration of glucocorticoids brought about hyperplasia of the pancreas but no hypertrophy of the tissue. This response of the pancreas to injections of glucocorticoids in the 7-day-old calves was interpreted as an acceleration of normal development of the tissue. Hydrocortisone acetate injection to 3-day-old calves had no effect on feed consumption but had a small depressive effect on growth of calves at 14 and 21 days of age.

Topics: Age Factors; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Chymotrypsin; Dexamethasone; DNA; Hydrocortisone; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas

This study examined the development of the pancreas during gestation and lactation in swine. Forty-two mated sows and 42 unmated controls were sacrificed after 30, 70, and 110 days of gestation; 7, 14, and 28 days of lactation; and 11 days after weaning. Their pancreas were excised, weighed, and fragments homogenized for evaluation of protein, amylase, chymotrypsin, RNA, and DNA contents. Data indicate that all these parameters were reduced at the end of the gestation period when compared with controls. During lactation, pancreatic weights, enzyme, protein, and RNA contents showed regular increases. DNA contents were significantly increased after weaning, an indication of pancreatic hyperplasia. A return to control values is not complete 11 days after weaning. These changes in the pancreas can be related to increased food intake during lactation and are probably mediated by the endogenous release of the gastrointestinal hormones cholecystokinin and secretin.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Female; Lactation; Organ Size; Pancreas; Pregnancy; Proteins; Swine; Time Factors

The intake of 2 p. 100 casein or 5 p. 100 gluten diet as only protein source caused overall protein synthesis and immediately stopped the rat growth. Trypsin activity was less affected than chymotrypsin activity in pancreas. Refeeding on 20 p. 100 or 15 p. 100 casein diet caused a considerable increase of trypsin and chymotrypsin activities during the first week.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Caseins; Chymotrypsin; Glutens; Male; Pancreas; Pancreatic Juice; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Rats; Trypsin

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Digestion; Gastric Mucosa; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestines; Organ Size; Pancreas; Swine; Trypsin; Weaning

Hamster intestinal hydrolase activities were studied after pancreatic duct ligation for periods of 5, 7, 10, 15 and 30 days. From the 7th to the 10th day, maltase and sucrase were significantly increased in the jejunoileum. Higher levels were observed on day 7 in the duodenum for all the brush-border enzyme activities (maltase, sucrase, aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase). Intestinal lysozyme significantly increased from the 5th to the 15th day with a maximal level at the 7th day. The increased levels of brush-border enzymes observed here are not in accordance with our description of villous atrophy after pancreatic duct ligation in the hamster. On the other hand, the important increase in lysozyme activity is in good agreement with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the Paneth cells which we observed during our morphological study. The morphological and biochemical findings on hamster small intestine confirm the effects of exocrine pancreatic secretion both on differentiation and on enzymatic levels of the mucosa. Besides, this experiment agrees with the direct desorbing action of the pancreatic juice on the brush border and suggests another hypothetical mechanism, still worth being investigated, to explain increased brush-border activities in the duodenum and increased levels of lysozyme in the jejunoileum.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Cricetinae; Hydrolases; Intestinal Mucosa; Ligation; Microvilli; Pancreas; Pancreatic Ducts; Time Factors

The effect of gamma irradiation (60Co) of different varieties and breeding lines of dry field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on chick growth was determined using a chick growth assay in which the diet contained approximately 50% beans. Total protein (N X 6.25) in beans was not changed appreciably by irradiation (21 Mrad) but protein solubility in water was decreased. Irradiation increased in vitro enzymatic digestibility of bean protein by pepsin and by a mixture of trypsin, chymotrypsin and peptidase. In the bioassay the diet was formulated to derive half of the total protein (22.6%) from beans. Autoclaved Pinto and Pink beans gave significantly better growth than Red Mexican and White Pea beans. The differences between Red Mexican and White Pea beans were not significant except for Red Mexican breeding line number RS-59. The nutritional value of all varieties of beans, based on chick growth, was significantly improved by gamma irradiation. The irradiation treatment of beans tended to increase nitrogen retention by chicks and decrease uric acid nitrogen excretion in relation to nitrogen intake.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Endopeptidases; Fabaceae; Gamma Rays; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Plants, Medicinal; Species Specificity; Trypsin

Sixty-eight growing gilts with a 12 kg average initial weight were used in seven trials to study the effect of dietary raw soybean (Harosov) and SBTI (Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor) on pancreatic and small intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. A solvent-extracted, heated soybean meal (SBM) was used, cause reduced growth. Both a single-meal and continuous feeding of the raw soybean diet caused a decrease in the pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. In contrast, to the rat and the chick, the pancreas of the pigs did not enlarge subsequent to consumption of the raw soybean or SBTI diets. Raw soybean feeding also resulted in an inhibition of the intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. This inhibiting effect was greater than that of the SBTI, especially the chymotrypsin-inhibiting effect. This suggested that soybean constituents other than the SBTI, such as the Bowman-Birk inhibitor, caused inhibition. In the pig the inhibition of the intestinal proteolysis may be a major cause of reduced growth when raw soybean is fed.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Gastric Mucosa; Glycine max; Intestinal Secretions; Intestine, Small; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Swine; Trypsin; Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean; Trypsin Inhibitors

1. The nutritional status of children showing no clinical signs of malnutrition, from the University School of Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen province, north-east Thailand and from two villages nearby, was tested. The children were grouped according to their body-weight expressed as a percentage of expected weight-for-height (Harvard standards (Stuart & Stevenson, 1959), as given by Jelliffe (1966)). 2. The differing prealbumin concentrations indicated that nutritional status differed between the groups. 3. The urinary urea: creatinine ratio was significantly lower in the village children compared with the children from Khon Kaen, indicative of the higher dietary protein intake of the latter. 4. alpha1-Acid glycoprotein and the first 'post-albumin peak' (obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum and containing mainly mainly Gc-globulin, alpha1-antichymotrypsin and alpha1-B-glycoprotein) were found to be significantly higher in the village children compared with children from Khon Kaen. 5. The three main proteins of the first 'post-albumin peak' from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum were tested separately using the electroimmunoassay method. There was no significant difference in Gc-globulin between the children from Khon Kaen and the village children. The concentration of alpha1-B-glycoprotein from those Khon Kaen children whose body-weight was more than 95% expected weight-for-height was significantly lower compared with that of village children, alpha1-Antichymotrypsin concentration was significantly higher in serum from Khon Kaen children than in serum from village children.

Topics: Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Chymotrypsin; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Erythrocytes; gamma-Globulins; Glycoproteins; Hemoglobins; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Prealbumin; Rural Population; Thailand; Urban Population

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Intestines; Pancreas; Protease Inhibitors; Rats; Trypsin; Vegetables

To evaluate nutritional effects induced in calves by feeding soybean trypsin inhibitor, 16 calves were fed 1) raw soybeans, 2) heated soybeans, 3) heated soybeans plus soybean trypsin inhibitor, 4) heated (raw soybeans plus soybean trypsin inhibitor). Ration 1 caused depression of growth and reduced digestibility of protein and fat as compared to Ration 2. No differences were significant in calves fed Rations 3 and 4. The weights and enzymatic activities of pancreas were similar in all groups. Soybean trypsin inhibitor plays a minor role, if any, in calf nutrition.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Chymotrypsin; Dehydration; Diet; Glycine max; Male; Pancreas; Respiration; Trypsin; Trypsin Inhibitors

Topics: Aging; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Cholecystokinin; Chymotrypsin; DNA; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Lipase; Organ Size; Pancreas; Proteins; Rats; RNA; Stimulation, Chemical

Seven children with cystic fibrosis (CF) have been treated for at least one year with intravenously administered soya oil emulsion. In all, an improvement of at least one biochemical abnormality in character with the disease appeared. The children's clinical course remains benign. This course is remarkably better than that of other children with CF treated without Intralipid in Auckland in the same period, though a placebo effect cannot be discounted. It is postulated that intravenous supplementation with essential fatty acid in CF may in turn partially correct an error of metabolism of prostaglandins present in the disease.

Topics: Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Cystic Fibrosis; Fatty Acids; Feces; Humans; Infant; Linoleic Acids; Sodium; Sweat; Trypsin

Pancreatico-duodenectomy was performed in 11 patients for malignant or inflammatory tumours of the head of the pancreas or the region of the papilla. Digestive and endocrine functions were determined after the operation. In all cases faecal fat values were abnormal, indicating a 90% loss of pancreas. 14C-exhalation measurement, chymotrypsin determination in stool, and amylose tolerance test were also performed. Oral glucose-tolerance tests with plasma-insulin measurement indicated asymptomatic diabetes mellitus in the majority of patients. Two patients whose diabetes was controlled by tablets before the operation required insulin treatment afterwards. A decreased serum-gastrin level proved the existence of gastric and extragastric sources of gastrin.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Duodenum; Feces; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Malabsorption Syndromes; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Postoperative Complications; Time Factors; Xylose

Topics: Animals; Blood Cell Count; Blood Cells; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Drug Combinations; Hydrochlorothiazide; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mice; Organ Size; Rats

Intestinal enterokinase deficiency in 2 sibs in described. A boy failed to gain weight and had vomiting, diarrhoea, oedema, hypoproteinaemia, and anaemia in early infancy. His duodenal juice contained very low or absent proteolytic enzyme activity, which increased markedly after addition of enterokinase. He was treated with pancreatic extract and gained weight rapidly. At 44 months of age he is normal, apart from some development delay, and no longer needs pancreatic extract. His older sister, who had had similar symptoms in early infancy but then grew normally, had the same abnormality in her duodenal juice when seen at 4 years of age. Enterokinase activity was virtually absent in the duodenal mucosa of both patients. Mucosal morphology was normal. The findings suggest that enterokinase deficiency is an inherited congenital defect and not the result of mucosal damage. Affected patients may show spontaneous improvement and normal growth after the age of 6 to 12 months. This phenomenon may be related to the decreasing growth volocity during the first 2 years of life and the concimitant decrease in protein requirements per unit bodyweight.

Topics: Amylases; Body Weight; Carboxypeptidases; Child; Child, Preschool; Chymotrypsin; Duodenum; Endopeptidases; Enteropeptidase; Female; Galactosidases; Glucosidases; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestinal Secretions; Intestines; Lipase; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Pancreatic Extracts; Peptide Hydrolases; Sucrase; Trypsin

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Depression, Chemical; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Isoproterenol; Lipase; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Pancreatic Juice; Parotid Gland; Proteins; Rats; Secretory Rate; Stimulation, Chemical; Submandibular Gland; Trypsin

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Carbon Radioisotopes; Caseins; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; Fasting; Histamine; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Organ Size; Pancreas; Protein Deficiency; Proteins; Rats; RNA

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Height; Body Weight; Carboxypeptidases; Carotenoids; Celiac Disease; Child; Chymotrypsin; Cystic Fibrosis; Dietary Fats; Feces; Growth; Humans; Intestinal Secretions; Lipase; Lipids; Malabsorption Syndromes; Nitrogen; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pancreatin; Prognosis; Trypsin; Xylose

Topics: Amino Acids; Amylases; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Germ-Free Life; Hot Temperature; Intestine, Small; Nitrogen; Organ Size; Pancreas; Peptides; Plant Extracts; Proteins; Trypsin; Trypsin Inhibitors

Topics: Body Weight; Celiac Disease; Child, Preschool; Chymotrypsin; Cystic Fibrosis; Duodenum; Feces; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Diseases; Liver Diseases; Pancreas; Pancreatic Diseases; Time Factors

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Autoanalysis; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Digestive System; Energy Metabolism; Fats; Feces; Geese; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestinal Absorption; Liver; Nitrogen; Organ Size; Phosphorus; Time Factors; Trypsin; Zea mays

Topics: Animals; Atrophy; Body Weight; Castration; Cholecystokinin; Chymotrypsin; Female; Fishes; Fresh Water; Intestines; Male; Microscopy; Organ Size; Ovary; Staining and Labeling; Testis; Time Factors; Trypsin

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; Female; Lipase; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Nutrition Disorders; Pancreas; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Rats; Ribonucleases

Topics: Amylases; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Catheterization; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Lipase; Male; Nitrogen; Pancreas; Pancreatic Juice; Proteins; Time Factors; Trypsin

Topics: Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Food Additives; Glycine max; Hot Temperature; Male; Methionine; Organ Size; Pancreas; Pancreatic Elastase; Trypsin

Topics: Age Determination by Skeleton; Amylases; Bicarbonates; Body Height; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Arginase; Body Weight; Cell Nucleus; Chymotrypsin; Diet; DNA; L-Serine Dehydratase; Liver; Methionine; Pancreas; Polyploidy; Rats; Trypsin; Tryptophan Oxygenase

Topics: Aging; Amylases; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Hydrolases; Intestine, Large; Intestine, Small; Lipase; Pancreas; Proteins; Rats; Trypsin; Trypsinogen; Weaning

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Mice; Organ Size; Pancreas; Rats; Sheep; Trypsin

Topics: Amino Acids; Amylases; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Germ-Free Life; Glycine max; Hot Temperature; Intestines; Nitrogen; Organ Size; Pancreas; Peptide Hydrolases; Trypsin

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Female; Intestines; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Sex Factors; Swine; Trypsin

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Cecum; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Cooking; Dietary Proteins; Glucose; Glycine max; Intestine, Small; Intestines; Male; Pancreas; Pancreatic Elastase; Proteins; Starch; Trypsin; Trypsin Inhibitors

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; Female; Glycine max; Growth; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestine, Small; Milk; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pancreas; Proteins; Rats; Stomach; Trypsin

Topics: Amylases; Anemia; Body Weight; Carboxypeptidases; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Chymotrypsin; Diet Therapy; Duodenum; Edema; Exocrine Glands; Feces; Female; Growth Disorders; Humans; Hypoproteinemia; Intestinal Secretions; Lipase; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Lipids; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Nitrogen; Pancreas; Pancreatin; Psychomotor Disorders; Trypsin

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Caseins; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; DNA; Eating; Enzyme Precursors; Male; Nucleic Acids; Pancreas; Peptide Hydrolases; Rats; RNA; Statistics as Topic; Trypsinogen

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Autoradiography; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; DNA; Methods; Organ Size; Pancreas; Pancreatectomy; Rats; Regeneration; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Age Factors; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Chickens; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Drug Stability; Endopeptidases; In Vitro Techniques; Intestine, Small; Male; Proteins; Rats; Rumen; Sheep; Species Specificity; Trypsin

Topics: Aging; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Glycine max; Male; Milk; Pancreas; Pancreatic Ducts; Pancreatic Juice; Trypsin

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Chymotrypsin; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Glycine max; Growth; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Milk; Organ Size; Pancreas; Peptide Hydrolases; Trypsin

Topics: Aerosols; Air Pollution; Aminophylline; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Bronchitis; Bronchitis, Chronic; Bronchodilator Agents; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Chymotrypsin; Cysteine; Emphysema; Heart Failure; Isoproterenol; Muscle Relaxants, Central; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Parasympatholytics; Pulmonary Emphysema; Respiratory Insufficiency; Smoking; Sputum; Sulfonamides; Sympathomimetics; Therapeutics

Topics: Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Chymotrypsin; Diet; Hematologic Tests; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Pancreatic Extracts; Pancreatin; Peptide Hydrolases; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Submandibular Gland; Trypsin

Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Body Weight; Chymotrypsin; Ganglia; Ganglia, Autonomic; Hypertrophy; Pancreatic Extracts; Pancreatin; Physiology; Rats; Research; Salivary Gland Diseases; Submandibular Gland; Trypsin

Topics: Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Chymotrypsin; Edema; Egg White; Peptide Hydrolases; Pharmacology; Rats; Research