Page last updated: 2024-10-22

albendazole and Neglected Diseases

albendazole has been researched along with Neglected Diseases in 32 studies

Neglected Diseases: Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Ivermectin and albendazole are used in annual mass drug administration (MDA) for the lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes in African countries co-endemic for onchocerciasis, but have additional impact on soil transmitted helminths and the ectoparasitic mite which causes scabies."3.78Soil transmitted helminths and scabies in Zanzibar, Tanzania following mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis--a rapid assessment methodology to assess impact. ( Deb, RM; Mohammed, KA; Molyneux, DH; Stanton, MC, 2012)
" Croix to implement MDA for treatment of lymphatic filariasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis by using once a year treatment with albendazole and diethylcarbamazine in a population of approximately 8 million persons."3.77Costs of integrated mass drug administration for neglected tropical diseases in Haiti. ( Baker, M; Brady, MA; Desir, L; Direny, A; Goldman, AS; Linehan, M; Oscard, R; Vely, JF, 2011)
" A field study in Mali suggested the rates of adverse events were similar with combined or separate administration, but was underpowered."3.01Pharmacokinetics, feasibility and safety of co-administering azithromycin, albendazole, and ivermectin during mass drug administration: A review. ( Gebre, T; Mabey, DCW; Marks, M; McPherson, S; Seife, F; Solomon, AW; Solomon, H, 2023)
"Lymphatic filariasis has remained endemic in Fiji despite repeated mass drug administration using the well-established and safe combination of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (DA) since 2002."2.94The safety of combined triple drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in the neglected tropical diseases co-endemic setting of Fiji: A cluster randomised trial. ( Grobler, AC; Hardy, M; Kaldor, JM; Kama, M; King, CL; Robinson, LJ; Romani, L; Samuela, J; Steer, AC; Tuicakau, M; Weil, GJ; Whitfeld, MJ, 2020)
" No serious adverse events occurred, and the majority of adverse events were mild in intensity (mainly headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and "other signs/symptoms")."2.78A cluster randomized study of the safety of integrated treatment of trachoma and lymphatic filariasis in children and adults in Sikasso, Mali. ( Coulibaly, YI; Daou, A; Dicko, I; Doumbia, M; Haidara, FC; Horton, J; Keita, M; Keita, MM; Sankare, MH; Sow, SO; Whately-Smith, C, 2013)
"Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are human filarial diseases belonging to the group of neglected tropical diseases, leading to permanent and long-term disability in infected individuals in the endemic countries such as Africa and India."2.61Anti- ( Basri, H; Ching, SM; Hashim, HZ; Hoo, FK; Inche Mat, LN; Kamtchum-Tatuene, J; Mohamed, MH; Ramachandran, V; Sazlly Lim, SM; Wan Sulaiman, WA, 2019)
"Albendazole chemotherapy was found to be the primary pharmacological treatment to consider in the medical management of CE."2.58Medical treatment of cystic echinococcosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Alonso-Sardón, M; Belhassen-García, M; Burguillo, FJ; Carpio-Pérez, A; Cordero, M; Lopez-Bernus, A; Muñoz Bellido, JL; Muro, A; Pardo-Lledias, J; Romero-Alegría, Á; Velasco-Tirado, V, 2018)
" However, there are no published data regarding adverse events associated with these medications."1.56Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis preventive chemotherapy: Adverse events in children from 2 to 15 years in Bengo province, Angola. ( Barros, H; Brito, M; Fançony, C; Lemos, M; Moura, S; Nery, SV; Pedro, JM; Sousa, CP, 2020)
"Two coverage rates for MDA for lymphatic filariasis were subsequently calculated using the reported number treated divided by the total population from: 1) the pre-MDA register and 2) national census projections."1.51Are census data accurate for estimating coverage of a lymphatic filariasis MDA campaign? Results of a survey in Sierra Leone. ( Baker, M; Bisanzio, D; Chowdhury, D; Conteh, A; Hodges, MH; Kamara, W; Koroma, JB; Macarthy, F; Magbity, E; Samai, M; Sonnie, M; Toubali, EH; Zoerhoff, KL, 2019)
"Endemicity of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Cambodia was proven in 1956 when microfilariae were detected in mosquitos in the Kratié province."1.48How elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem in the Kingdom of Cambodia was achieved. ( Brady, MA; Char, MC; Huy, R; Khieu, V; Muth, S; Odermatt, P; Or, V; Ramaiah, KD; Sidwell, J; Tep, C; Tsuyuoka, R; Yajima, A, 2018)
"Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that occurs when humans are infected by the parasites Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati."1.46[Toxocariasis, a neglected disease in Switzerland ?] ( Delaloye, J; Duréault, A; Manuel, O; Ogna, A; Perez Valdes, C; Sempoux, C; Weber, L, 2017)
"The recent outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) interrupted mass drug administration (MDA) programs to control and eliminate neglected tropical diseases in Liberia."1.43Community Attitudes Toward Mass Drug Administration for Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases After the 2014 Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in Lofa County, Liberia. ( Bogus, J; Bolay, FK; Fischer, K; Fischer, PU; Gankpala, L; Kollie, K; Krentel, A; Weil, GJ, 2016)
"However, hydatid disease of lesser sac in itself is a rare entity and its treatment with PAIR procedure has not been described before."1.39Successful treatment of hydatid cyst of lesser sac with PAIR therapy. ( Fayyaz, A; Ghani, UF, 2013)
"Gnathostomiasis is a foodborne zoonotic helminthic infection caused by the third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spp."1.37Neurognathostomiasis, a neglected parasitosis of the central nervous system. ( Chotmongkoi, V; Katchanov, J; Nawa, Y; Sawanyawisuth, K, 2011)

Research

Studies (32)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's26 (81.25)24.3611
2020's6 (18.75)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
McPherson, S1
Solomon, AW1
Seife, F3
Solomon, H1
Gebre, T1
Mabey, DCW1
Marks, M1
Diggle, PJ1
Fronterre, C1
Gass, K1
Hundley, L1
Niles-Robin, R1
Sampson, A1
Morice, A1
Scholte, RC1
Hassen, M1
Mohammed, A1
Endeshaw, T1
Seid, T1
Samuel, F1
Asmare, T1
Birhanu, H1
Bekele, F1
Yayeh, A1
Tamiru, M1
Meribo, K1
Tadesse, Z1
Griswold, E1
Katabarwa, M1
Richards, F1
Noland, GS1
Rostami, A1
Ma, G1
Wang, T1
Koehler, AV1
Hofmann, A1
Chang, BCH1
Macpherson, CN1
Gasser, RB1
Chami, GF1
Kabatereine, NB1
Tukahebwa, EM1
Wan Sulaiman, WA1
Kamtchum-Tatuene, J1
Mohamed, MH1
Ramachandran, V1
Ching, SM1
Sazlly Lim, SM1
Hashim, HZ1
Inche Mat, LN1
Hoo, FK1
Basri, H1
Mekete, K1
Ower, A1
Dunn, J1
Sime, H1
Tadesse, G1
Abate, E1
Nigussu, N1
McNaughton, E1
Anderson, RM1
Phillips, AE1
Karlas, T1
Reinhardt, F1
Blank, V1
Lippmann, N1
Seehofer, D1
Lübbert, C1
Kamara, W1
Zoerhoff, KL1
Toubali, EH1
Hodges, MH1
Bisanzio, D1
Chowdhury, D1
Sonnie, M1
Magbity, E1
Samai, M1
Conteh, A1
Macarthy, F1
Baker, M3
Koroma, JB1
Lemos, M1
Pedro, JM1
Fançony, C1
Moura, S1
Brito, M1
Nery, SV1
Sousa, CP1
Barros, H1
Hardy, M1
Samuela, J1
Kama, M1
Tuicakau, M1
Romani, L1
Whitfeld, MJ1
King, CL1
Weil, GJ2
Grobler, AC1
Robinson, LJ1
Kaldor, JM1
Steer, AC1
Yu, Q1
Xiao, N1
Han, S1
Tian, T1
Zhou, XN1
Budke, CM1
Casulli, A1
Kern, P1
Vuitton, DA1
Duréault, A1
Perez Valdes, C1
Weber, L1
Ogna, A1
Sempoux, C1
Manuel, O1
Delaloye, J1
Cohee, LM1
Chilombe, M1
Ngwira, A1
Jemu, SK1
Mathanga, DP1
Laufer, MK1
Khieu, V1
Or, V1
Tep, C1
Odermatt, P1
Tsuyuoka, R1
Char, MC1
Brady, MA2
Sidwell, J1
Yajima, A1
Huy, R1
Ramaiah, KD1
Muth, S1
Velasco-Tirado, V1
Alonso-Sardón, M1
Lopez-Bernus, A1
Romero-Alegría, Á1
Burguillo, FJ1
Muro, A1
Carpio-Pérez, A1
Muñoz Bellido, JL1
Pardo-Lledias, J1
Cordero, M1
Belhassen-García, M1
Ahmed, S1
Paul, SP1
Ullio Gamboa, GV1
Pensel, PE1
Elissondo, MC1
Sanchez Bruni, SF1
Benoit, JP1
Palma, SD1
Allemandi, DA1
Coulibaly, YI1
Dicko, I1
Keita, M1
Keita, MM1
Doumbia, M1
Daou, A1
Haidara, FC1
Sankare, MH1
Horton, J1
Whately-Smith, C1
Sow, SO1
Fayyaz, A1
Ghani, UF1
Tamarozzi, F1
Nicoletti, GJ1
Neumayr, A1
Brunetti, E1
Ash, A1
Okello, A1
Khamlome, B1
Inthavong, P1
Allen, J1
Thompson, RCA1
Bogus, J1
Gankpala, L1
Fischer, K1
Krentel, A1
Fischer, PU1
Kollie, K1
Bolay, FK1
Mwingira, UJ1
Means, AR1
Chikawe, M1
Kilembe, B1
Lyimo, D1
Crowley, K2
Rusibamayila, N1
Nshala, A1
Mphuru, A1
Ghasemi, R1
Rowe, A1
Shah, R1
Venkatesan, P1
England, TJ1
Lemoine, JF1
Desormeaux, AM1
Monestime, F1
Fayette, CR1
Desir, L2
Direny, AN1
Carciunoiu, S1
Miller, L1
Knipes, A1
Lammie, P1
Smith, P1
Stockton, M1
Trofimovich, L1
Bhandari, K1
Reithinger, R1
Ottesen, E1
Katchanov, J1
Sawanyawisuth, K1
Chotmongkoi, V1
Nawa, Y1
Goldman, AS1
Direny, A1
Oscard, R1
Vely, JF1
Linehan, M1
Evans, D1
McFarland, D1
Adamani, W1
Eigege, A1
Miri, E1
Schulz, J1
Pede, E1
Umbugadu, C1
Ogbu-Pearse, P1
Richards, FO1
Mohammed, KA1
Deb, RM1
Stanton, MC1
Molyneux, DH1

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
AZIVAL 2: A Double-blind Cluster-randomized Placebo-controlled Study on the Safety of Integrated Treatment of Trachoma and Lymphatic Filariasis in Children and Adults With Azithromycin, Ivermectin and Albendazole[NCT01903057]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Withdrawn (stopped due to As of November 2013, the security situation in rural Northern Mozambique is no longer suitable for this clinical trial.)
A Pharmacovigilance Study on the Safety of Integrated Treatment of Trachoma and Lymphatic Filariasis in Children and Adults Living in the Sikasso Region of Mali[NCT01586169]3,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Evaluation of Commerical Antibody Tests for COVID-19[NCT04360954]461 participants (Actual)Observational2020-04-23Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Reviews

5 reviews available for albendazole and Neglected Diseases

ArticleYear
Pharmacokinetics, feasibility and safety of co-administering azithromycin, albendazole, and ivermectin during mass drug administration: A review.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2023, Volume: 17, Issue:6

    Topics: Albendazole; Azithromycin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Feasibility Studies;

2023
Human toxocariasis - A look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological 'prism'.
    Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases, 2019, Volume: 74

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Mebendazole;

2019
Anti-
    The Indian journal of medical research, 2019, Volume: 149, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combination; Elephant

2019
Medical treatment of cystic echinococcosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.
    BMC infectious diseases, 2018, 07-05, Volume: 18, Issue:1

    Topics: Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Benzimidazoles; Databases, Factual; Drug Therapy, Combination; Echinococ

2018
Acceptance of standardized ultrasound classification, use of albendazole, and long-term follow-up in clinical management of cystic echinococcosis: a systematic review.
    Current opinion in infectious diseases, 2014, Volume: 27, Issue:5

    Topics: Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Drainage; Echinococcosis, Hepatic; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatectomy; Human

2014

Trials

2 trials available for albendazole and Neglected Diseases

ArticleYear
The safety of combined triple drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in the neglected tropical diseases co-endemic setting of Fiji: A cluster randomised trial.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2020, Volume: 14, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albendazole; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Child, Prescho

2020
A cluster randomized study of the safety of integrated treatment of trachoma and lymphatic filariasis in children and adults in Sikasso, Mali.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2013, Volume: 7, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chemopreve

2013
A cluster randomized study of the safety of integrated treatment of trachoma and lymphatic filariasis in children and adults in Sikasso, Mali.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2013, Volume: 7, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chemopreve

2013
A cluster randomized study of the safety of integrated treatment of trachoma and lymphatic filariasis in children and adults in Sikasso, Mali.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2013, Volume: 7, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chemopreve

2013
A cluster randomized study of the safety of integrated treatment of trachoma and lymphatic filariasis in children and adults in Sikasso, Mali.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2013, Volume: 7, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chemopreve

2013

Other Studies

25 other studies available for albendazole and Neglected Diseases

ArticleYear
Modernizing the design and analysis of prevalence surveys for neglected tropical diseases.
    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2023, 10-09, Volume: 378, Issue:1887

    Topics: Albendazole; Diethylcarbamazine; Humans; Ivermectin; London; Neglected Diseases; Prevalence

2023
Integrated Prevalence Assessment of Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus in Three Co-Endemic Districts of Gambella Region, Ethiopia.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2023, 10-04, Volume: 109, Issue:4

    Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Child; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Ethiopia; Female; Humans;

2023
The division of labour between community medicine distributors influences the reach of mass drug administration: A cross-sectional study in rural Uganda.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2019, Volume: 13, Issue:9

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Hea

2019
The Geshiyaro Project: a study protocol for developing a scalable model of interventions for moving towards the interruption of the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths and schistosome infections in the Wolaita zone of Ethiopia.
    Parasites & vectors, 2019, Oct-29, Volume: 12, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Cross-Sectio

2019
Frequency and clinical presentation of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis in a tertiary medical center in Germany 2004-2018: lessons from a low-prevalence area.
    Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie, 2019, Volume: 57, Issue:11

    Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Echinococcosis; Echinococcosis, Hepatic; Echinococcosis, Pulmon

2019
Are census data accurate for estimating coverage of a lymphatic filariasis MDA campaign? Results of a survey in Sierra Leone.
    PloS one, 2019, Volume: 14, Issue:12

    Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Censuses; Chemoprevention; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Female; Filaricides; Helmint

2019
Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis preventive chemotherapy: Adverse events in children from 2 to 15 years in Bengo province, Angola.
    PloS one, 2020, Volume: 15, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Albendazole; Angola; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Feces

2020
Progress on the national echinococcosis control programme in China: analysis of humans and dogs population intervention during 2004-2014.
    Infectious diseases of poverty, 2020, Oct-02, Volume: 9, Issue:1

    Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; China; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Echinococcosis; Echinococcus; Humans

2020
Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis: Successes and continuing challenges.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2017, Volume: 11, Issue:4

    Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Echinococcosis; Echinococcus; Global Health; Host-Parasite Inte

2017
[Toxocariasis, a neglected disease in Switzerland ?]
    Revue medicale suisse, 2017, Apr-12, Volume: 13, Issue:558

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Albendazole; Animals; Eosinophilia; Female; Humans; Middle Age

2017
Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2016.
    Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire, 2017, 10-06, Volume: 92, Issue:40

    Topics: Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Diethylcarbamazine; Disease Eradication; Drug Therapy, Combination; Elep

2017
Pilot Study of the Addition of Mass Treatment for Malaria to Existing School-Based Programs to Treat Neglected Tropical Diseases.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2018, Volume: 98, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Antimalarials; Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; Ch

2018
How elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem in the Kingdom of Cambodia was achieved.
    Infectious diseases of poverty, 2018, Feb-20, Volume: 7, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Cambodia; Child; Diethylcarbamazine; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Health Personnel;

2018
Extra-Ocular Cysticercosis Mimicking Orbital Cellulitis.
    Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2018, Volume: 28, Issue:8

    Topics: Adolescent; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Cysticercosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Enzyme-Link

2018
Albendazole-lipid nanocapsules: Optimization, characterization and chemoprophylactic efficacy in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus.
    Experimental parasitology, 2019, Volume: 198

    Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anticestodal Agents; Cattle; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Echinococco

2019
Successful treatment of hydatid cyst of lesser sac with PAIR therapy.
    Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2013, Volume: 23, Issue:12

    Topics: Adolescent; Albendazole; Animals; Anticestodal Agents; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Combined Modality Therap

2013
Controlling Taenia solium and soil transmitted helminths in a northern Lao PDR village: Impact of a triple dose albendazole regime.
    Acta tropica, 2017, Volume: 174

    Topics: Albendazole; Ancylostomatoidea; Animals; Anthelmintics; Ascariasis; Ascaris lumbricoides; Cysticerco

2017
Community Attitudes Toward Mass Drug Administration for Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases After the 2014 Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in Lofa County, Liberia.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2016, Volume: 94, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Data Collection; Disease Eradication; Disease Out

2016
Integrating Neglected Tropical Disease and Immunization Programs: The Experiences of the Tanzanian Ministry of Health.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2016, 09-07, Volume: 95, Issue:3

    Topics: Albendazole; Antiparasitic Agents; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Humans; Immunization Program

2016
Neurocysticercosis presenting as a 'Stroke Mimic'.
    Acute medicine, 2016, Volume: 15, Issue:2

    Topics: Albendazole; Anticestodal Agents; Brain; Diagnosis, Differential; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Magnetic

2016
Controlling Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Haiti: Implementation Strategies and Evidence of Their Success.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016, Volume: 10, Issue:10

    Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Diethylcarbamazine; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Filaricides; Haiti

2016
Neurognathostomiasis, a neglected parasitosis of the central nervous system.
    Emerging infectious diseases, 2011, Volume: 17, Issue:7

    Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Antibodies, Helminth; Central Nervous System; Enzyme-Lin

2011
Costs of integrated mass drug administration for neglected tropical diseases in Haiti.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2011, Volume: 85, Issue:5

    Topics: Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Costs and Cost Analysis; Diethylcarbamazine; Drug Therapy; Elephantiasis

2011
Cost-effectiveness of triple drug administration (TDA) with praziquantel, ivermectin and albendazole for the prevention of neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria.
    Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology, 2011, Volume: 105, Issue:8

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albendazole; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Administrat

2011
Soil transmitted helminths and scabies in Zanzibar, Tanzania following mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis--a rapid assessment methodology to assess impact.
    Parasites & vectors, 2012, Dec-21, Volume: 5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albendazole; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy

2012