Page last updated: 2024-11-08

alanine and Proteinuria

alanine has been researched along with Proteinuria in 16 studies

Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.

Proteinuria: The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Glomerular damage caused by puromycin aminonucleoside did not induce aminoaciduria until marked proteinuria occurred (day 9), and even then amino acid excretion was much less than that caused by gentamicin."	3.68	Aminoaciduria is an earlier index of renal tubular damage than conventional renal disease markers in the gentamicin-rat model of acute renal failure. ( Goldberg, DM; Macpherson, NA; Moscarello, MA, 1991)
"Proteinuria is also now recognized as a common finding in individuals living with HIV."	2.55	Renal effects of novel antiretroviral drugs. ( Jones, R; Levy, JB; Milburn, J, 2017)
"No cases of Fanconi syndrome have been reported in clinical trials of TAF."	1.56	Renal proximal tubulopathy in an HIV-infected patient treated with tenofovir alafenamide and gentamicin: a case report. ( Bloch, M; Gracey, DM; Heron, JE; Saunders, J; Vanguru, V, 2020)

Research

Studies (16)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	5 (31.25)	18.7374
1990's	3 (18.75)	18.2507
2000's	1 (6.25)	29.6817
2010's	5 (31.25)	24.3611
2020's	2 (12.50)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Schwarze-Zander, C	1
Piduhn, H	1
Boesecke, C	1
Schlabe, S	1
Stoffel-Wagner, B	1
Wasmuth, JC	1
Strassburg, CP	1
Rockstroh, JK	1
Heron, JE	1
Bloch, M	1
Vanguru, V	1
Saunders, J	1
Gracey, DM	2
Gallagher, A	1
Quan, D	1
Cassis, P	1
Locatelli, M	1
Corna, D	1
Villa, S	1
Rottoli, D	1
Cerullo, D	1
Abbate, M	1
Remuzzi, G	1
Benigni, A	1
Zoja, C	1
Sax, PE	2
Zolopa, A	1
Brar, I	1
Elion, R	1
Ortiz, R	1
Post, F	1
Wang, H	1
Callebaut, C	2
Martin, H	1
Fordyce, MW	1
McCallister, S	1
Wohl, D	1
Oka, S	1
Clumeck, N	1
Clarke, A	1
Brinson, C	1
Stephens, J	1
Tashima, K	1
Arribas, JR	1
Rashbaum, B	1
Cheret, A	1
Brunetta, J	1
Mussini, C	1
Tebas, P	1
Cheng, A	1
Zhong, L	1
Das, M	1
Fordyce, M	1
Milburn, J	1
Jones, R	1
Levy, JB	1
KMETEC, E	1
HEYMANN, W	1
CUPPAGE, F	1
LEWY, P	1
Ozkaya, O	1
Söylemezoğlu, O	1
Gönen, S	1
Misirlioğlu, M	1
Tuncer, S	1
Kalman, S	1
Buyan, N	1
Hasanoğlu, E	1
Hirouchi, Y	1
Naganuma, H	1
Kawahara, Y	1
Okada, R	1
Kamiya, A	1
Inui, K	1
Hori, R	1
Terentyeva, EA	1
Hayakawa, K	1
Tanae, A	1
Katsumata, N	1
Tanaka, T	1
Hibi, I	1
Burchardt, U	1
Haschen, RJ	1
Krosch, H	1
Macpherson, NA	1
Moscarello, MA	1
Goldberg, DM	1
Scherberich, JE	1
Falkenberg, FW	1
Mondorf, AW	1
Müller, H	1
Pfleiderer, G	1
Kaplan, BS	1
Renaud, L	1
Drummond, KN	1
Rubin, HM	1
Giorgio, AJ	1
Macdonald, RR	1
Linarelli, LG	1

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effects of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir Treatment on the Pharmacokinetics and Renal Safety of Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) in Patients With HIV.[NCT03126370]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-08	Completed
Assessing Virologic Success and Metabolic Changes in Patients Switching From a TDF to TAF Containing Antiretroviral Therapy Regimen[NCT03646370]		110 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-07-25	Completed
A Phase IIIB, Randomized Trial of Open-Label Efavirenz or Atazanavir With Ritonavir in Combination With Double-Blind Comparison of Emtricitabine/Tenofovir or Abacavir/Lamivudine in Antiretroviral-Naive Subjects[NCT00118898]	Phase 3	1,864 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blinded Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Single Tablet Regimen Versus Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Single Tablet Regimen in[NCT01497899]	Phase 2	279 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-28	Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in HIV-1 Positive, Antiretroviral Trea[NCT01780506]	Phase 3	872 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-26	Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in HIV-1 Positive, Antiretroviral Treat[NCT01797445]	Phase 3	872 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-12	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Change From Week 12 Plasma Tenofovir Area Under the Plasma Concentration vs. Time Curve From Time 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) at 24 and 28 Weeks

Compare plasma tenofovir AUC0-24 between TAF with boosted PI vs. TDF with boosted PI (Phase 2 vs. 1), and between TAF with boosted PI and LDV/SOF vs. TDF with boosted PI (Phase 3 vs. 1) (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks and 24 weeks and 28 weeks

Intervention	ng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI	3466
TAF With a Boosted PI	743
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF	868

Change From Week 12 Tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in Dried Blood Spots (DBS)

Compare tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS) between TAF with a boosted PI vs. TDF with a boosted PI (Phase 2 vs. 1), and TAF with a boosted PI and LDV/SOF vs. TDF with a boosted PI (Phase 3 vs. 1) (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks and 24 and 28 weeks

Intervention	fmol/2x7mm punches (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI	36014
TAF With a Boosted PI	6735
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF	6100

Change From Week 12 Tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) at 24 and 28 Weeks

Compare tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) between TAF with a boosted PI vs. TDF with a boosted PI (Phase 2 vs. 1), and TAF with a boosted PI and LDV/SOF vs. TDF with a boosted PI (Phase 3 vs. 1). (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks, and 24 weeks and 28 weeks

Intervention	fmol/10^6 cells (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI	83.0
TAF With a Boosted PI	926
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF	1129

Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Renal Biomarkers: eGFR

Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 28 weeks

Intervention	mL/min/1.73 m^2 (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI	86.7
TAF With a Boosted PI	91.0
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF	88.1

Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Renal Biomarkers: UPCR

Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and renal biomarkers: Urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 28 weeks

Intervention	mg/g (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI	134
TAF With a Boosted PI	118
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF	97.3

Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Renal Biomarkers: B2M/Cr Ratio, and RBP/Cr Ratio

Change in renal biomarkers: urinary beta-2 microglobulin (B2M)/creatinine (Cr) ratio, and urinary retinol binding protein (RBP)/Cr ratio (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 28 weeks

Intervention	ug/g (Geometric Mean)
	β2M:Cr ratio	RBP:Cr ratio
TAF With a Boosted PI	224	242
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF	178	146
TDF With a Boosted PI	419	436

Amount of Study Follow-up

Participants were to be followed for 96 weeks after the last enrollment. Accrual was expected to take 96 weeks, thus the planned follow-up time was 96 to 192 weeks, dependent on when in the study the participant enrolled. This outcome summarizes that total amount of actual follow-up in weeks from randomization to last contact. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks

Intervention	Weeks (Median)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	141.4
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	133.3
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	141.6
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	137.3

Number of Participants With a Grade 3/4 Safety Event

Grade 3/4 safety event is defined as a grade 3 or 4 sign, symptom, or laboratory abnormality that is at least one grade higher than at baseline, total bilirubin and creatine kinase (CPK) were excluded. Grading used the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) 2004 Severity of Adverse Events Tables. As-treated analysis censored at 1st modification of initially assigned regimen, participants who never started treatment were excluded. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Over all study follow-up while on initially assigned treatment, median follow-up was 120 weeks

Intervention	participants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	145
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	182
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	137
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	156

Number of Participants With Regimen Failure

Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at 16 and 24 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. Treatment modification was defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

Intervention	participants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	162
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	246
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	157
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	233

Number of Participants With Treatment Modification

Treatment modification is defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

Intervention	participants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	152
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	239
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	138
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	216

Number of Participants With Virologic Failure

Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at 16 and 24 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

Intervention	participants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	57
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	72
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	57
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	83

Number of Participants With Virologic Failure and Emergence of Major Resistance

Emergence of resistant virus was assessed by genotypic testing performed at Stanford University for all participants who met criteria for virologic failure and retrospectively on baseline samples from these participants. Major mutations were defined by International AIDS Society-United States of America (2008), as well as T69D, L74I, G190C/E/Q/T/V for reverse transcriptase and L24I, F53L, I54V/A/T/S, G73C/S/T/A, N88D for protease. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable,median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

Intervention	participants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	27
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	41
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	5
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	12

Change in CD4 Count (Cells/mm3) From Baseline

Change was calculated as the CD4 count at Week 48 (or at Week 96) minus the baseline CD4 count (mean of pre-entry and entry values). (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	Cells/mm3 (Median)
	Week 48	Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	163	220.5
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	188	250.5
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	175	251.5
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	177.5	250.3

Change in Fasting High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol Level From Baseline

Only fasting results are included. The protocol did not require that samples be collected fasting. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Week 48	Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	8	9
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	10	11
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	5	4
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	8	7

Change in Fasting Non-high Density Lipoprotein (Non-HDL) Cholesterol Level From Baseline

Only fasting results are included. The protocol did not require that samples be collected fasting. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Week 48	Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	14	13.5
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	23	18
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	8	10
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	20	18

Change in Fasting Total Cholesterol Level From Baseline

Only fasting results are included. The protocol did not require that samples be collected fasting. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Week 48	Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	22	23
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	35	33
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	11	14
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	30	25

Change in Fasting Triglyceride Level From Baseline

Only fasting results are included. The protocol did not require that samples be collected fasting. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Week 48	Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	10	9
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	15	14
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	14	11
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	24	33

Cumulative Probability of Not Experiencing a Grade 3/4 Safety Event

Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative survival probability at week 48 and 96. Grade 3/4 safety event is defined as a grade 3 or 4 sign, symptom, or laboratory abnormality that is at least one grade higher than at baseline, total bilirubin and creatine kinase (CPK) were excluded. Grading used the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) 2004 Severity of Adverse Events Tables. As-treated analysis censored at 1st modification of initially assigned regimen, participants who never started treatment were excluded. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At week 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Week 48	Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	78	70
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	64	58
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	79	73
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	73	66

Cumulative Probability of Not Experiencing Regimen Failure

Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative survival probability at week 48 and 96. Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at 16 and 24 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. Treatment modification was defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At week 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Week 48	Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	79	70
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	64	54
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	80	73
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	66	57

Cumulative Probability of Not Experiencing Treatment Modification

Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative survival probability at week 48 and 96. Treatment modification is defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At week 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Week 48	Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	80	73
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	67	56
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	86	77
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	73	62

Cumulative Probability of Not Experiencing Virologic Failure

,,,

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Week 48	Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	94	90
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	88	85
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	92	89
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	88	83

Number of Participants Experiencing Certain Targeted Clinical Events, Including Death, AIDS-defining Illness, and HIV-1 Related Events.

"AIDS-defining illnesses were defined per CDC category C definition. HIV-1 related events were defined per CDC category B definition. Events underwent study chair review for classification. See link below for more details.~http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htm" (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

,,,

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Death	AIDS-defining illness	HIV-1 relatated event
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	6	14	56
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	11	25	61
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	6	20	57
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	8	23	63

Number of Participants With HIV-1 RNA Levels Less Than 200 Copies/mL

(NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Number of Participants with RNA data at Week 48	Number with HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/ml at Week 48	Number of Participants with RNA data at Week 96	Number with HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/ml at Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	415	398	379	362
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	400	377	361	342
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	416	391	384	368
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	411	372	374	346

The Number of Participants With HIV-1 RNA Levels Less Than 50 Copies/mL

(NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Number of Participants with RNA data at Week 48	Number with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml at Week 48	Number of Participants with RNA data at Week 96	Number with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml at Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	415	372	379	345
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	400	346	361	328
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	416	348	384	345
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	411	322	374	317

Time From Randomization to Virologic Failure

Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at visit weeks 16 and 24 , and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks after randomization and before 24 weeks, or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. The 5th percentile for time to virologic failure is the time (in weeks) at which 5% of the participants have experienced virologic failure. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable,median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

,,,

Intervention	Weeks (Number)
	5th percentile time to virologic failure	10th percentile time to virologic failure
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	36	96
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	24	36
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	24	84
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	24	36

Time From Treatment Dispensation to a Grade 3/4 Safety Event

Grade 3/4 safety event is defined as a grade 3 or 4 sign, symptom, or laboratory abnormality that is at least one grade higher than at baseline, total bilirubin and creatine kinase (CPK) were excluded. Grading used the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) 2004 Severity of Adverse Events Tables. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: All follow-up while on initially assigned regimen; the median (25th, 75th percentile) follow-up while on initial regimen was 120 (54, 156) weeks and the range was 0 to 205 weeks.

,,,

Intervention	Weeks (Number)
	5th percentile time to a grade 3/4 safety event	10th percentile time to a grade 3/4 safety event	25th percentile time to a grade 3/4 safety event
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	2.6	7.9	59.3
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	1.3	2.0	16.0
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	3.0	8.1	81.4
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	1.3	3.9	44.4

Time From Treatment Dispensation to Regimen Failure (First Occurrence of Virologic Failure or Treatment Modification)

Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at 16 and 24 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. Treatment modification was defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable,median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

,,,

Intervention	Weeks (Number)
	5th percentile time to regimen failure	10th percentile time to regimen failure	25th percentile time to regimen failure
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	4	16	72
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	4	4	24
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	4	16	84
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	4	4	36

Time From Treatment Dispensation to Treatment Modification

Treatment modification is defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable,median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

,,,

Intervention	Weeks (Number)
	5th percentile time to treatment modification	10th percentile time to treatment modification	25th percentile time to treatment modification
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	3.4	15.0	83.7
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	1.4	2.1	27.4
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC	7.9	24.9	108.9
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC	1.6	5.0	43.6

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 24

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 24 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01497899)
Timeframe: Week 24

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF	88.4
E/C/F/TDF	89.7

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 48

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 48 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01497899)
Timeframe: Week 48

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF	88.4
E/C/F/TDF	87.9

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Weeks 24 and 48

(NCT01497899)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 24 and 48

Intervention	cells/uL (Mean)
	Baseline	Change at Week 24	Change at Week 48
E/C/F/TAF	404	165	177
E/C/F/TDF	394	179	204

Change From Baseline in log10 HIV-1 RNA at Weeks 24 and 48

(NCT01497899)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 24 and 48

Intervention	log10 copies/mL (Mean)
	Baseline	Change at Week 24	Change at Week 48
E/C/F/TAF	4.63	-3.20	-3.22
E/C/F/TDF	4.69	-3.26	-3.33

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 144

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Intervention	cells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	323
E/C/F/TDF	310

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 48

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	cells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	235
E/C/F/TDF	221

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 96

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	cells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	285
E/C/F/TDF	271

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 144

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	0.04
E/C/F/TDF	0.08

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 48

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	0.08
E/C/F/TDF	0.11

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 96

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	0.05
E/C/F/TDF	0.07

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip BMD at Week 144

Hip BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-0.826
E/C/F/TDF	-3.475

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip BMD at Week 96

Hip BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-0.951
E/C/F/TDF	-3.515

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 48

Hip BMD was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-0.865
E/C/F/TDF	-3.200

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 144

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-0.809
E/C/F/TDF	-3.023

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 48

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-1.337
E/C/F/TDF	-2.956

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 96

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-0.907
E/C/F/TDF	-3.053

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 144

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	-24.6
E/C/F/TDF	60.4

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 48

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	-32.8
E/C/F/TDF	18.0

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 96

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	-33.5
E/C/F/TDF	32.5

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine RBP to Creatinine Ratio at Week 144

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	37.4
E/C/F/TDF	106.9

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine RBP to Creatinine Ratio at Week 96

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	11.3
E/C/F/TDF	75.0

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) to Creatinine Ratio at Week 48

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	6.9
E/C/F/TDF	51.2

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 48

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF	93.1
E/C/F/TDF	92.8

Percentage of Participants Experiencing Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 144

Grades 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe) were the highest treatment-emergent postbaseline grades for urine protein using the dipstick method. The worst postbaseline value is presented for each participant. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Up to 144 weeks

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Grade 1	Grade 2	Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF	31.3	6.0	0.2
E/C/F/TDF	37.1	7.0	0.2

Percentage of Participants Experiencing Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 48

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Grade 1	Grade 2	Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF	25.8	4.6	0
E/C/F/TDF	32.3	4.9	0.2

Percentage of Participants Experiencing Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 96

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Grade 1	Grade 2	Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF	28.8	5.1	0.2
E/C/F/TDF	33.9	5.8	0.2

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 20 Copies/mL at Weeks 48, 96, and 144

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 20 copies/mL at Weeks 48, 96, and 144 were analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Weeks 48, 96. and 144

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Week 48	Week 96	Week 144
E/C/F/TAF	86.4	84.4	84.6
E/C/F/TDF	87.3	83.6	80.1

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Weeks 96 and 144

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Weeks 96 and 144 were analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Weeks 96 and 144

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Week 96	Week 144
E/C/F/TAF	89.2	86.9
E/C/F/TDF	88.2	83.1

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 48

(NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	cells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	225
E/C/F/TDF	200

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 96

(NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	cells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	274
E/C/F/TDF	260

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 48

(NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	0.08
E/C/F/TDF	0.12

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 96

(NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	0.04
E/C/F/TDF	0.07

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip BMD at Week 96

Hip BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-0.364
E/C/F/TDF	-3.023

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 48

Hip BMD was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-0.420
E/C/F/TDF	-2.603

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 48

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-1.278
E/C/F/TDF	-2.759

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 96

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF	-1.017
E/C/F/TDF	-2.516

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 48

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	-29.3
E/C/F/TDF	32.3

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 96

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	-31.0
E/C/F/TDF	35.2

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine RBP to Creatinine Ratio at Week 96

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	16.9
E/C/F/TDF	73.7

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) to Creatinine Ratio at Week 48

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Intervention	percent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF	13.3
E/C/F/TDF	51.7

Percentage of Participants Achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 48

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF	91.6
E/C/F/TDF	88.5

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 96

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 96 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Week 96

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF	84.0
E/C/F/TDF	82.3

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 20 Copies/mL at Weeks 48 and 96

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 20 copies/mL at Weeks 48 and 96 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Weeks 48 and 96

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Week 48	Week 96
E/C/F/TAF	82.4	78.7
E/C/F/TDF	80.7	76.8

Percentage of Participants With Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 48

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Grade 1	Grade 2	Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF	27.3	4.7	0
E/C/F/TDF	31.6	4.6	0

Percentage of Participants With Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 96

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Grade 1	Grade 2	Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF	31.8	5.4	0
E/C/F/TDF	36.9	5.1	0

Reviews

1 review available for alanine and Proteinuria

Article	Year
Renal effects of novel antiretroviral drugs. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2017, 03-01, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Anti-HIV Agents; Atazanavir Sulfate; Cobicistat; Creatinine; Disease Progression;	2017

Trials

2 trials available for alanine and Proteinuria

Article	Year
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte	2014
Brief Report: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Each Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine for Initial HIV-1 Treatment: Week 96 Results. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2016, May-01, Volume: 72, Issue:1 Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cobicistat; Doub	2016
Brief Report: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Each Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine for Initial HIV-1 Treatment: Week 96 Results. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2016, May-01, Volume: 72, Issue:1 Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cobicistat; Doub	2016
Brief Report: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Each Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine for Initial HIV-1 Treatment: Week 96 Results. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2016, May-01, Volume: 72, Issue:1 Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cobicistat; Doub	2016
Brief Report: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Each Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine for Initial HIV-1 Treatment: Week 96 Results. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2016, May-01, Volume: 72, Issue:1 Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cobicistat; Doub	2016

Other Studies

13 other studies available for alanine and Proteinuria

Article	Year
Switching tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in a real life setting: what are the implications? HIV medicine, 2020, Volume: 21, Issue:6 Topics: Age Factors; Alanine; Albuminuria; Cholesterol, LDL; Drug Substitution; Female; HIV Infections; Huma	2020
Renal proximal tubulopathy in an HIV-infected patient treated with tenofovir alafenamide and gentamicin: a case report. BMC nephrology, 2020, 08-12, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Alanine; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Antiv	2020
Improvement in renal function and resolution of proteinuria in an HIV-infected patient switched from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide. Internal medicine journal, 2017, Volume: 47, Issue:7 Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Antiviral Agents; Drug Substitution; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kidney Diseas	2017
Addition of cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy has a positive add-on effect in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Kidney international, 2019, Volume: 96, Issue:4 Topics: Alanine; Angiotensin I; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2	2019
RESPIRATION OF RAT KIDNEY CORTEX SLICES IN EXPERIMENTAL PROTEINURIA AND RENALE DISEASE. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology, 1964, Volume: 13 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Blood Chemical Analysis; Cattle; Freund's Adjuvant; Fructose;	1964
Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms: association with susceptibility to Henoch-Schonlein purpura and renal involvement. Clinical rheumatology, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Alanine; Angiotensinogen; Child; Child, Preschool; Cysteine; DNA Transposable Elements;	2006
Preventive effect of betamipron on nephrotoxicity and uptake of carbapenems in rabbit renal cortex. Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1994, Volume: 66, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Carbapenems; Glycosuria, Renal; Imipenem; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney Cortex; Kidn	1994
Urinary biotinidase and alanine excretion in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. European journal of clinical chemistry and clinical biochemistry : journal of the Forum of European Clinical Chemistry Societies, 1997, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adolescent; Adult; Alanine; Albuminuria; Amidohydrolases; Biotinidase; Case-C	1997
Clinical usefulness of enzyme determinations in urine. Current problems in clinical biochemistry, 1979, Issue:9 Topics: Alanine; Aminopeptidases; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Disease; Enzymes; Glucuronidase; Humans; K	1979
Aminoaciduria is an earlier index of renal tubular damage than conventional renal disease markers in the gentamicin-rat model of acute renal failure. Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale, 1991, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acute Kidney Injury; Alanine; Amino Acids; Animals; Biomarkers; Creatinine; G	1991
Biochemical and immunological studies on isolated brush border membranes of human kidney cortex and their membrane surface proteins. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 1974, Sep-16, Volume: 55, Issue:2 Topics: Alanine; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Animals; Cell Membrane; Centrifugation, Density Grad	1974
Substrate-carbon oxidation by isolated rat glomeruli in aminonucleoside nephrosis. Kidney international, 1974, Volume: 6, Issue:3 Topics: Acetates; Alanine; Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Carbon Radioisotopes; Citrates; Glucose; Gl	1974
Selective malabsorption of vitamin B 12: report of a case with metabolic studies. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1974, Volume: 127, Issue:5 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids; Anemia, Macrocytic; Child; Chromatography, Gas; Glycine; Hemoglobins; Histidin	1974