alanine has been researched along with Electrolytes in 29 studies
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
Electrolytes: Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Splanchnic exchange rates of glucose, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were measured in eight patients during moderate to severe diabetic ketoacidosis." | 3.65 | Human splanchnic metabolism during diabetic ketoacidosis. ( Block, BS; Boden, G; Kreulen, T; McDonough, M; Owen, OE; Patel, M; Richard, GA; Shuman, CR, 1977) |
| "4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene glycine hydrazide (GlyH-101) and glibenclamide and their dose-response effect was investigated." | 1.35 | Electrophysiological characterization of electrolyte and nutrient transport across the small intestine in horses. ( Breves, G; Burmester, M; Cehak, A; Feige, K; Geburek, F, 2009) |
| " The magnitude of Cel changes was related to absorption rate, which was confirmed by behaviour with hypertonic solutions, where osmotic activity in the gut was lost the sooner, the more rapid absorption rate was." | 1.27 | Studies on intestinal absorption by single-injection technique and continuous measurement of portal vein blood electrolyte concentration and hematocrit in the alert rat. ( Aziz, O; Sommer, E, 1983) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 13 (44.83) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 2 (6.90) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 6 (20.69) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 7 (24.14) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 1 (3.45) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Nomah, DK | 1 |
| Díaz, Y | 1 |
| Vivanco-Hidalgo, RM | 1 |
| Casabona, J | 1 |
| Miro, JM | 1 |
| Reyes-Urueña, J | 1 |
| Patel, U | 1 |
| Desai, R | 1 |
| Faisaluddin, M | 1 |
| Fong, HK | 1 |
| Singh, S | 1 |
| Patel, S | 1 |
| Kumar, G | 1 |
| Sachdeva, R | 1 |
| Buchaim, DV | 1 |
| Andreo, JC | 1 |
| Pomini, KT | 1 |
| Barraviera, B | 1 |
| Ferreira, RS | 1 |
| Duarte, MAH | 1 |
| Alcalde, MP | 1 |
| Reis, CHB | 1 |
| Teixeira, DB | 1 |
| Bueno, CRS | 1 |
| Detregiachi, CRP | 1 |
| Araujo, AC | 1 |
| Buchaim, RL | 1 |
| Wang, H | 1 |
| Li, Y | 2 |
| Wang, C | 1 |
| Wang, J | 2 |
| Ren, B | 1 |
| Li, X | 2 |
| Li, M | 1 |
| Geng, D | 1 |
| Wu, C | 1 |
| Zhao, L | 1 |
| Namvar, MA | 1 |
| Afkari, BF | 1 |
| Moslemkhani, C | 1 |
| Mansoori, K | 1 |
| Dadashi, M | 1 |
| Saikia, D | 1 |
| Kumar, S | 1 |
| Velpandian, T | 1 |
| Deorari, AK | 1 |
| Biswas, NR | 1 |
| Gupta, YK | 1 |
| Geetha, J | 1 |
| Sakthivadivel, V | 1 |
| Gaur, A | 1 |
| Singh, RP | 1 |
| Chauhan, K | 1 |
| Tripathi, A | 1 |
| Chaudhary, E | 1 |
| Tsalis, K | 1 |
| Ioannidis, O | 1 |
| Mariorakis, C | 1 |
| Christidis, P | 1 |
| Loutzidou, L | 1 |
| Mantzoros, I | 1 |
| Kotidis, E | 1 |
| Pramateftakis, MG | 1 |
| Ouzounidis, N | 1 |
| Aggelopoulos, S | 1 |
| Khodulev, VI | 1 |
| Ponomarev, VV | 1 |
| Stepanova, JI | 1 |
| Chen, J | 1 |
| Zheng, X | 1 |
| Zhang, J | 1 |
| Ma, Q | 1 |
| Zhao, Z | 2 |
| Huang, L | 1 |
| Wu, W | 1 |
| Wang, Y | 2 |
| Dong, S | 1 |
| Arena, A | 1 |
| Juel, BE | 1 |
| Comolatti, R | 1 |
| Thon, S | 1 |
| Storm, JF | 1 |
| Aljohani, AI | 1 |
| Toss, MS | 1 |
| El-Sharawy, KA | 1 |
| Mirza, S | 1 |
| Ball, GR | 1 |
| Green, AR | 1 |
| Rakha, EA | 1 |
| Fujimori, A | 1 |
| Hirakawa, H | 1 |
| Liu, C | 1 |
| Akiyama, T | 1 |
| Engelward, BP | 1 |
| Nickoloff, JA | 1 |
| Suzuki, M | 1 |
| Wang, B | 1 |
| Nenoi, M | 1 |
| Sai, S | 1 |
| Martinou, EG | 1 |
| Moller-Levet, CS | 1 |
| Angelidi, AM | 1 |
| Espinoza, I | 1 |
| Kurapaty, C | 1 |
| Park, CH | 1 |
| Vander Steen, T | 1 |
| Kleer, CG | 1 |
| Wiley, E | 1 |
| Rademaker, A | 1 |
| Cuyàs, E | 1 |
| Verdura, S | 1 |
| Buxó, M | 1 |
| Reynolds, C | 1 |
| Menendez, JA | 1 |
| Lupu, R | 1 |
| Huang, PY | 1 |
| Shih, IA | 1 |
| Liao, YC | 1 |
| You, HL | 1 |
| Lee, MJ | 1 |
| Fabre, A | 1 |
| Mancini, J | 1 |
| Morgan, KM | 1 |
| Danish, S | 1 |
| Xiong, Z | 1 |
| Zhu, M | 1 |
| Cui, H | 1 |
| Zhang, L | 1 |
| Zhao, K | 1 |
| Jia, X | 1 |
| Jin, H | 1 |
| Ye, L | 1 |
| Zhang, Y | 1 |
| Li, S | 2 |
| He, H | 1 |
| Ai, G | 1 |
| Wang, X | 2 |
| Xiang, W | 1 |
| Kashir, J | 1 |
| Ganesh, D | 1 |
| Jones, C | 1 |
| Coward, K | 1 |
| Chin, C | 1 |
| Amri, M | 1 |
| Greiver, M | 1 |
| Wintemute, K | 1 |
| Venugopal, PD | 1 |
| Morse, AL | 1 |
| Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, R | 1 |
| Tworek, C | 1 |
| Chang, HW | 1 |
| Cho, H | 1 |
| Nishida, T | 1 |
| Takahashi, T | 1 |
| Masuzawa, T | 1 |
| Hirota, S | 1 |
| Wiedeman, AM | 1 |
| Ngai, YF | 1 |
| Henderson, AM | 1 |
| Panagiotopoulos, C | 1 |
| Devlin, AM | 1 |
| Fukasawa, LO | 1 |
| Sacchi, CT | 1 |
| Gonçalves, MG | 1 |
| Lemos, APS | 1 |
| Almeida, SCG | 1 |
| Caterino-de-Araujo, A | 1 |
| Anjos, D | 1 |
| Fiaccadori, FS | 1 |
| Servian, CDP | 1 |
| da Fonseca, SG | 1 |
| Guilarde, AO | 1 |
| Borges, MASB | 1 |
| Franco, FC | 1 |
| Ribeiro, BM | 1 |
| Souza, M | 1 |
| Colombo, D | 1 |
| Frassi, M | 1 |
| Mariano, GP | 1 |
| Fusaro, E | 1 |
| Lomater, C | 1 |
| Medico, PD | 1 |
| Iannone, F | 1 |
| Foti, R | 1 |
| Limonta, M | 1 |
| Marchesoni, A | 1 |
| Raffeiner, B | 1 |
| Viapiana, O | 1 |
| Di Carlo, M | 1 |
| Grembiale, RD | 1 |
| Guggino, G | 1 |
| Faggioli, P | 1 |
| Tirri, E | 1 |
| Perricone, R | 1 |
| Puttini, PCS | 1 |
| Vita, S | 1 |
| Conti, F | 1 |
| Rizzoli, S | 1 |
| Roncari, B | 1 |
| Fiocchi, M | 1 |
| Orsenigo, R | 1 |
| Zagni, E | 1 |
| Crawford, AD | 1 |
| McGlothen-Bell, K | 1 |
| Recto, P | 1 |
| McGrath, JM | 1 |
| Scott, L | 1 |
| Brownell, EA | 1 |
| Cleveland, LM | 1 |
| Tipre, M | 1 |
| Carson, TL | 1 |
| Mondelli, B | 1 |
| Walker, WJ | 1 |
| Dhanoya, T | 1 |
| Morton, K | 1 |
| Zamani-Hank, Y | 1 |
| Margerison, CE | 1 |
| Talge, NM | 1 |
| Holzman, C | 1 |
| Adekanmi, AJ | 1 |
| Roberts, A | 1 |
| Morhason-Bello, IO | 1 |
| Adeyinka, AO | 1 |
| Nelson, RK | 1 |
| Hafner, SM | 1 |
| Cook, AC | 1 |
| Sterner, NJ | 1 |
| Butler, EL | 1 |
| Jakiemiec, BE | 1 |
| Saltarelli, WA | 1 |
| Madden, PJ | 1 |
| Thomas, Y | 1 |
| Blair, RV | 1 |
| Samer, S | 1 |
| Doyle, M | 1 |
| Midkiff, CC | 1 |
| Doyle-Meyers, LA | 1 |
| Becker, ME | 1 |
| Arif, MS | 1 |
| McRaven, MD | 1 |
| Simons, LM | 1 |
| Carias, AM | 1 |
| Martinelli, E | 1 |
| Lorenzo-Redondo, R | 1 |
| Hultquist, JF | 1 |
| Villinger, FJ | 1 |
| Veazey, RS | 1 |
| Hope, TJ | 1 |
| Berdagué, P | 1 |
| Gouilleux, B | 1 |
| Noll, M | 1 |
| Immel, S | 1 |
| Reggelin, M | 1 |
| Lesot, P | 1 |
| Tang, X | 1 |
| Wang, S | 1 |
| Liang, Y | 1 |
| Bai, D | 1 |
| Xu, J | 1 |
| Chen, C | 1 |
| Liu, X | 2 |
| Wu, S | 1 |
| Wen, Y | 1 |
| Jiang, D | 1 |
| Zhang, Z | 1 |
| Sangam, S | 1 |
| Jindal, S | 1 |
| Agarwal, A | 1 |
| Banerjee, BD | 1 |
| Prasad, P | 1 |
| Mukherjee, M | 1 |
| Zou, C | 1 |
| Liu, Q | 1 |
| Chen, K | 1 |
| Chen, F | 1 |
| Cao, Y | 1 |
| Deng, C | 1 |
| Zhan, S | 1 |
| Gao, F | 1 |
| Zheng, YR | 1 |
| Fan, CL | 1 |
| Chen, Y | 1 |
| Quan, JY | 1 |
| Shi, LZ | 1 |
| Tian, CY | 1 |
| Shang, X | 1 |
| Xu, NS | 1 |
| Ye, WC | 1 |
| Yu, LZ | 1 |
| Liu, JS | 1 |
| Maleckis, A | 1 |
| Abdelkader, EH | 1 |
| Herath, ID | 1 |
| Otting, G | 1 |
| Luo, L | 1 |
| Wang, L | 1 |
| Bai, C | 1 |
| Zhou, J | 1 |
| Wei, L | 1 |
| Su, X | 1 |
| Du, X | 1 |
| Ma, G | 1 |
| Zhang, X | 1 |
| Lei, ZY | 1 |
| Hu, K | 1 |
| He, YX | 1 |
| Geng, S | 1 |
| Chen, LN | 1 |
| Zou, S | 1 |
| Pan, L | 1 |
| Ding, ZJ | 1 |
| Huang, F | 1 |
| An, S | 1 |
| Luo, X | 1 |
| Li, W | 1 |
| Kawazu, R | 1 |
| Torigoe, T | 1 |
| Kuninobu, Y | 1 |
| Xiong, W | 1 |
| Zheng, J | 1 |
| Wu, J | 1 |
| Huang, B | 1 |
| Zhu, Q | 1 |
| Xiao, S | 1 |
| Chen, Q | 1 |
| Yang, J | 1 |
| Yang, Z | 1 |
| Earp, JE | 1 |
| Stearns, RL | 1 |
| Stranieri, A | 1 |
| Agostinucci, J | 1 |
| Lepley, AS | 1 |
| Matson, T | 1 |
| Ward-Ritacco, CL | 1 |
| Ioannou, F | 1 |
| Leontidis, E | 1 |
| Archontis, G | 1 |
| Abdul Keyon, AS | 1 |
| Guijt, RM | 1 |
| Bolch, CJ | 1 |
| Breadmore, MC | 1 |
| McCormack, WP | 1 |
| Hoffman, JR | 1 |
| Pruna, GJ | 1 |
| Jajtner, AR | 1 |
| Townsend, JR | 1 |
| Stout, JR | 1 |
| Fragala, MS | 1 |
| Fukuda, DH | 1 |
| Cehak, A | 1 |
| Burmester, M | 1 |
| Geburek, F | 1 |
| Feige, K | 1 |
| Breves, G | 1 |
| Ladhari, N | 1 |
| Hemmerlé, J | 1 |
| Haikel, Y | 1 |
| Voegel, JC | 1 |
| Ball, V | 1 |
| Alves, MG | 1 |
| Oliveira, PF | 1 |
| Martins, FO | 1 |
| Oliveira, PJ | 1 |
| Carvalho, RA | 1 |
| Hoshino, T | 1 |
| Fujita, K | 1 |
| Higashi, A | 1 |
| Sakiyama, K | 1 |
| Ohno, H | 1 |
| Morishima, K | 1 |
| Czerwenka, C | 1 |
| Lämmerhofer, M | 1 |
| Lindner, W | 1 |
| Spătaru, T | 1 |
| Spătaru, N | 1 |
| Bonciocat, N | 1 |
| Luca, C | 1 |
| Tzlil, S | 1 |
| Ben-Shaul, A | 1 |
| Thundimadathil, J | 1 |
| Roeske, RW | 1 |
| Guo, L | 1 |
| Aziz, O | 1 |
| Sommer, E | 1 |
| Eriksson, S | 2 |
| Appelgren, B | 1 |
| Rundgren, M | 1 |
| Andersson, B | 1 |
| Wathen, RL | 2 |
| Ward, RA | 2 |
| Harding, GB | 2 |
| Meyer, LC | 1 |
| Miller, RG | 1 |
| Jahoor, F | 1 |
| Jaksic, T | 1 |
| Teitelbaum, DH | 1 |
| Sonnino, RE | 1 |
| Dunaway, DJ | 1 |
| Stellin, G | 1 |
| Harmel, RP | 1 |
| Battezzati, A | 1 |
| Caumo, A | 1 |
| Fattorini, A | 1 |
| Sereni, LP | 1 |
| Coppa, J | 1 |
| Romito, R | 1 |
| Ammatuna, M | 1 |
| Regalia, E | 1 |
| Mazzaferro, V | 1 |
| Luzi, L | 1 |
| Tews, JK | 1 |
| Colosi, NW | 1 |
| Harper, AE | 1 |
| Owen, OE | 1 |
| Block, BS | 1 |
| Patel, M | 1 |
| Boden, G | 1 |
| McDonough, M | 1 |
| Kreulen, T | 1 |
| Shuman, CR | 1 |
| Richard, GA | 1 |
| Möller, P | 1 |
| Bergström, J | 1 |
| Fürst, P | 1 |
| Hellström, K | 1 |
| Homma, S | 1 |
| Dennis, VW | 1 |
| Brazy, PC | 1 |
| Kandel, G | 1 |
| Donohue-Rolfe, A | 1 |
| Donowitz, M | 1 |
| Keusch, GT | 1 |
| Takahashi, K | 1 |
| Azuma, J | 1 |
| Park, S | 1 |
| Awata, N | 1 |
| Kishimoto, S | 1 |
| Namba, T | 1 |
| Shaffer, SW | 1 |
| Thompson, LC | 1 |
| Carstensen, EL | 1 |
| Marquis, RE | 1 |
| Gerhardt, P | 1 |
| Svare, CW | 1 |
| Belton, G | 1 |
| Korostoff, E | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect of Cysteine Supplementation on Glutathione Production in Critically Ill Neonates[NCT00254176] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 108 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
1 review available for alanine and Electrolytes
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Topics: Alanine; Alkaloids; Amides; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antiviral Agents; Cyclization; Dammar | 2023 |
1 trial available for alanine and Electrolytes
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Electrolyte beverage consumption alters electrically induced cramping threshold.
Topics: Adult; Alanine; Beverages; Dietary Sucrose; Electric Stimulation; Electrolytes; Electromyography; Fe | 2019 |
27 other studies available for alanine and Electrolytes
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Helix formation by alanine-based peptides in pure water and electrolyte solutions: insights from molecular dynamics simulations.
Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Sequence; Electrolytes; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Molecular Dyna | 2013 |
Transient isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity and ultraviolet detection for the analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussel samples.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Bivalvia; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electrolytes; Electrophoresis, Cap | 2014 |
Effects of l-Alanyl-l-Glutamine Ingestion on One-Hour Run Performance.
Topics: Adult; Alanine; Beverages; Blood Glucose; Dipeptides; Electrolytes; Exercise; Fatigue; Glutamine; Hu | 2015 |
Electrophysiological characterization of electrolyte and nutrient transport across the small intestine in horses.
Topics: Alanine; Amiloride; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Biological Transport, Activ | 2009 |
Polyelectrolyte multilayer films: A sponge for insulin?
Topics: Absorption; Alanine; Biocompatible Materials; Diffusion; Electrolytes; Insulin; Materials Testing; M | 2010 |
Gender-dependent metabolic remodeling during heart preservation in cardioplegic celsior and histidine buffer solution.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Buffers; Cardioplegic Solutions; Cold Ischemia; Disaccharides; Electrolytes; Energ | 2012 |
Contracting cardiomyocytes in hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquid.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Cell Culture Techniques; Cells, Cultured; Electrolytes; Heart Rate; Hydrophobic an | 2012 |
Electrolyte and additive effects on enantiomer separation of peptides by nonaqueous ion-pair capillary electrophoresis using tert.-butylcarbamoylquinine as chiral counterion.
Topics: Alanine; Electrolytes; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Osmolar Concentration | 2002 |
Potentiometric investigation of the effect of the pH on the ionic transfer of some amino acids at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions.
Topics: Alanine; Cell Membrane; Electrochemistry; Electrolytes; Glycine; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ions; I | 2004 |
Flexible charged macromolecules on mixed fluid lipid membranes: theory and Monte Carlo simulations.
Topics: Adsorption; Alanine; Biophysical Phenomena; Biophysics; Cations; Cell Membrane; Computer Simulation; | 2005 |
Conversion of a porin-like peptide channel into a gramicidin-like channel by glycine to D-alanine substitutions.
Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids; Cations; Cell Membrane; Circular Dichroism; Electrolytes; Glycine; Gramicidin; | 2006 |
Studies on intestinal absorption by single-injection technique and continuous measurement of portal vein blood electrolyte concentration and hematocrit in the alert rat.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Arginine; Electrolytes; Extracorporeal Circulation; Female; Glucose; Hematocrit; I | 1983 |
Vasopressin release in response to intracerebroventricular L-alanine and L-arginine, and its dependence upon CSF NaCl concentration.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Arginine; Arginine Vasopressin; Body Water; Diuresis; Electrolytes; Female; Goats; | 1982 |
Acid-base and metabolic responses to anion infusion in the anesthetized dog.
Topics: Acetates; Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Alanine; Anesthesia; Animals; Anions; Bicarbonates; Blood | 1982 |
Decreased cysteine and proline synthesis in parenterally fed, premature infants.
Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids; Aspartic Acid; Birth Weight; Blood Glucose; Carbon Isotopes; Cysteine; Electro | 1995 |
Rat jejunal absorptive function after intestinal transplantation. Effects of extrinsic denervation.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Denervation; Electrolytes; Graft Survival; Intestinal Absorption; Jejunum; Rats; T | 1993 |
Amino acid kinetics during the anhepatic phase of liver transplantation.
Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids; Blood Glucose; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Deuterium; Electrolytes; Fatty | 2002 |
Effect of amino acid meals on hepatic alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport and cyclic AMP.
Topics: Adrenalectomy; Alanine; Amino Acids; Aminoisobutyric Acids; Animals; Asparagine; Biological Transpor | 1975 |
Human splanchnic metabolism during diabetic ketoacidosis.
Topics: Alanine; Blood Glucose; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Electrolytes; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Gluconeogen | 1977 |
Effect of aging on free amino acids and electrolytes in leg skeletal muscle.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Alanine; Amino Acids; Arginine; Citrulline; Electrolytes; Histidine; Humans; Leg; Male; | 1979 |
Conductance changes during bath application of beta-alanine and taurine in giant interneurons of the isolated lamprey spinal cord.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Bicuculline; Chlorides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; El | 1979 |
Sodium, phosphate, glucose, bicarbonate, and alanine interactions in the isolated proximal convoluted tubule of the rabbit kidney.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Bicarbonates; Biological Transport; Drug Interactions; Electrolytes; Female; Gluco | 1978 |
Pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. XVI. Selective targetting of Shiga toxin to villus cells of rabbit jejunum explains the effect of the toxin on intestinal electrolyte transport.
Topics: Absorption; Alanine; Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Biological Transport; Body Water; Dysentery, Bacilla | 1989 |
Pharmacological study of a traditional Chinese medicine: effect of bezoar bovis on the irregular beating pattern of cultured mouse myocardial cells.
Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids; Animals; Bezoars; Calcium; Electrolytes; Female; Heart; Medicine, Chinese Trad | 1989 |
Comparative metabolic effects of acetate and dichloroacetate infusion in the anesthetized dog.
Topics: Acetates; Alanine; Animals; Bicarbonates; Blood Glucose; Carbon Dioxide; Dichloroacetic Acid; Dogs; | 1985 |
Dielectric study of the physical state of electrolytes and water within Bacillus cereus spores.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Alanine; Bacillus cereus; Cell Membrane Permeability; Culture Media; Electric Conductivi | 1971 |
The role of organics in metallic passivation.
Topics: Adsorption; Alanine; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biophysical Phenomena; Biophysics; Copper; Cysti | 1970 |