alanine and Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 studies

Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Obesity is associated with altered glycine metabolism in humans."	7.96	Obesity increases hepatic glycine dehydrogenase and aminomethyltransferase expression while dietary glycine supplementation reduces white adipose tissue in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. ( Edwards, AK; McKnight, SM; Satterfield, MC; Simmons, RM; Wu, G, 2020)
" We examined the association between Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARG2, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and peripheral insulin sensitivity in a population with a high intake of oleic acid."	7.73	Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARG2 gene is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral insulin sensitivity in a population with a high intake of oleic acid. ( Cardona, F; de la Cruz Almaráz, M; Esteva, I; Morcillo, S; Olveira, G; Rojo-Martínez, G; Ruiz de Adana, Mde L; Soriguer, F; Tinahones, F, 2006)
"Glycogen levels were also lower in this region."	5.36	Obesity and type 2 diabetes in rats are associated with altered brain glycogen and amino-acid homeostasis. ( Benie, AJ; Bouman, SD; Schousboe, A; Sickmann, HM; Waagepetersen, HS, 2010)
" The PPARG proline for alanine substitution at position 12 (Pro12Ala polymorphism) has been related with obesity directly and via interaction with PUFA."	5.12	The Pro12Ala variant at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene and change in obesity-related traits in the Diabetes Prevention Program. ( Altshuler, D; Delahanty, L; Florez, JC; Franks, PW; Hanson, RL; Jablonski, KA; Kahn, SE; Knowler, WC, 2007)
"To assess the role of muscle and liver in the pathogenesis of postprandial hyperglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), we administered an oral glucose load enriched with [14C]glucose to 10 NIDDM subjects and 10 age- and weight-matched nondiabetic volunteers and compared muscle glucose disposal by measuring forearm balance of glucose, lactate, alanine, O2, and CO2 (with forearm calorimetry)."	5.06	Contribution of abnormal muscle and liver glucose metabolism to postprandial hyperglycemia in NIDDM. ( Gerich, J; Jenssen, T; Kelley, D; Mitrakou, A; Pangburn, T; Reilly, J; Veneman, T, 1990)
"Although weight gain has been reported with the use of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTI), concurrent use of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has been implicated in recent studies."	4.02	Weight gain before and after switch from TDF to TAF in a U.S. cohort study. ( Beyer, AP; Brunet, L; Fusco, GP; Fusco, JS; Hsu, RK; Mallon, PW; Mounzer, KC; Prajapati, G; Wohlfeiler, MB, 2021)
" An INS mutation, at the position 2 alanine-to-threonine substitution (A2T), was identified and co-segregated with hyperglycemia in a MODY pedigree."	3.96	Identification of Ala2Thr mutation in insulin gene from a Chinese MODY10 family. ( Chen, Y; Ge, X; Huang, X; Jiang, M; Li, M; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Lu, M; Song, M; Wang, F; Wang, Y; Yang, D; Yin, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, R, 2020)
"Obesity is associated with altered glycine metabolism in humans."	3.96	Obesity increases hepatic glycine dehydrogenase and aminomethyltransferase expression while dietary glycine supplementation reduces white adipose tissue in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. ( Edwards, AK; McKnight, SM; Satterfield, MC; Simmons, RM; Wu, G, 2020)
" We examined the association between Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARG2, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and peripheral insulin sensitivity in a population with a high intake of oleic acid."	3.73	Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARG2 gene is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral insulin sensitivity in a population with a high intake of oleic acid. ( Cardona, F; de la Cruz Almaráz, M; Esteva, I; Morcillo, S; Olveira, G; Rojo-Martínez, G; Ruiz de Adana, Mde L; Soriguer, F; Tinahones, F, 2006)
"The single-nucleotide polymorphism A/G in the type 2 deiodinase (D2) gene predicts a threonine (Thr) to alanine (Ala) substitution at codon 92 (D2 Thr92Ala) and is associated with insulin resistance in obese patients."	3.73	The type 2 deiodinase A/G (Thr92Ala) polymorphism is associated with decreased enzyme velocity and increased insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Bianco, AC; Canani, LH; Capp, C; Dora, JM; Gross, JL; Harney, JW; Larsen, PR; Maia, AL; Meyer, EL; Wagner, MS, 2005)
"To determine the contribution of skeletal muscle to fasting hyperglycemia in noninsulin dependent type II diabetes (NIDDM), the forearm balance of glucose, lactate, and alanine was quantified in 25 control subjects, 21 hyperglycemic (blood glucose: 11."	3.68	Glucose and gluconeogenic substrate exchange by the forearm skeletal muscle in hyperglycemic and insulin-treated type II diabetic patients. ( Albano, G; Capaldo, B; Di Bonito, P; Napoli, R; Saccà, L, 1990)
"In 10 patients with type 2 diabetes in poor metabolic control, urea synthesis and amino acid to urea nitrogen exchange were measured in the basal state and during an alanine load (6 hours) with 2-hour superinfusion of a PGE1 analog (30 microg/h) or saline in random order."	2.70	Systemic prostaglandin E1 infusion and hepatic aminonitrogen to urea nitrogen conversion in patients with type 2 diabetes in poor metabolic control. ( Baraldi, L; Bianchi, G; Brizi, M; Forlani, G; Marchesini, G; Melchionda, N; Natale, S; Zaccheroni, V, 2001)
"The risk for type 2 diabetes increased also in subjects who gained weight or belonged to the control group."	2.70	Association of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPAR-gamma2 gene with 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes and body weight change in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. ( Eriksson, JG; Hämäläinen, H; Ilanne-Parikka, P; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S; Laakso, M; Lindi, VI; Lindström, J; Louheranta, A; Tuomilehto, J; Uusitupa, MI; Valle, TT, 2002)
"Thus, in NIDDM, BAYm 1099 was effective in diminishing and delaying postprandial excursions of blood glucose, lactate, and pyruvate after high- and low-sucrose meals, but overall metabolic control remained unchanged."	2.66	Effects of BAYm 1099, new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, on acute metabolic responses and metabolic control in NIDDM over 1 mo. ( Alberti, KG; Samad, AH; Taylor, R; Ty Willing, TS, 1988)
"Insulin resistance plays a part in diabetic nephropathy (DN)."	2.48	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ polymorphism Pro12Ala Is associated with nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: evidence from meta-analysis of 18 studies. ( Chen, H; Chen, J; Hu, H; Mohan, V; Tang, Y; Venkatesan, R; Wang, J; Zhang, H; Zhu, S, 2012)
"The CTPA revealed left pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), treated with low-molecular-weight heparin."	1.62	Deep vein thrombosis with pulmonary thromboembolism in a case of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. ( Devi, S; Kar, N; Mohakud, S; Muthuvel, D, 2021)
"The Thr54 allele of the FABP2 Ala54Thr polymorphism was associated with an increased incidence of peripheral atherosclerosis combined with T2DM in the population studied."	1.46	Intestinal fatty acid binding protein Ala54Thr polymorphism is associated with peripheral atherosclerosis combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Abo-Elmatty, DM; Ghattas, MH; Khattab, SA; Mehanna, ET; Mesbah, NM, 2017)
"A total of 130 patients with type 2 diabetes and 133 healthy subjects as control were randomly selected from January 2008 to January 2011 in endocrine wards of Zhengzhou People's Hospital."	1.39	Association of the G-250A promoter polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Fan, S; Guo, Y; Ou, L; Yao, L, 2013)
" Joint analysis of rs1801282-C, rs1063539-G, and rs1884614-T risk alleles showed an additive dosage effect (P for trend=0."	1.38	Association of the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and incident coronary heart disease in a Hong Kong Chinese population. ( Chan, JC; Germer, S; Ho, JS; Ma, RC; Martin, M; Ng, MC; So, WY; Tam, CH, 2012)
" Various phosphonate prodrugs were explored without success, until a novel phosphonic diamide prodrug approach was implemented, which delivered compound 30j with good oral bioavailability (OBAV) (22-47%)."	1.37	Discovery of a series of phosphonic acid-containing thiazoles and orally bioavailable diamide prodrugs that lower glucose in diabetic animals through inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. ( Cashion, DK; Dang, Q; DaRe, J; Erion, MD; Fan, Y; Gibson, T; Jacintho, JD; Jiang, T; Kasibhatla, SR; Lemus, R; Li, H; Li, W; Liu, Y; Potter, SC; Sun, Z; Taplin, F; Tian, F; van Poelje, PD, 2011)
"Glycogen levels were also lower in this region."	1.36	Obesity and type 2 diabetes in rats are associated with altered brain glycogen and amino-acid homeostasis. ( Benie, AJ; Bouman, SD; Schousboe, A; Sickmann, HM; Waagepetersen, HS, 2010)
" In addition, we describe acute effect of CS-917 on fasting hyperglycemia in overnight-fasted GK rats and chronic effect of CS-917 in multiple dosing GK rats."	1.35	CS-917, a fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitor, improves postprandial hyperglycemia after meal loading in non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. ( Fujiwara, T; Hagisawa, Y; Izumi, M; Ohsumi, J; Okuno, A; Takahashi, K; Yoshida, T, 2008)
"Metformin is an anti-diabetic agent that has been reported to decrease plasma glucose by multiple mechanisms, such as decreasing hepatic glucose production and activating peripheral glucose utilization."	1.35	Metformin primarily decreases plasma glucose not by gluconeogenesis suppression but by activating glucose utilization in a non-obese type 2 diabetes Goto-Kakizaki rats. ( Fujiwara, T; Hagisawa, Y; Kanda, S; Nakashima, R; Ogawa, J; Okuno, A; Takahashi, K; Tanaka, J; Yoshida, T, 2009)
"For the purpose, 195 subjects with type 2 diabetes with PDR were compared with 143 subjects with type 2 diabetes of duration of more than 10 years who had no clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy."	1.35	K469E polymorphism of the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 gene is associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes. ( Osredkar, J; Petrovic, D; Petrovic, MG; Saraga-Babić, M, 2008)
"Our results strongly suggest an association between the Ala54Thr polymorphism of FABP2 with diabetes, revealing a genetic dosage effect regarding its association with diabetes in Chilean elders."	1.34	FABP2 Ala54Thr polymorphism and diabetes in Chilean elders. ( Albala, C; Angel, B; Lera, L; Liberman, C; Pérez-Bravo, F; Sanchez, H; Santos, JL; Villarroel, A, 2007)
"Our results for a sample of Iranian type 2 diabetes cases and controls provide evidence that the Pro/Ala genotype of the PPARgamma-2 gene is associated with insulin sensitivity and may also have protective role against type 2 diabetes."	1.34	Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPARgamma-2) gene is associated with greater insulin sensitivity and decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in an Iranian population. ( Adeli, K; Bahrami, Y; Ghaemi, A; Khatami, S; Khoshbin, E; Larijani, B; Meshkani, R; Mirkhani, F; Molapour, A; Sadeghi, S; Taghikhani, M, 2007)
"Thus in type 2 diabetes, postprandial hyperglycemia is primarily due to increased glucose release; hyperglycemia overcomes the effects of impaired insulin secretion and sensitivity on glucose transport, but intracellular defects persist so that pathways of glucose metabolism are abnormal and glucose is shunted away from normal sites of storage (e."	1.33	Mechanisms for abnormal postprandial glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. ( Dostou, JM; Gerich, JE; Gosmanov, NR; Meyer, C; Szoke, E; Welle, SL; Wittlin, SD; Woerle, HJ, 2006)
"Gluconeogenesis is increased in type 2 diabetes and contributes significantly to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia."	1.33	Inhibition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase reduces excessive endogenous glucose production and attenuates hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. ( Chandramouli, VC; Dang, Q; Erion, MD; Landau, BR; Potter, SC; van Poelje, PD, 2006)
"D-mannose is an essential monosaccharide constituent of glycoproteins and glycolipids."	1.33	Hepatic glycogen breakdown is implicated in the maintenance of plasma mannose concentration. ( Asano, N; Miwa, I; Mizutani, T; Nakajima, H; Taguchi, T; Yabuuchi, M; Yamashita, E, 2005)
"And Pro/Ala genotype of type 2 diabetes patients with ischemic stroke were lower than type 2 diabetes patients without ischemic stroke (2."	1.33	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with reduced risk for ischemic stroke with type 2 diabetes. ( Chung, JH; Lee, BC; Lee, HJ, 2006)
"Hypertension was defined as known or newly diagnosed hypertension according to current national guidelines."	1.33	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala and endothelial nitric oxide synthase-4a/b gene polymorphisms are not associated with hypertension in diabetes mellitus type 2. ( Berthold, HK; Faust, M; Giannakidou, E; Gouni-Berthold, I; Kotzka, J; Krone, W; Müller-Wieland, D, 2005)
"One hundred thirty-three patients with type 2 diabetes and 97 control subjects were investigated."	1.32	The frequency of alleles of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma2 is different between healthy controls and patients with type 2 diabetes. ( Andel, M; Cerná, M; Cimburová, M; Kolostová, K; Kubena, A; Novota, P; Pintérová, D; Romzová, M, 2004)
"The odds ratio of having diabetic nephropathy for Ala carriers was 0."	1.32	The human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2) Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. ( Canani, LH; Caramori, ML; Costa, LA; Gross, JL, 2003)
"It is well-known that Type 2 diabetes is closely related with disorder of lipid metabolism as well as impaired glucose homeostasis, resulting in atherosclerosis."	1.32	The association of Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma2 with lower carotid artery IMT in Japanese. ( Azuma, J; Igarashi, T; Iwata, E; Motomura, T; Nohnen, S; Ohmoto, M; Tsubakimori, S; Yamamoto, I, 2003)
"Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of type 2 diabetes were 0."	1.32	Prospective study of the association between the proline to alanine codon 12 polymorphism in the PPARgamma gene and type 2 diabetes. ( Altshuler, DM; Hankinson, SE; Hu, FB; Hunter, DJ; Liu, S; Manson, JE; Meigs, JB; Memisoglu, A, 2003)
"A total of 445 patients with type 2 diabetes who were enrolled in the Berlin Diabetes Mellitus Study and in whom we determined albuminuria and the presence of ESRF and retinopathy were genotyped for the PPAR-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism."	1.31	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 polymorphism Pro12Ala is associated with nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: The Berlin Diabetes Mellitus (BeDiaM) Study. ( Brand, E; Herrmann, SM; Ringel, J; Staessen, JA; Wang, JG, 2002)
"Type 2 diabetes is known to be associated with a small body size at birth."	1.31	The effects of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene on insulin sensitivity and insulin metabolism interact with size at birth. ( Barker, DJ; Eriksson, JG; Forsén, TJ; Laakso, M; Lindi, V; Osmond, C; Uusitupa, M, 2002)
"Diabetic nephropathy is the most frequent cause of end-stage renal failure."	1.31	[Association of the renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphism with nephropathy in type II diabetes]. ( Buraczyńska, M; Ksiazek, A; Ksiazek, P; Nowicka, T; Spasiewicz, D; Łopatyński, J, 2002)
"The FA in NIDDM-Thr54 (+) subgroup was significantly lower than that in subjects with NIDDM-Thr54 (-) subgroup (61."	1.30	The association of Ala54Thr variant of intestinal fatty acid binding protein gene with general and regional adipose tissue depots. ( Duoqi, S; Jie, L; Junxi, L; Kunsan, X; Rong, Z; Taisan, Z; Wei, D; Weiping, J, 1999)
"Conventional treatment of obese noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients is often unsatisfactory."	1.30	Very low calorie diet (VLCD): a useful alternative in the treatment of the obese NIDDM patient. ( Brooks, BA; Burns, CM; Capstick, F; Steinbeck, KS; Yue, DK; Zilkens, RR, 1997)
"We conclude that in type 2 diabetes, both liver and kidney contribute to glucose overproduction and that renal glucose uptake is markedly increased."	1.30	Abnormal renal and hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Dostou, J; Gerich, J; Meyer, C; Mitrakou, A; Nadkarni, V; Stumvoll, M, 1998)
"We studied seven obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and seven lean and seven obese control subjects (fasting plasma glucose levels, 7."	1.30	Glucose production, utilization, and cycling in response to moderate exercise in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. ( Giacca, A; Groenewoud, Y; McClean, P; Tsui, E; Zinman, B, 1998)
"The proband had been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes at the age of 62 years."	1.29	Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus associated with a mutation of the glucokinase gene in a Japanese family. ( Bell, GI; Hashimoto, N; Kanatsuka, A; Makino, H; Seino, S; Shimada, F; Taira, M; Yoshida, S, 1993)
"Nondiabetic subjects and NIDDM patients who were withdrawn from sulfonylurea therapy had impaired insulin secretion during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, with similar basal levels as nondiabetic subjects (54 +/- 12 vs."	1.29	Metabolic pathways of glucose in skeletal muscle of lean NIDDM patients. ( Kelley, DE; Mandarino, LJ; Mokan, M, 1993)
"Gluconeogenesis is increased in NIDDM."	1.29	Glutamine and alanine metabolism in NIDDM. ( Bier, D; Bucci, A; Dailey, G; Gerich, J; Jansson, PA; Jenssen, T; Nurjhan, N; Perriello, G; Stumvoll, M; Welle, S, 1996)
"Six patients with NIDDM (four men and two women, BMI 33."	1.29	Evidence for a circadian rhythm of insulin sensitivity in patients with NIDDM caused by cyclic changes in hepatic glucose production. ( Boden, G; Chen, X; Urbain, JL, 1996)
"Hyperglycemia in NIDDM compensated for insulin resistance to the extent that rates of glucose metabolism were the same as those for nondiabetics studied at euglycemia."	1.29	Interaction of carbohydrate and fat fuels in human skeletal muscle: impact of obesity and NIDDM. ( Consoli, A; Jain, A; Kelley, DE; Mandarino, LJ, 1996)
"Neither in normal or NIDDM subjects were significant increases in plasma alanine observed, whereas a significant increase in plasma lactate was observed at 60, 90 and 120 min after a glucose load."	1.28	Plasma alanine and lactate concentrations following glucose ingestion in normal and NIDDM subjects. ( Bucalo, ML; Craveri, A; Donatelli, M; Russo, V; Scarpinato, A; Veronelli, A, 1992)
"Thus, fasting hyperglycemia is sufficient to normalize insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake in NIDDM, and glucose is distributed normally to glycogenesis and glucose oxidation, possibly by normalization of GS and PDH."	1.28	Hyperglycemia normalizes insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose oxidation and storage in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. ( Kelley, DE; Mandarino, LJ, 1990)

Research

Studies (172)

Authors

Clinical Trials (10)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	7 (4.07)	18.7374
1990's	38 (22.09)	18.2507
2000's	76 (44.19)	29.6817
2010's	35 (20.35)	24.3611
2020's	16 (9.30)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Manzo, G	1
Scorciapino, MA	2
Srinivasan, D	1
Attoub, S	1
Mangoni, ML	2
Rinaldi, AC	1
Casu, M	1
Flatt, PR	1
Conlon, JM	2
McLaughlin, CM	1
Lampis, S	1
Mechkarska, M	1
Coquet, L	1
Jouenne, T	1
King, JD	1
Lukic, ML	1
Soto-Mota, A	1
Norwitz, NG	1
Evans, RD	1
Clarke, K	1
Svane, MS	1
Johannesen, HH	1
Hansen, AE	1
Martinussen, C	1
Bojsen-Møller, KN	1
Hansen, ML	1
Deacon, CF	1
Keller, SH	1
Klausen, TL	1
Loft, A	1
Kjaer, A	1
Löfgren, J	1
Madsbad, S	1
Holst, JJ	1
Wewer Albrechtsen, NJ	1
Wang, S	1
Li, M	4
Lin, H	1
Wang, G	1
Xu, Y	1
Zhao, X	1
Hu, C	1
Zhang, Y	4
Zheng, R	1
Hu, R	1
Shi, L	1
Du, R	1
Su, Q	1
Wang, J	3
Chen, Y	2
Yu, X	1
Yan, L	1
Wang, T	1
Zhao, Z	1
Liu, R	1
Wang, X	2
Li, Q	2
Qin, G	1
Wan, Q	1
Chen, G	1
Xu, M	1
Dai, M	1
Zhang, D	1
Tang, X	1
Gao, Z	1
Shen, F	1
Luo, Z	1
Qin, Y	1
Chen, L	2
Huo, Y	1
Ye, Z	1
Liu, C	1
Wang, Y	6
Wu, S	1
Yang, T	1
Deng, H	2
Zhao, J	1
Lai, S	1
Mu, Y	1
Li, D	1
Xu, G	1
Ning, G	1
Wang, W	1
Bi, Y	1
Lu, J	3
Zhang, H	3
Dong, M	1
Yuan, S	1
Jin, W	1
Zou, H	1
Huang, C	1
Zhou, L	1
Lu, R	1
Lin, D	1
Wang, L	1
Wang, Z	1
Yu, Y	2
Ren, Z	1
Jia, Y	1
Li, S	1
Jiang, T	3
Moreno-Vedia, J	1
Llop, D	1
Rodríguez-Calvo, R	1
Plana, N	1
Amigó, N	1
Rosales, R	1
Esteban, Y	1
Girona, J	1
Masana, L	1
Ibarretxe, D	1
Higuchi, I	1
Kimura, Y	1
Kobayashi, M	1
Narumi, K	1
Furugen, A	1
Miyoshi, H	1
Nakamura, A	1
Yamada, T	1
Atsumi, T	1
Iseki, K	1
Zhang, J	2
Liu, Y	2
Ge, X	1
Huang, X	1
Yang, D	1
Zhang, R	1
Lu, M	1
Yin, J	1
Song, M	1
Wang, F	2
Jiang, M	1
Liu, L	4
Morales, A	1
Danziger, J	1
Azmy, V	1
Benson, J	1
Love, K	1
Steele, R	1
Simmons, RM	1
McKnight, SM	1
Edwards, AK	1
Wu, G	1
Satterfield, MC	1
Fikri, AM	1
Smyth, R	1
Kumar, V	1
Al-Abadla, Z	1
Abusnana, S	1
Munday, MR	1
Devi, S	1
Mohakud, S	1
Kar, N	1
Muthuvel, D	1
Okun, JG	1
Rusu, PM	1
Chan, AY	1
Wu, Y	1
Yap, YW	1
Sharkie, T	1
Schumacher, J	1
Schmidt, KV	1
Roberts-Thomson, KM	1
Russell, RD	1
Zota, A	1
Hille, S	1
Jungmann, A	1
Maggi, L	1
Lee, Y	1
Blüher, M	2
Herzig, S	1
Keske, MA	1
Heikenwalder, M	1
Müller, OJ	1
Rose, AJ	1
Mallon, PW	1
Brunet, L	1
Hsu, RK	1
Fusco, JS	1
Mounzer, KC	1
Prajapati, G	1
Beyer, AP	1
Wohlfeiler, MB	1
Fusco, GP	1
Kuipers, A	1
Moll, GN	1
Wagner, E	1
Franklin, R	1
Vangipurapu, J	1
Stancáková, A	1
Smith, U	1
Kuusisto, J	2
Laakso, M	7
Cassis, P	1
Locatelli, M	1
Corna, D	1
Villa, S	1
Rottoli, D	1
Cerullo, D	1
Abbate, M	1
Remuzzi, G	3
Benigni, A	1
Zoja, C	1
Rurali, E	1
Noris, M	1
Chianca, A	1
Donadelli, R	1
Banterla, F	1
Galbusera, M	1
Gherardi, G	1
Gastoldi, S	1
Parvanova, A	1
Iliev, I	1
Bossi, A	2
Haefliger, C	1
Trevisan, R	2
Ruggenenti, P	2
Liu, J	1
Ouyang, Y	1
Fang, M	1
Gao, H	1
Kim, YM	1
Lee, SM	1
Chung, HS	1
Azab, MM	1
Abdel-Azeez, HA	1
Zanaty, MF	1
El Alawi, SM	1
Black, MH	1
Wu, J	1
Takayanagi, M	1
Wang, N	2
Taylor, KD	1
Haritunians, T	1
Trigo, E	1
Lawrence, JM	1
Watanabe, RM	2
Buchanan, TA	2
Xiang, AH	2
Salto, LM	1
Bu, L	1
Beeson, WL	1
Firek, A	1
Cordero-MacIntyre, Z	1
De Leon, M	1
Mansoori, A	1
Sotoudeh, G	1
Djalali, M	1
Eshraghian, MR	1
Keramatipour, M	1
Nasli-Esfahani, E	1
Shidfar, F	1
Alvandi, E	1
Toupchian, O	1
Koohdani, F	1
Pellicano, R	1
Saracco, GM	1
Comar, JF	1
de Oliveira, DS	1
Bracht, L	1
Kemmelmeier, FS	1
Peralta, RM	1
Bracht, A	1
Majid, M	1
Masood, A	1
Kadla, SA	1
Hameed, I	1
Ganai, BA	1
Khattab, SA	1
Abo-Elmatty, DM	1
Ghattas, MH	1
Mesbah, NM	1
Mehanna, ET	1
Yang, YM	1
Xie, XR	1
Jin, AL	1
Nakanishi, S	1
Yamane, K	1
Ohishi, W	1
Nakashima, R	2
Yoneda, M	1
Nojima, H	1
Watanabe, H	1
Kohno, N	1
Dong, CP	1
He, L	1
Li, JN	1
Ye, F	1
He, M	1
Bergmann, A	1
Li, J	2
Selisko, T	1
Reimann, M	1
Fischer, S	1
Grässler, J	1
Schulze, J	1
Bornstein, SR	1
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Petrovic, D	2
Zheng, T	3
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Meyer, C	3
Mook-Kanamori, DO	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Two-Phase Study for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy by Combined ACE Inhibition and Calcium Channel Blockade (BENEDICT)[NCT00235014]	Phase 4	1,204 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1997-03-31	Completed
Modulation of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity in Bangladeshi Type 2 Diabetic Subjects by an Insulin Sensitizer Pioglitazone and T2DM Association With PPARG Gene Polymorphism.[NCT01589445]	Phase 4	77 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study: A Follow-up Study on the Effect of a Dietary and Exercise Intervention in the Prevention of Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications[NCT00518167]		522 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1993-11-30	Active, not recruiting
Genetics of Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland (DOLORisk Dundee)[NCT02783469]		1,915 participants (Actual)	Observational	2004-10-31	Completed
A Randomised Non-pharmacological Intervention Study for Prevention of Ischaemic Heart Disease Inter99[NCT00289237]		61,301 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-03-31	Completed
[NCT00004992]	Phase 3	3,234 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1996-07-31	Completed
Increased Gluconeogenesis is One Cause of CFRD[NCT00082238]		42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-03-31	Completed
Effects of Very Low Calorie Ketogenic Diet on Microbiota, Adipose Tissue and Immunitary Regulation: Pilot Study on Patients With Metabolic Syndrome[NCT05275608]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-07	Recruiting
Involvement of Steatosis-induced Glucagon Resistance in Hyperglucagonaemia[NCT02337660]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Body Composition and Lipid Metabolism at Rest and During Exercise: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.[NCT03029364]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-01-08	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin. (NCT01589445)
Timeframe: 3 months for each drug

Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Insulin (FSI)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	mmol/l (Mean)
	Baseline FSG	3rd Month FSG
Metformin ( 002 Group)	6.2	6.5
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	6.9	5.4

Comparison of Changes in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	μU/ml (Mean)
	Baseline FSI	3rd month FSI
Metformin ( 002 Group)	13.0	13.9
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	16.2	12.3

Comparison of Changes in HOMA Percent B and HOMA Percent S With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	percentage (Mean)
	Baseline HbA1c	3rd month HbA1c
Metformin ( 002 Group)	7.8	7.0
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	7.3	6.7

"Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.~Analysis 1: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Beta cell function(HOMA percent B) Analysis 2: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity (Homa percent S)" (NCT01589445)
Timeframe: 3 months for each drug

Comparison of Changes in Insulin Levels (HOMA IR,QUICKI) With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	percentage (Mean)
	Baseline HOMA percent beta cells function	3rd month HOMA percent beta cells function	Baseline HOMA percent sensitivity	3rd month HOMA percent sensitivity
Metformin ( 002 Group)	109.3	116.0	76.2	67.2
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	118.9	132.3	51.1	69.3

"Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.~Analysis 1: Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance(HOMA IR) Analysis 2: Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index(QUICKI)" (NCT01589445)
Timeframe: 3 months for each drug

Comparison of Changes in Lipid Profiles With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	Score on a scale ( SI unit) (Mean)
	Baseline QUICKI	3rd month QUICKI	Baseline HOMA IR	3rd month HOMA IR
Metformin ( 002 Group)	0.57	0.54	3.7	4.3
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	0.52	0.59	5.1	2.9

"Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.~Analysis 1:Total Cholesterol(TC) Analysis 2:Triglyceride(TG) Analysis 3:High Density Lipoprotein(HDL) Analysis 4:Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL)" (NCT01589445)
Timeframe: 3 months for each drug

Intervention	mg/dl (Mean)
	Baseline TC	3rd month TC	Baseline TG	3rd month TG	Baseline HDL	3rd month HDL	Baseline LDL	3rd month LDL
Metformin (002 Group)	193.0	177.0	166.0	175.0	34.4	34.7	125.6	112.0
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	182.0	178	183	195	33	33.2	112.8	105.5

Article	Year
Population description and its role in the interpretation of genetic association. Human genetics, 2010, Volume: 127, Issue:5 Topics: Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gene Frequency; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Patie	2010
Association of the type 2 deiodinase Thr92Ala polymorphism with type 2 diabetes: case-control study and meta-analysis. European journal of endocrinology, 2010, Volume: 163, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellit	2010
Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase inhibitors for reducing excessive endogenous glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2011, Issue:203 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fructose-Bisphosphatase; Gluconeogen	2011
Reversible and irreversible protein glutathionylation: biological and clinical aspects. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2011, Volume: 7, Issue:7 Topics: Alanine; Aldehydes; Alzheimer Disease; Apoptosis; Busulfan; Cataract; Cell Cycle; Cystic Fibrosis; D	2011
Metabolomic biomarkers of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus with a potential for risk stratification in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2012, Volume: 160, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucose Intolerance; Humans; Hypergly	2012
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ polymorphism Pro12Ala Is associated with nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: evidence from meta-analysis of 18 studies. Diabetes care, 2012, Volume: 35, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Diseas	2012
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism. Diabetes, 2002, Volume: 51, Issue:8 Topics: Adipocytes; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; DNA-Binding Proteins; Human	2002
The role of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in diabetes risk. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care, 2007, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Alanine; Alleles; Amino Acid Substitution; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Environment; Gene Frequency; G	2007
Managlinat dialanetil, a fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000), 2007, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fructose-Bisphosphatase;	2007
The common PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nature genetics, 2000, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Aged; Alanine; Alleles; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Cholest	2000
Islet-cell abnormalities in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The American journal of medicine, 1985, Aug-23, Volume: 79, Issue:2B Topics: Alanine; Arginine; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Proteins	1985

Article	Year
Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Fish Oil Supplementation Improves Body Composition without Influence of the PPARγ Pro12Ala Polymorphism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, 2015, Volume: 8, Issue:4-6 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Composition; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Supplem	2015
Impact of the PPAR-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and ACE inhibitor therapy on new-onset microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes: evidence from BENEDICT. Diabetes, 2009, Volume: 58, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Albuminuria; Alleles; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure	2009
Association of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPAR-gamma2 gene with 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes and body weight change in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes, 2002, Volume: 51, Issue:8 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Blood Glucose; Body Constitution; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Di	2002
Analysis of the relationship between the Pro12Ala variant in the PPAR-gamma2 gene and the response rate to therapy with pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care, 2003, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genotype; Glycated Hemoglobin; Huma	2003
Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to troglitazone do not differ between subjects with and without the common, functional Pro12Ala peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene variant: results from the Troglitazone in Prevention of Diabe Diabetes care, 2004, Volume: 27, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Blood Glucose; Chromans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; DNA Primers; F	2004
The Pro12Ala variant at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene and change in obesity-related traits in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetologia, 2007, Volume: 50, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Composition; Chromans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet	2007
Control of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus partially normalizes the increase in hepatic efficacy for urea synthesis. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Body Water; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glycated Hemoglobi	1994
The effects of subcutaneous human proinsulin on the production of 64/65 split proinsulin, glucose turnover and intermediary metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetic man. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 1993, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Alanine; Blood Glucose; Deuterium; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose Cl	1993
Acipimox increases glucose disposal in normal man independent of changes in plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration and whole-body lipid oxidation rate. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1993, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Alanine; C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Fatty Acids, Nonesterifie	1993
Non-invasive tracing of liver intermediary metabolism in normal subjects and in moderately hyperglycaemic NIDDM subjects. Evidence against increased gluconeogenesis and hepatic fatty acid oxidation in NIDDM. Diabetologia, 1998, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Carbon Isotopes; Citric Acid; Citric Acid Cycle; Diabetes Mellitus, T	1998
Systemic prostaglandin E1 infusion and hepatic aminonitrogen to urea nitrogen conversion in patients with type 2 diabetes in poor metabolic control. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Alprostadil; Anthropometry; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucagon; Human	2001
Metabolic effects of suppression of nonesterified fatty acid levels with acipimox in obese NIDDM subjects. Diabetes, 1992, Volume: 41, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Ty	1992
Metabolic effects of aldose reductase inhibition in diabetic man. Diabetes research (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1992, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine; Aldehyde Reductase; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Di	1992
Contribution of abnormal muscle and liver glucose metabolism to postprandial hyperglycemia in NIDDM. Diabetes, 1990, Volume: 39, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Oral; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Radioisotopes; Diabetes Mellitu	1990
Effects of BAYm 1099, new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, on acute metabolic responses and metabolic control in NIDDM over 1 mo. Diabetes care, 1988, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: 1-Deoxynojirimycin; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diabete	1988
Captopril enhances insulin responsiveness of forearm muscle tissue in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. European journal of clinical investigation, 1987, Volume: 17, Issue:5 Topics: Alanine; Blood Glucose; Captopril; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Male; Middle	1987

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Conformational Analysis of the Host-Defense Peptides Pseudhymenochirin-1Pb and -2Pa and Design of Analogues with Insulin-Releasing Activities and Reduced Toxicities. Journal of natural products, 2015, Dec-24, Volume: 78, Issue:12 Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amphibian Proteins; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Cell Line, Tumor;	2015
Purification, Conformational Analysis, and Properties of a Family of Tigerinin Peptides from Skin Secretions of the Crowned Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis. Journal of natural products, 2016, 09-23, Volume: 79, Issue:9 Topics: Amphibian Proteins; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hyd	2016
Exogenous d-β-hydroxybutyrate lowers blood glucose in part by decreasing the availability of L-alanine for gluconeogenesis. Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, 2022, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucon	2022
Four weeks treatment with the GLP-1 receptor analogue liraglutide lowers liver fat and concomitantly circulating glucagon in individuals with overweight. International journal of obesity (2005), 2022, Volume: 46, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acids; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor;	2022
Amino acids, microbiota-related metabolites, and the risk of incident diabetes among normoglycemic Chinese adults: Findings from the 4C study. Cell reports. Medicine, 2022, 09-20, Volume: 3, Issue:9 Topics: 2-Aminoadipic Acid; Adult; Alanine; Amino Acids; Asparagine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glutamic Aci	2022
Oral glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue ameliorates glucose intolerance in db/db mice. Biotechnology letters, 2022, Volume: 44, Issue:10 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Glucagon-Like Pe	2022
NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis for the Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide Treatment on C2C12 Myoblasts under Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules, 2022, 09-13, Volume: 12, Issue:9 Topics: Alanine; Catalase; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glycine; Histidine; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Isoleuc	2022
Metabolomics analysis of stool in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus after single-anastomosis duodenal-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy. Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022, Volume: 13 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids, Aromatic; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Bile Ac	2022
Serum branch-chained amino acids are increased in type 2 diabetes and associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diabetology, 2023, 09-14, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type	2023
Relationships between plasma lactate, plasma alanine, genetic variations in lactate transporters and type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2020, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; DNA; Female; Genetic Variation; Humans; Japan; Lactic Acid	2020
Identification of Ala2Thr mutation in insulin gene from a Chinese MODY10 family. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 2020, Volume: 470, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Cell Line; China; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Family He	2020
Management Consideration in Drug-Induced Lactic Acidosis. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2020, 10-07, Volume: 15, Issue:10 Topics: Acidosis, Lactic; Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Alanine; Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; Diabetes	2020
Idiopathic nonhistaminergic acquired angioedema in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 2020, Volume: 125, Issue:5 Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Adult; Alanine; Ampicillin; Angioedema; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus Infect	2020
Obesity increases hepatic glycine dehydrogenase and aminomethyltransferase expression while dietary glycine supplementation reduces white adipose tissue in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Amino acids, 2020, Volume: 52, Issue:10 Topics: Adipose Tissue, White; Alanine; Aminomethyltransferase; Animals; Appetite Regulation; Body Weight; D	2020
Pre-diagnostic biomarkers of type 2 diabetes identified in the UAE's obese national population using targeted metabolomics. Scientific reports, 2020, 10-19, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Alanine; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Biomarkers; Chromatography, Liqu	2020
Deep vein thrombosis with pulmonary thromboembolism in a case of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. BMJ case reports, 2021, Jan-15, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Alanine; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticoagulants; Antiparasitic Agents; Antiv	2021
Liver alanine catabolism promotes skeletal muscle atrophy and hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Nature metabolism, 2021, Volume: 3, Issue:3 Topics: Alanine; Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Models, An	2021
Weight gain before and after switch from TDF to TAF in a U.S. cohort study. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2021, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mel	2021
Efficacy of lanthionine-stabilized angiotensin-(1-7) in type I and type II diabetes mouse models. Peptides, 2019, Volume: 112 Topics: Alanine; Angiotensin I; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus,	2019
Nine Amino Acids Are Associated With Decreased Insulin Secretion and Elevated Glucose Levels in a 7.4-Year Follow-up Study of 5,181 Finnish Men. Diabetes, 2019, Volume: 68, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Amino Acids; Aspartic Acid; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Finland; Follow	2019
Addition of cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy has a positive add-on effect in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Kidney international, 2019, Volume: 96, Issue:4 Topics: Alanine; Angiotensin I; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2	2019
ADAMTS13 predicts renal and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients and response to therapy. Diabetes, 2013, Volume: 62, Issue:10 Topics: ADAM Proteins; ADAMTS13 Protein; Aged; Alanine; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Biomarkers	2013
The association between the Pro12Ala variant in the PPARγ2 gene and type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in a Chinese population. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Asian People; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; China; Diabet	2013
Novel AGLP-1 albumin fusion protein as a long-lasting agent for type 2 diabetes. BMB reports, 2013, Volume: 46, Issue:12 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cell Line, Tumor; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Diabetes Melli	2013
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ2 gene Pro12Ala gene polymorphism in type 2 diabetes and its relationship with diabetic nephropathy. Clinical laboratory, 2014, Volume: 60, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus,	2014
Variation in PPARG is associated with longitudinal change in insulin resistance in Mexican Americans at risk for type 2 diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2015, Volume: 100, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female;	2015
The Ala54Thr Polymorphism of the Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 Gene Modulates HDL Cholesterol in Mexican-Americans with Type 2 Diabetes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2015, Dec-23, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol, HDL; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty	2015
On elevated alanine aminotransferase in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Minerva gastroenterologica e dietologica, 2016, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Alanine; Alanine Transaminase; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans	2016
The Metabolic Responses to L-Glutamine of Livers from Rats with Diabetes Types 1 and 2. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:8 Topics: Alanine; Ammonia; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gluconeogenesis; Gl	2016
Association of Pro12Ala Polymorphism of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2) Gene with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Ethnic Kashmiri Population. Biochemical genetics, 2017, Volume: 55, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Asian People; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease;	2017
Intestinal fatty acid binding protein Ala54Thr polymorphism is associated with peripheral atherosclerosis combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of diabetes, 2017, Volume: 9, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Egypt; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent	2017
Genetic polymorphisms in extracellular superoxide dismutase Leu53Leu, Arg213Gly, and Ala40Thr and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetics and molecular research : GMR, 2016, Dec-02, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Arginine; Asian People; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genetic Predisposition to	2016
Manganese superoxide dismutase Ala16Val polymorphism is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese-Americans. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2008, Volume: 81, Issue:3 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucose Intolerance; Glucose To	2008
[Association of the Pro12Ala and C1431T polymorphism of the PPAR gamma2 gene and their haplotypes with obesity and type 2 diabetes]. Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics, 2008, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Asian People; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gene Frequency; G	2008
The A98V single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1alpha) is associated with insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 2008, Volume: 116 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genetic Linkage; Genotype; Hepatocyte Nuclear Fac	2008
K469E polymorphism of the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 gene is associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology, 2008, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Re	2008
The manganese superoxide dismutase Val16Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of diabetic nephropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 2009, Volume: 322, Issue:1-2 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Alleles; Asian People; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropath	2009
CS-917, a fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitor, improves postprandial hyperglycemia after meal loading in non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. European journal of pharmacology, 2008, Dec-28, Volume: 601, Issue:1-3 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug A	2008
Metabolic fate of plasma glucose during hyperglycemia in impaired glucose tolerance: evidence for further early defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2009, Volume: 296, Issue:3 Topics: Alanine; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucagon; Glu	2009
Breast-feeding modifies the association of PPARgamma2 polymorphism Pro12Ala with growth in early life: the Generation R Study. Diabetes, 2009, Volume: 58, Issue:4 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Weight; Breast Feeding; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fem	2009
The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma2 gene is associated with hepatic glucose uptake during hyperinsulinemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2009, Volume: 58, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Male; Polymorphism, Gene	2009
Polymorphism of Pro12Ala in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 gene in Iranian diabetic and obese subjects. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 2009, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: Alanine; Asian People; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mell	2009
Metformin primarily decreases plasma glucose not by gluconeogenesis suppression but by activating glucose utilization in a non-obese type 2 diabetes Goto-Kakizaki rats. European journal of pharmacology, 2009, Nov-25, Volume: 623, Issue:1-3 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cells, Cultured; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dose-Response Relations	2009
Obesity and type 2 diabetes in rats are associated with altered brain glycogen and amino-acid homeostasis. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2010, Volume: 30, Issue:8 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Blood Glucose; Brain; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; gamma	2010
Deoxysphingoid bases as plasma markers in diabetes mellitus. Lipids in health and disease, 2010, Aug-16, Volume: 9 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabeti	2010
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of mouse pancreatic beta-cells. Endocrinology, 2010, Volume: 151, Issue:10 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fructose-Bisphospha	2010
The role of aromatic side-chains in amyloid growth and membrane interaction of the islet amyloid polypeptide fragment LANFLVH. European biophysics journal : EBJ, 2011, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids, Aromatic; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Cell Membra	2011
Discovery of a series of phosphonic acid-containing thiazoles and orally bioavailable diamide prodrugs that lower glucose in diabetic animals through inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2011, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Alanine; Amides; Animals; Biological Availability; Blood Proteins; Diabetes Me	2011
Contributions of hepatic gluconeogenesis suppression and compensative glycogenolysis on the glucose-lowering effect of CS-917, a fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitor, in non-obese type 2 diabetes Goto-Kakizaki rats. Journal of pharmacological sciences, 2011, Volume: 115, Issue:3 Topics: Alanine; Amides; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fa	2011
PPAR-gamma2 pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with post-challenge abnormalities of glucose homeostasis in children and adolescents with obesity. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adolescent; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Child; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fema	2011
The ATP-sensitive K(+) channel ABCC8 S1369A type 2 diabetes risk variant increases MgATPase activity. Diabetes, 2012, Volume: 61, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adenosine Triphosphate; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; ATP-Binding Cas	2012
Functional characterization of MODY2 mutations highlights the importance of the fine-tuning of glucokinase and its role in glucose sensing. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Child; Child, Preschool; Diabetes Mellitus, Typ	2012
Association of the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and incident coronary heart disease in a Hong Kong Chinese population. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2012, Volume: 97, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Asian People; Case-Control Studies; Coronary Disease; Diabe	2012
Association of manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferases genotypes with myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2012, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Ang	2012
Association of the G-250A promoter polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annales d'endocrinologie, 2013, Volume: 74, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Asian People; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus	2013
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 polymorphism Pro12Ala is associated with nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: The Berlin Diabetes Mellitus (BeDiaM) Study. Diabetes, 2002, Volume: 51, Issue:8 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies	2002
Pro12Ala substitution in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is associated with increased leptin levels in women with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Hormone research, 2002, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Alleles; Antigens, CD; Body Mass Index; Cytokines; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female;	2002
Haplotype analysis of the PPARgamma Pro12Ala and C1431T variants reveals opposing associations with body weight. BMC genetics, 2002, Nov-13, Volume: 3 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cytosine; Diabetes Mellitus,	2002
[Association of the renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphism with nephropathy in type II diabetes]. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej, 2002, Volume: 108, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Alleles; Angiotensinogen; Case-Control Studies; Cysteine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;	2002
Association of the PRO12ALA polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma2 gene with oxidized low-density lipoprotein and cardiolipin autoantibodies in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2003, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Alanine; Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; Autoantibodies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genotype; H	2003
The Ala45Thr polymorphism of BETA2/NeuroD1 gene and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Polish population. Acta diabetologica, 2003, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Case-Control	2003
The association of Ala54Thr variant of intestinal fatty acid binding protein gene with general and regional adipose tissue depots. Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih, 1999, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Aged; Alanine; Asian People; Body Mass Index; Carrier Proteins; Codon; Diabetes Mell	1999
[Relationship between Ala98Val variant of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha gene and late-onset type 2 diabetes in Han nationality]. Hunan yi ke da xue xue bao = Hunan yike daxue xuebao = Bulletin of Hunan Medical University, 2003, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Asian People; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; DNA-Bi	2003
Prospective study of the association between the proline to alanine codon 12 polymorphism in the PPARgamma gene and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care, 2003, Volume: 26, Issue:10 Topics: Alanine; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease;	2003
The Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARgamma2 gene and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Polish population. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2003, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Age of Onset; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Genetic	2003
The association of Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma2 with lower carotid artery IMT in Japanese. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2003, Volume: 62, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Arteriosclerosis; Base Sequence; Body Mass Index; Carotid Arteries; Diabetes M	2003
The human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2) Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 2003, Volume: 52, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Gene	2003
Metabolism of 13C-enriched D-fructose in hepatocytes from Goto-Kakizaki rats. International journal of molecular medicine, 2004, Volume: 13, Issue:5 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Buffers; Carbon Isotopes; Cells, Cultured; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Mode	2004
The -866A/A genotype in the promoter of the human uncoupling protein 2 gene is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:7 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Alanine; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genotype; G	2004
Glutamine kinetics and protein turnover in end-stage renal disease. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2005, Volume: 288, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Arteries; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Kidney Failure,	2005
High incidence of type 2 diabetes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 Pro12Ala carriers exposed to a high chronic intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Diabetes care, 2004, Volume: 27, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Fem	2004
Ala12Ala genotype of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 protects against atherosclerosis. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2004, Volume: 89, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Arteriosclerosis; Carotid Arteries; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genotyp	2004
Cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes is associated with variation at the PPARG locus: a Go-DARTS study. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2004, Volume: 24, Issue:12 Topics: Age Factors; Alanine; Alleles; Amino Acid Substitution; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Cyt	2004
Hepatic glycogen breakdown is implicated in the maintenance of plasma mannose concentration. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2005, Volume: 288, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Alanine; Animals; Arabinose; Blood Glucose; Chlorogenic Acid; Diabetes Mellitu	2005
The frequency of alleles of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma2 is different between healthy controls and patients with type 2 diabetes. Folia biologica, 2004, Volume: 50, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Alleles; Case-Control Studies; Czech Republic; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fema	2004
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala and endothelial nitric oxide synthase-4a/b gene polymorphisms are not associated with hypertension in diabetes mellitus type 2. Journal of hypertension, 2005, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alanine; Analysis of Variance; Blood Pressure; Chi-Square Distributi	2005
Implication of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma 2 gene in type 2 diabetes and obesity in the French population. BMC medical genetics, 2005, Mar-22, Volume: 6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Case-Control Studies; Child; Diabetes Mellitus,	2005
The type 2 deiodinase A/G (Thr92Ala) polymorphism is associated with decreased enzyme velocity and increased insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2005, Volume: 90, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Iodide Pero	2005
Analysis of separate and combined effects of common variation in KCNJ11 and PPARG on risk of type 2 diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2005, Volume: 90, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Mass Index; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;	2005
MB06322 (CS-917): A potent and selective inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase for controlling gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005, May-31, Volume: 102, Issue:22 Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Alanine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Diabetes Mell	2005
Studies of relationships between the GLUT10 Ala206Thr polymorphism and impaired insulin secretion. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2005, Volume: 22, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Case-Control Studies; Codon; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type	2005
Mechanisms for abnormal postprandial glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2006, Volume: 290, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine; Blood Glucose; Carbon Dioxide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Femal	2006
Examining the relationships between the Pro12Ala variant in PPARG and Type 2 diabetes-related traits in UK samples. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2005, Volume: 22, Issue:12 Topics: Age of Onset; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mell	2005
The Gly146Ala variation in human SF-1 gene: its association with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in Chinese. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2006, Volume: 73, Issue:3 Topics: Alanine; Chi-Square Distribution; China; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gene Frequency; Genetic	2006
Association between the Pro12Ala variant of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene and increased 24-h diastolic blood pressure in obese patients with type II diabetes. Journal of human hypertension, 2006, Volume: 20, Issue:9 Topics: Alanine; Alleles; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Hypert	2006
The influence of the Pro12Ala mutation of PPARgamma2 receptor gene on beta-cells restoration and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes with hypertension. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban, 2005, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hypertension; Insulin Resista	2005
Inhibition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase reduces excessive endogenous glucose production and attenuates hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetes, 2006, Volume: 55, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Eating; Female	2006
Ala45Thr variation in neuroD1 gene is associated with early-onset type 2 diabetes with or without diabetic pedigree in Chinese. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 2006, Volume: 290, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Case-Co	2006
[Influence of polymorphism pro12Ala of PPARgamma gene on endothelium destruction in patients with diabetes mellitus t. 2]. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej, 2005, Volume: 114, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, T	2005
Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARG2 gene is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral insulin sensitivity in a population with a high intake of oleic acid. The Journal of nutrition, 2006, Volume: 136, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alanine; Alleles; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellit	2006
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with reduced risk for ischemic stroke with type 2 diabetes. Neuroscience letters, 2006, Dec-20, Volume: 410, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gene Frequency; Genetic Predisposition to Disease;	2006
Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma2 locus modulates the relationship between energy intake and body weight in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes care, 2007, Volume: 30, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Mass Index; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type	2007
FABP2 Ala54Thr polymorphism and diabetes in Chilean elders. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2007, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Chile; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D	2007
Type 2 deiodinase Thr92Ala polymorphism is not associated with arterial hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2007, Volume: 49, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genotype; Humans; Hypertension; Insulin Resistance; Iodi	2007
An analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma 2) Pro12Ala polymorphism distribution and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in world populations in relation to dietary habits. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2007, Volume: 17, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alanine; Benin; Climate; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Ec	2007
Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPARgamma-2) gene is associated with greater insulin sensitivity and decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in an Iranian population. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 2007, Volume: 45, Issue:4 Topics: Alanine; Base Sequence; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; DNA Primers; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; H	2007
The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma2 gene affects associations of fish intake and marine n-3 fatty acids with glucose metabolism. European journal of clinical nutrition, 2008, Volume: 62, Issue:12 Topics: Alanine; Alleles; Blood Glucose; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet Records; D	2008
Lack of association between the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma 2 gene and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Qatari consanguineous population. Acta diabetologica, 2008, Volume: 45, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Body Mass Index; Consanguinity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;	2008
Alanine variant of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma gene might be associated with decreased risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2008, Volume: 80, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Genotype; Humans; Male; Midd	2008
Elevated gluconeogenesis and lack of suppression by insulin contribute to cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 2008, Volume: 56, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Carbon Isotopes; Cystic Fibrosis; Deuterium; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gluc	2008
The fluorescent amino acid p-cyanophenylalanine provides an intrinsic probe of amyloid formation. Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology, 2008, Jun-16, Volume: 9, Issue:9 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Sequence; Amyloid; Benzothiazoles; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fluorescence; Fluo	2008
Lack of association between uncoupling protein-2 Ala55Val polymorphism and incident diabetes in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Acta diabetologica, 2008, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Alanine; Atherosclerosis; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genetic Linkage; Genoty	2008
[A new point mutation in the mitochondrial gene ND1, detected in a patient with type II diabetes]. Genetika, 1995, Volume: 31, Issue:8 Topics: Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; DNA, Mitochondrial; Humans; NADH Dehydrogenase; Optic Atrophies,	1995
Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin. Diabetes, 1995, Volume: 44, Issue:9 Topics: Alanine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dogs; Fatty Acids,	1995
Frequency of mutations of insulin receptor gene in Japanese patients with NIDDM. Diabetes, 1995, Volume: 44, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Cell Line; Chlorocebus aethiops;	1995
Insulin receptor substrate-1 gene mutations in NIDDM; implications for the study of polygenic disease. Diabetologia, 1995, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Arginine; Base Sequence; Case-Control Studies; Codon; Deoxyribonucleases, Type	1995
An amino acid substitution in the human intestinal fatty acid binding protein is associated with increased fatty acid binding, increased fat oxidation, and insulin resistance. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1995, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Alleles; Arizona; Base Sequence; Calorimetry; Carrier Proteins; Chromosomes, Human,	1995
Molecular scanning of the glycogen synthase and insulin receptor substrate-1 genes in Japanese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1994, Jul-15, Volume: 202, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine; Alleles; Amino Acid Sequence; Arginine; Base Sequence; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Ty	1994
Suppression of gluconeogenesis after a 3-day fast does not deplete liver glycogen in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Ethanol; Fasting; Fatty	1994
Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus associated with a mutation of the glucokinase gene in a Japanese family. Diabetologia, 1993, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Blood Glucose; Codon; Diabetes Melli	1993
Metabolic pathways of glucose in skeletal muscle of lean NIDDM patients. Diabetes care, 1993, Volume: 16, Issue:8 Topics: Alanine; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique	1993
Interaction of carbohydrate and fat fuels in human skeletal muscle: impact of obesity and NIDDM. The American journal of physiology, 1996, Volume: 270, Issue:3 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Energy Metabolism; Fatt	1996
Glutamine and alanine metabolism in NIDDM. Diabetes, 1996, Volume: 45, Issue:7 Topics: Alanine; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Carbon Radioisotopes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids, Non	1996
Evidence for a circadian rhythm of insulin sensitivity in patients with NIDDM caused by cyclic changes in hepatic glucose production. Diabetes, 1996, Volume: 45, Issue:8 Topics: Alanine; Circadian Rhythm; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucagon;	1996
The biochemical basis of increased hepatic glucose production in a mouse model of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 1995, Volume: 38, Issue:12 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Disea	1995
Increased alanine uptake and lipid synthesis from alanine in isolated hepatocytes of Wistar-Kyoto fatty rats: an inhibitory effect of biguanides. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 1997, Volume: 75, Issue:3 Topics: Aging; Alanine; Animals; Body Weight; Buformin; Cells, Cultured; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Di	1997
Evidence of increased systemic glucose production and gluconeogenesis in an early stage of NIDDM. Diabetes, 1997, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Blood Glucose; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Epinephrine	1997
Very low calorie diet (VLCD): a useful alternative in the treatment of the obese NIDDM patient. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 1997, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Ty	1997
Abnormal renal and hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1998, Aug-01, Volume: 102, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Alanine; Arteries; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Energy Metabolism; Fatty	1998
Glucose production, utilization, and cycling in response to moderate exercise in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. Diabetes, 1998, Volume: 47, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Fe	1998
Pro12Ala missense mutation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and diabetes mellitus. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1999, Jan-19, Volume: 254, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Cholesterol; Codon; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Di	1999
The PPARgamma2 amino acid polymorphism Pro 12 Ala is prevalent in offspring of Type II diabetic patients and is associated to increased insulin sensitivity in a subgroup of obese subjects. Diabetologia, 1999, Volume: 42, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Codon; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female	1999
Pro12Ala substitution in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 is not associated with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 1999, Volume: 48, Issue:7 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Aged; Alanine; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Male;	1999
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-6: associations between genetic variability and type II diabetes and between genetic variability and estimates of insulin secretion. Diabetologia, 1999, Volume: 42, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Alleles; Amino Acid Substitution; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15; C	1999
The Pro115Gln and Pro12Ala PPAR gamma gene mutations in obesity and type 2 diabetes. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 2000, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genotype; Glutamine; Humans; Male; Middle A	2000
Variants in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha and -4alpha genes in Finnish and Chinese subjects with late-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care, 2000, Volume: 23, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Aged; Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Asian People; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Le	2000
Effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2 pro(12)ala variant on obesity, glucose homeostasis, and blood pressure in members of familial type 2 diabetic kindreds. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2001, Volume: 86, Issue:2 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Chromosomes, Human	2001
Association of the Ala54-Thr polymorphism in the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein with 2-h postchallenge insulin levels in the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes care, 2001, Volume: 24, Issue:7 Topics: Alanine; Alcohol Drinking; Apolipoproteins E; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carrier Protei	2001
The impact of codon 54 variation in intestinal fatty acid binding protein gene on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in Chinese. Chinese medical journal, 1999, Volume: 112, Issue:2 Topics: Alanine; Asian People; Carrier Proteins; China; Codon; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acid-Binding	1999
Studies of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPAR-gamma2) gene in relation to insulin sensitivity among glucose tolerant caucasians. Diabetologia, 2001, Volume: 44, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucose Clamp Technique; Glucose Tolerance Test; H	2001
Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPARgamma2) is associated with higher levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in male caucasian type 2 diabetes patients. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 2002, Volume: 110, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Alanine; Alleles; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fe	2002
[Association of Pro12Ala variant in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics, 2002, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Alleles; Amino Acid Substitution; Blood Glucose; Body Constitution; Body Mass Index;	2002
Is a Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma2 gene related to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Czech population? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2002, Volume: 967 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Case-Control Studies; Czechoslovakia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genetics, P	2002
The effects of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene on insulin sensitivity and insulin metabolism interact with size at birth. Diabetes, 2002, Volume: 51, Issue:7 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Substitution; Birth Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Infant, N	2002
Plasma alanine and lactate concentrations following glucose ingestion in normal and NIDDM subjects. Diabetes research (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1992, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Carbohydrates; Fe	1992
Lactate production and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in fat and skeletal muscle from diabetic rats. Diabetes, 1992, Volume: 41, Issue:12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Alanine; Animals; Biological Transport; Blood Glucose; Cells, Cultured; Diabetes Mel	1992
Diurnal pattern of plasma metformin concentrations and its relation to metabolic effects in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabete & metabolisme, 1990, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Blood Glucose; Butyrates; Butyric Acid; Circadian Rhythm; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glycer	1990
To what extent can metabolism be 'normalized' in insulin-dependent diabetes? Advances in second messenger and phosphoprotein research, 1990, Volume: 24 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Evaluation Studies as Topi	1990
Hyperglycemia normalizes insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose oxidation and storage in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1990, Volume: 86, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Calorimetry; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Glycogen Synthase; Glycolysis; Humans; Hyp	1990
Glucose and gluconeogenic substrate exchange by the forearm skeletal muscle in hyperglycemic and insulin-treated type II diabetic patients. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1990, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fasting; Female; Forearm; Gluconeogenesis;	1990
Mechanism of increased gluconeogenesis in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Role of alterations in systemic, hepatic, and muscle lactate and alanine metabolism. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1990, Volume: 86, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Arm; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucagon; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Humans; Insulin	1990
[Effect of antidiabetics on post-exercise alaninemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2)]. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej, 1989, Volume: 81, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Exercise; E	1989
Predominant role of gluconeogenesis in increased hepatic glucose production in NIDDM. Diabetes, 1989, Volume: 38, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Alanine; Blood Glucose; Citric Acid Cycle; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucagon; Gluco	1989
Direct evidence for a stimulatory effect of hyperglycemia per se on peripheral glucose disposal in type II diabetes. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1986, Volume: 77, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Alanine; C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Hemoglobin A; H	1986
Hyperglucagonemia in L-asparaginase induced diabetes mellitus. The American journal of pediatric hematology/oncology, 1986,Spring, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine; Asparaginase; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucagon; Humans; Hyperglycemia; In	1986

alanine and Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2