agar and Typhoid-Fever

Detarium microcarpum is used to treat typhoid fever, a major public health problem, by indigenous population in Africa. Though its preventive activities have been documented, the curative effect is still to be confirmed.. This study aimed at evaluating the curative effects of the hydroethanolic extract of Detarium microcarpum root bark on Salmonella typhimurium-induced typhoid in rat and exploring the in-silico inhibition of some bacterial key enzymes.. In vitro antioxydant, in vivo antisalmonella of the extract and in silico molecular docking assay on the isolated compounds were carried out to explore the anti-salmonella effects of Detarium microcarpum.. The in vitro antioxidant properties of the extract were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP tests. The anti-salmonella activity of the extract was assessed through feacal sample from Salmonella typhimurium-infected rat cultured in Salmonella-Shigella agar (SS agar) medium. The affinity of isolated compounds (Rhinocerotinoic acid and Microcarposide) from the extract were performed on four key enzymes (Adenylosuccinate lyase, Acetyl coenzyme A synthetase, Thymidine phosphorylase and LuxS-Quorum sensor) using molecular docking simulation to elucidate the molecular level inhibition mechanism.. Crude extract of D. microcarpum root bark showed variable activities on DPPH (RSa50: 6.09 ± 1.04 μg/mL), ABTS (RSa50: 24.46 ± 0.27), and FRAP (RSa50: 23.30 ± 0.23). The extract at all the doses exhibited significant healing effect of infected rats, with the complete clearance. The extract restored hematological, biochemical and histological parameters closed to the normal control. The molecular docking results indicates that rhinocerotinoic acid and microcarposide present more affinity to the LuxS-Quorum sensor and Acetyl coenzyme A synthetase protein as compared to the others.. These results demonstrate potent anti-typhoid activities of the hydroethanolic of Detarium microcarpum root bark extract through antioxidant properties and high inhibitory affinity of its compounds on some bacterial key enzymes that justify its use as traditional medicine to typhoid fever.

Topics: Acetate-CoA Ligase; Agar; Animals; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Fabaceae; Molecular Docking Simulation; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Rats; Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever is one of the most commonly disseminated diseases and is considered to be linked to poor sanitation. It is responsible for 2-5% of all deaths, and its causative agent is

Topics: Agar; Glucose; Humans; Inulin; Lactobacillus; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Typhoid Fever

Azithromycin is an alternative to treat invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections. We determined its epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) and compared azithromycin susceptibility testing methods for iNTS.. We used EUCAST ECOFFinder to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC; obtained by broth microdilution) ECOFF and corresponding disk zone diameters of 515 iNTS from blood cultures in Democratic Republic of Congo, Burkina Faso, Rwanda, and Cambodia. Transferable resistance mechanisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction. We compared azithromycin susceptibility testing by semi-automated broth microdilution (customized Sensititre panel; reference), agar dilution, gradient tests (bioMérieux, Liofilchem, HiMedia; read at 80% (MIC80%) and 100% inhibition (MIC100%)), and disk diffusion (Rosco, Oxoid, BD, Liofilchem) for 161 wild- and 198 non-wild-type iNTS.. Azithromycin MIC ECOFF was 16 mg/L corresponding to a 12 mm zone diameter; mphA was detected in 192/197 non-wild- and 0/47 wild-type iNTS. Categorical agreement was excellent (≥98%) for all methods. Essential agreement was very good for agar dilution (>90%) but moderate for gradient tests (MIC80%: 52% to 71% and MIC100%: 72% to 91%). Repeatability was good for all methods/brands. Interreader agreement was high for broth microdilution and agar dilution (all ≤1 twofold dilution difference) and disk diffusion (>96% ≤3 mm difference) but lower for gradient tests (MIC80% & MIC100%: 83% to 94% ≤1 twofold dilution difference).. Azithromycin ECOFF of iNTS was 16 mg/L, i.e. equal to Salmonella Typhi. Disk diffusion is an accurate, precise, and user-friendly alternative for agar dilution and broth microdilution. Reading gradient tests at 100% instead of 80% inhibition improved accuracy and precision.

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Edetic Acid; Humans; Integrons; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever is endemic in most countries, causing major public health problems with high morbidity and mortality, the resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) towards antimicrobials is recently increased. The aim was to detect the harboring gyrA gene in Typhi Salmonella enterica serovar.. Twenty Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates were obtained from the Teaching laboratories of the medical city in Baghdad, the isolates were obtained from blood specimens from typhoid patients. Colonies of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi appeared on CHROM agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (XLD) as light mauve to mauve-colored and as red with black center colonies, respectively. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was used to detect the presence of the gyrA gene within the twenty isolates with specific primer.. All twenty isolates show the highest resistance rates to Cefazolin 18 (90%), Ciprofloxacin 16 (80%), and Nalidixic acid 15 (75%), while it shows highest sensitivity rates to Cefepime 18 (90%) and Tobramycin 16 (80%) antibiotics. The MIC values show equal to or more than breakpoint of Nalidixic acid and Ciprofloxacin were 15 (75%) and 16 (80%) isolates, respectively.. PCR results showed the presence of gyrA gene (488 bp) in 14 (70%) of isolates (isolate number 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18 and 19). On the other hand, 6(30%) isolates (isolate numbers 5, 6, 9, 11, 16, 17, and 20) don't harbor the gyrA gene.

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Cefazolin; Cefepime; Ciprofloxacin; DNA Gyrase; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genotype; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Iraq; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Salmonella typhi; Tobramycin; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Agar; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Chromatography, Gel; Densitometry; Gels; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Hemagglutination Tests; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Mice; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Agar; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Bile; Blood; Cattle; Culture Media; Glycine max; Humans; Methods; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Agar; Animals; Bacteriology; Bile; Bromthymol Blue; Characidae; Citric Acid; Culture Media; Enteritis; Humans; Lactose; Paratyphoid Fever; Potassium; Salmonella; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

Topics: Agar; Bacillus; Bile; Citrates; Citric Acid; Culture Media; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

Topics: Agar; Bismuth; Culture Media; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella; Sulfites; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

Topics: Agar; Bacteria; Culture Media; Peroxides; Shigella dysenteriae; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

Topics: Agar; Bacillus; Bacteria; Culture Media; Escherichia coli; Iron; Proteus; Typhoid Fever