agar and Clostridium-Infections

The purpose of this study was twofold-first, to determine whether analysis of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in poultry litter corroborated standard

Topics: Agar; Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Chickens; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Enteritis; Enterotoxins; Farms; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Metronidazole resistance in clinical Clostridioides difficile is often described as unstable, since resistant strains reportedly appear susceptible following freezer storage or brief passage. This has presented a conundrum for adopting susceptibility testing to accurately evaluate the connection between metronidazole resistance and decreased clinical efficacy of metronidazole in patients with C. difficile infections (CDIs). We discovered that supplementation of microbiological media with the metalloporphyrin heme is crucial for detection of metronidazole-resistant C. difficile using the agar dilution susceptibility testing method. Known metronidazole-resistant strains appeared susceptible to metronidazole in media lacking heme. Similarly, these resistant strains exhibited increased susceptibility to metronidazole when tested on heme-containing agars that were exposed to room light for more than 1 day, likely due to heme photodecomposition. In parallel experiments, resistance was reproducibly detected when heme-containing agars were either prepared and used on the same day or protected from light and then used on subsequent days. Notably, heme did not influence the susceptibilities of drug-susceptible strains that were of the same ribotype as the resistant strains. These findings firmly show that the consistent detection of metronidazole-resistant C. difficile is dependent upon heme and its protection from light. Studies are warranted to determine the extent to which this heme-associated metronidazole-resistant phenotype affects the clinical efficacy of metronidazole in CDI and the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms.

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clostridioides; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Heme; Humans; Metronidazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Topics: Agar; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Cell Count; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Culture Media; Feces; Poultry

The clinical workflow of using chromogenic agar and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-fight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for Clostridium difficile identification was evaluated. The addition of MALDI-TOF MS identification after the chromID C. difficile chromogenic agar culture could significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy of C. difficile.

Topics: Agar; Bacteriological Techniques; Chromogenic Compounds; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Color; Culture Media; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Clostridium perfringens is considered one of the important causes of calf diarrhea. Two hundred and twenty-seven clinical samples from newly born and dead diarrheic calves were examined bacteriologically and by PCR. Bacterial culture identified C. perfringens in 168 of 227 samples. A total of 144 of these isolates were lecithinase positive, indicating C. perfringens Type A. In addition, 154 isolates were positive by alpha toxin encoding gene-PCR assay. This study showed high agreement between the results of bacteriology and multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR typed all isolates that were typed as C. perfringens Type A through bacteriologic methods, but ten samples that were lecithinase negative were positive in the multiplex PCR. The study showed the highest occurrence of C. perfringens Type A isolations from calves during the winter and autumn compared with other seasons.

Topics: Agar; Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Bacteriological Techniques; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Diarrhea; Egg Yolk; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Phospholipases; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Seasons

We compared the performance of the new chromogenic medium ChromID C. difficile with that of CLO agar. ChromID C. difficile agar is a sensitive medium that can accelerate the presumptive identification of C. difficile, however ribotype 023 might go undetected when using this chromogenic medium.

Topics: Agar; Bacteriological Techniques; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Culture Media; Diagnostic Errors; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Ribotyping

We evaluated the performance and the cost of toxigenic culture using a commercial chromogenic medium (CDIF) for 538 stool specimens. Compared with real-time PCR, this method was found to detect an additional 9% of positive specimens and result in 61% reduction in material costs, with a trade-off increase in turnaround time of 1 day.

Topics: Agar; Bacterial Toxins; Bacteriological Techniques; Chromogenic Compounds; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Culture Media; Feces; Humans; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity

Cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar (CCFA), CCFA with horse blood and taurocholate (CCFA-HT), and cycloserine-cefoxitin mannitol broth with taurocholate and lysozyme (CCMB-TAL) were compared for recovery of Clostridium difficile from 120 stool specimens. Compared to CCFA, CCFA-HT enhanced C. difficile growth and improved recovery by 4%. In a separate study, 9% (8/91) of stool samples previously C. difficile negative on plate medium were C. difficile positive when cultured in CCMB-TAL.

Topics: Agar; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cefoxitin; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Culture Media; Cycloserine; Erythrocytes; Feces; Fructose; Horses; Humans; Mannitol; Muramidase; Taurocholic Acid

Three selective media (chromID C. difficile agar, taurocholate cycloserine cefoxitin agar [TCCA; homemade], and CLO medium) were compared from 406 stool samples of patients suspected of having Clostridium difficile infection. The sensitivities of chromID C. difficile agar at 24 h and 48 h, CLO medium, and TCCA were 74.1%, 87%, 85.2%, and 70.4%, respectively.

Topics: Agar; Bacteriological Techniques; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Culture Media; Humans; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity

Culture remains important for the detection and typing of Clostridium difficile. Culture of C. difficile spores can be enhanced on media supplemented with a germinant. Despite this, unsupplemented media continues to be used in some laboratories. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of the known germinant sodium taurocholate on recovery of C. difficile spores and to determine if the supplement impacts on the recovery of vegetative C. difficile.. The recovery on cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (CCFA) with and without taurocholate, of spore, vegetative, and total cell fractions of broth cultures of eight C. difficile isolates was compared.. Taurocholate in CCFA did not inhibit growth of vegetative C. difficile and significantly increased recovery of spores (p = 0.04).. The routine incorporation of taurocholate in CCFA is recommended for improved sensitivity in C. difficile culture from specimens.

Topics: Agar; Cephamycins; Cholagogues and Choleretics; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Culture Media; Cycloserine; Fructose; Humans; Spores, Bacterial; Taurocholic Acid

Clostridium perfringens has been associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which is a serious disease of neonates. Our study describes the novel use of selective tryptose sulfite cycloserine with egg yolk agar (TSC-EYA) during a nursery outbreak. This medium provides a rapid, sensitive, and accurate presumptive identification of C. perfringens.

Topics: Agar; Bacteriological Techniques; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Culture Media; Cycloserine; Disease Outbreaks; Egg Yolk; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Organic Chemicals; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sulfites

We experienced a case of a 3-year-old boy who presented signs and symptoms of Kawasaki syndrome. Two blood culture sets were processed by the hospital microbiology laboratory using a standard blood culturing system. The anaerobic bottles gave a positive result at day 3 after inoculation. The biochemical profiles produced by the RapID ANA II System showed that the organism was Clostridium baratii with a probability of 99%. Our case highlights the importance of C. baratii as a potential human pathogen and reports the associations with manifestations, which, to our knowledge, have not been previously described concomitantly with a clostridial infection.

Topics: Agar; Anaerobiosis; Bacteremia; Child, Preschool; Clostridium; Clostridium Infections; Humans; Male; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Topics: Acute Disease; Agar; Animals; Cattle; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Culture Media; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides