acid-phosphatase and Prostatic-Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Reference Values; Specimen Handling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Palpation; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ultrasonography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Male; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

In this article, the pathologic findings of carcinoma of the prostate were reviewed. Criteria were discussed for the pathologic diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma (PC), premalignant lesions, lesions that simulate PC, immunopathologic findings, special types of PC, effects of therapy on the prostate, and recent efforts to improve diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. The possible role of the study of nucleolar organizing regions was reported. A new method for demonstrating chromosomes in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue was mentioned. The need for research in all aspects of the pathology of prostatic cancer was emphasized.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Nucleus; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Precancerous Conditions; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

In this presentation the authors review the pathology of prostatic carcinoma (PCa), and discuss criteria for pathologic diagnosis, premalignant lesions, lesions that simulate PCa, immunopathology, special types of PCa, effects of therapy on the prostate, and recent efforts to improve diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. The possible role of study of nucleolar organizing regions is reported. A new method for demonstration of chromosome in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue is presented. The need for research in all aspects of pathology is emphasized.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Nucleolus Organizer Region; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Although PSA is considered to be the true serum marker of prostatic tissue and a valuable indicator for cancer in the gland, knowledge of its significance and limitations is essential to its use for screening, staging, and monitoring CAP. PSA may be used in conjunction with DRE for early detection of CAP. Men with abnormal DRE should have a TRUS with or without biopsy. In men older than 50 years and with negative DRE and PSA < 4 ng/mL, annual evaluations are prudent. In patients with a PSA range of 4.0 to 9.9 ng/mL, high-risk groups such as black males and those with a positive family history should have TRUS. Males with negative DRE in the PSA range of 4.0 to 9.9 ng/mL should have TRUS to evaluate prostate volume and PSAD. Biopsy should be considered in those with PSAD > 0.15. Men with PSA > 10 ng/mL, even in the presence of an enlarged benign prostate, should have multiple directed biopsies under TRUS guidance.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mass Screening; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity

PSA is a kallikrein-like, serine protease that is produced exclusively by the epithelial cells of all types of prostatic tissue, benign and malignant. Physiologically, it is present in the seminal fluid at high concentration and functions to cleave the high molecular weight protein responsible for the seminal coagulum into smaller polypeptides. This action results in liquefaction of the coagulum. PSA is also present in the serum and can be measured reliably by either a monoclonal immunoradiometric assay or a polyclonal radioimmunoassay. The calculated half-life of serum PSA ranges from 2.2 to 3.2 days and the metabolic clearance rate of this tumor marker follows first-order kinetics. Digital rectal examination, cystoscopic examination and prostate biopsy all can cause spurious elevations of the serum PSA concentration. Conditions such as bacterial prostatitis and acute urinary retention also can falsely elevate the serum PSA level. Because approximately 25% of the patients with BPH only will have an elevated serum PSA concentration and BPH tissue contributes to this PSA value in a variable manner from patient to patient, it is unlikely that PSA by itself will become an effective screening tool for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, if combined with digital rectal examination and/or transrectal ultrasound it may become a vital part of any early detection program. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia also may be associated with moderately elevated serum PSA levels. Although there is a direct correlation between the serum PSA concentration and clinical stage, PSA is not sufficiently reliable to determine the clinical stage on an individual basis. This finding also applies to pathological stage. As a result, the preoperative serum PSA concentration cannot be used to decide whether to recommend radical prostatectomy for potential cure. Low preoperative serum PSA concentrations in patients with previously untreated prostate cancers are predictive of a negative bone scan. Thus, in these select patients a staging bone scintigram may not be necessary. With respect to monitoring patients after definitive therapy, PSA is an exquisitely sensitive tumor marker. Irrespective of the treatment modality (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy or antiandrogen treatment), PSA reflects accurately the tumor status of the patient and is prognostic of eventual outcome; this tumor marker is capable of predicting tumor recurrence months before its detection by any

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Amino Acid Sequence; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Molecular Sequence Data; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

In 1979, Wang and associates isolated prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Only recently, however, has the clinical importance of this new tumor marker been recognized. It is now widely accepted that PSA represents a significantly more effective tumor marker than prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). This article will review the chemistry associated with PSA, the application of PSA in immunohistochemistry, salient features of the two clinically available assays, factors that affect the circulating level of PSA, and the usefulness of PSA in the staging, monitoring, and screening of patients with prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values

During the four years between January, 1983 and December, 1986, transurethral resection of the prostatic gland (TUR-P) was performed on 108 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy at Osaka Municipal Kita Citizen's Hospital. Histopathological examination of the transurethral resection specimens revealed 9 cases (8.3%) of incidental carcinoma. In this study, the average patient age, preoperative prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) level and weight of resection specimens were compared for all 108 patients. For the 9 patients with incidental carcinoma, the clinical stage, histological grade and therapy were evaluated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The clinical features of a new prostate tumor marker, prostate-specific antigen (prostate antigen, PA), has been reviewed. Although PA cannot be used in early detection of prostate cancer, simultaneous determination of PA and PAP yields an additive clinical value in immuno-diagnosis of prostate cancer. At the present stage of development, PA is most useful as a prognostic marker for monitoring disease recurrence and treatment response. Also, PA is an effective immunohistologic marker for differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas with unknown primary, especially in the identification of metastatic prostate tumor in distant metastases and in the differentiation of primary prostate carcinoma from poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Unequivocal evidence is not yet available on the role of circulating PA-binding globulin as an auto-antibody or an anti-tumor antibody as a result of patient's immune response. This observation is of clinical value for investigation of prostate cancer biology. The intriguing protease activity as detected in PA may provide new avenues for prostate cancer research.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens; Autoantibodies; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunization; Isoantibodies; Male; Organ Specificity; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The methods are reviewed for obtaining monolayer epithelium cultures both in normal and hyperplastic or malignant prostate glands. Preparation of pure epithelial tissue cultures is dealt with in detail. The major prostate cell lines are described. Special attention is paid to the markers of differentiation and sensitivity to hormones in normal and tumour prostatic cells in vitro. Prospects for the use of prostatic cell cultures as models in oncology are outlined.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Androgens; Antigens; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Cytological Techniques; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Androgens; Humans; Male; Polyamines; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen; Receptors, Steroid; Spermidine; Spermine; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Citrates; DNA; Glycolysis; Humans; Male; Oxidoreductases; Oxygen Consumption; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone; Zinc

To evaluate the effect of finasteride (Proscar) on the serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).. Thirty patients on finasteride therapy for BPH formed the study group. Serum PSA and PAP levels were monitored for 2 years while the patients were receiving finasteride.. During 12 months of finasteride therapy the serum PSA was suppressed but serum PAP was unaffected. The baseline mean PAP value was 1.303 ng/mL prior to finasteride therapy; this changed to 1.510 ng/mL (P = 0.195) at 6 months and 1.166 ng/mL (P = 0.383) at 12 months. The serum PSA was 2.630 ng/mL at baseline, 1.757 ng/mL (P < 0.001) at 6 months and 1.545 ng/mL (P = 0.001) at 12 months.. Further studies are warranted to determine if PAP has a role as a tumour marker in patients whose PSA is suppressed as a result of finasteride therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Double-Blind Method; Finasteride; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia

This part of our study presents results of laboratory evaluations in patients with BPH during treatment with prazosin and doxazosin. After 72 weeks serum PSA and PAP fell by 40.2% and 82%, respectively. Blood urea nitrogen concentration decreased by 28.5% and serum creatinine by 20.8%. The results confirm long-term favourable effects of the therapy of patients with BPH.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Creatinine; Doxazosin; Humans; Male; Prazosin; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Time Factors

Among new highly potent antagonistic analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), containing neutral hydrophilic D-ureidoalkyl amino acids such as D-Cit and D-Hci at position 6 and free of edematogenic and anaphylactoid reactions, Ac-D-Nal(2)1, D-Ph(4Cl)2, D-Pal(3)3, D-Cit6, D-Ala10 (LH-RH) (SB-75; Cetrorelix) was shown to be one of the most powerful. In this trial, we evaluated the response to 500 micrograms SB-75 given every 12 hr subcutaneously (sc) for 4 weeks in 11 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 6 weeks in 6 prostatic cancer patients (2 stage C, 4 stage D2). In patients with BPH presenting with prostatism and urinary outflow obstruction, there was a noticeable clinical improvement after the first week of SB-75 administration. This improvement continued during the course of treatment. Before therapy with SB-75, the serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (6.73 +/- 1.46 ng/ml), acid phosphatases, total (12.67 +/- 1.15 U/l), and prostatic (2.27 +/- 0.34 U/l), were mildly elevated, but declined to normal values at 4 weeks: (2.13 +/- 0.59 ng/ml; P < 0.01), (7.68 +/- 0.89 U/l; P < 0.01), and (1.39 +/- 0.18 U/l; P < 0.01), respectively. Mean prostatic volume assessed by ultrasonography showed a significant decrease in all patients from 67.84 +/- 8.86 to 37.92 +/- 8.52 cm3; P < 0.01, which represents a reduction of 44%. In patients with prostate cancer, after the first week of therapy with SB-75, we observed a significant decrease in bone pain, relief in urinary outflow obstruction, and reversal of the signs of prostatism. Subjective improvement continued during the following weeks of treatment, so that the patients no longer needed analgesics. PSA, acid, and alkaline phosphatases gradually fell, achieving nearly normal values at 6 weeks. Initial serum testosterone levels in BPH and prostatic cancer patients were within normal limits, but during treatment with the antagonistic analog SB-75, fell to castration values. A major fall in free testosterone levels was observed after the first dose; the maximal inhibition was seen after 6-12 hr, with a simultaneous decrease in levels of both gonadotropins. Our results show that antagonist SB-75 can be safely administered for prolonged periods of time. The rapid shrinkage of the prostate and concomitant improvement in obstructive symptoms of prostatism obtained with antagonistic analog SB-75 in patients with BPH may decrease the morbidity of prostatic surgery and offer a th

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Longitudinal Studies; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone; Ultrasonography; Urination

Fundamental and clinical studies of serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) detected by a Delfia PAP kit were performed. The system is a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using europium as a tracer. The lower limit of detection was 0.2 ng/ml. Sera from 54 patients with prostate cancer, 20 with benign prostatic hypertrophy, 20 with urological malignancies other than prostate cancer and 140 adult males over 46 years old were determined. From the mean + 2 S.D. of serum PAP values obtained on the adult males, 1.5 ng/ml was considered as the upper normal level of adult males. By calculating the efficiency and ROC curve using the PAP values of prostate cancer and benign prostatic cancer, 2.5 ng/ml was decided as a cut-off value of this kit. The positive rates of adult males, prostate cancer, benign prostatic cancer and urological malignancies other than prostate cancer were 0.7%, 65%, 20% and 10%, respectively. The sensitivity of stage A2, B2, C and D1 + D2 was, 0%, 0%, 64% and 83%, respectively. The efficiency of the Delfia PAP kit was 52% and that of the Markit M PA kit was 71%. The correlation between the values assayed with the Delfia PAP kit and the Dinabot PAP kit was very high; the value obtained with the Delfia PAP kit was about 80% of that obtained with the Dinabot PAP kit.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Europium; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; ROC Curve; Sensitivity and Specificity

The serum levels of gamma-Seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were determined by enzyme immunoassay in 77 patients with prostatic cancer (30 untreated and 47 treated), 44 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and 12 patients with prostatitis. Serum levels of gamma-Sm in each disease were as follows; untreated prostatic cancer 23.2 +/- 18.3 ng/ml (positive rate 93%), treated prostatic cancer 4.7 +/- 8.3 (positive rate 25.5%), benign prostatic hypertrophy 3.6 +/- 3.3 (positive rate 23.7%), prostatitis 2.0 +/- 2.0 (positive rate 7.7%). Serum gamma-Sm levels in prostatic cancer were higher in advanced stage but relatively low in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. We consider that the level of serum gamma-Sm is a useful tumor marker as well as prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in diagnosis and follow-up of the patients with prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Japan; Male; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Prostatitis; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Plasma zinc concentrations rise in men over the age of 55 years and fall in women of a similar age-group. They are higher in men with clinically diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia, but the level does not appear to be related to the size of the gland. Plasma zinc concentrations are not helpful in the diagnosis or management of carcinoma of the prostate, but may prove useful in excluding this diagnosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Clinical Trials as Topic; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Organ Size; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urea; Zinc

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Size; Placebos; Pregnanes; Progestins; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Pyuria; Thyroid Gland; Urinary Catheterization; Urography

The monitoring of serum prostatic biomarkers during the treatment will help clinicians to know the statement of the response to finasteride in dogs affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The present study was aimed to assess changes in the serum canine prostate-specific esterase (CPSE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and prostate volume evaluation using ultrasonographic examination during the treatment with finasteride in BPH-induced dogs. Twenty dogs were divided into 4 groups (n = 5): BPH + finasteride group, dogs which were induced for BPH and received oral finasteride once daily for 1 month; BPH group, dogs which were induced for BPH and received placebo; finasteride group, normal dogs which received finasteride; and normal group, normal intact dogs which did not receive treatment. Blood sampling and ultrasonography examination were performed on days 0, 14, and 28. The administration of finasteride led to a significant decrease in the concentration of the prostate-specific biomarkers (PSA, CPSE), DHT, testosterone, and the volume of the prostate in BPH + finasteride group compared with the BPH group during 1 month. Interestingly, the PAP concentration did not change in the BPH-induced dogs and in dogs treated with finasteride. It seems that the monitoring of serum PSA and CPSE levels and ultrasonographic examination of the prostate are useful methods for following up the response to finasteride treatment in dogs affected by BPH.

Topics: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Dihydrotestosterone; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Esterases; Estradiol; Finasteride; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Testosterone; Ultrasonography

This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects and explore mechanisms of chlorogenic acid against testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in mice. Benign prostatic hyperplasia model was induced in experimental groups by daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (7.5mg/kg/d) consecutively for 14 d. A total of 60 mice were randomly divided into six groups: (Group 1) normal control group, (Group 2) benign prostatic hyperplasia model control group, (Group 3) benign prostatic hyperplasia mice treated with finasteride at a dose of 1mg/kg, (Group 4) benign prostatic hyperplasia mice treated with chlorogenic acid at dose levels of 0.8mg/kg (low dose group), (Group 5) benign prostatic hyperplasia mice treated with chlorogenic acid at dose levels of 1.6mg/kg (medium dose group) and (Group 6) benign prostatic hyperplasia mice treated with chlorogenic acid at dose levels of 3.2mg/kg (high dose group). Animals were sacrificed on the scheduled termination, pick out the eyeball to get blood, then prostates were weighed and prostatic index were determined. Then the serum acid phosphatase (ACP), prostatic acid phosphatase (PACP) and typeⅡ5-alpha-reductase (SRD5A2) levels were measured and observed morphological changes of the prostate. Comparing with benign prostatic hyperplasia model group, the high and medium dose of chlorogenic acid could significantly reduce prostate index and levels of acid phosphatase, prostatic acid phosphatase and typeⅡ5-alpha-reductase (P<0.05 or P<0.01). These findings were supported by histopathological observations of prostate tissues. Histopathological examination also indicated that chlorogenic acid treatment at the high and medium doses inhibited testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia. The results indicated that chlorogenic acid exhibited restraining effect on benign prostatic hyperplasia model animals, and its mechanism might be related to inhibit typeⅡ5-alpha reductase activity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Chlorogenic Acid; Male; Mice; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

This work investigated the spectrum-effect relationships between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints and the anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities of aqueous extracts from Saxifraga stolonifera. The fingerprints of S. stolonifera from various sources were established by HPLC and evaluated by similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Nine samples were obtained from these 24 batches of different origins, according to the results of SA, HCA and the common chromatographic peaks area. A testosterone-induced mouse model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was used to establish the anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities of these nine S. stolonifera samples. The model was evaluated by analyzing prostatic index (PI), serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, concentrations of serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT), prostatic acid phosphatase (PACP) and type II 5α-reductase (SRD5A2). The spectrum-effect relationships between HPLC fingerprints and anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities were investigated using Grey Correlation Analysis (GRA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The results showed that a close correlation existed between the fingerprints and anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities, and peak 14 (chlorogenic acid), peak 17 (quercetin 5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) and peak 18 (quercetin 3-O-β-l-rhamno-pyranoside) in the HPLC fingerprints might be the main active components against anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia. This work provides a general model for the study of spectrum-effect relationships of S. stolonifera by combing HPLC fingerprints with a testosterone-induced mouse model of BPH, which can be employed to discover the principle components of anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia bioactivity.

Topics: 3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dihydrotestosterone; Least-Squares Analysis; Male; Mice; Plant Extracts; Principal Component Analysis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Saxifragaceae; Testosterone

This study investigated the effects of seahorse (Hippocampus spp.) extracts in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and mouse model of oligospermatism. Compared to the sham operated group, castration and testosterone induced BPH, indicated by increased penile erection latency; decreased penis nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity; reduced serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity; increased prostate index; and epithelial thickening, increased glandular perimeter, increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index and upregulation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the prostate. Seahorse extracts significantly ameliorated the histopathological changes associated with BPH, reduced the latency of penile erection and increased penile NOS activity. Administration of seahorse extracts also reversed epididymal sperm viability and motility in mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CP). Seahorse extracts have potential as a candidate marine drug for treating BPH without inducing the side effects of erectile dysfunction (ED) or oligospermatism associated with the BPH drug finasteride.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biological Products; Castration; Cyclophosphamide; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; Male; Mice; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oligospermia; Penis; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Smegmamorpha; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Testosterone

Lycopene is a member of the carotenoid family and has strong anti-oxidant properties. Lycopene occurs in tomato-based food products primarily as an all-E isomer (80-97%),but its Z-isomers accounts for 79 to 88% of total lycopene in benign or malignant prostate tissues, while the specific biological functions of Z-isomers are still not clarified at present. This study was to examine the bioactive potency of Z-isomers on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in mice and to make a comparison of effective inhibition between Z-isomers and all-E isomer.. Mice were divided into the Saline group, Vehicle control group and testosterone propionate induced BPH mice group (BPH model group, vehicle BPH model group, lycopene treated (5 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg), Z-isomers (57%) treated, Z-isomers (86%) treated, finasteride treated). The drugs were orally administered once a day consecutively for 30 days. The inhibitory effects on BPH of all-E lycopene and Z-isomers were evaluated by prostatic index, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), estradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels in serum and histopathology examination.. Compared with the BPH model group, E/Z isomers exhibited significant differences in prostatic index, PAP, estradiol, testosterone and DHT levels in serum and similar histological aspects observed in the mice of the control group. The present research also shows that Z-isomers may be more potent inhibitors than all-E isomers in BPH treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carotenoids; Disease Models, Animal; Estradiol; Finasteride; Lycopene; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Solanum lycopersicum; Testosterone

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and possible mechanism of three-dimensional conformal stereotactic radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for the treatment of spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a canine model. Eight canines (7-15 years old) with spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate volume >18 cm3) were used as experimental models. The prostates were directly exposed to 3D-CRT at a total dose of 14 Gy. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate volume (measured by transrectal ultrasound), apoptosis index [AI, measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)], proliferation index [PI, measured by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression], alpha-SMA, Bax, and bFGF were measured before and after radiation therapy. Histopathology of the prostate, rectum, and bladder tissue was also examined before and after irradiation. 3D-CRT treatment significantly decreased prostate volume, and the PI, PSA, and alpha-SMA, but significantly increased the AI, and had no effect on PAP. There was no evidence of Bax expression before or after irradiation. Irradiation led to no detectable symptoms of diarrhea or changes in stool, but did lead to minor bladder injury, based on light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In our canine model, 3D-CRT is an effective, noninvasive treatment of BPH that is associated with minimal side effects. Our treatment appeared to reduce prostate size by treatment of the underlying pathological processes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Dogs; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Radiotherapy, Conformal; Rectum; Urinary Bladder

Pumpkins are thought to be useful in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The ability of a 15% Telfairia occidentalis seeds incorporated diet to inhibit hormonal induction of BPH in rats was studied.. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 equal groups - one test group and three control groups. The test group was placed on the test diet and was given subcutaneous injections of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol valerate (ratio 10:1) every other day for 28 days. One control group, 'no test diet' (ND) group, received the hormones, but was placed on a normal diet. The other two control groups, 'no hormone' (NH) and 'no hormone/test diet' (NHD), received subcutaneous olive oil (vehicle) for the same duration and were placed on the test and normal diets, respectively. Markers of BPH and hormone profile were determined using standard methods.. The mean relative prostate weight (×10(3)) was reduced in the test group (3.6 ± 0.2) relative to the ND group (4.0 ± 0.4). The protein content (mg/tissue) of the rats' prostates decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 68.3 ± 2.7 in the ND group to 43.4 ± 3.9 in the test group. Serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels (U/l) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 4.8 ± 0.4 in the ND group to 4.0 ± 0.9 in the test group. Histological findings corroborate these data. The testosterone:estradiol ratio (×10(3)) was significantly (p < 0.05) increased from 7.1 ± 0.1 in the ND group to 8.4 ± 0.4 in the test group.. The test diet inhibited the induction of BPH in rats and may act by increasing the testosterone:estradiol ratio.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animal Feed; Animals; Cucurbita; Disease Models, Animal; Estradiol; Male; Prolactin; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seeds; Testosterone; Time Factors

The usefulness of diet containing Telfairia occidentalis seeds, in managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats was studied. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups. BPH was induced by sub-cutaneous injection of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol valerate (ratio, 10:1) every other day for 28 days. Rats in the test group were placed on the test diet for 7 days following disease induction. One control group (DC) was fed on a normal diet for 7 days following disease induction. Two other control groups, HC and HDC, were given sub-cutaneous olive oil (vehicle) for the same duration, and placed on the test diet and normal diet, respectively. Markers of BPH, and hormone profile were determined using standard methods. The results show that relative prostate weight and protein content of the prostates were lower [albeit not significantly (p>0.05)] in the test group, relative to the DC group. Serum prostatic acid phosphatase concentrations (U/L) decreased significantly (p<0.05) from 2.9 ± 0.2 in the DC group to 2.1 ± 0.7 in the test group. Histological findings corroborate these data. The testosterone: estradiol ratio (× 10(3)) was increased from 4.0 ± 0.2 in the DC group to 4.6 ± 0.2 in the test group. The test diet reduced the mass and secretory activity of the enlarged prostate and may act by increasing the testosterone: estradiol ratio.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cucurbita; Dihydrotestosterone; Disease Management; Estradiol; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Nigeria; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seeds; Testosterone

Protein-protein interactions and protein complex/aggregate formation play an essential role in almost all biological functions and activities. Through a nanoparticle aggregation immunoassay, we discovered that some proteins are substantially more complexed/aggregated in cancer tissues than normal tissues. This study examined four biomarkers proteins, CA125, CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), CA19-9 and PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase) in ovarian, colon and prostate tissue lysates. The most exciting results were observed from the PAP assay of prostate tissues: prostate cancer can be clearly distinguished from normal prostate and prostate with benign conditions such as BPH (benign prostate hyperplasia) based on the complex/aggregation level of PAP in prostate tissue lysates. The complex/aggregate level of a protein can be potential biomarkers for cancer detection and diagnosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies; Biomarkers, Tumor; CA-125 Antigen; CA-19-9 Antigen; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colonic Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gold; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Membrane Proteins; Metal Nanoparticles; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity

During the normal turnover of prostate epithelium, stem cells in the basal cell layer produce an intermediate cell population that gives rise to fully differentiated secretory luminal cells. This process is extensively studied in relation to the development of prostate disease, in particular, to elucidate the origin and nature of prostate cancer. We previously showed that the mRNA of a poorly characterised intercellular adhesion molecule, cadherin-10, is strongly expressed in human prostate. Using anticadherin-10 antibodies, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy, we have examined the pattern of cadherin-10 expression in relation to human prostate epithelial differentiation markers (E-cadherin, CD44, and cytokeratins (CK) 14, 18 and 19) in archival paraffin-embedded and fixed-frozen histopathological specimens in individual and serial sections. In non-neoplastic prostate, E-cadherin is expressed by all basal and luminal epithelial cells, while cadherin-10 is variably expressed in luminal cells where it is colocalised with E-cadherin at basolateral plasma membranes. Cadherin-10 is absent in CK14- and/or CD44-positive basal cells, but is expressed in CK18-positive luminal cells (differentiated secretory cells), a subset of CK19-positive intermediate/luminal cells, but not CK19-positive basal cells. Small foci of prostate cancer express E-cadherin, CK19 and CK18, but cadherin-10 expression is low or undetectable. These findings suggest that the expression of cadherin-10 is associated with the later stages of differentiation of luminal secretory cells, indicating a specific role in secretory cell terminal differentiation. While prostate cancer cells express secretory cell markers (eg, CK18, prostate-specific antigen) and the more generally expressed E-cadherin, their failure to express cadherin-10 further emphasises a role for this cadherin in normal prostate organisation and function.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers; Cadherins; Cell Differentiation; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Hyaluronan Receptors; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were grouped into two experimental groups: GEx.01 suffered orchiectomy and after 30 days received doses of testosterone cipionate (T), while GEx.02 received weekly and alternated doses of the anti-androgens cyproterone acetate and flutamide for 30 days, and the animals were then euthanized. Structural evaluation reveals a more intense reduction in epithelial height in GEx.02. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) presented a star-shaped aspect after 30 days of hormonal ablation and basal membrane was shown to be more intensely grooved in GEx.01. In both groups, after hormonal replacement, recovery in epithelial height could be noted and the SMC presented its phenotypes, but an increase in RER was seen, characterizing a modulation from its contractile to secreting phenotype. In conclusion, the prostate presented involution capacity after androgen ablation and the ability to reorganize after hormonal replacement, but events resulting from orchiectomy and subsequent T replacement were shown to be more aggressive to the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Androgen Antagonists; Animals; Cyproterone; Disease Models, Animal; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough; Endothelium; Flutamide; Gerbillinae; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Orchiectomy; Organ Size; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Receptors, Androgen; Testosterone

We determined the effect of baicalein on prostatic hyperplasia in experimental animal models. Prostatic hyperplasia was induced by testosterone propionate in mice and castrated rats and by transplantation of homologous strain fetal mice urogenital sinus in mice. With the histopathological examination, the efficacy of baicalein on prostate hyperplasia in experimental animals was evaluated by the activity of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) and the following norm of the prostate gland: the volume, wet weight, wet weight index, dry weight index, DNA contents and prostatic epithelial height and cavity diameter. Results showed that baicalein at doses of 260 and 130 mg/kg administrated intragastrically (i.g.) significantly inhibited prostatic hyperplasia in castrated rats induced by testosterone propionate compared with the negative control group (p<0.01). Baicalein at doses of 520 and 260 mg/kg (i.g.) also significantly inhibited prostatic hyperplasia in mice induced by transplantation of homologous strain fetal mouse urogenital sinus and by testosterone propionate (p<0.01). These results suggested that baicalein has an inhibitory effect on prostatic hyperplasia in experimental animals.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Castration; Cell Division; Depression, Chemical; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flavanones; Male; Mice; Organ Size; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Testosterone Propionate

To explore the inhibitive effect of soybean isoflavone on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats.. By subcutaneously injecting testosterone propionate to induce prostate hyperplasia in rats, the changes of prostate wet weight, prostatic index, morphological change, prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP), acid phosphatase in the control, the model, low, moderate, high dose of soybean isoflavone groups were observed.. The ventral prostate wet weight, prostatic index, and PAP in the low, moderate, and high dose groups were significantly lower than those in the models (P < 0.05). The ventral prostate wet weight, prostatic index, and PAP in the moderate, and high dose groups were significantly lower than those in the low dose group (P < 0.05).. Soybean isoflavone inhibits prostate hyperplasia and the increase of acid phosphatase and PAP in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Soybean isoflavone may serve as supplementary therapy and prevent benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Division; Depression, Chemical; Glycine max; Isoflavones; Male; Phytoestrogens; Plant Preparations; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Testosterone Propionate

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are the markers of human prostatic gland. However, it is still not completely understood if and how, steroid hormones and growth factors affect their expression and metabolism in the respect to the major pathologies of the gland. Appropriate studies were carried out on histopathologically diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia--BPH (n = 42) using tissue slices and cells derived from them. They were incubated with steroid hormones: 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E) and growth factors: epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF) under culture conditions for up to 24 hours. P-labelled specific oligonucleotide probes were used to analyze total RNA isolated from each sample for the presence of PAP and PSA mRNAs. DHT, E, bFGF, EGF or both DHT + bFGF and DHT + EGF increased PAP and PSA mRNA levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The highest and statistically significant increase (P < 0.001) for PAP mRNA was observed when DHT + bFGF were present in the medium while for PSA mRNA if DHT + EGF were added to the medium. Slow but constant decrease of PAP and PSA mRNA levels was observed in the absence of each of these factors in the incubation medium. The results suggest that early expression of PSA and PAP genes and/or their mRNA stability strongly depend on DHT while differ in their response to EGF and bFGF.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Base Sequence; Blotting, Northern; Dihydrotestosterone; Epidermal Growth Factor; Estradiol; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; Growth Substances; Humans; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; RNA, Messenger; Steroids; Tumor Cells, Cultured

To study the effective fraction of the extract of seeds of Brassica alba, which inhibits experimental mice prostatic hyperplasia.. An experimental model of prostatic hyperplasia of castrated male mice induced by testosterone propionate was made. Fractions I, II and III were prepared by extracting the seeds of Brassica alba successively with ether, ethanol and water under reflux. Total extract was prepared by extracting the seeds of Brassica alba with 60% ethanol under reflux. The total extract and the three fractions were used to test the activities.. Total extract, fractions I and II could not only significantly inhibit mice prostatic hyperplasia induced by testosterone propionate and activity of serum acid phosphatase, but also decrease wet weight of preputial glands, while fraction III is inactive.. Extract from seeds of Brassica alba can significantly inhibit mice prostatic hyperplasia induced by exterior hormone, possessing an activity of anti-androgen. Fractions I and II show an equivalent activity of total extract, which indicate that these fractions contain active components of seeds of Brassica alba which can inhibit prostatic hyperplasia.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Brassica; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Male; Mice; Orchiectomy; Organ Size; Plants, Medicinal; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Seeds; Testosterone

Protein patterns in cells collected from benign prostatic tissues and prostate carcinomas were analyzed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Polypeptide expression was evaluated by computer-assisted image analysis (PDQUEST). Proteins expressed by prostate tumors were identified via in-gel digestion and subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. In addition to cytoskeletal and mitochondrial proteins, a 40-kDa protein was identified as prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). PAP expression decreased approximately twofold between benign and malignant tissue. Increased expression of heat shock protein 70 and decreased expression of tropomyosin 1 were also observed in the malignant tissue. The analysis of prostate material by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry shows that particular proteins are of interest as markers of disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Drosophila Proteins; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Proteins; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Tropomyosin

To study molecular mechanism of epristeride in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and discuss the possibility of using prostate acid phosphatase (ACP) as a marker of the atrophy of prostatic gland in vivo.. Morphological changes in cells were observed by light microscope. TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed to detect the nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The activity of pACP was also assayed.. Apoptosis occurred in both castration- and epristeride- treatment group. Both the degree and extent of apoptosis are much larger in the group of castration than that of epristeride-treated group. Both epristeride and castration decreased the prostate wet weight and DNA content but increased the prostate DNA concentration. Maximal or near maximal decreases were seen by d 10 in both groups. The activity of ACP was decreased by both castration and epristeride treatment. Changes in the ACP activity during treatment were coincide with other changes such as the prostate wet weight and DNA content.. Apoptosis induced by epristeride was one of mechanisms in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the activity of ACP could be used as a marker of prostate atrophy.

Topics: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; Acid Phosphatase; Androstadienes; Animals; Apoptosis; Atrophy; Biomarkers; Male; Organ Size; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To observe the effect of Sanmiao Mixture Capsules(SMC) on prostate hyperplasia in mice and rats.. The model of prostate hyperplasia was made by injecting testosterone propionate in to male mice(5 g.kg-1.d-1, 21 d) and rats(3 g.kg-1.d-1, 14 d). The treated group was administered SMC(mice: 36.3 g.kg-1 and 18.2 g.kg-1; rats: 25.2 g.kg-1 and 12.6 g.kg-1), the normal control group 1.9 g.kg-1, and the model control group NS. hours after the last administration serum tests were carried out on E2, AKP and Zn2+. Then the animals were killed, prostates taken out and weighed, index of prostate was calculated and pathological examination performed.. In the SMC treated group, the prostate weight and index were lowered(P < 0.01) the mean activation of E2 was raised, and the mean concentration of AKP and Zn2+ was inhibited (P < 0.01).. SMC are helpful in checking prostate hyperplasia in mice and rats, the mechanism being probably related to the raising of activation of E2 as well as to the inhibition of concentration of AKP and Zn2+.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Estradiol; Male; Mice; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Testosterone

A substantial subset of breast, colorectal, ovarian, endometrial and prostatic cancers displays markedly elevated expression of immunohistochemically detectable fatty acid synthase, a feature that has been associated with poor prognosis and that may be exploited in anti-neoplastic therapy. Here, using an RNA array hybridisation technique complemented by in situ hybridisation, we report that in prostate cancer fatty acid synthase expression is up-regulated at the mRNA level together with other enzymes of the same metabolic pathway. Contrary to the observations that in many cell systems (including androgen-stimulated LNCaP prostate cancer cells) fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism are co-ordinately regulated so as to supply balanced amounts of lipids for membrane biosynthesis, storage or secretion, no changes in the expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis were found. These findings point to selective activation of the fatty acid synthesis pathway and suggest a shift in the balance of lipogenic gene expression in a subgroup of prostate cancers.

Topics: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Acid Phosphatase; Fatty Acid Synthases; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Peptides; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Reference Values; RNA, Messenger; Transcription, Genetic

Activities of arginase, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were determined in sera of healthy male controls, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostatic cancer patients. Serum arginase activity in the cancer group (22.8+/-11.6 U/l) was significantly lower than in both the control (33.64+/-16.19 U/l) and the BPH group (58.8+/-11.6 U/l) (p<0.001, respectively), while the BPH group had significantly higher levels compared to the controls (p<0.05). However, serum arginase levels in all groups had no statistically significant correlation with PAP and PSA. Serum arginase activity correlated inversely with the Gleason grades. These results suggest that serum arginase assay may be used for the pretreatment evaluation of patients with prostatic diseases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Arginase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values

A 64-year-old man with a 4-month history of dysuria and urinary frequency had a mass behind the bladder. The preoperative diagnosis was a tumor of the left seminal vesicle, but a histologic examination revealed benign prostatic tissue. This is the seventh reported case of ectopic prostatic tissue situated outside the urinary tract.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Choristoma; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Urinary Bladder Diseases

To obtain evidence of metabolic changes in the human prostate associated with prostate pathology, in particular carcinoma of the prostate, by identifying and evaluating associated changes in prostatic secretory products.. Expressed prostatic fluid (EPF) from 36 patients with carcinoma, 128 with BPH histologically confirmed, and 148 with clinical BPH was subjected to determination of protein (Lowry; UV 280 nm absorption), enzymatic (DMA modified Row procedure) acid phosphatase (AcP), and immunologically identified (Tandem-PAP immunoenzymatic assay) prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) concentration.. The important EPF findings are the following: (1) Protein concentrations (Lowry and UV determinations) are significantly increased in carcinoma as compared to histologic BPH, (2) AcP and PAP secretions remain stable in carcinoma versus BPH, and (3) AcP and PAP/Lowry protein ratios are significantly lower with carcinoma.. These findings of increased protein and the decreased relative secretions of AcP and PAP to total protein (ratio) in EPF from patients with carcinoma compared to BPH support and help to characterize the diffuse metabolic alteration in the prostate associated with prostate carcinoma. EPF observations identify potential metabolic changes occurring in prostate carcinoma that may have potential clinical and investigative relevance.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Body Fluids; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteins

Inflammation is a common finding in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and may be classified as acute, chronic active or chronic inactive prostatitis. The aim of the present study was to localise the different types of inflammatory cells in prostatic lesions to determine the sequence of events in the cellular reaction. We have carried out immunohistological characterisation of the inflammatory cells, using CD45RO and CD3 antibodies to detect T-lymphocytes, CD20 antibodies to detect B-lymphocytes, CD68 to detect macrophages, kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chains, and antibodies against prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific acid phosphatase (PSAP). Macrophages accumulated in the lumen and glandular epithelial layers of damaged prostatic glands and were found in the periglandular cuff of inflammatory cells in acute and chronic active prostatitis. Lymphocytes also accumulated in large numbers in the glandular epithelial layers and around the glands, indicating an association with macrophages. B-lymphocytes were scanty, if at all present, in acute and chronic active prostatitis, but were prominent within well-organised follicle centres in chronic active prostatitis. Cells positive for light chains were few and scattered in prostatic tissue. PSA and PSAP activity was lost in recently damaged prostatic glandular epithelium and reappeared only in regenerating secretory epithelium, indicating leakage as a result of damage. We suggest that the initial response to prostatic injury is cellular, and probably related to leakage into the periglandular tissues of PSA, PSAP and other antigenic molecules normally present in prostatic secretion. Macrophages respond, followed by recruitment of T-lymphocytes which participate in the inflammatory response and accumulate around the damaged glands. B-cell activity appears to be a late event.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Antigens, CD; B-Lymphocytes; Chronic Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin Isotypes; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Macrophages; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatitis; T-Lymphocytes

The increasing use of androgens in clinical trials for developing a safe, effective, and reversible male contraceptive has necessitated a critical evaluation of the effects of their long-term use on the structure and functions of the prostate gland, which is androgen dependent. Combination regimens using progestogens, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists, or antiandrogens along with androgens are undergoing clinical evaluation as antispermatogenic agents. The majority of these regimens have used testosterone enanthate (TE) as the androgen of choice, but very limited information is available on the side effects of long-term androgen use. The present study is the first report that critically evaluates the effects of long-term use of TE on prostate structure and functions. Adult male rhesus monkeys received intramuscular injections of 50 mg of TE once in 14 days for 33 months. The cranial and caudal lobes of the prostate, which were removed under ketamine anesthesia, were processed for the preparation of semithin sections to evaluate histological changes. The DNA distribution in the cells was studied in single cell suspensions of cranial and caudal lobes of the prostate by using flow cytometry. Changes in the levels of testosterone, estradiol, prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in samples collected during the pretreatment period and at the time of removal of the prostate were estimated by using conventional procedures. Control samples were processed simultaneously. The administration of TE for 33 months caused the following changes: 1) significant increase in the weight of both lobes of the prostate, 2) cellular hypertrophy and increase in secretory material in the cells and in the lumen of the acini in the central and peripheral zones of the two lobes of the prostate, 3) cellular hyperplasia indicated by flow cytometric analysis of DNA content, 4) significant increase in the secretion of PAP and levels of estradiol, and 5) a marked increase in fibromuscular stroma in the central and peripheral zones of both the lobes of the prostate. The present study is the first report to provide evidence that long-term androgen treatment has caused hypertrophy of the prostatic epithelial cells, which showed increased secretory activity. The hyperplastic changes indicate a need for the development of new androgens with a better pharmacokinetic profile for use in male contraceptive regimens.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Division; Contraceptive Agents, Male; DNA; Estradiol; Flow Cytometry; Injections, Intramuscular; Macaca mulatta; Male; Organ Size; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Testosterone

Differences between human prostate carcinoma (PCA, five cases) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, five cases) in asparagine-linked (Asn) sugar-chain structure of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were investigated using lectin affinity chromatography with concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). PAP activities were significantly decreased in PCA-derived PAP, while no significant differences between the two PAP preparations were observed in the enzymatic properties (Michaelis-Menten value, optimal pH, thermal stability, and inhibition study). In these PAP preparations, all activities were found only in the fractions which bound strongly to the Con A column and were undetectable in the Con A unbound fractions and in the fractions which bound weakly to the Con A column. The relative amounts of PAP which bound strongly to the Con A column but passed through the WGA column, were significantly greater in BPH-derived PAP than in PCA-derived PAP. In contrast, the relative amounts of PAP which bound strongly to the Con A column and bound to the WGA column, were significantly greater in PCA-derived PAP than in BPH-derived PAP. The findings suggest that Asn-linked sugar-chain structures are altered during oncogenesis in human prostate and also suggest that studies of qualitative differences of sugar-chain structures of PAP might lead to a useful diagnostic tool for PCA.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Chromatography, Affinity; Concanavalin A; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Wheat Germ Agglutinins

Approximately 50% of all malignant prostatic tumors contain neuroendocrine cells, which cannot be attributed to small cell prostatic carcinoma or carcinoid-like tumors, and which represent only 1 to 2% of all prostatic malignancies. Only limited data are available concerning the plasma levels of neuroendocrine markers in patients with prostatic tumors. Therefore, we determine the incidence of high plasma levels of neuroendocrine markers in patients with benign and malignant prostatic disease.. The presence of elevated plasma neuropeptide levels was investigated in 135 patients with prostatic carcinoma and 28 with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Plasma chromogranin A, neurone-specific enolase, substance P, calcitonin, somatostatin, neurotensin and bombesin levels were analyzed by immunoassays, and were compared to clinical and pathological stages of disease. Plasma prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen levels were also determined. All patients were followed for at least 2 years after inclusion in the study.. Significantly elevated levels of chromogranin A were detected in 15% of patients with prostatic carcinoma before any treatment. During hormone resistant prostate cancer progression plasma chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase levels were elevated in 55% and 30% of the patients, respectively. In patients with stage D3 disease survival curves were generated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and log rank analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between groups positive and negative for chromogranin A. Substance P and bombesin were also occasionally elevated in prostatic tumors. Determination of neuroendocrine differentiation by neuron-specific enolase or chromogranin A immunoassays was not helpful in the prediction of progressive localized prostatic carcinoma.. Future studies of plasma neuropeptide levels should confirm whether these parameters can be used as prognostic markers during late progression of prostatic carcinoma or for the selection of patients suitable for evaluation of new antineoplastic drugs to be active against neuroendocrine tumors.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bombesin; Calcitonin; Chromogranin A; Chromogranins; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropeptides; Neurotensin; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Somatostatin; Substance P; Survival Rate

Human prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) have been used as diagnostic and prognostic markers of prostate cancer. The structure of ACPP and PSA genes and their encoded proteins are described. The expression of both genes was shown to be elevated significantly in neoplastic tissue when compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia. The prospect of developing new molecular DNA/RNA markers to diagnose prostate cancer is discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Base Sequence; Biomarkers, Tumor; Gene Expression; Humans; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

To elucidate the characteristics of estramustine binding protein (EMBP) in human prostate, tissue EMBP concentration was examined in 42 benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 34 untreated prostatic carcinoma (PC), 8 hormone refractory PC (hr-PC), as well as 13 control prostate human tissue samples by RIA using rat-EMBP antibody, and the concentration thus obtained was compared with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and zinc, indices exhibiting androgen dependency in the prostate. EMBP concentration correlated significantly with DHT and PSA levels in the control prostate and BPH, but not in untreated PC. In BPH, EMBP concentration increased significantly after administration of fluoxymesterone (4 mg/day for 2 weeks), whereas it decreased significantly after estramustine phosphate (280 mg/day for 2 weeks). The EMBP/DHT ratio in moderately and poorly differentiated, and the hr-PC was significantly higher than in controls, BPH, and well-differentiated PC. In addition, untreated PC with an EMBP/DHT ratio of more than 40 showed significantly lower progression-free probability as compared with PC with an EMBP/DHT of less than 40. These results suggest that (1) EMBP in BPH and well-differentiated PC preserves androgen dependency, but not in moderately and poorly differentiated, nor in hr-PCs, indicating that EMBP is a protein different from PAP and PSA, and (2) that the tissue EMBP/DHT ratio might be useful as a marker for predicting disease progression.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Androgens; Carrier Proteins; Dihydrotestosterone; Freezing; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Osmolar Concentration; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Radioimmunoassay; Zinc

The number of cases of prostate carcinoma (PCA) is steadily inceasing in Japan. The clinical application of a reliable tumor marker, prostate specific antigen (PSA) for the diagnosis, as well as the increasing elderly population in Japan may account for this increase. The subjects were patients at the Nara Medical University and its affiliated hospitals; 1) 687 cases without PCA were evaluated for age-specific PSA and the incidence of abnormal PSA following urological manipulations, 2) 135 cases with histological proven BPH by transurethral resection of prostate (TUR-P) were examined for PSA density (PSAD) and positive PSA rate in BPH, 3) 135 cases receiving a needle biopsy with suspicion of PCA were examined for the efficacy of PSA and PSAD and other parameters, and 4) 459 PCA cases treated between 1988 and 1994, were examined for specific PSA and PSAD values by stage and degree of cell differentiation. The PSA assay used in this study was MARKIT-M PA (normal range < or = 3.6 ng/ml). The PSA was decreased gradually with age in non-PCA patients, and abnormal PSA was found in 5.5% of these patients following manipulations. The average PSA was 2.95 +/- 2.03 ng/ml in 130 BPH patients (mean age: 71.1 +/- 7.0 years old. and average prostate volume: 32.9 +/- 16.1 ml). And abnormal PSA level (more than 3.61 ng/ml) was found in 22.3%. The mean PSAD was 0.1.0 +/- 0.06, and PSAD was below 0.15 in 86.1% of these BPH cases. Among the 135 cases receiving a needle biopsy, 33 cases had PSA values between 3.61 and 10.0 ng/ml. Of these cases, PCA was found in 18.5% of the 27 cases with a PSAD below 1.5, and in 33.3% of the 6 cases with a PSAD over 1.5. PSA and PSAD were proportionally increased with stage, and a significant difference in the PSA value was observed between stage B1 and B2, and stage C and D (P < 0.05). However, PSA and PSAD values were not significantly correlated with the cell differentiation in PCA stage A2-C. In total, PSA was 18.1 ng/ml in well, 23.9 ng/ml in moderately and 35.9 ng/ml in poorly differentiated type PCA. The positive rate of PSA was 22.3, 65.4 and 83.5%, that of prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) was 10.0, 17.8 and 45.8%, and that of GSM was 25.0, 14.7 and 68.4%, in BPH, stage A PCA and stage BPCA, respectively. In conclusion, PSA is the most reliable tool in the diagnosis of localized PCA. However, the differential diagnosis of BPH and localized PCA is difficult when the PSA value is between 3.61 and 10.0 ng/ml, and accurate staging of loc

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy, Needle; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity

To compare the relative sensitivity and specificity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a test for prostate cancer over a range of PSA values in a variety of patient groups, and to compare the sensitivity and specificity of PSA and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP).. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (sensitivity plotted against 1-specificity) were constructed to compare the ability of PSA to discriminate men with prostate cancer (n = 257) from those with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 220) or control patients (n = 164). Receiver operating characteristic curves were also constructed to compare PSA and PAP in 173 men with either BPH or prostate cancer.. When patients with symptomatic BPH and those with advanced prostate cancer are excluded, a PSA of 8 ng/mL has a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 98% for prostate cancer. In patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of bladder outflow obstruction, PSA remains a sensitive marker for prostate cancer (93% sensitivity at 10 ng/mL) but its specificity (65%) is poor. PSA is a sensitive test for skeletal metastases but levels of 60-80 ng/mL are required to achieve a specificity of 70% or more. The sensitivity of PSA is far superior to that of PAP.. Serum PSA provides good discrimination between patients with and without prostate cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of PSA can be improved by excluding men with symptomatic BPH. The specificity of PSA as a diagnostic test for prostate cancer is reduced in men with symptoms of bladder outflow obstruction. For reasonable sensitivity and specificity, a PSA of 60-80 ng/mL is required for differentiating non-metastatic from metastatic prostate cancer. The ROC curve comparing PSA and PAP provides a graphical demonstration of the superiority of PSA as a tumour marker. The ability of PSA to identify prostate cancer can be improved by selecting out groups of patients and by adjusting the cut-off level of PSA to the population under study.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity; Urinary Bladder Diseases; Urinary Retention

The study of stromal-epithelial interactions greatly depends on the ability to culture both cell types separately, in order to permit analysis of their interactions under defined conditions in reconstitution experiments. Here we report the establishment of explant cultures of human prostatic stromal cells and their immunocytochemical characterization. As determined by antibodies to keratin and prostate specific acid phosphatase, only small numbers (< 5%) of epithelial cells were present in primary cultures; subsequent passaging further reduced epithelial cell contamination. Antibodies against intermediate filament proteins (keratins, vimentin, and desmin) and smooth muscle actin microfilaments demonstrated that stromal cells from benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma differed in regard to their differentiation markers. Two contrasting phenotypes were identified in cultures derived from these two different lesions: One exhibiting fibroblastic features, was predominant in cultures derived from benign lesions and a second, showing varying degrees of smooth muscle differentiation, was more abundant in carcinoma-derived cultures. These findings are indicative of a remarkable divergence in the stromal-epithelial relationships associated with these pathological conditions and may provide us with a potential tool for studying these processes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actins; Biomarkers; Desmin; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Vimentin

Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) of the prostatic urethra with involvement of the prostate gland can mimic other small-gland proliferations of the prostate, particularly adenocarcinoma of the prostate. To further characterize this lesion and refine diagnostic criteria we retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical findings of eight cases of NA involving the prostate gland seen at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1987 to 1992. The patients' ages ranged from 44 to 76 years (average age, 65 years). Six patients had lower genitourinary tract operations. Follow-up information was available for six patients (follow-up period, 5 to 38 months); only one patient had clinical evidence of recurrence (5 months after surgery). The remaining patients were alive and well with no evidence of disease. Histologically, NA was characterized by a proliferation of small tubules lined by a single layer of cuboidal or flattened cells with clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were round with fine chromatin and there was no mitotic activity. Nucleoli were generally small, but occasionally prominent. All NA extended into the prostatic parenchyma, raising the possibility that these lesions may represent prostatic small-gland proliferations, particularly prostate adenocarcinoma. However, all cases tested were negative for prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. Our findings indicate that the histologic features and the use of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase immunostains will help to distinguish NA of the urethra involving the prostate from other small-gland proliferations (eg, small-acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate, clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra, sclerosing adenosis, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, florid hyperplasia of mesonephric remnants, simple lobular atrophy, and incomplete basal cell hyperplasia).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Hamartoma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethral Diseases

The authors investigated the sensitivity and specificity of four methods: rectal digital examination, prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of 100 prostate cancer and 50 suffering in benign prostatic hypertrophy patients. In 21 patients the prostate cancer was proved by perineal punch biopsy and in 79 cases by biopsy and by TUR as well. Because of its simplicity the rectal investigation has to be first one, after that the PSA has to be determined. The specificity of transrectal ultrasound is low. The determination of PAP in addition of PSA is not necessary.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ultrasonography

The present status of tumor markers in prostate cancer, especially prostate-specific antigen (PSA), for diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer patients was reviewed. Due to tissue-specific protein of PSA as well as PAP, serum PSA levels may increase in patients with benign hyperplasia (BPH) which is the disease necessary for differential diagnosis from prostate cancer. Therefore, it has been believed to be difficult to differentiate early stages of prostate cancer from BPH using only PSA determination. However, with the use of recently developed assay systems, the detection of PSA-protease inhibitor complex, or PSA-density, the detection of early stages of prostate cancer may be possible. In following up prostate cancer patients, serially determined PSA is one of the best tools to evaluate treatment response and early detection of disease progression.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Prostatitis; Proteins; Radioimmunoassay; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Expression of human prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) genes in prostatic carcinoma (CAP) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was investigated by northern blot analyses. The expressions of ACPP and PSA, as well as the glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase-muscle (LDH-A), were elevated significantly in prostatic carcinoma when compared with the expressions of these genes in benign prostatic hyperplasia in the same patient. The expression of the actin gene in both neoplastic and benign hyperplasia remained the same.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Blotting, Northern; DNA Probes; Gene Expression; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Middle Aged; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) are the tumor markers for monitoring disease progression or improvement in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma. The clinical utility of PSA and PAP for early detection of prostate adenocarcinoma, however, requires distinction between prostate adenocarcinoma and prostate nodular hyperplasia. The serum PSA and PAP levels were measured in 20 men with histologically proven prostate adenocarcinoma and 28 men with histologically proven prostate nodular hyperplasia. Patients' blood samples were collected 1 to 7 days prior to the prostate examination, which included a rectal digital examination, transurethral resection, cytoscopy, and prostate biopsy. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of positive and negative results for the discrimination of prostate adenocarcinoma from prostate nodular hyperplasia were 85%, 89%, 85%, and 29%, respectively, for serum PSA (cutoff level: 10 ng/mL) and 40%, 96%, 89%, and 69%, respectively, for serum PAP (cutoff level: 10 ng/mL). Results indicate that marked elevation of serum PSA suggests prostate adenocarcinoma and that serum PSA can discriminate prostate adenocarcinoma from prostate nodular hyperplasia better than serum PAP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity

The value of serum acid phosphatase (S-ACP) as a marker of transurethral resection (TUR) syndrome was studied in 105 patients undergoing TURP. In ten patients who developed TUR syndrome the elevation of S-ACP was statistically significantly higher than in the rest of the patients. In seven patients prostatic cancer was diagnosed in the resection chips, but there were no differences in the S-ACP levels during TURP between these patients and the rest of the group. According to the present study, S-ACP seems to be a reliable and cheap marker of TUR syndrome, but the method is slow as compared to ethanol, which restricts its use.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Incidence; Male; Postoperative Complications; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Syndrome; Therapeutic Irrigation; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance

Cancer of the prostate has become the most frequent form of cancer in men. Different tests have been used in cancer of the prostate, including prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) and the prostate specific antigen (PSA). Their value as diagnostic screening is disputed, as it is known that there are false positives for both markers in benign prostate conditions. In order to explain their possible diagnostic value, we studied 112 patients with well-documented benign prostate hyperplasia. The data included in this study were: estimated weight, urinary infection, bladder catheter and histopathological study. By using as cut-off 4 ng/ml for PAP and 10 ng/ml for PSA we found a percentage of false positives of 13% and 14% respectively. These percentages were in relation to the weight of the gland in each cases and in the case of PSA to the patient's clinical situation (infection, catheter).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; False Positive Reactions; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Organ Size; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia

To study the influence of androgens and estrogens on human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue, BPH fragments were grafted subcutaneously (s.c.) into male nude mice. Testosterone alone (group I) or in combination with 17 beta-estradiol (group III) were administered either by s.c. injections as oil suspensions or continuously by s.c. implanted steroid-containing Silastic implants (groups II and IV). Intact mice without transplants and treatment served as a control (group V). After 4 weeks of treatment, animals were exsanguinated, transplants were removed, and serum was obtained. Ninety-six percent of the BPH fragments were located; they displayed histologically typical BPH acini and stroma. In transplants of all treatment groups, the majority of secretory, as well as basal, cells displayed a proliferation comparable to the original tissue. In glandular cells of all transplants, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) could be demonstrated immunohistochemically. Specimens removed from animals bearing testosterone implants displayed a very well preserved ultrastructure that was found less frequently in samples from injection-treated animals. Acini-bearing metaplastic epithelium were more often present in transplants treated by steroid injections and seemed to be due to lower androgen or higher estrogen serum levels. Endogenous serum testosterone levels (ng/ml +/- SD; n) were lower and more variable (i.e., higher standard deviation) in groups treated by injections (group I: 3.68 +/- 2.12; n = 5 and group III: 3.86 +/- 1.13; n = 5) and were similar to those seen in intact controls (3.93 +/- 1.62; n = 6) compared with groups treated by Silastic implants (group II: 5.11 +/- 1.14; n = 10 and group IV: 10.20 +/- 0.52; n = 4). These results indicate that by application of steroids via Silastic implants, reproducible hormone effects can be obtained on BPH tissue transplanted into male nude mice, thus providing a reliable new model system for study.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Animals; Drug Implants; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epithelium; Estradiol; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Silicone Elastomers; Testosterone; Transplantation, Heterologous

The tumor marker study attempts to make a diagnosis before the clinical diagnosis. We have studied some of these tumor markers (PSA, PAP and acid phosphatase) in 97 patients who suffered from benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic cancer and other non-prostatic pathologies. PSA appears to be the best marker, as reported in the literature. The sensitivity and specificity for two different cut off levels (5 and 10 ng/ml) were analyzed in order to determine the best. The statistical analysis was done by the chi-square method. The differences between the tumor markers were not significant for sensitivity. PSA appears to be more sensitive than PAP. Although there are no significant differences for sensitivity between both cut-off levels, and between PSA and PAP. We consider that the 10 ng/ml cut off is better assuming we will have a higher percentage of specificity (p < 0.05).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; ROC Curve

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tartrates

The authors are reporting the clinical importance of prostate specific antigen. They concluded that there are false positive and false negative cases. The prostate specific antigen is high in prostatic hyperplasia therefore the distinction between the two disease is impossible on basis of the prostate specific antigen. Prostate specific antigen shows the metastatic cases better [correction of worse] than prostatic acid phosphatase. But prostate specific antigen detects the changes of the clinical course of the disease well and shows the progression sooner. The authors have concluded that prostate specific antigen can not replace phosphatases and bone-scanning in the diagnosis and follow up of patients with prostate carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenoma; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

In this report we have investigated levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene expression in prostatic carcinoma (Ca) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimens. Northern-blot analyses of total prostatic mRNA indicated that there was a tendency towards lower amounts of PAP mRNA and PSA mRNA in the Ca specimens than in the BPH specimens, although, because of the great variation in the expression levels of both mRNAs, these differences were not statistically significant. In situ hybridization analyses clearly showed that both PAP and PSA mRNAs were confined to the columnar epithelial cells and that stromal cells were devoid of these mRNAs. In addition, PAP and PSA mRNAs were more abundant in BPH tissue than in adjacent Ca tissue within the same specimen. The levels of PAP and PSA enzymes were analyzed immunohistochemically using a bispecific antibody having high affinity for both PAP and PSA, and the results were compared with those obtained using monoclonal anti-PAP and anti-PSA antibodies. All 3 antibodies stained only epithelial cells and BPH tissue consistently gave more intense staining than Ca tissue. Furthermore, the anti-PSA and the bispecific anti-PAP-PSA antibodies stained well or moderately differentiated Ca tissues more strongly than poorly differentiated Ca tissues. No PSA staining was detected in 3 and no PAP staining in 5 of the moderately or poorly differentiated carcinomas (grades II or III). Our results show that, in comparison with BPH tissue, prostatic Ca tissue is associated with significantly lower levels of mRNAs coding for the prostatic marker enzymes PAP and PSA, as well as with lower concentrations of these enzymes. Furthermore, dedifferentiation of prostate Ca is associated with a decrease in the level of intraprostatic PSA.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Bispecific; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Blotting, Northern; Gene Expression; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA, Messenger

The value of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) as serum markers in carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) was investigated in this study. A group of 75 patients entered this trial, 25 with CaP, 25 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 25 with urologic disorders other than prostatic diseases. In the CaP group, PAP was above normal levels in 48% of the patients and PSA in 92%. In the BPH group these rates were 20% and 72%, respectively. No elevation was detected in the third group. In CaP patients with capsular invasion, PAP and PSA levels were above normal in 25 and 87.5%. In metastatic carcinoma, PAP was high in 75% and PSA in 100%. Our study reveals that neither of these markers is useful in the initial diagnosis of CaP. Though PSA seems to be more sensitive, it is not more specific than PAP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urologic Diseases

Serum prostate secretory protein (PSP) levels were measured in 49 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 144 patients with various stages of prostatic carcinoma (CaP), and 82 CaP patients who were followed serially. PSP values were compared with serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). In the BPH group, PSP was elevated (> 10 ng/ml) in 41% of patients, whereas PSA (> 4 ng/ml) and PAP (> 3.3 ng/ml) were elevated in 39% and 23% of the cases, respectively. PSP levels were elevated in 48% of the CaP pretreatment specimens, compared to 79% for PSA and 40% for PAP. PSP levels in cancer patients who had intracapsular disease were about two to three times higher than those observed for PAP. PSP was found to be the only marker elevated in eight (6%) pretreatment CaP patient serum specimens, while PAP was never found to be elevated when PSA was normal. PSP serum concentrations correlated with the clinical course of the disease in 79% of patients, compared with 90% for PSA and 66% for PAP. In certain patients, monitored over time, disease correlation was reflected in serum values with only a single biomarker, i.e., 1% with PAP, 8% with PSP, and 10% with PSA. This study has shown that PSP is a less sensitive serum biomarker than PSA, but more sensitive than PAP for detection and monitoring the early stages of prostate cancer. This suggests that PSP as a biomarker may be a useful adjunct for the management of a subpopulation of low-stage and -grade CaP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Carrier Proteins; Humans; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity

We studied the influence of prostatic massage on the seric levels of acid prostatic phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA) before and 1, 24 and 48 h after the examination. Three groups of patients were studied: 13 patients with prostatic benign hypertrophy (PBH), six patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma and 10 control patients (urinary lithiasis). We observed a significant elevation of both seric markers 1 h after prostatic massage in the PBH and control groups. In both groups, seric marker levels returned to normal values within 24 h with PAP and 48 h with PSA. We recommend to assay serum PSA and PAP with an interval of at least 48 h after rectal digital examination.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Humans; Male; Massage; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Paneth cell-like change (PCLC) of the prostatic glandular epithelium was focally observed in one case of normal glandular epithelium, two cases of glandular and stromal hyperplasia, one case of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and four cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The distinctive cells were characterized by bright, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained material. The cytoplasmic granules in the benign prostatic epithelium were periodate-Schiff's procedure (PAS)-positive and diastase resistant and immunohistochemically negative for lysozyme, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, and serotonin. The eosinophilic granules in the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma cases were immunohistochemically positive for chromogranin, serotonin, and neuron-specific enolase, and negative for lysozyme. By electron microscopy the eosinophilic granules represented exocrine-like or lysosomal-like vesicles in the benign epithelium and neuro-endocrine granules in the malignant epithelium. The lesion represents a prostatic epithelial PCLC rather than a Paneth cell metaplasia. PCLC is the common histological manifestation of two different phenomena: (a) a PAS-positive and diastase-resistant eosinophilic cytoplasmic granular change in benign prostatic epithelium, and (b) endocrine differentiation with neuroendocrine granules in dysplastic and malignant prostatic epithelia. The importance of recognizing PCLC lies in its differentiation from other possible prostatic cytoplasmic inclusions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma in Situ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chromogranins; Cytoplasmic Granules; Epithelium; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Serotonin

The activity concentration and the specific activity (the ratio of enzyme activity to total serum protein) of the tartrate-inhibitable fraction of acid phosphatase [orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2; TIAP] were related to benign prostatic hypertrophy and to prostatic carcinoma. As expected, the TIAP activity concentrations assayed in the sera of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy were within the range of those assayed in normal human sera. In contrast, the specific activities of TIAP determined in the sera of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy were significantly higher than those determined in the control group. In the sera of prostatic carcinoma patients, both the TIAP activity concentrations and the TIAP specific activities differed significantly (F = 730) from the normal values.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Blood Proteins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values; Tartrates

Short term explant cultures of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues were studied immunohistochemically to characterise both the morphological changes within the explant tissue and the cellular origin of the epithelial cell outgrowth. Altered patterns of expression of cytokeratins, prostate specific antigen (PSA) prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor were observed. After sloughing of the secretory epithelium in the majority of the acini repopulation and outgrowth of a monolayer was accomplished by cells which were strongly positive for stratifying keratin and EGF receptor and negative for PAP and PSA, indicative of a basal cell phenotype. The peak of proliferation in the acini, as assessed by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry, occurred after 2-4 days in culture. Preliminary studies on BPH tissue xenografts in nude mice indicated that better preservation of normal morphology, secretory activity, and antigen expression could be achieved.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cell Division; Culture Techniques; ErbB Receptors; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Ki-67 Antigen; Male; Mice; Neoplasm Transplantation; Nuclear Proteins; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Transplantation, Heterologous

Two cDNA clones containing the complete protein-coding sequence of 1,188 nucleotides as well as the 5' and 3' non-coding regions of human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were isolated and sequenced. The size of PAP mRNAs from benign prostate hyperplasia and cancerous prostate was estimated to be 3.2Kb, indicating that the 3' downstream polyadenylation signal was used. Several genomic clones containing parts of the human PAP gene were isolated and the nucleotide sequence of ten exons and their flanking regions was determined. The protein-coding sequence of the human PAP gene was interrupted by nine introns. The positions of all nine introns present in the human PAP gene were homologous to those of the first nine introns in the human lysosomal acid phosphatase (LAP) gene. However, the last (11th) exon of the LAP gene encoding the COOH-terminal domain, which includes a transmembrane segment, was found to be absent in human PAP gene. Southern blot analysis of ten mammalian genomic DNAs gave multiple EcoRI fragments. The data of human genomic DNAs were consistent with the total length of the PAP gene of at least 50 kilobases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Blotting, Northern; Blotting, Southern; Cloning, Molecular; DNA; DNA, Neoplasm; Exons; Genes; Genomic Library; Humans; Introns; Isoenzymes; Lysosomes; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Poly A; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Restriction Mapping; RNA; RNA, Messenger

We determined the pre-analytical and biological variation of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen in the same patient samples. Prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen were both stable when stored for at least 3 weeks with acidification (acetate buffer) or without acidification, except for prostate-specific antigen in samples stored unacidified at 4 degrees C. A significant elevation of prostate-specific antigen was noted in four patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia between 1/2 and 6 hours after prostatic massage. No significant effect was shown of changes in the glomerular filtration rate on prostate-specific antigen concentration, in spite of its low molecular mass. The estimate of within-subject biological variation showed a coefficient of variation of 33.8% for prostatic acid phosphatase and 14% for prostate-specific antigen. Desirable analytical imprecisions based on these findings were about 17% for prostatic acid phosphatase and 7% for prostate-specific antigen, these goals being achieved in practice for marker values higher than or equal to the upper reference limit.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Male; Physical Examination; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were measured in 78 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and compared with both the gland weight and the glandular component of prostatic tissue. Both PAP and PSA were significantly higher where prostate was heavier; however, we could not find a consistent factor which could correlate weight increase to marker levels. PSA tended to be higher when glandular component was more expressed. From the present findings we conclude that in patients with prostate cancer, PAP and PSA serum levels should be investigated considering also the benign components of prostate gland.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Organ Size; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The seasonal pattern of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) in nonmalignant males was investigated. Serum levels were measured in 1,540 men during a 3-year period with radioimmunoassay methods using monoclonal antibody techniques. All of the tested individuals were free of prostatic malignancy. During each of the 3 years, PAP ans PSA showed a rise, especially in spring. The mean PSA level in spring showed a statistically important difference when compared with winter, fall and summer mean levels (p less than 0.05). However, no significant difference of PAP levels was estimated seasonally in the 3 years, which shows that an important marker of prostatic cancer can vary with seasons.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Seasons

We studied 78 men with suspicion of prostatic carcinoma, who underwent transrectal aspiration biopsy, diagnosing 46 adenocarcinoma, 13 chronic prostatitis and 19 benign prostatic hyperplasia. Moreover, we determined prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) by enzyme immunoanalysis, resulting in 9/78 false-positives and 18/78 false-negatives. Also, we carried out a morphometric analysis of the cytologic samples which showed good correlation with the cytologic diagnosis except in the moderately differentiated carcinomas. We found a good correlation between PAP values, cytologic diagnosis and nuclear size as well as the percentage of the binucleolated cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy, Needle; Chronic Disease; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis

The authors measured serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase concentration in histologically positive prostate hyperplastic and carcinomatous patients before, and 30-60 min and 24 h after prostate manipulation (rectal digital examination, cystoscopy and perineal punch biopsy). After rectal examination, PSA, and after other interventions, both markers changed significantly, although in different points of time and to a different extent. The authors call the attention to the importance of the point of time of the examination. Examination following prostate manipulation may result in wrong diagnosis or in erroneous therapeutic consequences in the follow-up period.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Cystoscopy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Palpation; Physical Examination; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors

Studies of surgery for symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction in men suggest that a possible higher long-term mortality occurs in patients having transurethral prostatectomy compared with patients having an open prostatectomy. It is the purpose of this study to determine if intraoperative factors affect the long-term survival of patients having transurethral prostate resection for benign prostate hypertrophy. In 158 consecutive patients having transurethral prostatectomy for benign adenoma who were followed for eight years, 28 patients died during the follow-up period. In comparing those patients who are alive with those patients who have died, there was no significant difference at the time of surgery in intraoperative irrigant absorption as indicated by changes in serum sodium and there was no significant difference in the intraoperative absorption of prostate tissue substances as indicated by changes in serum acid phosphatase. The only factor in this study associated with long-term survival was age of the patient at the time of surgery with older patients having a higher long-term mortality. This study suggests that age of the patient rather than intraoperative factors is associated with long-term survival following transurethral prostatectomy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Intraoperative Period; Male; Postoperative Period; Prospective Studies; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Sodium

Preoperative intra-individual variation for determinations of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase concentrations, 15-30% in 92 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, limits the diagnostic usefulness of both tumor markers. In benign prostatic hyperplasia (214 patients), concentrations of these tumor markers increased in the initial postoperative period. Prostatic acid phosphatase concentration then decreased by the third postoperative day. Prostate-specific antigen concentration remained above normal in the first postoperative week but had decreased by 42 days. In prostatic carcinoma (46 patients), the concentrations of these tumor markers did not increase postoperatively. During the first week, the concentrations of prostatic acid phosphatase began to fall, but prostate-specific antigen showed a decrease only at 42 days. After orchidectomy (11 patients), the concentrations of both markers had decreased by five days. Concentrations of prostate-specific antigen but not of prostatic acid phosphatase were significantly increased in patients with metastases at 42 days postoperatively. When the concentration of tumor marker did decrease, the magnitude of change was greater for prostatic acid phosphatase than for prostate-specific antigen. These changes were accentuated after an orchidectomy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma; Humans; Immunoradiometric Assay; Male; Orchiectomy; Postoperative Period; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values

Serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were determined simultaneously in 57 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in 50 untreated patients with prostatic cancer (adenocarcinoma, N = 47 and non-adenocarcinoma, N = 3). The correlations between the serum levels of gamma-Sm and PSA in these patients were assessed by linear regression analysis. Some fundamental studies were added for explaining the causes of discrepancy between the serum levels of gamma-Sm and PSA. All of BPH group underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and the sera were obtained for measurements before, immediately after and 18 hours after TURP. The gamma-Sm correlated well with the PSA in the sera obtained before (r = 0.76) and 18 hours after (r = 0.73) TURP. However, there was no correlation (r = 0.26) between them in the sera obtained immediately after TURP. In 47 untreated patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, no significant correlation (r = 0.19) between serum levels of gamma-Sm and PSA was observed, although there was correlation (r = 0.51) between those of PAP and PSA. When these patients were classified into two groups, M0 (stage A-C; N = 26) and M1 (stage D; N = 21), however, the serum gamma-Sm correlated with the serum PSA in M0 group (r = 0.57), but didn't in M1 group (r = 0.11). Furthermore, the differences in the means of PAP (p less than 0.05) and PSA (p less than 0.001) between M0 group and M1 group were statistically significant, although the serum gamma-Sm failed to distinguish M0 from M1. The anti-PSA antibody of "PSA Kit" reacted against the standard gamma-Sm adopted from "gamma-Sm Kit". Surprisingly, the anti-gamma-Sm antibody of "gamma-Sm Kit" also reacted against the standard PSA adopted from "PSA Kit". The gamma-Sm and PSA apparently cross-reacted each other. The quantitative analyses with serial dilution of the sera were done by using each assay in 3 patients whose serum levels of gamma-Sm were markedly different from those of PSA. The dilution curve for PAP appeared to be rectilineal, and that for PSA also appeared to be approximately rectilineal. However, the gamma-Sm assay failed to be proportional. In conclusion, the correlation between serum levels of gamma-Sm and PSA was absent in certain circumstances, when the true values of them were expected to be much higher than those determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

We conducted mass screenings for prostate diseases on male subjects over fifty years of age in three separate areas in Hokkaido. Prostate carcinoma and benign prostatic hypertrophy were searched in the 1,764 participants. Histopathologically proven prostate carcinoma was found in twenty-two (1.25%) of the 1,764 participants. This frequency of carcinoma was higher than any other carcinoma found in the mass screenings for gastric, uterine, breast and lung carcinoma in Hokkaido. Of the 22 prostate carcinomas found, 68% were in the early stage (stage B). This stage distribution was clearly distinct from that of prostate carcinoma found on the hospital visit, most of which had already progressed to an advanced stage. These results indicate that mass screening for prostate carcinoma on greater than or equal to 50 year old-male subjects is efficient in finding carcinoma of all stages but, in particular, carcinoma of early stage, when compared with mass screening for other carcinomas. BPH, defined as a moderately or markedly enlarged prostate on rectal palpation, was found in 10% of the participants. Questionnaire on subjective symptoms of voiding disturbance in the participants has confirmed that these symptoms, mainly elicited by BPH, become manifested in fifties and more frequent with age. Of thirteen patients with prostate carcinoma who received both rectal examination and prostate-related markers measurement in serum at the time of mass screening, three without induration of the prostate were diagnosed as having carcinoma from an abnormal value of the serum markers. This result suggests that the marker(s) is one of the useful screening tests for detecting carcinoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Japan; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins; Surveys and Questionnaires

We have previously reported the identification and basic characterization of two biallelic TaqI RFLPs, A and B, of the 3' end of the human ACPP locus in an unselected Finnish population (Winqvist et al., 1989). In the present investigation, a similar allelic distribution was observed in patients with prostatic cancer or benign hyperplasia. In addition, it was found that the DNA sequences generating RFLP-B are located further downstream from the RFLP-A sequences.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; DNA; DNA Probes; Genotype; Humans; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Serum gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) was evaluated as a new marker for prostatic cancer in comparison with prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). The sensitivity of gamma-Sm and PAP for untreated prostatic cancer was 81% and 67%, respectively. gamma-Sm showed a higher positive rate over all stages than in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). There was no correlation between gamma-Sm and PAP in prostatic cancer. Improved sensitivity was obtained by simultaneous measurement of gamma-Sm and PAP. Specificity of gamma-Sm and PAP for BPH was 87% and 90%, respectively. gamma-Sm normalized after endocrine therapy for stage D2 more often than did PAP. These results indicate that gamma-Sm is another useful marker to evaluate prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity

To determine the value of prostatic markers for prostate cancer, serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate specific antigen (PSA) and gamma-Seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were measured in 81 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and in 12 patients with incidental prostatic cancer. gamma-Sm was the most sensitive but the least specific of the three markers. Large prostate glands, especially hyper-glandular type tended to be associated with high gamma-Sm levels in our study. Patients with acute urinary retention, acute prostatitis and necrosis also showed positive markers. Out of 12 patients with incidental cancer, 5 patients had more than 2 elevated markers. Four patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma failed to show increased markers.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm), and prostate-specific antigen (PA) levels were measured in 63 untreated patients with prostatic cancer. The sensitivities of PAP, gamma-Sm, and PA as markers of malignancy were 68%, 83%, and 77%, respectively. The latter two markers were more sensitive than PAP, especially in stage B disease. The specificities of PAP, gamma-Sm, and PA were 95%, 93%, and 93%, respectively. Patients with multiple positive markers were very likely to have prostatic cancer. In reactivation of the disease, positive rates for gamma-Sm and PA were higher than for PAP, indicating that the former two markers are more reliable for monitoring prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

To study the significance of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and prostatic specific antigen (PA) in urine, we have determined the urinary levels of these proteins in women and infants, in patients without prostatic disease, in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, and in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Women and infants were found to excrete little PAP (27.9 +/- 4.8 ng/mg) and undetectable levels of gamma-Sm except one case, and undetectable levels of PA in the urine. The excretion of PAP in patients with prostatic carcinoma who were either castrated, or treated with endocrine therapy was lower than the levels in women and infants, or the levels in patients without prostatic diseases, or the levels in patients with BPH. Urinary excretion levels of gamma-Sm and PA were undetectable in the patients with well-controlled prostatic carcinoma. The present study suggests that the determination of PAP, gamma-Sm and PA in the urine of patients with prostatic carcinoma may become a useful tool for monitoring of the primary locus of the carcinoma, but additional assays of urinary PAP, gamma-Sm and PA should be measured at regular intervals to be concluded.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Prostate specific acid phosphatase (PAP) (Abbott, solid-phase enzyme immunoassay) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) (Hybritech, immunoradiometric assay) were determined in 162 newly diagnosed prostatic carcinoma patients, 187 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 127 controls. The upper limit of normal in controls for PAP was 2.2 micrograms/l and for PSA 5.0 micrograms/l. In the BPH group PAP was raised in 21%, for PSA in 41%. When the cut-off level of PSA was raised to 10.0 micrograms/l, 20% of BPH patients had an increased level. PSA was superior to PAP for the detection of prostatic cancer in all stages. Of the 162 patients with prostatic carcinoma, 88 had localised diseases and 74 had metastatic spread. PSA and PAP levels increased with each advancing clinical stage. PAP was elevated in 35% of the patients with cancer confined to the prostate. PSA in 69%. (PSA level 10.0 micrograms/l: 57%). In those patients with metastatic spread PAP was elevated in 77% compared with 96% for PSA. (PSA level 10.0 micrograms/l: 92%). The combined use of PSA and PAP does not give a greater accuracy in the screening of prostate cancer when compared with the sole use of PSA. PAP was elevated in only 4 patients when PSA was normal. In the BPH group there was no proven effect of micturition, frequency or residual urine on the SPA level. However, in this group infection may cause a rise in the PSA level.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

We used the method of Rudolph et al. (Clin Chem 1988; 34:2031-8) to find information in the data from correlated determinations of acid phosphatase (PAP, EC 3.1.3.2; DuPont aca) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA, Hybritech). We described there how we assign medical decision limits for two or more correlated variables and convert the database to a binary coded message, allowing separation of a selected disease class with minimum error. The decision point, analogous to a percentile upper limit on the ordered values of each variable in the reference group, satisfies the maximum entropy constraints of reference, producing a minimum entropy for the binary coded patient database. We found maximum entropy decision points at PAP = 0.75 U/L and PSA = 22.8 micrograms/L. Patients with PSA values exceeding 22.8 micrograms/L had no benign prostatic disease except for five patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with adjacent colon carcinoma (95.3), BPH with infarction (27.6), BPH (23.4) 28.1), or acute prostatitis (34.6). We consider PSA exceeding 22.8 micrograms/L as indicative of carcinoma of the prostate, stage C or D, in the absence of disconfirming evidence. Another decision value for PSA is 11.3 micrograms/L. This bounds the region between 11.3 and 22.8 micrograms/L, where the frequency of BPH is 1.5 times that for adenocarcinoma. At PSA less than 11.3 micrograms/L there is a high frequency of BPH. PSA concentration is not correlated with prostatic size (mass) or with prostatitis. A metastatic carcinoma is as likely to be nonprostatic as prostatic when the PSA concentration is less than 11.3 micrograms/L.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Risk Factors; Statistics as Topic

Serum levels of gamma-seminoprotein (GSM), prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific acid phosphatase (PAP) were examined, using enzyme immunoassay, in 250 patients with prostatic disease. The results indicated that the highest specificity was obtained with GSM (94%) and the lowest with PSA (60%). In contrast, the highest sensitivity in newly detected carcinomas (n = 41) was obtained with PSA (71%), whereas that of GSM (51%) was comparable to that of PAP (44%). Of 41 patients with newly detected prostatic cancer, 35 (85%) showed a significant increase in at least 1 of the tumour markers. Five of 6 patients whose markers were within normal limits had incidental carcinomas. During follow-up, PSA was raised in 88%, GSM in 66% and PAP in 55% within 12 months prior to clinical progression. Our results suggest that the determination of GSM may be of value in the serological detection and monitoring of prostatic cancer. These findings must be confirmed by further studies with larger numbers of patients and longer follow-up.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins; Testicular Hormones

Serum acid phosphatase levels were determined in 247 men with surgically confirmed intracapsular prostatic cancer (30 patients), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (114 patients) or palpably normal prostates (103 men). Both radioimmunoassay (245 cases) and an enzymatic method (218 cases) were used. Using radioimmunoassay, the mean serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) level was significantly higher in patients with BPH than in patients with intracapsular cancer or men with normal prostates. The weight of hyperplastic tissue removed during operation in the BPH group correlated closely with PAP concentrations. Age or the presence (or absence) of an indwelling catheter had no effect on PAP concentration. Using the enzymatic method, the highest levels of acid phosphatase were also detected in patients with BPH but the difference was less marked. It was concluded that intracapsular cancer does not elevate serum acid phosphatase levels as determined by radioimmunoassay or an enzymatic method. BPH alone leads to significant rises in PAP concentrations. The degree of BPH correlates with PAP levels.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reference Values

A comparison is made of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. In a retrospective study PAP ans PSA were compared in 127 normal elderly men, in 187 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in 162 patients with untreated prostatic carcinoma. In the control group a normal value of 2.2 micrograms/l was found for PAP and 5.0 micrograms/l for PSA. In 41% of BPH patients the PSA level was higher than 5.0 micrograms/l. Because of this substantial percentage a cut-off value of 10 micrograms/l was used instead of 5.0 micrograms/l. In the BPH group 20% had a PSA level over 10 micrograms/l and 21% a PAP over 2.2 micrograms/l. Of the carcinoma patients without metastasis 57% had a PSA level over 10 micrograms/l and of those with metastatic disease, 92%. For PAP these percentages were 35 and 77, respectively. It is concluded that PSA is a more sensitive tumour marker than PAP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity

A series of 55 randomly chosen radical prostatectomy specimens was analyzed for expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by immunohistochemical techniques. Tissue sections were selected in such a manner that in addition to glandular benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), one or more different prostatic tumour growth patterns were present. Four monoclonal antibodies, directed against three different PSA epitopes, and one polyclonal anti-PSA antiserum were used. Expression of PSA was compared with that of prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP), recognized by two different polyclonal antisera. A critical dilution aimed at a maximum of staining intensity on BPH tissue sections was chosen for all antibodies. Anti-PSA and anti-PAP antisera stained essentially all BPH samples (over 90%). Irrespective of the nature of the antibodies used, PSA expression was found to be decreased in prostatic carcinoma. A clear cut relationship was found between immunoreactivity for PSA and the degree of differentiation of the tumour area. Under the experimental conditions used the PSA monoclonal antibodies stained only 1 out of 10 undifferentiated carcinomas, whereas 50% to 70% of the well- and moderately-differentiated carcinomas showed immunoreactivity. This correlation was less pronounced with the PAP staining pattern. If the PSA antibody titer was raised the percentage of clearly staining undifferentiated carcinomas could be considerably increased (up to 60%-100%), indicating that PSA expression is not absent, but lowered in most (if not all) undifferentiated carcinomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was measured by polyclonal radioimmunoassay in 45 untreated patients with prostatic cancer and 14 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was determined in 35 patients with prostatic cancer and 14 patients with benign hyperplasia. Serum PSA was raised in 42 patients with cancer of the prostate, but only 14 of 35 patients showed increased serum levels of PAP. Half the patients with benign prostate hyperplasia had PSA greater than 4 micrograms/l and one third had PSA greater than 10 micrograms/l. PAP was slightly elevated in two patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Serum PSA increased with the clinical stage of prostatic cancer. However, preoperative levels of PSA were not sufficiently reliable to predict the final pathological stage for each individual patient. After radical prostatectomy for cancer confined to the prostate, serum PSA fell to an undetectable level.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels were measured in 70 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and in 70 patients with prostatic cancer. PSA was increased above the cutoff level of 10 ng/ml in 13% of patients with BPH and in 87% of patients with prostatic cancer. In contrast, abnormal PAP levels were found in 14 and 76% of patients, respectively. We concluded that, due to its high specificity, PSA is a useful marker in the management of patients with prostatic carcinoma and that it surpasses PAP in this regard.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; ROC Curve

Serum prostatic specific antigen (PA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels were measured in 113 untreated patients with prostatic cancer and in 137 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Of the 113 cancer patients, 81% and 69%, respectively, were detectable by means of PA or PAP assay alone. PA was a more sensitive indicator, than PAP in all stages, especially localized disease (stages A, B and C). Using the BPH group as a negative control, specificities of PA and PAP were 81% and 94% respectively. In another group of 68 patients with BPH whose blood samples were taken immediately after prostatic manipulation, both PA and PAP levels were elevated significantly. In 87 of the 113 cancer patients the two markers were serially determined, and 22 patients presented disease progression. Concerning the sensitivity within 6 months before progression, PA appears to be more reliable than PAP in early detection of disease progression. According to Kaplan-Meier projections, the patients with normal pretreatment PA levels had significantly longer intervals to progression than did those with moderate to marked PA elevation (more than 100 ng/ml) (P less than 0.05). This study shows that PA is more reliable than PAP for detection and monitoring of prostatic cancer. Pretreatment PA levels appear to be of a high prognostic value for time to progression, irrespective of stage and treatment regimen.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Sensitivity and Specificity

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

A study was performed on 290 men to compare the level of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in controls, patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and patients with prostatic cancer. The upper limit of normal was 5.0 micrograms/l as determined in 110 elderly hospitalized males (mean age 62 years) without urological complaints. Of the 106 patients with BPH, 33% had raised values above 5.0 micrograms/l. Values above 10 micrograms/l were found in 18 BPH patients. A positive correlation was found between prostate volume (grams of tissue removed during transurethral resection) and preoperative PSA levels (r = 0.55, n = 106, p less than 0.001). PSA levels above 10 micrograms/l were found in 4% of BPH patients with a prostate volume of less than 20 g (n = 54), in contrast with 45% of patients with a prostate volume above 40 g (n = 20). The sensitivity of this PSA assay (cutoff level 10 micrograms/l) as established in 74 prostate carcinoma patients was 31% for category T0 (n = 13), 56% for category T1-2 (n = 16), 75% for category T3-4 (n = 20) and 100% for category M1 or N1-4 (n = 25). In an earlier study prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was measured in these same samples. PSA appeared to be much more sensitive than PAP. Seventeen of the 74 prostatic carcinoma patients (23%) had normal PAP levels but their PSA values were raised above 10 micrograms/l, while in only 2 patients an increased PAP level was combined with a normal PSA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) serum levels were measured in 117 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma, in 9 patients with prostatic hyperplasia and in 14 patients with other malignancies to compare the clinical usefulness of the PSA and PAP levels. PSA was elevated (PSA+) in 14 of 18 untreated patients (78%) with prostatic cancer. PAP was elevated (PAP+) only in 3 of these untreated cases (17%). Also in previously treated patients PSA was more often positive than PAP. PSA was positive in 40 of the 99 treated patients (40%), PAP was elevated only in 21 cases (21%). There was a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher tendency towards elevated PSA in the prostatic cancer patients: 32 (27%) patients with PSA+ and PAP- compared with only 2 cases (2%) with PAP+ and PSA-. The PSA+/PAP- patients were analyzed further. In seven of them the PSA level also returned to its normal level after orchiectomy or/and radiotherapy. In two patients the PSA levels indicated tumor progression earlier than PAP, their PAP levels did not rise until bone metastasizing was evident. There were also progressive disease in some patients evidenced only by increased PSA levels. In addition to cancer patients the PSA level was increased in three (30%) of the prostatic hyperplasia patients. It was also elevated in three patients with other malignancies. However, these three patients also had prostatic hyperplasia and the increase in the PSA level is considered more likely to be due to that.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Orchiectomy; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Serum prostatic specific antigen (PA), gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels were measured in 113 untreated patients with prostatic cancer and in 137 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). We used a PA-TESTWAKO enzyme immunoassay kit, gamma-Sm enzyme immunoassay kit and PAP radioimmunoassay kit. Of the 113 patients, 81.4%, 73.5% and 69%, respectively, were detectable using a single assay. PA was more sensitive than the other two markers in all stages, especially in localized disease (stages A, B and C). Using the BPH group as a negative control, specificities of PA, gamma-Sm and PAP were 85.4%, 81.0% and 94.2%, respectively. Efficiency was, respectively, 81.2%, 79.6% and 82.8%. In the follow up period, 15 patients presented disease progression. At the time of clinical detectable progression, the sensitivities of PA and gamma-Sm were both 100% (15/15), while 67% (10/15) for PAP. Concerning the sensitivity within 6 months prior to progression, gamma-Sm and PA tended to be more sensitive than PAP in early detection of disease progression. This study shows that PA is more reliable than gamma-Sm and PAP in detecting and staging of prostatic cancer. gamma-Sm and PA appear to be more reliable in earlier prediction of disease progression.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Reference Values; Seminal Plasma Proteins

The usefulness of a newly developed prostatic acid phosphatase assay based on the immunoenzymatic method (PAP-IEA) was studied. Serum samples were obtained from 22 untreated prostatic carcinoma patients, 34 benign prostatic hyperplasia patients, 32 prostatic disease-free patients and 27 normal volunteers. Mean +/- S.D. of PAP-IEA in prostatic disease-free group and normal volunteer group was 0.46 +/- 0.27 ng/ml. So, the upper limit of PAP-IEA for clinical normal range was set to 1 ng/ml (= Mean + 2S.D.). Thus, the false positive rate of benign prostatic hyperplasia was estimated at 9% and false negative rate of untreated prostatic carcinoma at 27%. Meanwhile, PAP-IEA values measured in this study were correlated well to PAP-RIA values measured in the same samples (r = 0.994).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values

The authors investigated 71 prostatic cancer patients and 45 BPH patients. The serum concentration of prostatic specific antigen (PSA), the prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) by radio-immunoassay, the same enzyme (SPP) and the total acid phosphatase (SP) by enzymatic method were determined. In the untreated cancer patients the PSA concentration proved to be pathological in a higher proportion in all stage groups comparing to the results of the PAP, SPP, SP. The clearing of the PSA and PAP concentration on the following days and months after the beginning of the therapy reflects the excellent monitoring capability of the PSA determination. This was demonstrated by several cases too. The authors suggest more frequent use of this method in clinical practice.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens; Biomarkers, Tumor; Epitopes; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

The authors analyzed 150 patient files (16 controls with no prostatic pathology, 96 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 38 prostate cancer patients) in an attempt to answer three questions: how should borderline values of PSA be interpreted in patients with BPH; is there a correlation between the Gleason grade and PSA levels in prostate cancer? Should both PSA and PAP concentrations be assayed? All patients underwent digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography (TU), and were assayed for PSA and PAP. All prostate cancer patients had a bone scintigraphy (Bs). In view of the correlation coefficient of 0.391 (p less than 0.001), it can be affirmed that PSA and weight are linearly correlated in BPH (5 g BPH = 1 ng/ml PSA). This lower value of PSA is due to the overevaluation of prostate weight by TU. In contrast, the authors did not find any correlation between the PSA level and the Gleason grade in prostate cancer patients with a negative bone scintiscan. Finally, the sensitivity of PSA was markedly better than that of PAP (75% vs 50%), and no PSA false negative error was corrected by the PAP value.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Size; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

We used a mixture of antisera to prostatic specific acid phosphatase, prostatic specific antigen, epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin to examine multiple marrow aspirates from patients with local (15) and metastatic prostatic carcinoma (15), and benign prostatic hypertrophy (10). We found moderate to large numbers of tumor cells in the bone marrow of 11 of 15 (73 per cent) patients with known metastatic disease and small numbers of abnormal cells in 2 of 15 (13 per cent) patients with apparently local disease. No tumor cells were found in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, and only 2 patients with metastatic disease had tumor cells in the bone marrow when conventional hematomorphological preparations were examined. These findings suggest that immunocytochemistry can increase the detection rate of metastatic prostatic carcinoma cells. Further followup of larger numbers of patients with local carcinoma will reveal whether the presence of micrometastases denotes a poor prognosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Marrow; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostatic acid phosphate (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and beta-microseminoprotein (beta-MSP) were regularly localized immunohistochemically to the epithelium of the acini and that of the ducts in the nodules of 24 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The immunohistochemical distribution of these three prostatic-secreted proteins was also examined, with monoclonal antisera against PAP and PSA and with polyclonal antisera against PAP, PSA, and beta-MSP, in a series of 40 cases of prostatic adenocarcinomas graded according to the WHO classification. Highly differentiated (grade I) carcinomas showed a high incidence of PAP-, PSA-, and beta-MSP-immunoreactive cells. As in the normal and hyperplastic prostate parenchyma, highly differentiated (grade I) carcinomas were found to contain an almost equal number of PAP-, PSA-, and beta-MSP-immunoreactive cells. When semiquantitatively assessed, the incidence of PAP-, PSA-, and beta-MSP-immunoreactive cells was found to be lower in the moderately and poorly differentiated (grades II and III) tumors than in the highly differentiated ones; they also showed greater staining variability. Tumor cells immunoreactive with a monoclonal antiserum raised against PAP in carcinomas of grades II and III were less frequent than tumor cells immunoreactive with antisera against PSA, beta-MSP, and a polyclonal antiserum against PAP. The almost identical distribution of PSA and beta-MSP in carcinomas of grades II and III suggests that PSA and beta-MSP are not less sensitive tumor markers than PAP for the monitoring of the course and the treatment of prostatic carcinomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Epithelium; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

In 261 non-selected patients (190 prostate adenoma, 71 carcinoma of prostate) prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was measured prior to treatment using three different commercial enzyme immuno assays. According to the normal values given by the manufacturers we found different specificities (ranging from 0.61-0.88) and sensitivities (0.45-0.75). However, the receiver-operating-characteristics-curves (ROC) for each of the tests were similar. Since we observed a considerable overlapping of PAP-activity measured in patients with prostatic adenoma and carcinoma we tried to optimize the specificity of the three assays. The actual cut-off value was determined by use of a tangent with the "a posteriori prevalence" (adenoma:carcinoma = 190:71 = 2.6) on each ROC-curve. With this method we found a similar range of sensitivity (0.38-0.48) and specificity (0.96-0.97). The use of a cut-off-value according to the "a posteriori prevalence" results in optimizing of sensitivity and specificity by taking into account the specific long term distribution of prostate adenoma/carcinoma in the respective material.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The serum prostate specific antigen (PA) was determined with the Diagnostic Products Cooperation (DPC) PSA double antibody radioimmunoassay kit. The upper limit of the normal range was set at 4 ng/ml which was the mean + 3S.D. for males over 50 years old in a mass examination. For comparison, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were determined using an Eiken kit and Chugai kit, and PA was also assayed using another kit (Eiken, Travenol). Positive rate of PA and PAP in the untreated prostatic cancer was 75 and 33% in Stage A, 100 and 0% in Stage B, 100 and 100% in Stage C, 100 and 67% in Stage D1, 100 and 80% in Stage D2 and 73 and 33% in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), respectively. The level of PA determined during the follow-up of prostatic cancer showed the usefulness of simultaneous PA and PAP assays for monitoring the clinical course. The PA level using a DPC kit was highly correlated to that of PA using other kit, but the correlation with gamma-Sm and PAP was low. These results show that the DPC kit is useful for determining PA, and determination of PA and PAP is of great value both in diagnosis and in the follow-up of prostatic cancer, but the high positive rate in BPH remains a problem.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Development of serum assays for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has provided physicians with a new marker for carcinoma of the prostate. PSA was compared to prostate acid phosphatases (PAP), the reference serum marker, in 162 patients including 54 patients with carcinoma of the prostate (CP), 84 patients with benign hypertrophy of the prostate (BHP), and 24 controls free of prostate disorders. PSA appeared more sensitive but less specific than PAP. Results showed that PSA is not suitable for routine screening in the population at large where BHP is common. In BPH, the rise in PSA concentrations parallels the size of the hypertrophy. However, in patients with CP, PSA seems more sensitive than PAP for evaluating tumor spread and response to treatment. The prognostic bearing of increased levels in patients with apparently localized carcinomas remains to be elucidated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) were assayed using a radioimmunologic method in 306 patients from November 1986 through April 1987. Study patients included 10 women, 10 men under forty years of age, 25 patients with malignancies involving structures other than the prostate, and 280 patients with diseases of the prostate ie. benign hypertrophy of the prostate (BHP) (n = 170), or histologically-proved carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) (n = 110). Serum PSA levels were undetectable in women and following total prostatectomy; levels of 3 ng/ml were found in young men, with no circadian variations. Non-prostatic carcinomas had no influence on PSA levels. PSA levels in BHP patients were 6.9 +/- 8.4 ng/ml and correlated positively with the weight of the gland. In patients with carcinoma of the prostate, PSA levels were 24.4 +/- 19.3 ng/ml, correlated positively with tumor spread, and returned to normal following successful palliative hormone treatment, with new increases reflecting recurrences. PSA assays are of little value for screening for carcinoma of the prostate; however carcinoma of the prostate is found in 70% of patients with inconsiderable BHP and PSA levels above 15 ng/ml. PSA is mainly useful for monitoring patients with carcinoma of the prostate. No patient with BHP had marked elevations of PAP, whereas high PAP levels were found in 26% of patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Eighty-eight per cent of patients with carcinoma of the prostate had increased PAS levels, which were the only finding in 48 cases. No patient with carcinoma of the prostate had increased PAP levels with normal PSA levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was localized in human prostate with a monoclonal antibody prepared against PAP isoenzyme II to determine patterns of its expression in normal, hyperplastic (BPH), and cancerous glands. The monoclonal antibody reacted with both isoenzymes II and IV in immunoblot studies. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was used from patients who had not been treated with hormones or chemotherapy. In normal glands and BPH, there was marked variation in the intensity of PAP staining in morphologically otherwise similar epithelial cells. There was similar heterogeneity of staining in the adenocarcinomas. Rough quantification of the intensity patterns in the clinical groups indicated a slight shift to more intense staining in BPH and well-differentiated carcinomas but a progressive decline in the PAP staining in the moderately and poorly differentiated tumors. This decrease in intracellular staining with decreasing differentiation is not inconsistent with the clinical observation that serum levels of acid phosphatase generally increase with higher grade and disseminated tumors, since the enzyme is simply more accessible to the circulatory system in those cases. The same decrease may explain the few disseminated tumors that are not associated with elevated serum levels.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Immunologic Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

We assayed prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase serum levels in 1,383 patients using a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) 125I. Establishing the upper normal limit in 10 ng/ml for prostatic specific antigen and 2.5 ng/ml for prostatic acid phosphatase, the false positive results were only 1.9 and 5.1% in men with nonprostatic benign or malignant pathology and 0 and 2.2% in women, respectively. We detected false positive levels in 3.5 and 4.7% of the patients with noncomplicated benign prostatic hypertrophy, 64.8 and 19.2% in complicated benign prostatic hypertrophy, 24 and 16% in acute prostatitis and 3.3% in chronic prostatitis for both tumoral markers. The sensibility in patients with prostate cancer was 87.2 and 64.1%, respectively, and there was better correlation with prostatic specific antigen than prostatic acid phosphatase levels on tumoral spread and histologic grading. Finally, the clinical efficacy was higher with prostatic specific antigen and it did not increase with the quantification of both tumoral markers.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reference Values

The daily variation of serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was investigated simultaneously in 10 patients with osseous metastatic prostatic cancer, 10 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 10 volunteers without prostatic disease. Duplicate serum samples were obtained from all patients on the same day at 8 AM, 12 PM, 4 PM, and 8 PM. Statistical analysis (two-factor analysis of variance comparing time period to disease group) of the mean PSA and PAP levels at the four sampling times on all patient groups demonstrated no evidence of circadian rhythmic variation or any other distinct pattern for the observed sample times. Overall, the variability in PSA levels was significantly less than that observed for PAP. There was no significant difference in mean percent variation between patient groups (cancer, benign, and normal prostate glands) for both the PSA and PAP assays. Our data reveal that serum PSA measurements fluctuate unpredictably over the course of a day in patients with and without prostatic disease, but to a lesser extent than that seen for serum PAP values. These findings illustrate the potential inaccuracy of single determinations of serum PAP or PSA levels for monitoring disease recurrence and treatment response in patients with prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Urinary transferrin, serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations were measured in patients with prostatic cancer, prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and in a control group. In contrast to recently published data it is concluded that urinary transferrin is not suitable as a tumor marker for prostatic carcinoma. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were constructed to compare the diagnostic value of the different tests at different cutoff values. Sensitivity and specificity of the urinary marker are extremely low compared to the serum markers PAP and especially PSA, making the former not suitable as an additional marker.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; ROC Curve; Transferrin

Variation in serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) after prostatic digital examination was studied in 22 patients, 18 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 4 with prostatic carcinoma. Serum PAP was determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and compared with standard enzymatic assay (EA). Prostatic tissue from transurethral resection (TUR) was subjected to routine pathologic examination and stained for PAP. PAP level increased above reference range and up to several-fold in 12 of 22 patients (54.5%) by EIA and in 22.7 percent by EA. The increase in PAP correlated positively with the prostate size estimated by digital palpation (R = 0.82, P less than 0.001). There was no definite correlation between the histologic parameters studied and the increase in PAP. No day-to-day variation in PAP level was detected in 8 other patients when samples were taken at 7 AM for three successive days. For proper comparison of PAP value, we suggest that sampling time should be fixed and specimens should be taken before prostatic manipulation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) is an uncommon proliferative lesion of the prostate gland. We studied ten cases of BCH, one case of an unusual adenoid basal cell tumor (ABT), and one case of a prostatic adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), using a panel of antibodies to define the histogenesis of these lesions. Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) directed against a cytokeratin, which selectively stains basal cells (34 beta E12), and against muscle-specific actin, which stains myoepithelial cells (HHF35), were used. In addition, antibodies directed against prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), S-100 protein, and vimentin were used. In the normal prostate, epithelial cells reacted positively with 34 beta E12, PAP, and PSA, and negatively with the actin, S-100 protein, and vimentin antibodies. In BCH, positive staining was seen for 34 beta E12, PSA, and PAP, with no reactivity for actin, S-100 protein, and vimentin. In ABT and ACC, positive reactivity was demonstrated for all antibodies except actin and vimentin. These findings indicate that the basaloid cells of BCH, ABT, and ACC are derived from basal cells of the normal prostate gland and suggest a continuum among the three lesions. The presence of S-100 protein in ABT and ACC may be related to the lack of this antigen's specificity for myoepithelial cells. The absence of reactivity with the HHF35 MoAb supports our belief that the S-100 positivity does not necessarily indicate myoepithelial cell differentiation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actins; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; S100 Proteins; Vimentin

The levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and prostate specific antigen (PA) were determined in the serum of 200 untreated patients 28 patients with reactivated prostatic cancer and 179 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) from 1979 to 1987. PAP and gamma-Sm were determined using an Eiken and Chugai kit, respectively and PA was assayed using an Eiken or Travenol kit. The sensitivity of PAP, gamma-Sm and PA respectively in the untreated prostatic cancer cases was 0, 0% and 67%, for Stage A1, 25, 17 and 100% for Stage A2, 23, 50 and 60% for Stage B, 62, 81 and 94% in Stage C, 58, 67 and 90% for Stage D1, 86, 88 and 100% for Stage D2. The specificity of PAP, gamma-Sm and PA is 89, 69 and 43%, respectively. The efficiency of PAP was the highest at all stages as a whole, but when compared at each stage, gamma-Sm was the highest at Stages B and C. The sensitivity of simultaneous assays of PAP and gamma-Sm was slightly increased, but sensitivity was not increased by simultaneous use of three markers. The efficiency of a simultaneous assay was lower than that of a single assay with PAP. However, combined determination of gamma-Sm or PA with PAP was found to be useful for monitoring the clinical course of the reactivated patients. Correlation between PAP and PA levels was high, but that between gamma-Sm and PA levels was low. There was no correlation between PAP and gamma-Sm levels. In conclusion, PAP is the most valuable marker for prostatic cancer, and gamma-Sm is of value for use in combination with PAP. However, an additional PA assay was not found to be of advantage.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

The clinical usefulness of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) activity measurements has been compared in 45 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 132 patients with prostatic carcinoma (PC), 21 of whom had metastatic disease (MPC) and 111 of whom had intracapsular cancer. No BPH patient had increased PAP but 47% had increased PSA. Of the PC patients only 27% had increased PAP and 70% increased PSA. All of the MPC patients had increased PSA but only 62% had increased PAP. Increased PAP was found only in MPC but increased PSA was also found in BPH. In identifying PC, the predictive value of an increased PSA concentration is 83% and an increased PAP activity is 100%. On the other hand, the predictive value of a normal PSA concentration is 51% and of a normal PAP activity only 34%. As the PAP test is much less efficient than the PSA test, it should be discontinued.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Measurements of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostatic antigen (PA) and gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) have been found to be clinically useful in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma, but, the usefulness of simultaneous measurement has not yet been elucidated. We determined the clinical significance of simultaneous measurement of these markers, especially, the additional measurement of PA or gamma-Sm to PAP in prostatic carcinoma. Each measurement of PAP, PA and gamma-Sm yielded a very low "false" positive rate (0-6.5%) in patients with non-prostatic urogenital disease or benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), which was consistent with the results reported so far by other researchers. Eighteen patients with newly diagnosed prostatic carcinoma of a low stage showed a positive rate of PAP in 16.7%, PA in 33.3% and gamma-Sm in 38.9%. Forty patients having a high stage had a positive rate of 67.5% for each of the markers. In patients with BPH, the positive rate was elevated in only 2.6, 5.2 or 3.9% by the additional measurement of PA or gamma-Sm to PAP, or that of gamma-Sm to PA, respectively. This implied that the additional measurement of other markers to PAP or PA produced only a low elevation of the "false" positive rate. The positive rate in patients with prostatic carcinoma of low stage was increased by the additional measurement of PA or gamma-Sm to PAP or that of gamma-Sm to PA. This suggests that in patients with low stage carcinoma, assay with these combinations would be clinically useful to monitor the patient's clinical course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Urologic Diseases

Between June, 1986 and December, 1987, the serum gamma-Sm and PAP was measured in 29 men with untreated prostatic cancer, 45 with treated prostatic cancer (32 were well-controlled and 13 poorly controlled), 82 with benign prostatic hypertrophy and 10 with other urological diseases. All of the patients with prostatic cancer had histologically proven disease. Enzyme immunoassay for gamma-Sm and radioimmunoassay for PAP were used. The cut-off value for gamma-Sm was 4 ng/ml and that for PAP was 3 ng/ml. The mean values of gamma-Sm and PAP were statistically high in the untreated group and also in poorly-controlled group. In the untreated group, the rate of positivity for gamma-Sm and for PAP were 69% respectively and 83% of the patients had elevated values for either or both of these markers. In clinical stage A and B, gamma-Sm and PAP values were within the normal limit, however the concentrations of mean gamma-Sm and PAP correlated well with the stage of disease. In the poorly-controlled group, positive gamma-Sm values were detected in 75% and PAP in 67%, whereas almost all of the patients had normal values for these markers in the well-controlled group. In prostatic hypertrophy, elevated gamma-Sm values were detected in 15% and elevated PAP values in 6%. After the onset of treatment, elevated values were normalized in 66.7% of the patients for gamma-Sm and in 68.4% for PAP. In the untreated group, gamma-Sm tended to show a more prompt response. In the ill-controlled group, gamma-Sm and PAP returned to normal in 50% of the patients. gamma-Sm and PAP values were well correlated with the course of the prostatic cancer and the clinical usefulness became more obvious with a combination of these markers.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Radioimmunoassay; Seminal Plasma Proteins

The serum prostate specific antigen (PA) of the patients with prostatic cancer were determined with 3 assay kits, the Diagnostic Products Cooperation (DPC) kit, the Eiken kit and the Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. (MARKIT F) kit. The first 2 assay kits involve radioimmunoassay and the latter EIA. For comparison, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were determined using an Eiken kit and Chugai kit. Efficiency of the DPC kit, Eiken kit and the MARKIT F kit for untreated prostatic cancer was 26, 25 and 36%, respectively. The PA level measured using the Eiken kit and the MARKIT F kit both well correlated to the PAP level, but with the DPC kit correlation was slightly low. The PA level measured using the 3 different kits correlated poorly with the gamma-Sm level. The PA values obtained with 3 different assays from patients with prostatic cancer were highly correlated, but showed great differences in the values measured. When the standards used in the DPC kit were analyzed by the Eiken kit, the DPC standards as measured by the Eiken kit had only about half of their assigned values. The same standards were analyzed by the MARKIT F kit, the standards yielded measured values about one third of their assigned values. When the standards used in the MARKIT F kit were analyzed by the Eiken kit, the MARKIT F standards yielded measured values about 2.5 fold of their assigned values. The differences between the values obtained with the 3 assay kits presented a serious problem in clinical use of PA. Standardization of these assay kits will be awaited.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Blood samples from 500 patients with clinical prostatic symptoms were radioimmunoassayed with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) kits. On the basis of histological data, directed by PSA results and other investigations, 200 prostatic cancers (adenocarcinomas), 276 benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 16 cases of prostatitis, 5 cancers of the bladder, and 3 prostatodynias were diagnosed. All of the serum samples from prostatic cancer patients showed elevated PSA levels at diagnosis, whereas about 70% of these showed normal PAP values. The sensitivity of the PSA assay is 100% when 2.5 ng/ml is taken as the upper limit of normal. However, the specificity and the positive predictive value are better at 10 ng/ml: 99 and 79%, respectively. High PSA values alerted the clinician when diagnosing a cancer without symptoms on rectal or ultrasonographic examination (3%). In BPH, when the PSA level is between 2.5 and 10 ng/ml, a PSA control must be performed within 2 months. If PSA increases above 10 ng/ml, the risk of cancer has to be considered. In the follow-up, PSA is a better marker than PAP to detect disease progression and seems to constitute an evolutive tumor mass index. PSA is the most sensitive, the earliest, and the most prognostically reliable marker for diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Radioimmunoassay

A comparative study was performed on the usefulness of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in control subjects (69), benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) patients (150), and patients with prostatic carcinoma (113) in a urology department. We establish, as others, the greater clinical sensitivity of PSA and its effectiveness as a prognostic tool in the evaluation of prostatic cancer therapy and in the early detection of residual tumor following radical prostatectomy. However, patients are admitted to our department with more severe and complicated benign prostatic pathology and urinary dysfunctions, which decreases the specificity of the PSA test to 30% (N = 2.7 ng/ml). A cutoff threshold of 50 ng/ml becomes necessary to maintain a 90% positive predictive value. The combination of PSA sensitivity (96%) and PAP specificity (95%) enabled a better definition of the high-risk subpopulation among noncancer patients and, in addition, was a help for differential diagnosis, confirmation of advanced stages of prostatic cancer, and selection of low-stage prostatic cancer candidates undergoing radical prostatectomy. Routine serum PSA measurements in the population of patients consulting a urology department will no doubt bring about a new approach to the management of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity

Coupled prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) measurements (using the radioimmunoassay method) were carried out on 220 controls, 33 patients with prostatic hyperplasia, and 71 with carcinoma. The mean PSA value was 3.70 +/- 3.31 ng in the controls. A level of 10 ng was adopted as the upper limit of normal. Four of the eight cases of prostatic hyperplasia with a high PSA level (between 10 and 25 ng) underwent surgery. Histological tests confirmed benign hyperplasia. In the localized cancers, the PSA level was normal. In the metastatic cancers, PSA proved to be more sensitive than PAP. Thus, PSA is of little use in the early diagnosis of cancer; its systematic measurement as a means of cancer screening for the general public may even be misleading.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels were determined in 241 patients attending the Department of Urology. The population consisted of 140 prostate cancer patients (34 newly diagnosed and 106 under treatment) and 101 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). The diagnostic values of PAP measured by enzymatic assay (EA) and by immunoenzymetric assay (IEMA) appeared to be similar. Elevated PAP (IEMA) levels were found in 10% of the patients with BPH and in 38% of the cancer patients. PSA was measured by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) and receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to compare the diagnostic benefits of different cutoff values. PSA (10 micrograms/L) reached a specificity of 88% and a sensitivity of 46%. With a cutoff value of 2.7 micrograms/L, the sensitivity increased to 64%, whereas the specificity fell to 58%. It is concluded that PSA is the most useful marker as a screening test.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Size; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins; Ultrasonography

Serum acid phosphatase levels were measured in 402 patients after transurethral resection of the prostate for benign adenoma. All patients had normal preoperative serum acid phosphatase levels (less than 0.8 IU/L) and the tissue specimen was histologically benign in all patients. Ninety-three patients (23%) showed normal postoperative serum acid phosphatase levels, while 309 (77%) showed postoperative elevation of serum acid phosphatase. One hundred forty-eight patients (37%) had postoperative levels higher than 5 IU/L. Significant elevation of serum acid phosphatase may follow transurethral prostate resection in patients having no evidence of malignancy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Postoperative Period; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia

We have studied the mode of excretion of three prostatic secretory proteins, namely acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and beta-inhibin, in the urine of normal adult men, and we have determined the urinary levels of these proteins in men with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) or adenocarcinoma. The output of the three proteins was highly variable during the day. In order to minimize these variations, 24-hour urine samples were collected thereafter. Our study showed that PAP concentrations in 50% of men with or without symptomatic BPH were similar to those of normal young men. In the remaining 50%, PAP was undetectable. In contrast, average PSA and beta-inhibin concentrations were higher in patients with BPH than in young men (p less than 0.05). The three markers were decreased or nondetectable in about half of the patients with untreated prostatic cancer. This phenomenon was even more pronounced in patients receiving hormonal treatment (castration or diethylstilbestrol). However, some of these patients still excreted normal amounts of PAP, PSA, and beta-inhibin. Urinary and serum PAP levels showed no correlation. These results indicate that urinary prostatic markers provide an easy means to study the behavior of the primary prostatic tumor. This information may be of potential value since it is not obtained with serum markers which originate mostly from metastatic cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Peptides; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins

To recognize progression of an inoperable prostatic cancer we use clinical parameters and the prostate specific phosphatase. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a new, sensitive and specific laboratory tumor marker. With 363 specimens of patients without prostatic cancer we defined for the normal range of this serum parameter. In 98 men with histologically proven prostatic cancers we investigated for the clinical relevancy of the serum level of PSA. We believe, that measurement of serum PSA give important information for clinical management of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens; Diagnosis, Differential; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

A study was performed on 130 men to compare the level of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in controls, patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and patients with prostatic carcinoma. The results showed that all 30 normal controls below 40 years of age had values less than 10 ng/ml. Of the 40 patients with BPH, all aged over 40 years, 13 (32.5%) had raised levels above 10 ng/ml. In the 60 patients with prostatic carcinoma, all over 40 years, 24 had localised disease (MO) and 36 had metastatic spread (M1), as judged by isotope bone scan. In patients with MO disease, 16 (66.6%) had raised PSA levels compared with 34 (94.5%) of those with M1 disease. The corresponding figures for raised prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) values were 4% in the MO group and 52.7% in the M1 group. PSA levels reflected neither the histological grade nor the local stage of the tumour and were of no value in estimating tumour burden. PSA was found to be a valuable index in the management of prostatic cancer because of this sensitivity. Stable disease not requiring hormonal manipulation was reflected by unchanging levels of PSA, whereas progressive disease requiring hormonal therapy was reflected by an alteration in the PSA levels corresponding to the patients' response. The same group of progressive disease patients showed only a 50% rise in serum PAP levels, confirming the greater sensitivity of PSA as a measure of prostate cancer. PSA measurements should be included in any further trials on prostatic carcinoma and should be regarded as a standard marker for evaluating response to therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

To compare the clinical usefulness of the serum markers prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), we measured them by radioimmunoassay in 2200 serum samples from 699 patients, 378 of whom had prostatic cancer. PSA was elevated in 122 of 127 patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostatic cancer, including 7 of 12 patients with unsuspected early disease and all of 115 with more advanced disease. The PSA level increased with advancing clinical stage and was proportional to the estimated volume of the tumor. The PAP concentration was elevated in only 57 of the patients with cancer and correlated less closely with tumor volume. PSA was increased in 86 percent and PAP in 14 percent of the patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. After radical prostatectomy for cancer, PSA routinely fell to undetectable levels, with a half-life of 2.2 days. If initially elevated, PAP fell to normal levels within 24 hours but always remained detectable. In six patients followed postoperatively by means of repeated measurements, PSA--but not PAP--appeared to be useful in detecting residual and early recurrence of tumor and in monitoring responses to radiation therapy. Prostate massage increased the levels of both PSA and PAP approximately 1.5 to 2 times. Needle biopsy and transurethral resection increased both considerably. We conclude that PSA is more sensitive than PAP in the detection of prostatic cancer and will probably be more useful in monitoring responses and recurrence after therapy. However, since both PSA and PAP may be elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia, neither marker is specific.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biopsy; Half-Life; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Physiologic; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

In an effort to determine which of five tests was the most efficient in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, 280 male patients were screened employing aspiration cytology, transrectal ultrasound, acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, and the digital rectal examination. The digital rectal examination was the most efficient (75%) and in order of decreasing accuracy were prostate specific antigen (74%), prostatic ultrasound (71%), acid phosphatase (66%), and finally aspiration cytology (63%). In an era when what are more expensive and more technology are assumed to be better, what is simple and traditional is ignored. From an evaluation of these patients it appears that the digital rectal examination still retains its diagnostic efficiency. Finally, in this age of escalating medical costs and physician accountability for these expenses, you can't beat the cost - benefit ratio for the old fashioned rectal exam.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum; Ultrasonography

Serum prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase levels were measured retrospectively and evaluated in 357 men with benign prostatic hypertrophy and in 209 men with various stages of prostatic carcinoma. Although prostatic specific antigen values were elevated in 21 per cent of the patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, the elevations usually were low and did not interfere with clinical interpretation. Prostatic specific antigen was elevated in 98 per cent of 86 men with active stage D2 disease; in 22 per cent of the men prostatic specific antigen was the only elevated marker. In contrast, prostatic acid phosphatase was the only elevated marker in 1 per cent of the patients with stage D2 disease and neither marker was elevated in 2 per cent. Among 74 patients in whom prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase determinations were made before radical prostatectomy, prostatic specific antigen was elevated substantially (greater than 10 ng. per ml.) in 59 per cent (26 of 44) with extracapsular disease and in only 7 per cent (2 of 30) without extracapsular disease. More importantly, of those 28 patients with substantially elevated prostatic specific antigen levels 26 (93 per cent) had extracapsular disease. Serial serum measurements showed that prostatic specific antigen either reflected or predicted clinical status in more than 97 per cent of the patients. We conclude that prostatic specific antigen is an excellent serum tumor marker for monitoring patients with prostatic carcinoma and that it surpasses prostatic acid phosphatase in this regard. Prostatic specific antigen also may be useful in staging prostatic carcinoma and it may change our attitudes significantly about the therapeutic responses to this cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Epitopes; Humans; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

Prostatic specific antigen (PA) level was determined with a Wako test kit (Japan) for prostatic cancer and others. The incidence of abnormal values of PA in untreated prostatic cancer, was 50, 50, 80, and 100% for stage A1, C (pN0, NX), D1 and D2 cancers, respectively. Grade was not related to the level of PA. Prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis and urinary stone showed a false positive rate of 52, 18 and 0%, respectively. The level of PA was not correlated to those of prostatic acid phosphatase (RIA). In 31% of the cases, the elevated PA decreased 4 weeks after start of endocrine treatment. Elevated PA in low grade cancer was not normalized as much as that in high and moderate grade cancers. The positive rate of PA in the serum of reactivated patients was significantly higher than that of the patients with cancer under good control by endocrine treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Urinary Calculi

We evaluated the analytical performance of a new monoclonal immunoradiometric assay ("M-PSA") for prostate-specific antigen ("Tandem"; Hybritech Inc.) in comparison with a monoclonal immunoradiometric assay ("M-PAP") for mass measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase ("Tandem") and with a conventional enzyme-activity assay ("E-PAP") for prostatic acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2). For M-PSA, the CVs were 1.3-3.0% within-run and 3.0-4.9% between-run. The minimum detectable mass concentration was 0.10 microgram/L, and linearity extended to 100 micrograms/L. The reference interval for M-PSA in 178 healthy men was 0-2.8 micrograms/L. Serum specimens from men with prostatic disease (primarily prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hypertrophy) were assayed by the three methods. Correlation was best between mass measurement (M-PAP) and enzyme activity (E-PAP) for prostatic acid phosphatase (r = 0.958). Results for PSA did not correlate well with those for either M-PAP (r = 0.629) or E-PAP (r = 0.387). PSA was increased in a higher percentage of specimens from men with earlier (clinical stage B) prostatic carcinoma than were results from either assay for PAP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Female; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Eight patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) using sterile distilled water as an irrigating fluid were studied. The concentrations of plasma haemoglobin, serum sodium, serum prostatic acid phosphatase protein (PAP) and plasma osmolality were determined as possible indicators of absorption of irrigating fluid. In 3 patients there was a marked increase in plasma haemoglobin immediately postoperatively with a maximum of 3.3 g haemoglobin/l plasma. In the remaining 5 patients the plasma haemoglobin level did not exceed 0.7 g/l immediately postoperatively. In all cases there was a fairly rapid return of the elevated plasma haemoglobin level to preoperative values. There was also a postoperative increase in the serum PAP level which was not correlated with the simultaneous increase in plasma haemoglobin concentration. There was no significant change in the sodium, potassium or albumin concentration in serum nor in plasma osmolality postoperatively. There was some decrease in the postoperative serum creatinine and uric acid levels. The preoperative serum creatinine concentration was within reference limits in 7 patients and borderline high in 1 patient. The haemoglobin binding plasma protein haptoglobin showed a slight non-significant increase immediately postoperatively and a significant decrease in concentration 2 hours postoperatively. The mean plasma haemoglobin concentration immediately postoperatively did not exceed the mean preoperative haemoglobin binding capacity of serum. The mean preoperative haemoglobin binding capacity was 1.2 g/l and the mean plasma haemoglobin level was 1.2 g/l immediately postoperatively. Two hours later the mean plasma haemoglobin level was 0.8 g/l. The mean serum haptoglobin concentration was 2.4 g/l preoperatively, 2.6 g/l immediately postoperatively and 2.0 g/l 2 hours later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bilirubin; Blood Proteins; Electrolytes; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Therapeutic Irrigation; Urethra; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

A commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA) for prostate specific antigen (PSA) was investigated in respect to its analytical specificity and its clinical applicability for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. PSA detected in serum by RIA was immunochemically identical to PSA found in seminal plasma. PSA is not a single protein but rather a group of isoproteins with different isoelectric points (pI) in the pH range 6-8. Furthermore PSA could be split in subunits by means of denaturing electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Unlike prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) serum PSA was stable at room temperature. In sera of patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate (BPH) two significantly different populations were found. The lower group (0.5-5.8 ng/ml PSA) had PSA values comparable to the control group of apparently healthy males (0.5-6.3 ng/ml). The higher group between 7.7 and 12.2 ng/ml was also characteristic for early stages of prostate cancer (T0 and T1). PSA seemed to be correlated to the tumor volume and allowed to differentiate between early carcinomas of the prostate and BPH or possibly T0/1 staged prostate carcinoma. PSA may be a screening method for early cancer of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Semen

A prospective study of serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels in benign prostatic disease is reported. In 12 patients with acute retention the initial PAP level when compared with the level twenty-four hours after catheterization showed a significant fall (p less than 0.02). The initial PAP level was raised above the upper limit of normal in 7 patients (in 3 markedly so, of whom 2 had subsequent histologic evidence of prostatic infarction). In 10 patients with chronic retention there was a significant rise in the PAP level twenty-four hours after catheterization, but in only 1 case did this exceed the normal range. We discuss the significance of a raised PAP level in patients with acute retention and suggest that it may indicate a group of patients in whom the etiology of acute retention is spontaneous prostatic infarction and subsequently may require different management.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Aged; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Urination Disorders

We have examined the level of c-myc transcripts in prostate tissue obtained from patients with both benign prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. A significantly higher level of c-myc transcripts is observed in patients with adenocarcinoma (P less than 0.05). In addition, a subset of patients with adenocarcinoma had levels of c-myc transcripts 2-fold higher than the mean level for this group. These preliminary results indicate that the investigation of c-myc levels as a prognostic indicator in prostatic carcinoma is warranted.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Proto-Oncogenes; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Neoplasm

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pemoline; Prostatic Hyperplasia

The practical application of commercially available immunoperoxidase kits for prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSPH) were blindly evaluated on routinely formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue from 95 consecutive cases of prostatic carcinoma, 10 cases of metastases from prostatic carcinoma and 90 cases of primary or metastatic non prostatic carcinoma. Both Kits showed a diagnostic specificity of 100%. The diagnostic sensitivities were 94% (PSA) and 90% (PSPH) respectively, but concomitantly staining for PSA and PSPH improved the diagnostic sensitivity to 99%. Using the histologic grading system of Gleason both markers showed a tendency to less extensive staining in low differentiated prostatic carcinomas. It is concluded that both Kits are highly specific and highly sensitive, but negative reaction in medium or low differentiated adenocarcinomas does not rule out the possibility of prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Calculi; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors

We compared a selection of quantitative immunological methods for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) with routine colorimetric assays for total and tartrate-labile acid phosphatase and evaluated their relative clinical merits in the differential diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. We also assessed a wide range of commercial control materials for suitability of use with these methods. Patients studied included 111 cases of prostatic carcinoma, 42 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 33 controls. The principles of the methods used included determination of enzymatic activity using p-nitrophenyl phosphate, RIA, immunoradiometric, and enzymoimmunometric assays. Performance characteristics for the immunological methods were inferior to manufacturers' precision and specificity claims. We identified control materials that were unsuitable for routine use. Poor discrimination between clinical groups was observed for all methods. Analysis by use of a receiver operator characteristic plot failed to improve this. We conclude that the immunological methods we studied offer no advantages over colorimetric methods in the differential diagnosis of prostatic cancer in symptomatic patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone and Bones; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Colorimetry; Erythrocytes; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Isoenzymes; Liver; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Serum-acid phosphatase as measured by nine different methods, serum prostate-specific antigen, cancer antigen CA-50, and creatine kinase BB isoenzyme have been evaluated and compared with respect to efficiency in differentiating between prostate cancer and benign hyperplasia. The patient material consisted of 92 prostate cancer patients (59 untreated, and 33 previously treated), 106 patients with benign hyperplasia and 66 patients with non-prostatic urological diseases. The cancer group was classified according to the TNM-system, and also graded according to histopathological findings. The following main conclusions were drawn. Acid phosphatase activity, when measured with continuous monitoring procedure (substrate: alpha-naphthyl phosphate), showed on the average slightly, but statistically not significant higher diagnostic efficiency than when measured with conventional two-point discontinuous monitoring method (substrate: p-nitrophenyl phosphate). There was no or only marginal differences in diagnostic efficiency between activity measurements of the total acid phosphatase and the tartrate-labile fraction, and also between activity measurements and immunological measurements (PAP-RIA and PAP-IEA). Prostate-specific antigen was found to have statistically significant higher diagnostic efficiency than acid phosphatase, the former being positive in 17 of 25 patients with prostate cancer without distant metastases, and in six of 11 patients classified as T0-2 M0. Cancer antigen CA-50 and creatine kinase BB isoenzyme appeared to be of little diagnostic value. From a cost-effective point of view, total or tartrate-labile prostatic acid phosphatase activity, as measured by continuous monitoring technique with alpha-naphthyl phosphate as substrate, is suggested suitable as a first-choice parameter both for diagnostic and monitoring purposes with respect to prostate disease. Prostate-specific antigen may give additional information, and should be considered analysed on special request.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Creatine Kinase; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross Reactions; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Isoenzymes; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Human acid phosphatases from various sources were purified by a new rapid procedure including chromatofocusing and gel permeation chromatography on an FPLC system. Isoenzymes 2a and 4 (Mr 105,000 and 76,000, respectively) are the prevalent acid phosphatases in prostate, leukocytes and bone marrow. Additional forms are proteolytic products formed during isolation procedure. The source of elevated acid phosphatase in blood serum in metastasizing prostatic carcinoma can be either prostate itself, the tumour or, more likely, bone marrow cells destroyed during the invasion by the tumour cells. Distribution of isoenzymes is not organ specific. It was found using an antiserum against isoenzyme 4 that immunoreactivity is confined to the specific secretory granules both of prostatic epithelium and leukocytes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Bone Marrow; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukocytes; Male; Molecular Weight; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Subcellular Fractions

D-Trp-6-LH-RH, a long acting LH-RH agonist was given in a phase II trial to 85 patients aged 52 to 88 (mean 69) with advanced prostatic carcinoma, stage B (8 pts), C (9 pts) and D (68 pts). Twenty-five patients were previously untreated, 40 had received previous hormonal therapy but none was considered has having hormone resistant tumor; 20 patients had received surgery or radiotherapy or both. D-Trp-6-LH-RH was given s.c. at a daily dose of 500 micrograms during the first seven days, followed by 100 micrograms daily. Antitumor activity was assessed after 90 days and treatment was continued in responders. The results were the following: plasmatic levels of LH were sharply decreased and those of testosterone were in all cases under 1 ng/ml by the 90th day of treatment; urinary symptoms and bone pain disappeared or were greatly improved in almost all patients; the volume of the prostate measured by ultrasonography and/or computerized tomography regressed by more than 50% of initial volume in 44% of the 34 patients for which this parameter was evaluable; bone scintiscans were improved in 18% of evaluable patients; plasmatic levels of prostatic acid phosphatases determined by radio immuno-assay were elevated in 28 patients, 61% of which presented a decrease superior to 50% or normalisation of this parameter. No disease flare up was observed on initiation of therapy. Impotence was constant but reversible on discontinuation of therapy. No other side effect could be attributed to therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bone Neoplasms; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Triptorelin Pamoate; Urination Disorders

We have compared the concentrations in serum of gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-SM) and prostate specific antigen (PSA), two antigens of prostatic origin that are synthesized independently of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP, EC 3.1.3.2), to assess their potential in monitoring prostatic cancer. At presentation, 27/30 (90%) patients with metastases had a PSA concentration greater than 10 ng/mL, and 29/30 (97%) a gamma-SM concentration greater than 10 ng/mL; 21/61 (34%) with disease but without metastases had an abnormal content of PSA, and 23/61 (38%) an abnormal gamma-SM. Concentrations of PSA and gamma-SM were significantly correlated (r = 0.68, p less than 0.001). In 20 patients without metastases followed longitudinally, the median concentrations of gamma-SM, PSA, and PAP in the 13 patients who developed bony metastases or showed signs of local spreading of the tumor were 58 ng/mL, 34 ng/mL, and 2.1 U/L, respectively. The corresponding median values in the seven patients who remained clinically stable were 2.5 and 3.9 ng/mL, and 2.3 U/L. We conclude that either PSA or gamma-SM can warn of disease progression when PAP activities are still within normal limits.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) have been evaluated in patients with prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and prostatitis. PSA has proved to be diagnostically more sensitive than PAP for the detection of prostate cancer: 95.0 per cent vs 60.0 per cent for 40 newly diagnosed cancer cases, and 97.1 per cent vs 65.7 per cent for 35 relapsed cases. This also holds true for those patients with early-stage disease: 71.4 per cent vs 0 per cent for 7 Stage A1 cases. The specificities of PSA and PAP are comparable, 96.8 per cent vs 98.9 per cent, respectively. PSA is also more sensitive for monitoring therapy, since it usually rises before PAP and always precedes clinical signs of relapse. Although PSA may be elevated more frequently than PAP in some patients with BPH and prostatitis, it is postulated that these patients with elevated serum PSA and normal serum PAP may fall into a high-risk sub-population which may have early prostate cancer or precancerous conditions not easily detectable by current clinical and diagnostic techniques. Our data suggest PSA is a sensitive useful tumor marker for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. In addition, PAP, in combination with PSA, may serve as a useful adjunct for differential diagnosis and confirmation of advanced stage prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis

The ultrastructural localization of secretory prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in human benign prostate tissue was accomplished using the immunogold technique on ultrathin Lowicryl sections. Polyclonal antibodies directed against secretory PAP (MW 50 kD) and the lysosomal enzymes alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase as well as an antiserum directed against prostatic antigen (PA) were used. PAP was found in secretory vacuoles of columnar secretory epithelial cells. In addition, double labeling experiments revealed that secretory PAP was also localized in electron-dense organelles of columnar epithelial cells containing alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase. PA was exclusively found in secretory vacuoles of columnar secretory epithelial cells. The results demonstrate the presence of secretory PAP within functional lysosomes and secretory vacuoles of the prostatic columnar epithelial cells and the absence of such PAP-containing lysosomes in the basal cells of the prostatic acini.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; alpha-Glucosidases; Antigens; beta-Galactosidase; Epithelium; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lysosomes; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

The behaviour of keratins in the human prostate is investigated immunohistochemically by polyclonal rabbit antibodies against keratins from human stratum corneum (kit from ORTHO/Heidelberg) and compared to the behaviour of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In normal glands and cribriform as well as adenomatous hyperplasia only basal cells contain keratin. The secretory epithelium is keratin-negative and in contrast to the basal cells PAP- as well as PSA-positive. In prostatic ducts and utriculus prostaticus keratin is demonstrable in basal cells and urothelium. As in normal glands, the light cylindric epithelium is keratin-negative and PAP- as well as PSA-positive. The cells in atrophic glands and postatrophic hyperplasia may contain keratin as well as PAP and PSA. Urothelial and squamous metaplasia are strongly keratin-positive. PAP and PSA are not found. The cylindric epithelium of the ejaculatory ducts contains keratin at many places. PAP and PSA are not demonstrable. The utriculus does not differ from normal prostatic glands immunohistochemically. This supports the view that the epithelium of the sinus urogenitalis is involved in the embryogenesis of normal prostatic glands and the utriculus as well. Urothelial and squamous metaplasia obviously arise from basal cells which share the same immunohistochemical features. Whether the cells in atrophic glands and postatrophic hyperplasia derive from basal cells or secretory epithelium cannot be decided. The keratin composition of the prostate should be further analyzed by keratin-specific monoclonal antibodies.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunochemistry; Keratins; Male; Metaplasia; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Digestive System Neoplasms; Epitopes; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of prostatic acid phosphatases (PAP) using the Gammadab (R) PAP pack supplied by Clinical Assays in an effective method for determining extension of prostatic cancer. In patients with lymph node or metastatic invasion serum assay values are almost always elevated (sensitivity = 94%), especially with well differentiated cancer. Elevated levels of this variable are practically pathognomonic of external extension (specificity = 94%). This is of importance in therapy since the degree of invasion determines the choice between palliative and curative treatment. Strategy leading to this therapeutic choice can be greatly simplified and thus modified by RIA of PAP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Hormones; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

A low temperature embedding, protein A-gold technique was used to localize prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase at the ultrastructural level in hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates. Prostatic specific antigen immunoreactivity was localized over the endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles, and within the lumina of prostatic glands. In contrast, prostatic acid phosphatase immunoreactivity was localized to lysosomal granules. The pattern of labelling was similar in both hyperplastic glands and adenocarcinomas. This is the first localization of prostatic specific antigen at the ultrastructural level. The localization of prostatic acid phosphatase by an immunochemical technique confirms and expands previous histochemical observations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling; Vacuoles

Prostate antigen (PA) which was isolated at 1979 and may have a probability to be a tumor marker of prostate cancer has been evaluated clinically using an EIA for detection method. From mean +3 S.D. of normal male subjects, upper cut-off values of Americans and Japanese have been decided as 2.5 and 1.2 ng/ml, respectively. Of a total of 1,109 assayed serum PA, positive rate in prostate cancer were 78% in Americans (n = 570) and 61% in Japanese (n = 45), whereas false positive rate was lower in Japanese. Serum PA values could be used for speculation of patients' prognosis and monitoring in prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The clinical usefulness of PAP and PA as a tumor marker for the prostate cancer were discussed. The materials for this study were 1385 cases which contained 158 cases with prostatic carcinoma. The positive rate of serum PAP and PA were 77.7% and 94.1% in untreated prostatic carcinoma and 15.1% and 70.0% in benign prostatic hypertrophy using 3.0 ng/ml as an upper limit of normal controls of serum PAP and PA. The cut off level in serum PA should be discussed more. PA was not superior to PAP as a tumor marker in the series, but our results have suggested the simultaneous assay of serum PAP and PA is valuable in detection and following-up of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis

At routine examination, latent carcinoma was found in 147 (11.4%) of 1291 autopsy cases and 142 (14.5%) of 981 patients with malignant neoplasms. The incidence of latent carcinoma with multiple malignant neoplasma was extremely high. Latent prostatic cancer was found in 24 (4.3%) of 560 autopsy cases aged more than 45 and in 22 (5.3%) of 425 surgical specimens of prostatic hypertrophy. Malignant and nonmalignant tissue of the prostate was stained by the immunoperoxidase method of PSA and PAcP. We can distinguish between cancer and normal or benign tissue by observing the positive portion and stained manner in detail.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Female; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Thyroid Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Nigeria; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Schistosomiasis haematobia

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) into its three isoenzymes, MM, MB, and BB, in human prostatic tissue, in patients with benign hyperplasia (BPH) and adenocarcinoma. Specimens were obtained from 23 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate and 25 patients with benign hyperplasia. We also had the opportunity to analyze the CPK content in two normal prostates, the first from a 16 1/2-year-old boy and the second from a 9 1/2-year-old child. Our results showed prostate tissue to contain almost exclusively the BB isoenzyme with traces of the MB and MM dimers in both cancer and BPH as well as the specimen of normal prostate from the 16 1/2-year-old boy. As for the 9 1/2-year-old child, we found the following distribution: 39% MM, 21% MB, and 40% BB dimer. A comparison of the CPK-BB content in benign hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma revealed no significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, we tried to correlate prostatic tissue CPK-BB levels with another possible tumor marker of the prostate, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) measured in the cytosol. No correlation was found between these two markers. We also studied the relationship of CPK-BB and PAP content in prostatic tissue to nuclear and cytosolic androgen receptor content in human prostatic tissue. We found some correlation between CPK-BB and androgen cytosolic receptors as well as between PAP content and androgen cytosolic receptors in patients with benign hyperplasia. No such correlation was found in the group with adenocarcinoma. In conclusion, this study does not show that the measurement of CPK-BB in the prostatic tissue could be used as an index of tissue malignancy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Adult; Cell Nucleus; Child; Creatine Kinase; Cytosol; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen

Using different antisera against secretory and lysosomal prostatic acid phosphatases, the localization of the respective antigens was studied in the human prostate at the ultrastructural level. Secretory acid phosphatase was confined exclusively to the secretory vacuoles of the glandular cells. Discharge of the secretory material occurs in a merocrine type of secretion. The identical antigen could be localized in the primary and secondary granules of neutrophil and eosinophil granulocytes separated from human peripheral blood. The antiserum used was also cross-reactive with the canine prostate, where a very distinct immunoreaction was observed with the secretory granules of the glandular cells. The antibodies directed against lysosomal acid phosphatases prepared from prostatic homogenates consistently gave a positive immunoreaction with dense bodies, lipofuscin, and secretory granules. The respective antigens were present also in neutrophil and eosinophil granulocytes. These findings do not identify the existence of a prostate-specific acid phosphatase, which does not exist. The secretory form of the isoenzymes, however, is clearly distinct from the lysosomal form, both of which are present in granulocytes. Therefore the origin of acid phosphatases elevated in peripheral blood in cases of metastatic prostatic cancer could be either the carcinomatous cells or leukocytes destroyed during the process of metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Animals; Antibodies; Antigens; Dogs; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunochemistry; Leukocytes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Seminal Vesicles

The level of serum gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) was determined by enzyme immunoassay using an EIA gamma-Sm test kit in 32 patients with prostatic cancer (before treatment for 12 and after treatment was started for 20), 24 patients with benign prostate hypertrophy and 22 patients with other urogenital cancer. A gamma-Sm level of over 4.0 ng/ml was considered to be positive. The positive rate was 43.8% in prostatic cancer patients (83.3% before and 20.0% after treatment), 25.0% in benign prostate hypertrophy and 0% in other urogenital cancer. Since the positive rate of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was 34.3% in prostatic cancer patients (75.0% before and 10.0% after treatment) and 16.7% in benign prostate hypertrophy patients, gamma-Sm may be more sensitive but less specific as an indicator of prostatic cancer in PAP. In 9 patients with prostatic cancer before treatment, the levels of serum gamma-Sm and PAP were serially determined for up to 11 months. The level of gamma-Sm decreased in 7 patients, and PAP in all patients after hormone therapy. One patient showed a consistently positive gamma-Sm level and the level of the others became positive only for gamma-Sm during follow-up. There was a statistical correlation between the levels of serum gamma-Sm and PAP in patients with prostatic cancer (r = 0.595, p less than 0.01), in patients with benign prostate hypertrophy (r = 0.882, p less than 0.01) and also in the patients in both groups together (r = 0.590, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Proteins; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins; Urogenital Neoplasms

The reactivity of monoclonal antibody (MAb) anti-leu 7 (HNK-1) on formalin-fixed sections of prostate tissues was determined by an immunoperoxidase assay. Anti-Leu 7 was found to react with both primary and metastatic tissues from 6/6 normal prostate, 15/15 benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 37/39 prostate carcinoma samples. Anti-Leu-7 reactivity was localized in the cytoplasm of the supranuclear region of prostatic epithelial cells and the fibromuscular stroma did not stain. Myelinated nerve fibers in the stroma were stained with anti-Leu 7 and this served as an internal control. Anti-Leu 7 did not bind to prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in direct or competitive binding radioimmunoassays. Anti-Leu 7 was more effective (5/5) in the identification of metastatic tumors of prostate origin than an MAb to PSA (2/5). The differential pattern of reactivity of anti-Leu 7 compared to anti-PSA on serial sections of prostate tissues suggests that Leu 7 may be a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Neoplasm; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Killer Cells, Natural; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Semen

Monoclonal antibodies against human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAPase) were produced by immunization of human primary spleen cell cultures. Dissociated spleen cells were cultured for 5-8 days in the presence of 100 ng/ml of PAPase and pokeweed mitogen (1:5000). Following immunization, B cells were isolated and infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Two weeks after EBV-transformation, cells were fused with either mouse myeloma cells (SP2/OAg14) or human/mouse heteromyeloma cells (SHM-D33). Hybrid clones were screened for anti-PAPase production. In 7 independent immunizations, the average fusion frequency was 3.6 per 10(6) lymphocytes. 18-32% of the hybridomas produced anti-PAPase; approximately 75% of these secreted IgM and 25% secreted IgG. Antibody specificity was determined by immunoassay and immunohistological studies. The procedures described here may be suitable for the production of human monoclonal antibody of a useful specificity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibody Specificity; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Fusion; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Hybridomas; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Mice; Multiple Myeloma; Pokeweed Mitogens; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Spleen

Decalcified bone marrow biopsies containing metastatic tumor from 36 patients were stained for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) using the avidin biotin complex (ABC) immunoperoxidase technique. Of these patients, 22 had known prostate primaries, ten had known nonprostatic, and four female patients had unknown primaries. Prostate-specific antigen was identified in 86% (19/22) of the metastatic prostatic carcinomas. Prostatic acid phosphatase was present in only 36% (8/22). None of the patients with nonprostatic primaries or unknown primaries showed positive staining for either antigen (0/14). This study indicates that immunoperoxidase staining for PSA is very sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma, while PAP was less sensitive using decalcified bone marrow specimens. We believe that immunostaining with PSA should be of great value in diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma metastatic to the bone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Decalcification Technique; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Immunoelectron microscopic studies were done on prostatic tissues obtained from patients with benign hyperplasia. Rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugate against purified human prostatic acid phosphatase band 2 (HPAP-2) was used for studies. Under the light microscope, the columnar secretory epithelia of prostatic glands showed different intensity and distribution of immunostaining whereas the basal cells were unstained. Under the electron microscope, the secretory epithelial cells often showed electron-dense reaction product in the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles and vacuoles, and only sparingly in the cisternae of nuclear envelope and rough ER. Sometimes, fusion of secretory vacuolar membrane and plasma membrane and discharge of the vacuolar contents into the extracellular space were noted. The surfaces of microvilli at the apical portion of the columnar epithelia and the lumen of the glandular acini always showed reaction product. These findings suggest that HPAP-2 may be synthesized in the rough ER and transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is concentrated and transferred to the secretory vesicles and vacuoles. HPAP-2 is finally discharged into the extracellular spaces through exocytosis, a secretory mechanism similar to that of other secretory proteins.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

The diagnostic efficacy of two prostatic tumor markers, S-AP and S-PAP, was compared in a prospective clinical series consisting of 101 BPH- and 39 PCa-patients. As a predictor of prostatic cancer the specificity of S-AP (greater than or equal to 12 U/1) and S-PAP-RIA (greater than or equal to 4 micrograms/1) was 0.97 and 0.96, and the sensitivity 0.21 and 0.41, respectively. The S-PAP-RIA value of over 8 micrograms/1 always predicted an inoperable prostatic cancer (T4 or M1). The authors conclude that neither of these enzymes is suitable for the screening of early prostatic cancer, but the S-PAP-RIA might be a good predictor of inoperability of advanced prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Prostatic acid phosphatase was determined with Merck-Kanto's test kit on the cases of prostatic cancer experienced at our University Hospital from August in 1983 to February in 1985. Untreated cases were 4 stage A cases, 1 stage B case, 3 stage C cases, 3 stage D1 cases and 12 stage D2 cases. Nine cases were determined before and after hormonal treatment. From 67 controlled cases and 19 recurrent cases, 144 and 56 samples were selected, respectively. This method showed good reproducibility and even the serum stored at -80 degrees C after separation could be used for determination by addition of tartrate just before the measurement. The occurrence of abnormal values in untreated prostatic cancer cases, was 0% for stage A, 1 case for stage B, 33% for stage C and D1 and 75% for stage D2. Hormonal treatment decreased the high values of 5 cases and 1 case returned to normal. Compared to the recurrent cases, controlled cases showed a significantly larger ratio of negative, and it suggests that the test is useful for follow-up. Prostatic hypertrophy showed the increase of the value in 6% of the cases. Both prostatitis and urinary tract stone cases remained in the normal range.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Radioimmunoassay; Tartrates

The ultrastructural localization and distribution of prostatic specific acid phosphatase in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates was studied by immunocytochemical methods. In normal or hyperplastic prostates, the localization of prostatic specific acid phosphatase was uniformly observed at the apical portion of the glandular epithelium of apical cells under the light microscope. Electron microscopy revealed prostatic specific acid phosphatase localized in the microvilli lining prostatic and vesicular bodies of apical cells. Occasionally the limiting membrane of the blebs and vesicles extruded into the glandular lumen and were stained positively. Light microscopic examination of neoplastic prostates revealed a more intense and uniform staining of tumor cells and the glandular epithelium of well differentiated adenocarcinomas, whereas less intense and more variable staining was seen in neoplastic cells of moderately or poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, under electron microscopic study, prostatic specific acid phosphatase granules were uniformly and intensely condensed in intracytoplasmic vacuoles in well differentiated adenocarcinomas, whereas in moderately or poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas 2 types of staining were observed. Among neoplastic cells, positive granules with less intensity were found between collagen fibers as well as adjacent to the endothelium of the stromal capillaries in anaplastic tissue.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Kinetics; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The concentrations of sex steroid receptors (per unit DNA) were measured in normal periurethral and peripheral prostatic tissue samples from seven men (mean age 64 years; range 54-71 years) undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer, and in hyperplastic nodules from 15 men with BPH (mean age 69 years; range 60-89). Occupied androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptors were measured with an improved exchange procedure, where receptor-binding sites were stabilized by a combinatorial procedure involving careful washout of extracellular secretory products (including proteases) prior to homogenization, inclusion of 0.5 mM phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride (PMSF) and 20 mM molybdate in the exchange medium, and long-term incubation at 0-4 degrees C. Bound radioligands were separated by a hydroxylapatite (HAP) batch adsorption procedure. Maximal specific exchange binding of 3H-R 1881 or 3H-estradiol in total homogenates of human prostate samples was achieved after incubation periods of about 72 h at 0-4 degrees C. In contrast, progestin receptors (PR) were readily available for binding 3H-R 5020; thus overnight binding at 0-4 degrees C was routinely used to measure PR. Binding specificities and equilibrium binding constants (calculated from 8-point Scatchard plots, correcting for nonsaturable binding) were found to be characteristic for AR, PR, and ER, respectively. The receptor results obtained in this study demonstrate that no significant differences existed in total AR per unit DNA between hyperplastic and either central or peripheral prostatic tissue samples; PR was present in both zones of normal prostatic tissue as often as in BPH samples, with PR concentrations significantly lower in hyperplastic samples; and ER was irregularly detected in both normal and hyperplastic tissue in low concentration relative to AR and PR; the frequency of ER detection was much lower in BPH than in normal prostate tissue. Studies of steroid receptor content relative to enzyme markers specific for epithelial and stromal cells in BPH samples showed a positive correlation between acid phosphatase activity (a specific marker for epithelial cells) and both AR and PR. No correlation was observed between AR or PR with either prolyl hydroxylase or myosin ATPase (specific markers for stromal cells). These observations suggest that PR, as well as AR, is primarily associated with the epithelial elements of prostate. Because of the relative infrequency of ER, similar correlation of ER with enzyme m

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Aged; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; DNA; Humans; Male; Mathematics; Middle Aged; Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Receptors, Androgen; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Progesterone; Receptors, Steroid

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; NADH Tetrazolium Reductase; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Seventy five prostatic specimens from cancer, BPH and normal controls were studied by light microscopic histochemical methods for the demonstration of complex carbohydrates and some proteins: 1) alcian blue (AB) (pH 1.0), 2) alcian blue (AB) (pH 2.5), 3) Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), 4) peroxidase labelled-Ricinus communis agglutinin-diaminobenzidine (PO-RCA-DAB), 5) Concanavalin A-peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (ConA-PO-DAB), 6) ConA-PO-DAB-periodic acid-m-aminophenol Fast black salt K (ConA-PO-DAB-PA-AP-FBK). For identifying individual acidic and neutral carbohydrates, following procedures of enzyme digestion were performed upon some tissue sections prior to the above histochemical staining: a) sialidase (prior to staining with AB at pH 2.5), b) streptomyces hyaluronidase (prior to staining with AB at pH 2.5), c) testicular hyaluronidase (prior to staining with AB at pH 1.0 or pH 2.5), d) chondroitinase ABC (prior to staining with AB at pH 1.0 or pH 2.5), e) chondroitinase AC (prior to staining with AB at pH 1.0 or pH 2.5), f) alpha-amylase (prior to staining with PAS). In addition, the tissue specimens from prostatic cancer were stained immunohistochemically for demonstration of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and the serum PAP levels were also measured by radioimmunoassay. The histochemical differences in the prostatic tissue among normal control, BPH and cancer as follows. In the tissue of prostatic cancer, chondroitin sulfate A, C and hyaluronic acid were present in the interstitium. Chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and sialic acid were present in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. In the tissue of BPH chondroitin sulfate B and hyaluronic acid was present in the interstitium and hyaluronic acid was present in the cytoplasm of epitherial cells. In the epithelial basement membrane of the tissue from BPH, chondroitin B and hyaluronic acid were present. 1,2-Glycol groups of neutral complex carbohydrates in the interstitium of prostatic cancer were shown to exist in smaller amounts than in that of BPH. In the cytoplasm of cancer cells the intensity of both PO-RCA-DAB and ConA-PO-DAB staining could be divided into three groups: strong, moderate and weak. In the prostatic cancer there was a good correlation between the intensity of PO-RCA-DAB staining and tumor grade, and intensity of ConA-PO-DAB staining was correlated well with serum PAP level. The cytoplasm of cancer cells showed a positive reaction to PAP immunostaining and no appreciable difference was ob

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Carbohydrates; Chondroitin Sulfates; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sialic Acids; Staining and Labeling

In recent years radioimmunological measurements of prostatic acid phosphatase have been proposed for the diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of prostatic carcinoma. The possibility of screening male populations at risk has even been suggested. The present paper deals with the current position of this method. We studied the specificity and sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for prostatic acid phosphatase in three groups of patients: a normal population, patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and patients with untreated prostatic carcinoma. The conclusions of this study are that the RIA is a specific method but the sensitivity is much too low to use the RIA for diagnosis and screening of patients. Comparison with the enzymatic method indicates that under good laboratory conditions the latter is preferable except for patients with metastatic disease and normal enzymatic acid phosphatases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

We measured prostatic acid phosphatase levels by enzymeimmunoassay (PAP-EIA). Intraassay reproducibility of PAP-EIA was markedly good. In thirty normal males, PAP-EIA levels ranged from 0.24 ng/ml to 3.3 ng/ml, mean and S.D. being 0.94 ng/ml, 0.50 ng/ml, respectively. We made the upper limit of PAP-EIA for the normal range, 1.94 ng/ml (Mean + 2 S.D.). O 40 patients with untreated prostatic cancer, 34 patients (85%) gave positive results (1/3 33% of stage A, 3/4 75% B, 10/11 90% C, 20/22 90% D). One out of 12 patients with BPH, and one out of 11 with prostatitis gave positive results. The false positive rate was 9%. PAP levels of 324 samples from 111 patients with prostatic cancer were measured by EIA and radioimmunoassay (RIA). A significant correlation was noted between EIA and RIA (r = 0.997 p less than 0.001).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

A new solid phase immunoenzyme assay for human prostatic acid phosphatase was tested in clinical practice. Clearly elevated levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were found with advancing age and even more so in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In patients with localized carcinoma of the prostate there was no elevation of levels above those observed in patients with BPH. When lymph node metastases were found at staging lymphadenectomy, the preoperative level of prostatic acid phosphatase was elevated in 7 of 12 cases. Good response to hormone treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the prostate was indicated by decrease of PAP-levels to normal. Rising levels often preceded the clinical manifestation of progression.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

A series of 60 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 34 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia were examined quantitatively after immunoperoxidase staining for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP), carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The tumors were graded I to IV according to the MDAH grading system recently proposed. Fifty-nine of the 60 tumors were positive for PSA and 58 were positive for PSAP. The one PSA and PSAP negative case was CEA negative and weakly EMA positive. Grade I to III tumors stained more tumor cells and more diffusely for PSA and PSAP than grade IV tumors. There was no significant difference in the intensity or extent of staining between grade I and grade II-III tumors for PSA and PSAP. A comparison of PSA and PSAP showed that PSA stained more intensely and more extensively than PSAP. Benign prostatic tissue and low-grade prostatic tumors did not stain for CEA but three of the 20 grade IV tumors and one of the 23 grade II-III tumors did. Staining for EMA was focal and showed no relation to tumor grade. Benign and malignant lesions failed to stain for AFP and HCG.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; alpha-Fetoproteins; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Epitopes; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Symptoms following transurethral prostatic resection for benign prostatic hypertrophy were evaluated in 100 patients. The occurrence of post-transurethral resection symptoms was monitored postoperatively and was found to be associated with an increase in serum acid phosphatase. The transient elevation of serum acid phosphatase after transurethral prostatic resection indicates that intraoperative absorption of prostatic tissue substances occurs. The intraoperative absorption of prostatic tissue substances may have a significant role in producing symptoms of post-transurethral resection syndromes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Nausea; Postoperative Complications; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Sodium; Urethra

On the basis of a series of 89 patients with a histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate and another population of 89 patients with prostatic hypertrophy, also confirmed histologically, the authors study the sensitivity and specificity of the radio-immunological estimation of prostatic acid phosphatase levels. Comparison is made of the performance of radio-immunological techniques with that of conventional techniques. As a general rule, the sensitivity of the test is very low, since amongst 39% of the prostatic carcinomas studied, the RI acid phosphatase level was below the upper limit of normal fixed at 3.2 ng/ml. By contrast, the degree of specificity is high, since amongst 96% of cases with abnormally high RI acid phosphatase levels, the diagnosis was indeed an adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In terms of stages, sensitivity was found to be nil for minor stages T1 - T2 and of the order of 80% for advanced stages. This confirmed data from the literature. In the absence of bone metastases detectable radiologically or by isotope bone scan, an abnormally high RI acid phosphatase level is predictive of lymph node involvement in 90% of cases. By contrast, under the same conditions of bone investigations, a normal RI acid phosphatase level corresponds in 81% of cases with absence of lymph node involvement and in 19% with limited involvement. In patients with value which are normal or become normal under the influence of treatment, the prognosis is better than if such does not apply. Finally, figures given by radioimmunological estimation are much more specific than those obtained by traditional enzyme estimations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Surgical samples of human benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue (BPH) were fractionated into epithelial clumps and stromal fractions, using the "optimal" tissue dissociation procedure developed for rat prostate described in the preceding report. The separated cellular fractions were compared to control unfractionated tissue (wherein extracellular secretory products had been removed) with respect to the concentrations of androgen receptor and enzyme markers on a DNA basis; cell damage was also evaluated by light and electron microscopy (EM). EM revealed extensive cell damage in epithelial clumps and stromal fractions, which had appeared normal when examined by light microscopy. Damage to the ultrastructure of individual epithelial cells present in clump fractions was very variable, involving vacuolization of the cytoplasm and condensation of nuclear chromatin in some cells, vacuolization of just the cytoplasm in other cells; only a small fraction of the cells in clumps had normal ultrastructure. Ultrastructural damage to stromal cells was much greater in fibroblasts than in muscle fibers. The cell damage observed in both subfractions of human prostate was associated with a marked degree of receptor loss. The mean decreases in the number of androgen receptors per unit DNA relative to control unfractionated tissue was 68.5 and 62.5% recovered in epithelial and stromal fractions, respectively. Measurement of various enzymes as "markers" revealed that acid phosphatase activity (per unit DNA) was associated exclusively with the epithelial clump fraction. Prolyl hydroxylase and myosin ATPase activities (per unit DNA) were restricted to the stromal fraction. The limitations of using mechanically separated subfractions of human prostate tissue for evaluation of the cellular distribution or the initial concentration of steroid receptors in human prostate tissue are discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Cell Fractionation; DNA; Epithelium; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Receptors, Androgen

We have studied the synthesis of proteins by normal and hyperplastic human prostatic tissue incubated in vitro in the presence of [35S]methionine. The overall pattern of newly synthesized proteins was similar in individuals with an age ranging from 15 to 68 years. The pattern of labeled proteins was quite different from that of total proteins stained with Coomassie blue in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels, since the major stained proteins was not labeled. Among the most heavily labeled proteins (about a dozen) were several spots representing charge isoforms with molecular weights ranging from 46 000 to 51 000, and these were the only proteins immunoprecipitated by a polyclonal antibody developed against purified acid phosphatase. The other heavily labeled proteins had molecular weights ranging from 26 000 to 72 000. These results show that tissue slices can be used to study the synthesis and processing of acid phosphatase, the major secretory product of the prostate, and of other unidentified proteins.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Isoenzymes; Isomerism; Male; Methionine; Middle Aged; Molecular Weight; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Protein Biosynthesis; Semen

Acid phosphatase activity and its sensitivity to formalin inhibition were compared histochemically in cryostat sections of human BPH and rat ventral prostate. While the glandular epithelium in both human and young adult rat ventral prostate exhibits positive acid phosphatase activity, the intensity of the reaction is greater in human tissue. Moreover, human prostatic tissue remains acid phosphatase positive following 24 hours immersion in formalin, whereas the enzyme reaction in young adult rat ventral prostate disappears after 5 hours of formalin treatment. Unlike both human and young adult rat ventral prostate, sites of acid phosphatase activity in aged rat ventral prostate are not homogeneously distributed throughout the glandular epithelium but, rather, appear as large clumps, which persist after 5 hours of formalin treatment. Procedures used for the histochemical demonstration of formalin-resistant human prostatic acid phosphatase are not, therefore, directly applicable to rat ventral prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Epithelium; Formaldehyde; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors

The serum level of prostatic acid phosphatase was measured before and after diagnostic rectal palpation in 24 patients with a clinically normal prostate and in 32 patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate. There was a significant rise in the 32 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. All of the values had returned to the original level after 24 h. Similar results were obtained with either a spectrophotometric method or a radioimmunoassay.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Palpation; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Radioimmunoassay; Rectum; Spectrophotometry; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Massage; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The effect of prostatic massage on the serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) was studied in 29 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 7 patients with prostatic carcinoma (CA). Among the BPH patients, 77 per cent (P less than 0.001) showed an increase in post-massage PAP levels but only 3 (10%) showed an increase to more normal levels.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Physical Examination; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

The levels of prostatic serum acid phosphatase (PSAP) were determined by radioimmunoassay using RIA-Quant PAP test kit on 14 normal females, 56 normal males, 25 patients with prostatitis, 74 patients with benign prostate hypertrophy, 129 patients with prostatic cancer, 50 patients with nonprostatic malignancies, and 16 post radical cystectomized males, making 364 cases in all. To diagnose prostatic cancer, a PSAP level of over 3.0 ng/ml was determined positive for differential diagnosis of prostatitis, benign prostate hypertrophy, and prostatic cancer. According to this criterium, the positive rate for each type of disease was: 0% for prostatitis, 5.4% for benign prostate hypertrophy, 80.6% for untreated prostatic cancer, and 2% for nonprostatic malignancies. In benign prostate hypertrophy, the cases with urethral catheters showed a tendency of high PSAP level, but no significant difference was observed. PSAP positive rates of untreated prostatic cancer by stage are 0% for Stage A, 57.1% for Stage B, 85.7% for Stage C, 100% for Stage D1, and 94.1% for Stage D2 cases at a high stage showing high positive rates. However, there seems to be a limit for the diagnosis of early prostatic cancer. As for the relationship between the grade of untreated prostatic cancer and PSAP, well differentiated tumors showed higher levels of PSAP in the study with cases of the same stage. However, with all the cases, less well differentiated tumors showed higher levels of PSAP. As a tumor marker for prostatic cancer in the observation of treatment response, the PSAP level of over 2.0 ng/ml was determined positive. The relationship between the judgement of treatment response and PSAP was: Objective stable for its increase or decrease within the normal range; progressive disease for its elevation from normal to positive level, or increase or decrease of PSAP level within the positive range; Objective partial regression or objective stable for normalization from positive level. The PSAP level in the internal iliac vein of the patients with prostatic cancer tended to be higher than that in the femoral vein or antecubital vein.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Radioimmunoassay

This report evaluates a new immunoradiometric assay for prostatic acid phosphatase in serum, based on a dual monoclonal antibody reaction system (Hybritech-TANDEM). A solidphase antibody binds the acid phosphatase molecule and a second monoclonal antibody to a different antigenic site serves as the 125I-radiolabel. The method was tested on 67 patients with various stages of prostatic carcinoma and 134 patients without the disease. It also was compared with a conventional polyclonal radioimmunoassay (NEN) and an enzymatic activity method (duPont aca). The upper limit for the TANDEM assay on nondiseased male patients was found to be 2.0 microgram/L. Based on this upper limit of normal, the diagnostic sensitivity of the method for all cases of prostatic carcinoma was 60%. We could not distinguish the enzyme released in abnormal amounts due to benign prostatic hypertrophy and certain nonprostatic malignant diseases from that of prostatic carcinoma. The diagnostic specificity was calculated at 95%. For the clinically undetectable Stage 1 disease, sensitivity was 44% (four abnormal values out of nine cases). The TANDEM procedure is simple to use and reproducible.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Female; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Semen

The effect of prostatic massage on the concentration of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in blood serum as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) was compared with that determined by a standard enzymatic assay (EA). Serum was drawn from 24 men before prostatic massage and after--at specified intervals, up to twenty-four hours. Three of these men were young, normal controls; 10 had biopsy-proved prostate cancer (CA); 11 had histologically confirmed benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). After prostatic massage, 3 of the 10 CA patients (30%) had elevation of PAP as determined by EA and 4 of the 11 BPH patients (36%) as determined by RIA. None of the controls showed elevated levels of PAP by either assay. In all patients elevated levels of PAP by both assays had returned to normal twenty-four hours after massage. It was concluded that serum for PAP testing by either assay method should be drawn before or twenty-four hours after rectal examination to prevent false positive results and the need for retesting.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Biopsy; Clinical Enzyme Tests; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Massage; Physical Examination; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Time Factors

We examined the incidence of prostatic cancer in patients with an elevated radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase and clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia on digital rectal examination. Of 295 patients screened with prostatic acid phosphatase tests 17 fulfilled the criteria of having an elevated prostatic acid phosphatase, clinically benign prostate and histological examination of the prostatectomy specimen. None of the 17 patients had histological evidence of prostatic cancer. The results confirm the predictions of mathematical models that prostatic acid phosphatase is of no practical value as a screening test for prostatic cancer in patients with clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction

Acid phosphatase activity biochemically in the primary tumor of 20 patients with prostatic carcinoma, was studied in an attempt to understand the basis for a correlation or lack of correlation between serum and/or bone marrow acid phosphatase levels and the presence and/or clinical behavior of prostatic carcinoma. The enzyme activity was similarly measured in 19 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia as controls. On the average, enzyme activities were lower (P less than 0.002) in the tissues from patients with carcinoma. There was no correlation of enzyme activity in tumor with the age of the patient, stage of disease, degree of differentiation of the tumor, or serum acid phosphatase activity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Aged; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The circadian variation of different fractions of serum acid phosphatase was determined in two men with a normal prostate, two men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and four men with prostatic cancer. Serum samples were obtained every 2 hours from 8:00 a.m. until 6:00 a.m. the following day. An overall sample standard deviation of 1.98 U/liter was calculated for total acid phosphatase, 0.4 U/liter for tartrate-labile acid phosphatase, and 0.13 micrograms/liter for prostatic acid phosphatase as determined by immunoenzyme assay.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Statistics as Topic

A series of 39 prostatic carcinomas was characterized in terms of grade, stage, histologic pattern, and serum acid phosphatase values. These cases were studied immunohistochemically with two different heteroantisera, a goat and rabbit antiserum, and with a monoclonal antibody to prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). Eighty-three percent of carcinomas had some degree of PAP positivity when stained by the goat anti-PAP. Seventy percent were positive with the rabbit antiserum, and 59% showed positivity with the monoclonal antibody. Microacinar patterns were consistently the most positive for PAP, followed by cribriform patterns. The least positivity was observed in the undifferentiated, single-file and sheet-like patterns. Likewise, there was more PAP positivity in the lower Gleason and Mostofi grades. When the serum PAP positivity (done by counterimmunoelectrophoresis [CIEP]) was compared with tissue positivity (using the same goat antiserum), 37% were positive in both serum and tissue; 48% were negative in serum, but positive in tissue; and in only 9% the tissue sample was negative when the serum was positive. Based on these data, conclusions are drawn about the significance of the serum acid phosphatase elevations and the role of monoclonal antibodies and heteroantisera in clinical-diagnostic and research work.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Epitopes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostatic acid phosphatase was isolated from benign hypertrophic prostate tissue by ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography procedures. The purified enzyme was characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and shown to have a cluster of protein spots with an apparent molecular weight of 48 000 at pI 5.9 to 6.3 in 9 mol/l urea. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 723 and 659 U/mg protein with alpha-naphthyl phosphate at 30 degrees C and para-nitrophenyl phosphate at 37 degrees C respectively. An antibody to the purified enzyme was raised in rabbits and used in a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The use of a phosphate buffer, pH 6.6, and iodination of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) by the Bolton-Hunter procedure improved the precision of the assay when compared to RIA's using a phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 or 7.3, or PAP iodinated by a chloramine-T procedure. The former RIA displaced 50% of the tracer at 2 micrograms of enzyme per liter of serum. The between-run coefficient of variation for 11 assays ranged from 3.9-7.7% with serum at 1.3 to 5.6 micrograms PAP/l.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Isoelectric Point; Male; Molecular Weight; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Radioimmunoassay

The nuclear conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was compared in hyperplastic (n = 40), malignant (n = 20), and normal (n = 3) prostatic tissues. Standard assay conditions were 2 microM testosterone, 2.0 mM EDTA, 1.0 mM NADPH, and the nuclear fraction equivalent to 200 mg of prostatic tissue, in 0.1 M N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid buffer (pH 7.4). The Km values were 0.6, 0.5, and 0.3 microM, respectively, for the enzymes in hyperplastic, malignant, and normal tissues. The Vmax values were 42 +/- 17, 4.2 +/- 1.8, and 3.9 +/- 0.9 pmol/mg protein per 30 min of incubation, respectively, for the hyperplastic, malignant, and normal tissues. When DHT formation was measured at T concentrations equivalent to reported endogenous levels, it was found that enzyme activity in the hyperplastic tissue was still greater than that in the other two tissues. The enzyme in the malignant prostate was less efficient than the enzyme in normal tissue in converting T to DHT. These results would suggest that differences in the conversion of T to DHT may explain, at least in part, the higher DHT levels seen in hyperplastic tissue than in either the normal or the malignant prostate and the higher T levels seen in the malignant prostate than in the other two tissues.

Topics: 3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase; Acid Phosphatase; Dihydrotestosterone; Humans; Male; NADP; Oxidoreductases; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tissue Distribution

Prostatic acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) purified from benign hypertrophic prostate tissue was fractionated by preparative slab isoelectric focusing over a pH gradient of 3.16 to 7.16. Twenty-two of 29 fractions contained enzyme activity. We further examined each active fraction by determining the Michaelis-Menten constant and specific activity. The protein concentration used in the latter determination was estimated either spectrophotometrically or immunochemically by three different radioimmunoassays for the enzyme. Determination of specific activities for each fraction directly correlated enzyme activity with an immunochemical determination, which indicated the immunochemical relationships among different molecular species of the enzyme. We found that the Michaelis-Menten constants for the isolated fractions were similar to the Km value for purified, unfractionated enzyme. Most fractions analyzed by each immunoassay had similar specific activities; the few fractions with discrepant specific activities were found at either end of the pH gradient. The similarity in specific activities among the fractions indicates that RIAs involving polyclonal antisera detect all of the electrophoretic variants of the enzyme.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Kinetics; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Radioimmunoassay

The usefulness of a new specific immunoenzymatic assay for the prostatic acid phosphatase for diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic carcinoma has been investigated. The results include 200 healthy men without urologic anamnesis, 50 patients suffering from prostatic adenoma, and 152 patients with prostatic carcinoma. Out of 152 patients with prostatic carcinoma 110 were so-called therapy-responders and 42 were patients with progression of prostatic cancer. The immunoenzymatic assay for PAP shows good results for the separation of patients with progressive prostatic carcinoma, from those patients with a stationary prostatic cancer as well as for monitoring of prostatic carcinoma. The diagnostic value of the test has been found significantly higher than that of previous tests with different substrates. As this method allows the direct measurement of the activity of the specific prostatic acid phosphatase in U/l there is no need to run a standard-curve. It is recommended to use different "normal ranges" for patients with and without therapy. For monitoring mainly intraindividual studies are requested.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Carcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

In 6 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms of post-transurethral prostate resection syndrome developed. Serum acid phosphatase determinations in the recovery room showed that all patients had high acid phosphatase levels although each had normal levels preoperatively. All patients showed a normal acid phosphatase level on the first postoperative day. The acid phosphatase elevations indicate significant intraoperative absorption of prostate tissue substances. The association of clinical symptoms with enzyme elevation suggests that the etiology of the confusing clinical syndromes following transurethral prostate surgery may be due to the intravenous absorption of not only irrigant solution but also tissue substances from the prostate gland.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Male; Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Serum prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase were simultaneously evaluated in 22 healthy males, 29 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, and 192 patients with prostate cancers at various stages as well as in 30 patients with cancers other than prostate cancer. Both markers were quantitated by specific sandwich-type, enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assays with the use of specific antiserum reagents. Serum assays revealed a discordance between these two markers; thus expressions of these two biochemically and immunologically distinct prostate-specific proteins may reflect different aspects in the biology of prostate cancer. A combination test with the use of 7.5 ng of prostate antigen and 15.5 ng of prostatic acid phosphatase/ml of serum, respectively, as cutoff values resulted in a positive detection rate of 58% for prostate cancers of stages A (7/12) and B (21/36) each, 68% for prostate cancer of stage C (19/28), 92% for prostate cancer of stage D (106/116), and only 10% for benign prostatic hypertrophy (3/29). None of 52 other cancers or healthy controls was registered as positive. This study demonstrates that a multiple marker test of tissue-specific antigens can be of an additive value in the immunodiagnosis of cancer and may be a logical and effective approach at this time, in light of the unavailability of human tumor-specific markers.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values

Use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) for determinations of prostatic acid phosphatase has recently received considerable attention because of reported higher sensitivity and specificity than previous enzymatic assays. We have compared the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available RIA to a highly specific enzymatic assay (thymolphthalein monophosphate) using 37 patients with prostatic cancer and 34 patients with surgically proved benign prostatic hyperplasia. Seventeen of the cancer patients and all 34 of the BPH patients were studied prospectively. We further evaluated specificity by performing the RIA on 25 specimens of bone marrow from patients with nonprostatic disease. Our results indicate the radioimmunoassay is not, at this time, an adequate screening tool, and we question its accuracy in staging patients anymore reliably than by enzymatic assay.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

The relative contents of gastricsinogen, the inactive zymogen precursor of gastric gastricsin (EC 3.4.23.3), and cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) in normal and benign hyperplasia of the prostate gland have been determined. Gastricsinogen levels are significantly lower (0.116 +/- 0.02 U/gm. wet tissue) in the hyperplastic than in normal prostates (0.65 +/- 0.06 U/gm.). Conversely, cathepsin D levels are higher in the diseased (0.705 +/- 0.17 U/gm.) as opposed to normal prostatic tissue (0.39 +/- 0.12 U/gm.). The average gastricsin-cathepsin D differences between the 2 tissues (0.26 +/- 0.025 for normal prostates and -0.59 +/- 0.057 SEM for hyperplastic tissue) are also significantly different (p less than 0.001). It is suggested that the simple determination of these 2 acid proteinases in prostate homogenates could be used as alternative and complementary marker enzymes for the study of the physiopathologic status of the prostate gland.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cathepsin D; Cathepsins; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Pepsin A; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

The circadian and day-to-day variation of serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase determined by radioimmunoassay was investigated in 10 men with a normal prostate, 8 with benign prostatic hyperplasia and 10 with prostate cancer. Serum samples were obtained on 1 day at 8 a.m., 12:00 noon and 4:30 pm. in 23 patients, and on 3 consecutive days at 8 a.m. in an additional 5 patients. There was a variability in enzyme level throughout the day but without any distinct pattern. Prostate cancer patients with elevated levels of prostatic acid phosphatase did demonstrate a greater variability throughout the day than patients with a normal prostate or with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The day-to-day serum prostatic acid phosphatase in patients with a normal prostate varied little and remained within the normal range.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reference Values; Thymolphthalein

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Cross Reactions; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Infant; Isoenzymes; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Puberty; Radioimmunoassay; Reference Values; Tissue Distribution

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Polystyrene tubes were coated with IgG, isolated from antiserum against human prostatic acid phosphatase, and incubated with a known amount of purified antigen as a standard, and sera from patients. The amount of bound prostatic acid phosphatase was established by using its enzyme activity. This was performed either spectrophotometrically with p-nitrophenylphosphate (enzyme immunoassay) or fluorometrically with alpha-naphthylphosphate as a substrate (immunofluorescence assay). Results of both methods were compared with those of the conventional method and were evaluated in four groups of patients with: non-prostatic disease, hypertrophy, treated and untreated prostatic carcinoma. The first group was used to establish the upper limit of normal. In the hypertrophy group, the specificity of the immunological methods when compared with the conventional method, improved from 79% to 91%. Sensitivity, calculated from the untreated prostatic carcinoma group, was 74% for the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and 71% for the immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The probability of having either carcinoma or hypertrophy, given observed EIA or IFA values, was calculated by the statistical method of the logistic regression.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reference Values

The concentration of prostate specific acid phosphatase (PAP) was significantly higher in serum specimens from prostatic venous plexus blood than from peripheral venous blood in 6 patients operated upon because of benign prostatic hypertrophy. This suggests that normally circulating PAP is secreted via the prostatic venous plexus. We also investigated the disappearance of PAP from the circulation after total prostatectomy and staging pelvic lymphadenectomies in 5 patients with nonmetastazing prostatic cancer and in 1 patient with bladder cancer. During the postmaximum period, serum PAP concentrations declined, following 2-exponential curves, the 1st mean half life of elimination being 1.2 hours (range 0.5--2.5 hours). It is possible that PAP released from the prostate during the operation was eliminated during the 1st period. The 2nd half life was found to be remarkably long (mean = 281 hours), and it may represent PAP bound by serum protein(s).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Half-Life; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

The availability of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the prostate specific acid phosphatase required a study to compare these techniques with the conventional colorimetric assay. Our study is based on examinations of 188 normal persons and 136 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The advantage of the immunologic methods - RIA and EIA - lies in their stable immunologic activity and their high specificity. However, RIA and EIA are not screening methods for incidental carcinoma because of their low sensitivity for stage-A tumors. Their good sensitivity at lower ranges of concentration makes them suitable for checking the course of a prostatic carcinoma during therapy. The level of prostatic acid phosphatase may allow conclusions about intra-or extracapsular growth of the prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-BB) measured by mass was used to determine its value in the early diagnosis of prostatic cancer. Sera of patients with prostatic carcinoma of various stages (treated and untreated) were compared to normal male sera and sera of patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate (BPH) with respect to CK-BB. The sera were simultaneously tested for PAP content. The sensitivity of the CK-BB-RIA was 1.63 +/- 0.08 microgram/1 and reproducibility in the higher and lower concentration range 7.6% and 10.5%, respectively. CK-BB alone or in combination with PAP is no marker for early detection of prostatic cancer. In individual cases changes occurred similar to those found with a malignant growth of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Creatine Kinase; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Urologic Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; False Negative Reactions; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

We measured serum prostatic acid phosphatase in ostensibly normal controls and a selected patient population, using both a modified radioimmunoassay and an enzymic method with thymolphthalein monophosphate as substrate. The upper limit of normal for the radioimmunoassay was 2.2 micrograms/L; its sensitivity and specificity for prostatic cancer were 71 and 95%, respectively, vs 51 and 99% for the enzymic method. For both methods the correlation between clinical staging and values for acid phosphatase was poor. Our data suggest that adjunctive use of the radioimmunoassay may help further discriminate those patients requiring needle biopsy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biopsy; False Negative Reactions; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Physical Examination; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

To examine the effectiveness of prostatic acid phosphatase and creatine kinase-BB determinations in detecting prostatic cancer serum from 594 men more than 40 years was assayed for prostatic acid phosphatase with the thymolphthalein monophosphate substrate and a radioimmunoassay kit. Creatine kinase-BB levels also were measured with a radioimmunoassay kit. Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia had higher prostatic acid phosphatase levels than normal controls. Accordingly, to avoid a high incidence of false positives in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia the 92.5 percentile level of the patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (3.9 ng./ml.) was chosen as the upper limit of normal. With this critical value elevated prostatic acid phosphatase levels were observed in 6 per cent of the patients with clinical stage A disease, 8 per cent with stage B, 35 pr cent with stage C and 68 per cent with stage D. The radioimmunoassay was no more effective than the enzymatic assay in detecting prostatic cancer. A correlation between prostatic acid phosphatase levels and patient race was observed, with 80 per cent of the black patients with extracapsular prostatic cancer having elevated prostatic acid phosphatase levels compared to 34 per cent of the white patients with similar stage disease. Creatine kinase-BB was elevated only in patients with advanced disease and was of little value in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Creatine Kinase; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Racial Groups; Radioimmunoassay

Measurements of human prostate-specific acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay in peripheral and bone marrow sera were compared. We studied 20 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, 27 with untreated prostatic cancer without bone metastases and 11 with metastases, in addition to 7 with cancer treated by hormonal therapy. The prostate-specific acid phosphatase concentrations in peripheral and bone marrow serum samples were equal and did not exceed the upper limit of our health-associated reference interval, 2.8 microgram. per 1. (mean plus 2 standard deviations) in patients with prostatic hyperplasia. Of 27 prostatic cancer patients without bone metastases the concentration of prostate-specific acid phosphatase was elevated in the peripheral sera of 20 and in the bone marrow sera of 21, and 21 had an extracapsular tumor (stage T3 to T4). Prostate-specific acid phosphatase concentrations were elevated in peripheral and bone marrow serum specimens of all 11 patients with metastases and bone marrow cytology studies were positive in 2. There was no difference in prostate-specific acid phosphatase concentrations in peripheral and bone marrow serum specimens from prostatic cancer patients undergoing hormonal treatment. We conclude that the use of bone marrow serum for the measurement of radioimmunoassayable prostate-specific acid phosphatase in prostatic cancer patients does not provide any further information in regard to the detection of prostatic cancer compared to the use of peripheral serum specimens. Falsely positive findings in bone marrow specimens were not observed with the method used.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Female; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Reference Values

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Kidney Neoplasms; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biopsy; Biopsy, Needle; Carcinoma; Female; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Palpation; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Time Factors

A prospective study comparing a new radioimmunologic and a classical enzymatic assay for prostatic acid phosphatase was done to evaluate their respective roles in patients with prostatic diseases. We studied 50 patients with cancer of the prostate, 101 with benign prostatic hypertrophy and 17 with prostatitis as well as patients with nonprostatic malignancy, and various hematological and bone diseases. The results showed a low incidence of elevated values in patients with early cancer of the prostate and a high incidence of false positive values with the radioimmunoassay in patients with benign prostatic diseases, especially prostatitis. These data suggest that tests for serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels remain disappointing in the assessment of prostatic disease regardless of the technique used.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The radioimmunoassay of prostatic acid phosphatase and the measurement of L-tartrate labil acid phosphatase by biochemical technique are compared in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. This study concerning in 122 patients bearing prostatic cancers (40), prostatic adenomas (30) and other solid tumors (52) shows that the sensibility of RIA technique is better than the biochemical one. The positive predictive value of PAP-RIA is 93 p. cent However, seeing that the percentage of positivity of RIA in intracapsular stages rarely exceeds 40 p. cent, this test does not allow to increase detection power of early stages. The RIA technique, if it is better than biochemical method will not be effective as a sole screening tool for prostatic cancer and its principal application consists in the follow-up of the therapy of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Examination; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum

We investigated the effects of digital prostatic palpation, cystoscopy, and biopsy of the prostate on the concentrations of serum prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP) measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum concentrations of PAP in patients with normal or hyperplastic prostates did not exceed the upper limit of our reference range (4 microgram per liter) during the 48 hr after digital prostatic palpation. The serum concentrations of PAP did not significantly increase in patients with carcinomatous prostates after digital examination of the prostate. Serum PAP did increase in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia soon after cystoscopy of biopsy of the prostate. No diurnal variation in the serum concentrations of PAP during the follow-up of 48 hr was detected in the patient groups with normal, benign hyperplastic, or carcinomatous prostates not subjected to rectal examination.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Circadian Rhythm; Cystoscopy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Palpation; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Our radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase was compared to commercial radioimmunoassay kits. A close correlation among all 3 assays was found in control groups, and in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. These results also were compared to recent reports from other centers using similar methodologies. In 7 to 15 per cent of the patients with bone metastasis normal levels of serum prostatic acid phosphatase were found. Variability in prostatic acid phosphatase production by the tumor may account for this finding. Elevated levels of prostatic acid phosphatase were associated more commonly with less differentiated primary tumors. A low percentage of prostatic acid phosphatase elevations in patients with early localized and incidental adenocarcinoma was found for the 3 assays evaluated. These factors, along with the falsely positive rates in patients with benign disease, limit severely the application of these assays to the screening of male patients at risk for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone and Bones; Lymph Nodes; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Radionuclide Imaging

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Brachytherapy; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Urologic Diseases

An enzyme immunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) has been assessed. An upper limit normal is set at 1.8 microgram/1. There is a very low incidence of raised levels in chronic diseases or cancers other than those of the prostate. Patients with well-controlled prostatic cancer have levels less than 1.8 microgram/1 and show little variation about their own mean. PAP can rise exponentially with a doubling time of 1-5 months. This assay is unlikely to increase the detection of asymptomatic prostatic cancer as 66% of T0-2NXM0 cases had PAP less than 1.8 microgram/1. The main advantages over routine enzyme assays are its sensitivity and accuracy in the lower range.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Male; Microchemistry; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Serum acid phosphatase was measured in 155 people of whom 45 had prostate cancer and 110 were either normal or had other conditions. The assay did not discover early cases of prostate cancer but did reveal accurately patients with metastatic prostate cancer. The assay appears to be valuable for the purposes of staging the disease but as a method of discovering patients with early forms of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma; Humans; Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test; Leukocytes; Male; Prostaglandins E; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Evaluation of serum acid phosphatase by 3 immunochemical methods (radioimmunoassay, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and immunoenzymoassay) was done in 3 groups of patients. In 42 patients wit stage D prostatic carcinoma a comparison of serum acid phosphatase determination by colorimetric assay and the 3 immunochemical methods in samples obtained before and after initiation of therapy showed an excellent correlation among the assays. Presently, we see no advantage of the immunochemical methods over the colorimetric assay in this group of patients. Among 100 patients studied in a blind fashion to detect those with unsuspected prostatic carcinoma no such cases were found. In the last group of patients with localized prostatic carcinoma staged surgically by pelvic lymphadenectomy the only elevations of serum acid phosphatase were observed in patients with extraprostatic involvement.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Colorimetry; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunologic Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Three different antisera against human prostatic acid phosphatase were used for direct and indirect immunohistochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase in paraffin sections of infantile and adult normal, hyperplastic and carcinomatous prostatic tissue. All antisera were prepared in rabbits. Antiserum A was prepared from highly purified acid phosphatase extracted from autopsy specimens. Antiserum B was a concentrate of a commercial antiserum used in radioimmunoassay and was prepared from purified extracts of human seminal fluid. Antiserum C was a peroxidase-conjugated antiserum prepared from purified extracts of human seminal fluid. The specificity of the three antisera was compared using different immunohistochemical methods and tissues. It was comparably high in all three antisera which gave only slightly different staining results in prostatic tissue. The staining results in prostatic carcinoma were only dependent on the titer of the respective antiserum. Carcinomas with a cribriform growth pattern showed variable staining, but always had a positive immunoreactions, provided the titer of the antiserum was sufficiently high. Striking differences were observed in metaplastic, atrophic and hyperplastic prostatic epithelium. The most intense reaction was observed in atrophic glands: it was much less intense in hyperplastic and normal epithelium and negative or slightly positive in metaplastic epithelium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunochemistry; Male; Metaplasia; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rabbits

We compared electrophoretic evaluation of acid phosphatase isoenzymes with spectrophotometric determination of prostatic acid phosphatase in terms of clinical utility. In all of 33 cases of prostatic carcinoma, an increased prostatic fraction was detected; in nine prostatectomized patients, this fraction returned to normal as measured by either technique. Abnormal spectrophotometric results were also seen in 10 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy and seven cases of non-prostatic disorders, but only two benign prostatic hypertrophy and one non-prostatic case showed a prostatic band (band 2) in an electrophoretogram. Band 2 was not demonstrated in 463 patients affected by a great variety of diseases but without prostatic disorders. A weak band 5 was seen in patterns for most patients, except for cases with metastatic bone tumor and Gaucher's disease, whose serum showed a strong band 5. The specificity of bands 2 and 5 seems to be confirmed by this large series of patients. Measurement of acid phosphatase isoenzymes is recommended as a routine screening test for patients whose serum acid phosphatase is abnormally high, because the isoenzyme study not only indicates the presence or absence of prostatic cancer but also whether or not there is bony metastasis. Other disorders such as Gaucher's disease, different kinds of leukemias, and thrombocythemia may also be detected and distinguished by this screening technique.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spectrophotometry

We evaluated and compared five commercial radioimmunoassay kits with a standard counter-immunoelectrophoretic assay for the measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum. Four of the five radioimmunoassays performed as described by the supplier with respect to sensitivity, stability, precision, linearity, analytical recovery, and expected values for the normal male population. None of the radioimmunoassays was more clinically sensitive then the counter-immunoelectrophoretic assay for detecting increased prostatic acid phosphatase in serum. Results obtained by counter-immunoelectrophoretic assay agreed with results obtained by radioimmunoassay in 96% of the tests. The proportion of positive results in patients with confirmed prostatic adenocarcinoma increased with disease progression. The fewer positive tests in localized adenocarcinoma (Stages A and B) suggests that neither the counter-immunoelectrophoretic assay nor the radioimmunoassay procedures are useful for screening unselected populations for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The high percentage of normal values found in those patients clinically free of disease after treatment is encouraging and supports the use of the prostatic acid phosphatase immunoassays in prospectively monitoring the treatment of prostatic cancer patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Female; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Radioimmunoassay

Two radioimmunoassay procedures (RIA-1 and RIA-2) were evaluated for the quantitation of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum and compared with the enzymatic method and counter immunoelectrophoresis method for their specificity and sensitivity. Sera from 168 patients were analyzed and these included: normals, 27; untreated prostatic cancer patients Stage A, 2; Stage C, 3; Stage D, 17; cancer of prostate treated with different modalities, 42; sarcoma of prostate, 1; prostatitis, 3; nonprostatic carcinoma, 17; and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 56. RIA-1 procedure appeared more sensitive (82% sensitivity) and specific (94.5% specificity) than the RIA-2 procedure (68% sensitivity and 91.8% specificity), but the differences were not statistically significant. The enzymatic method was found to be least sensitive (63.6% sensitivity) but also the most specific (100% specificity). Only 69 of the specimens were analyzed by counter immunoelectrophoresis, which showed sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 51.4%. False positives were observed more often in patients with nonprostatic cancer and BPH. The variations in diagnostic specificity of immunologic assays suggest the need of characterization of each antibody specificity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Antibody Specificity; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Radioimmunoassay; Sarcoma

A prospective study compared five different assays for serum prostatic acid phosphatase in the detection of carcinoma of the prostate gland. The assays included two radioimmunoassay procedures, one counterimmunoelectrophoresis procedure, and an enzymatic procedure using alpha-naphthol phosphate substrate with and without sodium tartrate inhibition. The patients' hospital records were reviewed, as were all available surgical histology slides. The patients were divided into four groups: prostatic carcinoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, other carcinomas (besides prostatic carcinoma), and no related disease states (that would be expected to give elevated acid phosphatase levels). The results were analyzed with respect to sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of a positive result, predictive value of a negative result, and efficiency of the assays.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Androgens; Cells, Cultured; Estrogens; Hormones; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Epithelial cells were isolated from human prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) after mechanical disruption of the tissue. The tissue was cut into small pieces, then mechanical pressure was applied. Stroma and epithelium were separated by a sequence of sedimentation steps. The recovery rate of epithelial cells was around 20 million cells per gram of tissue and more than 95% of the cells did exclude trypan blue. Epithelial cells can be identified by phase contrast microscopy and by the acid phosphatase content of the cells. In more than 95% of the cells the presence of acid phosphatase could be shown cytochemically with phosphorylcholine as a substrate. This finding indicates that the contamination with other cell types is very small. Histological study of the remaining stroma indicates that most of the epithelial cells are removed. Also, the acid phosphatase content of this fraction was found to be very low. The problem of obtaining large quantities of stromal cells in suspension has not yet been resolved. However, the technique described may be more suitable than others for the separate study of stroma and epithelium from BPH.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Separation; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Male; Phosphates; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Oral; Anilides; Cell Nucleus; Dihydrotestosterone; Flutamide; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Palpation; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Massage; Palpation; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatitis

The concentrations of prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP), testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT), 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, androstenedione, 5 alpha-androstanedione, and androsterone were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in whole pieces and in separated epithelium from human benign prostatic hypertrophic (BPH) tissues. Significant correlations were noted between the concentrations of PAP and 5 alpha-DHT, and PAP and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol in the epithelium, and between PAP and androstenedione, and PAP and testosterone PAP is androgen dependent, particularly as regards 5 alpha-DHT, whereas 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol may operate after conversion to 5 alpha-DHT. There is no obvious explanation for the correlations noted in whole tissue, but is suggested that circulating androgens, representing the androgen source for the prostate, primarily determine the production of PAP. The majority of the PAP in BPH tissues is located extracellularly.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Androgens; Androstane-3,17-diol; Androstenedione; Androsterone; Dihydrotestosterone; Epithelium; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Radioimmunoassay; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Body Fluids; Carcinoma; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Polyamines; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Female; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

The attempt to identify changes in the biochemical composition of prostatic fluid that might accompany and characterize disease states in the prostate was stimulated by two assumptions based on observations. First, the composition of prostatic fluid was judged to be likely to reflect the metabolic status of at least the epithelial cells accurately. Secondly, the metabolic changes preceding or associated with the development of carcinoma in the prostate seemed likely to be diffuse rather than limited to the histologically abnormal prostatic cells. As a consequence of these assumptions, prostatic fluid obtained from the urethra by digital massage of the prostate was evaluated microscopically and subjected to numerous analytical procedures. Differences in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes, complement C3, and transferrin concentrations in the prostatic fluid of men with histologically identified carcinoma (Ca) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have been observed. The ratio of LDH-5/ LDH-1 was found to have a mean value of 5.94 +/- 0.25(S.E.) in 98 determinations on 83 patients with Ca, and 1.84 +/- 0.14 in 212 determinations on 142 patients with BPH with 10 or less white blood cells per high power field (WBC/hpf) on microscopic examination of the prostatic fluid. Fluid from 52 patients with BPH with greater than 10 WBC/hpf (84 determinations) had a mean ratio of 5.85 +/- 0.88 and from 286 patients with greater than 10 WBC/hpf without an established histologic diagnosis (460 determinations) of 3.12 +/- 0.21. Two hundred twenty-two men under 45 years of age (255 determinations) judged to have a normal prostate clinically had a mean ratio of 0.67 +/- 0.05. The mean transferrin concentration in 44 patients (51 determinations) with Ca was 47.03 +/- 3.76mg/100 ml, in 59 patients with BPH (90 determinations) was 12.97 +/- 1.20, in 23 patients with BPH with > 10 WBC/hpf in the prostatic fluid (38 determinations) was 14.93 +/- 2.19, in 87 patients with > 10 WBC/hpf (92 determinations) was 13.42 +/- 1.41, and in 33 patients less than 45 years of age with clinically normal prostates (33 determinations) was 7.45 +/- 1.08. The mean complement C3 concentration in 46 patients with Ca (57 determinations) was 17.48 +/- 1.60, in 58 patients with BPH (85 determinations) was 3.83 +/- 0.55, in 24 patients with BPH with > 10 WBC/hpf (39 determinations) was 5.87 +/- 0.68, in 93 patients with > 10 WBC/hpf (98 determinations) was 4.47 +/- 0.53, and in 34 patients less than

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Cholesterol; Citric Acid; Complement C3; Complement C4; Ferritins; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunoglobulins; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactate Dehydrogenase 5; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Middle Aged; Polyamines; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Proteins; Specific Gravity; Transferrin; Zinc

Twenty-eight patients admitted with infravesical obstruction symptoms were studied. Fourteen of these patients were suffering from prostatic carcinoma defined as inoperable. The remaining 14 patients were diagnosed as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and transurethral resection (TUR) was performed to all of them. Specimens obtained by TUR were used to analyze tissue activities of total and tartarate labil acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase. Enzymatic levels in the tissue were estimated by using fluorimetric method (FU/mg). The estimated averages seemed to vary in favor of the malignant tissue, however this variation was not found to be statistically significant. Different inhibition levels were observed in benign and malignant tissue with the addition of L(+) tartarate. The average levels of the alkaline phosphatase were found to be lower than those of acid phosphatase, but the former showed no difference between the malignant and benign groups.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The effect of 3 alpha-androstanediol (3 alpha-diol), 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and cyproterone acetate (CA) on prostates in castrated beagle dogs were investigated by histological and histochemical examinations. A significant increase of prostatic weight occurred after 6 months' treatment with 3 alpha-diol alone and in combination with E2. Histologically and histochemically, two different types of prostatic enlargement were observed: first, administration of 3 alpha-diol resulted in diffuse glandular hyperplasia with replacement of functional activity monitored by strongly positive reactions for acid phosphatase, aminopeptidase and zinc. Second, 3 alpha-diol plus E2 produced stratified squamous metaplasia with cystic lumina and loss of the typical morphological structure. These glands showed negative reactions for acid phosphatase, aminopeptidase and zinc. In both types of prostatic hyperplasia CA abolished epithelial or metaplastic proliferation and induced atrophy of glandular epithelium. In estrogenized dogs activation of the fibromuscular stroma was obvious. CA prevented prostatic hyperplasia by atrophying epithelial effects.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Androstanols; Animals; Castration; Cyproterone; Cyproterone Acetate; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Estradiol; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Zinc

The various acid phosphatase isozymes can be distinguished on the basis of their biochemical properties or their net electrical charge. Four main groups of isozymes hydrolyze beta-glycerophosphate: the fastest-moving form seemed to be related to the cancerous state. The quantity of enzyme, either in the whole homogenate or in cytoplasmic fractions was not a useful criteria for cancer, however, while the distribution of acid phosphatase in subcellular structures was characteristic in cancer cases. Cell fractions were obtained by differential centrifugation, but were contaminated with prostatic secretions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Fractionation; Centrifugation; Cytosol; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Three commercial radioimmunoassays and one enzymatic assay for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) have been tested on 122 patients to determine their relative specificity, sensitivity, and diagnostic value. Each of the three radioimmunoassays was found to have special merits. For distinguishing Stage IV prostatic cancer from normal patients without prostatic disease, the Smith Kline (SKF) and New England Nuclear (NEN) assays provide more significant differences. The SKF test also best distinguishes all stages of prostatic cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), but is inferior to the Malinckrodt (MAL) assay for contrasting Stage IV prostatic cancer from BPH. Values obtained with the NEN assay best distinguish the stages of prostatic cancer. Only with the MAL assay are significantly higher PAP values obtained in patients with metastases to bone than those without positive bone scans. Viewed from the point of sensitivity, the SKF assay proves best at all levels of specificity examined in detecting all stages (I-IV), and Stage IV prostatic cancer. By none of the assays can estrogenized Stage III and IV cancer patients be distinguished from those not on estrogen.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase and a conventional enzymatic method using alpha-naphthyl phosphate were employed to document the changes in serum levels of this enzyme following transurethral prostatectomy and prostatic massage. Thirty-four patients with histologically proved benign prostatic hyperplasia and 120 controls were studied. Consistent parallel elevations were noted after surgical trauma. A rapid clearance was observed with normal levels returning at twenty-four hours. Prostatic massage did not elicit a change by either method.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Humans; Male; Massage; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Radioimmunoassay; Time Factors

We describe a rapid radioimmunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) in serum, with use of monospecific antisera raised in rabbits against the primary highly purified acid phosphatase (pl 4.9) from human prostates, and with a second antibody-polyethylene glycol porecipitation. This radioimmunoassay is sensitive and can be performed within 5 h. Concentrations of the immunoreactive acid phosphatase in sera of healthy men (n = 394) ranged from 0.3 to 3.6 microgram/L (mean 1.94, SD 0.66 microgram/L). Concentrations of the enzyme in sera of men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 56) or with carcinoma of nonprostatic origin (n = 24) were identical with those of the reference group. Serum concentrations of immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase of patients with occult, non-metastatic, and metastatic prostatic carcinoma varied from 1.7 to 9.3 (n = 9), 4.2 to 59.4 (n = 12), and 20 to 198 (n = 10) microgram/L, respectively. The amount of immunoassayable prostatic acid phosphatase was unchanged for at least five days in serum stored at 4 degrees C.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Animals; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Prostatic acid phosphatase was purified from human semen and its purity established by biochemical and immunological criteria. Rabbits were injected with the purified isoenzyme to raise specific antisera. The prostatic acid phosphatase was radiolabeled with 125I by the Chloramine T method. We developed a fully automated double-antibody radiommunosassay for measuring prostatic acid phosphatase in serum from patients with carcinoma of the prostate and from several control groups. The lower detection limit of the radioimmunoassay was 2.0 microgram of prostatic acid phosphatase per litre of serum. Values for most members of the control group was <2.0 microgram/L; patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate had values ranging from <2.0 to 300 microgram/L of serum.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Autoanalysis; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rabbits; Radioimmunoassay; Semen

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Immunohistochemical procedures were applied to the examination of human tissues for prostatic acid phosphatase. With antisera against purified human prostatic acid phosphatase 173 normal and neoplastic tissues were tested. Samples of 45 non-prostatic carcinomas and their respective normal tissues were negative. Of 4 seminal vesicles studied 2 showed weak reactivity. The epithelial cells of normal prostatic acini were uniformly positive in 25 patients studied. In contrast to normal prostatic tissue the malignant acini in 53 of 55 patients with prostatic carcinoma had variable but positive reactivity. Of 27 patients receiving radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate variable staining was observed in the neoplastic cells of 24, 8 to 52 months after treatment. The continued production of prostatic acid phosphatase in the malignant cells after radiotherapy suggests that they also may maintain metabolic activities necessary for growth and metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Seminal Vesicles

Prostatic acid phosphatase values in 98 patients with prostatic carcinoma were measured by a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by enzymatic assay. Forty-three carcinomas were staged by rigorous pathological criteria. Patients (N = 129) with benign prostatic hyperplasia were the control group. At 94% specificity, sensitivities of the RIA vs the enzymatic assay for clinically staged patients were as follows: stage A, 22% vs 6%; B, 29% vs 10%; C, 52% vs 38%; and D, 87% vs 80%. However, none of the seven patients with pathological stage A and B disease had a positive test result, and we suggest that variability in staging criteria accounts for the discrepant sensitivity claims reported. Prostatic acid phosphatase RIA should not be used for screening but as an adjunct for staging known prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Female; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

We compare the double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoenzyme assay (IEA) for measuring the concentration of prostatic acid phosphatase in human serum. Experimental details and assay performance of the two methods are outlined. Mean values for 385 normal persons were 1.02 (SD 1.32) microgram/L by IEA, 2.69 (SD 1.8) microgram/L by RIA. Results of the two methods was highly correlated [r = 0.9813, y(RIA) = 0.35 x (IEA) + 0.42, p < 0.001]. If we choose x- + 2 SD as the normal range, 3-10% false positives were seen.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Infant, Newborn; Male; Neoplasms; Pregnancy; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reference Values

Secretory and non-secretory epithelial cells and fibroblasts obtained from normal and hyperplastic canine prostate glands and from prostates of 6-week castrated dogs are cultured in monolayers. Prostatic fibroblasts are grown in non-selective culture medium and found at densities of 1.040-1.045 g/ml in Percoll gradients. Enriched populations of each epithelial cell type area obtained by varying the duration of the culture combined with the use of selective MEM D-Val mixture. When separated by centrifugation in Percoll density gradients, the secretory cells (high A.P.) are found at densities of 1.02-1.03 g/ml whereas the non-secretory cells (low A.P.) have densities of 1.05-1.06 g/ml. Both epithelial cell types are present in the normal and hyperplastic glands at the time of explantation. There is no correlation between the prostatic weight and the proportion of each cell type present in the tissue. On the basis of cell density in Percoll gradients and A.P. activity, those prostates with a high percentage of non-secretory epithelial cells yield better attachment and overall cultures than glands consisting mainly of secretory cells. Our results strongly suggest that non-secretory cells are precursors of the secretory type. In addition, the cells involved in the aging process of the culture are the secretory epithelial cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Separation; Cell Survival; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Dogs; Histocytochemistry; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

A novel radioimmunochemical method for the measurement of human prostatic acid phosphatase in serum and bone marrow has demonstrated distinct biochemical advantages over the standard enzymatic techniques that are currently utilized in the clinical laboratory. The promising nature of the immunochemical assay now in clinical assessment for prostatic cancer may lend itself particularly to more sensitive confirmation of the presence of prostatic neoplasia as well as significantly more precision in the clinical staging of the disease process. In its present form, utilization of the technique as a reliable screening test for early prostatic cancer is patently inappropriate from a biochemical and biostatistical point of view. Continuing research on the antigenic nature of the human prostatic acid phosphatase molecule and the development of antibody with enhanced specificity may somewhat resolve the current screening problem. However, the essentially insoluble problem of the relatively low prevalence rate for prostatic cancer in males in the United States will persist and will probably limit the clinical application of enzymatic and radioimmunochemical screening techniques for early prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Bone Marrow; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aging; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

A counterimmunoelectrophoretic (CIEP) assay for the specific determination of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is described. PAP was obtained from benign human prostatic tissue and a specific antiserum to this enzyme was produced in rabbits and goats. The lowest detectable activity of PAP was at 0.3 IU/l or 4 ng./0.1 ml. This CIEP method was compared to a standard biochemical method (Roy) on a wide spectrum of prostatic and nonprostatic disease. Nonprostatic malignancies and other disorders associated with hyperacidphosphatasemia by the biochemical method were found to be nonreactive for PAP by CIEP. Patients under treatment with various stages of prostatic carcinoma showed comparable elevations by both methods (35%). In untreated patients, the CIEP was statistically most sensitive in stage A (39% by CIEP and 14% by chemical).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urologic Diseases

The clinical value of prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) measurements in the bone marrow aspirate of patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma has been unclear. Using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) to measure PAP, we have evaluated this potential indicator of occult metastases in 127 controls and in 300 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Elevations of the tumor marker were found in 9%, 10%, 19%, and 82% of patients with stages B, C, D1, and D2 adenocarcinoma respectively. Clinical follow-up ranging from 7 to 43 months (average 23 months) was available for 97 patients without any initial indication of metastasis by bone scan. In this group 11 patients had elevated levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase (BMAP) by RIA and four developed radiological evidence of bone metastasis 21-25 months following initial staging. However, only three of the 86 patients with normal BMAP levels have developed bone metastasis. Our results indicate that measurement of bone marrow PAP by immunological methods has prognostic significance. Dilution of the bone marrow aspirate by peripheral blood, however, may limit the application of this technique.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Colorimetry; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Male; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Testosterone; Transplantation, Isogeneic

Prostatic acid phosphatase from human seminal fluid was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was characterized as to its purity, molecular weight and amino acid composition. Analytical isoelectric focusing of purified enzyme on polyacrylamide gels resolved the enzyme activity into eleven discrete bands, apparently due to various amounts of sialic acid associated with the glycoprotein. Antisera raised against the purified enzyme produced only one precipitan arc on immunoelectrophoresis. A double antibody radioimmune assay was developed and used to evaluate serum prostatic acid phosphatase in 226 patients without prostatic disease, in 186 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in 93 patients with prostatic carcinoma. No statistical difference was noted in serum prostatic acid phosphatase between patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in those without prostatic disease Serum prostatic acid phosphatase was elevated in 94% of the patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Significant elevations were also found in carcinoma patients without metastases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Carcinoma; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Molecular Weight; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Semen

An indirect immunofluorescence technique for identifying prostatic acid phosphatase was used to evaluate primary prostatic cell cultures and established cell lines of prostatic origin. With the use of this technique, we positively identified acid phosphatase immunochemically of prostatic origin in cell lines EB 33 and MA 160. Other cell lines showing positive immunofluorescence reactions include H 494, H 575, and DU 145.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; False Negative Reactions; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Bone Marrow; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Organ Specificity; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Formol-stable serum acid phosphatase (SAP) was measured in 200 patients with symptoms of prostatism, before and at varying time intervals after digital rectal examination. In three separate groups of 50 patients SAP levels were measured before and at 5, 15 and 30 min following rectal examination and in a fourth group of 50 patients it was measured before and at 6, 24 and 48 h after examination. No significant change occurred in SAP levels following this examination in any of the groups studied. We conclude that rectal examination does not raise the SAP and that, contrary to popular belief, blood levels recorded at any time within this 48-h period are reliable.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Examination; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rectum; Time Factors

Acid phosphatase isozymes were investigated in cancerous prostatic tissue (4 cases) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (6 cases). Electron-microscopic histochemical examination of cancer tissue revealed irregular acid beta-glycerophosphatase staining in various cell organelles, including the plasma membrane, which was not seen in non-malignant tissue. Cancerous tissue homogenates also contained isozymic acid phosphatase species with high electrophoretic mobility, which was not detectable in benign tissue unless treated with detergent. Fractionation by differential centrifugation confirmed that much of the acid phosphatase activity in cancer tissue was extra-lysosomal. The detection of these isozyme properties may provide an opportunity, by means of tissue investigations, to define tumour stages earlier than on the basis of increased levels of serum acid phosphatase activity indicative of stage IV (D) prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Isoenzymes; Lysosomes; Male; Mitochondria; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Physical Examination; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rectum

Studies of acid phosphates produced by cell lines MA 160 and EB 33 demonstrated immunochemically their prostatic origin. MA 160 and EB 33, rather than being HeLa contaminants, may be hybrids of prostatic epithelial and HeLa cells or true prostatic cell lines with chromosomal changes common to all long-term cultivated cell lines.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; HeLa Cells; Humans; Hybrid Cells; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Human acid phosphatases are ubiquitous phosphohydrolases that are present in most respiring tissues and cells. Specifically, human prostatic acid phosphatase is a unique enzyme within a vast family of acid phosphatases concerned with catabolic processes in cellular metabolism. The majority of serum and bone marrow acid phosphatases are of non-prostatic origin and are present chiefly in erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and other maturing cells in the bone marrow. The specific concentration of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum and bone marrow is normally relatively low compared to non-prostatic acid phosphatases. Many falsely positive assays for total serum acid phosphatases and bone marrow acid phosphatases have been reported, particularly after traumatic marrow biopsy procedures and mishandling of blood samples in the clinical laboratory and in hematologic disease states. The disruption and lysis of whole blood and marrow cells can liberate non-specific acid phosphatases into the serum. Since standard enzymatic assays do not discriminate accurately prostatic acid phosphatase from non-prostatic acid phosphatase present in the serum spurious results can be realized. A preliminary experience with a promising radioimmunoassay for the specific measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow and serum is presented.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Bone Marrow; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

A double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed and utilized to measure prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates. One hundred-eighteen patients with carcinoma of the prostate in various clinical stages, and fifty with benign prostatic hyperplasia were studied. In patients with carcinoma, levels of prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates were found to correlate well with increasing clinical stage of the disease. Determination of bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay may be a valuable adjunct to clinicopathologic staging of prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

An immunochemical method for detection of prostatic acid phosphatase is described. Acid phosphatase was obtained from benign human prostatic tissue. A specific antiserum to this enzyme was produced in rabbits. A counter immunoelectrophoretic method utilizing the specific antiserum with a chemical staining technique has been developed. Clinical trials have indicated the usefulness of this method for the specific determination of prostatic acid phosphatase.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Animals; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rabbits

The carbethoxylation of prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) was accompanied by modification of histidine residues and the inactivation of the enzyme. These findings are consistent with photoinactivation experiments described earlier (Rybarska, J. and Ostrowski, W (1974) Acta Biochim, Polon. 21, 377--390). Prostatic acid phosphatase was phosphorylated at alkaline pH using p-nitrophenyl [32P]phosphate as substrate. Phosphoryl enzyme is stable in alkaline solutions and undergoes dephosphorylation at acidic pH. After hydrolysis of phosphoryl enzyme in strong alkaline solution, a single phosphoryl amino acid was isolated from hydrolyzate and identified as the tau-phosphohistidine.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Drug Stability; Histidine; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Phosphorylation; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

The simultaneous determination of acid phosphatase and citrate concentration in the seminal fluid obtained from 16 patients with prostatic adenoma showed normal values, 6 patiients with prostatic carcinoma (cytologically and histologically verified) however extremely low values. The difference between persons with prostatic cancer and those with adenoma became particulary obvious with both experimental results evaluated in the way of a twodimensional diagram. This clear separation of both clusters by the simultaneouse estimation of both biochemical parameters may possible get useful diagnostic significance.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Citrates; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Semen

A double-antibody radioimmunoassay method for prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP) is presented. Experimental details are outlined to assess the reproducibility and reliability of the method under assay conditions. The upper limit of the serum PAP levels in the present assay was set at 2.4 ng/100 microliter by 162 determinations of normal serum samples. The serum PAP levels of patients with nonprostatic malignant tumors fell in the normal range, whereas the levels higher than 4.0 ng/100 microliter were found in patients with prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Antibodies; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

When serial dilution of standard prostatic acid phosphatases (PAP) was reacted with constant amounts of anti-PAP serum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), the detection end point of enzyme concentration was 0.25 ng in a 10 microliter sample volume. The PAP concentrations in unknowns can be quantitated by comparing the dilution end points of reference PAP with the testing samples. Serum PAP levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and CIEP using normal male and female sera and serum samples from patients with prostatic cancer and nonprostatic tumors. An excellent correlation was observed between the two assay results. According to RIA data, the concentration of PAP higher than 0.4 ng per 10 microliter (or 4.0 ng per 100 microliter) signify the elevation of serum or bone marrow PAP level beyond normal range (normal value 1.6 +/- 0.8 ng/100 microliter). Thus, the CIEP assay will be a simple and reliable screening method for the serum PAP levels in the clinical diagnosis of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

"Prostatic acid phosphatase" is a term that has been used widely and ambiguously to refer to acid phosphatase, which 1) is elevated in the sera of patients with various diseases of the prostate, 2) is inhibited by one or more specific inhibitors, 3) attacks one or more specific substrates, 4) has certain unique antigenic properties, 5) is extracted from homogenates of prostate, and 6) is obtained from prostate secretions, etc. Most of the data adduced to justify this term is indirect. We have purified specific kinds of cells from prostates and other tissues. These purified cells have served as sources of enzymes known to be derived from particular kinds of cells. We studied several substrates and one inhibitor that have been claimed useful for the measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase. None of the substrates or inhibitors studied appeared to offer much "specificity," which would allow us to distinguish acid phosphatase activity from prostatic epithelial cells from acid phosphatase activities from several other kinds of purified cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Separation; Cricetinae; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Male; Organ Specificity; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Acid phosphatase activity has been measured in various tissues and in extracts of cultured cells. Cells were solubilized with NP40 at neutral pH, and thymolphthalein monophosphate was used as substrate. Reproducible assays were possible with a few as 10(6) cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Line; Humans; Male; Organ Specificity; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Tartrates

Patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate and with anaplastic carcinoma have similar activities in their cells in staining for acid phosphatase. After therapy with estrogens the acid phosphatase is significantly inhibited, leucin amino peptidase and succinate dehydrogenase appear to be reactivated in the cells of anaplastic carcinoma. Serum TSH is decreased distinctly, serum levels of LH and prolactin are significantly elevated especially in patients with anaplastic carcinoma of the prostate in comparison to that of patients with treated benign hyperplasia.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; C-Peptide; Carcinoma; Enzymes; Estrogens; Fibrinolysin; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Hormones; Humans; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Prolactin; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Thyrotropin

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cyproterone; Cytoplasmic Granules; Dogs; Epithelium; Exocytosis; Lysosomes; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Tissues from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were used for the cytochemical demonstration in light and electron microscopy of a secreted, nonlysosomal prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) with phosphorycholine, substrate specific for PAP. The specificity of phosphorylcholine for PAP is attributable to the pentavalent nitrogen in phosphorylcholine, a feature that renders it resistant to hydrolysis by all other acid phosphatases. PAP activity was found in the Golgi cisternae and its associated vacuoles and in secretory vacuoles localized in the nuclear, Golgi, and apical areas of the prostatic epithelial cell. These results confirm the existence of two types of acid phosphatase in prostatic tissue. One is lysosomal and is prevalent in many tissues and the other, PAP, is the major enzymatic product secreted by the prostate. The specificity of PAP for phosphorylcholine, one of the natural substrates for this enzyme, validates the use of this method for the histochemical characterization of PAP and indicates the prostatic origin of cells showing PAP activity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Choline; Epithelium; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lysosomes; Male; Phosphorylcholine; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Vacuoles

A simple, rapid and efficient procedure is presented for the purification of human prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) to homogeneity. The method employs two steps suitable for use with large quantities of material, followed by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose as its sole column step. The procedure also permits the recovery of purified enzyme in higher yields than earlier methods.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Chromatography, Affinity; Concanavalin A; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

We compared our radioimmunoassay with the standard enzyme assay for prostatic acid phosphatase in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. Serum samples from 50 controls, 113 patients with prostatic cancer, 36 with benign prostatic hyperplasia, 83 with other cancers, 20 with gastrointestinal disorders and 28 with total prostatectomies were randomized and studied by radioimmunoassay and enzyme assay. When the upper limit was set at 8.0 ng per milliliter (mean + 4 S.D.) the radioimmunoassay diagnosed prostatic cancer in 33, 79, 71 and 92 per cent of the patients with Stage I, II, III and IV disease. In contrast, the enzyme assay detected elevations of enzyme in the serum of 12, 15, 29, and 60 per cent respectively. No false-positive results were detected by either assay in normal controls but the radioimmunoassay test was positive in two patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, in one patient after total prostatectomy, in nine with other cancers and in one of the group with gastrointestinal disorders. In contrast to the enzyme assay, the radioimmunoassay distinguished over half the cases of intracapsular prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Prostates from patients with prostatic hyperplasia were maintained in organ culture for periods up to 8 days. Explants were disaggregated and studied after 2, 4, and 8 days of culture, as well as before culture. Although the data varied from patient to patient, short periods of culture (2 to 4 days) resulted in increased numbers of cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase; however, by 8 days of culture, cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase decreased in number. The ratio of acid phosphatase to beta-glucuronidase expressed per cell or per milligram of protein decrease; with time in culture.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Glucuronidase; Humans; Male; Organ Culture Techniques; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Time Factors

A procedure is described which yields a significant percentage of long-term mixed cell cultures of human prostatic tissue. Attempts were made to suppress the proliferation of stromal fibroblasts and to characterize the cultured cells as those of prostatic origin. The problems associated with establishing epithelial cell lines are discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cells, Cultured; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Fibroblasts; Humans; Male; Methods; Microbial Collagenase; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Chromatography, Gel; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epitopes; Esterases; Fibrinogen; Fibrinolysin; Humans; Male; Peptide Hydrolases; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Protease Inhibitors; Tissue Extracts; Trypsin Inhibitors

We find an elevation of serum acid phosphatase levels 5 min after prostatic massage in only 10% of patients with prostatic adenoma. This increase is caused by stored prostatic secretion being pressed into the blood vessels. 60 min later these serum levels decrease. With some other patients a slower increase of phosphatase levels occurs; this increase, however, lasts for hours. This kind of increase is caused by prostatic fluid being forced into the interstitium where it is slowly absorbed. A combination of both kinds leads to a curve with two peaks; this could be demonstrated in two cases. No difference was seen in reaction of total acid phosphatase and prostatic phosphatase levels. The increase of phosphatase levels following prostatic massage was no sign of prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Massage; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

An 81-year-old male with congestive heart failure and prostatic hypertrophy was found to have markedly elevated serum acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and moderately elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme analysis was performed to determine the organ source of the enzyme. There was an unsual slow-migrating alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme band in the serum of this patient suggestive of hepatic origin by a variety of biochemical tests.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Heart Failure; Homoarginine; Humans; Isoenzymes; Liver; Male; Phenylalanine; Prostatic Hyperplasia

When slices of benign hypertrophied human prostate and abdominal muscle were incubated with either [3H]testosterone or 5alpha-dihydro[3H]testosterone, the uptake of radioactivity by prostatic tissue was significantly higher than that of the muscle (P less than 0.01). The uptake of labelled androgen by prostatic tissue could be significantly reduced by adding the unlabelled steroid to the incubation medium. After the incubation of prostatic tissue with 5alpha-dihydro[3H]testosterone, the amount of the radioactivity taken up by the whole homogenate and the nuclear preparation of the prostatic tissue were measured. DNA content of the nuclei and the whole homogenate was also estimated. The mean+/-S.E.M. of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone associated with the nuclei was 65+/-4.4%, ranging from (52.2-79.8%). The activity of acid phosphatase was measured in 30 samples of prostatic tissue. The mean +/- S.E.M. was 20.7+/-1.5 U/g tissue (9.8+/-0.9 U/mg DNA). The correlation between the activity of this enzyme and the uptake of androgen by prostatic tissue is evaluated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Dihydrotestosterone; DNA; Humans; Male; Muscles; Organ Specificity; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Subcellular Fractions; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Dihydrotestosterone; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Transplantation; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Receptors, Androgen; Testosterone; Transplantation, Heterologous

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Cystoscopy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Palpation; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urine; Urography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Line; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Diethylstilbestrol; Dihydrotestosterone; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Estradiol; Estriol; Estrone; Humans; Male; Methane; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Proteins; Staining and Labeling; Testosterone

Serum acid phosphatase (AcPase) was measured by a colorimetric method utilizing adenosine 3' -monophosphate as substrate in 389 patients. In about half the cases blood was taken shortly after a rectal examination. The upper reference limit (mean + 2SD) for 116 cases with miscellaneous illness after eliminating outliers was 4.1 International Units per litre (U/I) at 37 degrees C, and no correlation existed between AcPase activity and age in these subjects (r = 0.040). Eight of 18 patients with untreated carcinoma confined within the prostate gland had AcPase activities below 4.1 U/l, and all of 27 cases with extension to pelvic soft tissues or to bone exceeded this value. AcPase activities above 4.1 U/l were found in 6% of cases with benign hypertrophy of the prostate, in 5% of cases with non-prostatic cancer, and in none of 22 cases with other urological illness. Raised serum alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity was found in 60% of patients with untreated prostatic cancer and in only 6% of patients free of prostatic cancer, in most of whom there was a clinical explanation for the elevation. The correlation between the two phosphatase activities was not significant (r = 0.294). While APase activity does not reflect the stage of the disease as closely as AcPase activity, and is not so frequently elevated, it provided useful confirmation of the diagnosis in five patients of the present series whose AcPase levels were normal or only minimally elevated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Colorimetry; Cyclic AMP; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Autopsy; Biopsy, Needle; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Male; Methods; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Animals; Chromatography, Affinity; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Densitometry; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling; Tartrates; Time Factors; Ultrafiltration

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy, Needle; Catheterization; Cystoscopy; Dilatation; Endoscopy; Humans; Male; Massage; Physical Examination; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum; Urethra; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Blood Coagulation Factors; Blood Coagulation Tests; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Ethanol; Fibrinolysis; Hemorrhage; Hemostasis; Humans; Male; Preoperative Care; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Palliative Care; Palpation; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bromine; Catalysis; Chromatography, Gel; Humans; Male; Molecular Weight; Osmolar Concentration; Oxidation-Reduction; Photochemistry; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Succinimides

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Androgens; Animals; Cattle; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Fibroblasts; HeLa Cells; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Culture Media; Cyproterone; Dihydrotestosterone; Esterases; Estradiol; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Culture Techniques; Progesterone; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Steroids; Testosterone; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Cysteine; Drug Combinations; Ethamsylate; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Haplorhini; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Male; Plant Extracts; Pollen; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats; Seminal Vesicles; Species Specificity; Spleen; Tartrates; Testis; Thioglycolates; Thymus Gland; Tissue Extracts

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Physical Examination; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Isoenzymes; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amylases; Humans; Male; Massage; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Aged; Blood Sedimentation; Diagnosis, Differential; Estrogens; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; United Kingdom; Urea; Urination Disorders

A technique is described for the culture of slices of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) for periods of a week in organ culture. Under these conditions tissue repair took place, resulting in a covering layer of transitional epithelium which formed around the explant and spread out laterally as a monolayer. Autoradiography and studies with [(3)H]thymidine uptake suggested that the repair activity, which reached a peak at Day 3 in culture, was the centre of biochemical activity, overshadowing that of the rest of the explant. Necrosis of the explant base tended to develop abruptly during the first day of culture but thereafter remained stable. The epithelium was well preserved morphologically, but explant acid phosphatase activity fell progressively.No morphological response to testosterone (10(-5) mol/l) or stilboestrol diphosphate (10(-5) mol/l) was seen.Attention is drawn to a possible source of misinterpretation of results offered by the uptake of [(3)H]thymidine into DNA in organ culture.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Agar; Autoradiography; Diethylstilbestrol; DNA; Epithelium; Humans; Male; Organ Culture Techniques; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Testosterone; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Glucuronidase; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Platelets; Electrophoresis, Disc; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Isoenzymes; Leukocytes; Male; Methods; Naphthols; Nitrophenols; Phenolphthaleins; Phosphates; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biopsy; Biopsy, Needle; Bone Marrow Examination; Castration; Cryosurgery; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Radiography, Thoracic; Radionuclide Imaging; Steroids

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antilymphocyte Serum; Epithelial Cells; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Testosterone; Transplantation, Heterologous

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Cell Fusion; Cell Nucleus; Culture Techniques; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Herpesviridae; Humans; Inclusion Bodies, Viral; Lysosomes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Viruses

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Deoxyribonucleases; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; DNA, Neoplasm; Electron Transport Complex IV; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lipid Metabolism; Malate Dehydrogenase; Male; Nucleotidases; Polysaccharides; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ribonucleases; RNA, Neoplasm; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Castration; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lysosomes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ultracentrifugation

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amphotericin B; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Proteins; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Chlorine; Cholesterol; Glutamine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrogen; Potassium; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Sodium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Palpation; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rectum; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Cytoplasm; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrolases; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antilymphocyte Serum; Disease Models, Animal; Esterases; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Male; Muscles; Phosphates; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rabbits; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Transplantation, Heterologous

Topics: 11-Hydroxycorticosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Androgen Antagonists; Animals; Autopsy; Biopsy; Dogs; Male; Methemoglobin; Microscopy, Electron; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Spermatogenesis; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Humans; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Massage; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Blood Proteins; Blood Sedimentation; Humans; Male; Mucoproteins; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Massage; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

The hydrolysis of adenosine 3'-monophosphate by serum acid phosphatase has been coupled to the liberation of ammonia from the adenosine generated through the action of exogenous adenosine deaminase. The ammonia is measured at the end of the incubation by a modification of the phenol-hypochlorite reaction of Berthelot. Optimum conditions for the enzyme reaction have been defined. Inhibition of the Berthelot reaction by the serum used in the assay is small, and may be compensated by a correction factor. Although the value for the control is high in relation to the test over the normal range, this is largely outweighed by the good sensitivity and precision of the method. The substrate is not significantly hydrolysed by erythrocyte acid phosphatase within the limits encountered in haemolysed sera. Experience of the method in routine hospital diagnosis compared favorably with that of a standard method employing disodium phenyl phosphate as substrate. It is suggested that activities greater than 3.1 IU/l should be further investigated and those greater than 3.7 IU/l should be regarded as definitely raised. The stability of human serum AcPase when promptly separated and held at 4 degrees C or - 20 degrees C was confirmed. At room temperature, acidification to pH 6.0 greatly improved stability.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenine Nucleotides; Adenosine Monophosphate; Aminohydrolases; Ammonia; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Colorimetry; Female; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Male; Methods; Phenols; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Temperature

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Tartrates; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Chromatography; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Androgens; Diethylstilbestrol; Electrophoresis; Estrogens; Fluoxymesterone; Humans; Hypogonadism; Male; Methyltestosterone; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Semen; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Humans; Male; Massage; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Binding Sites; Catechol Oxidase; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chlorides; Chromatography, Gel; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iodine; Kinetics; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Spectrum Analysis; Tartrates; Tyrosine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Electrosurgery; Humans; Male; Nitrophenols; Photometry; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Massage; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alabama; Biopsy; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Hematocrit; Hospitals, Veterans; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Cystoscopy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Punctures

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Infarction; Male; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Physical Examination; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Physical Examination; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Physical Examination; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Castration; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Electron Transport Complex II; Esterases; Estrogens; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Research; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Chemical Analysis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Mucoproteins; Neoplasms; Orosomucoid; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tyrosine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Diethylstilbestrol; Drug Therapy; Enzyme Inhibitors; Geriatrics; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Osteosclerosis; Pathology; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Blood; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Catheterization; Urination Disorders

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Chemical Analysis; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Metabolism; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Urology

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Castration; Dithizone; Estrogens; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Male; Neoplasms; Orchiectomy; Pancreas; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Research; Retina; Semen; Spermatozoa; Testosterone; Toxicology; Urination Disorders; Zinc

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Chemical Analysis; Castration; Chlorpromazine; Humans; Male; Orchiectomy; Pharmacology; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats; Research; Testis; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Humans; Male; Oxidoreductases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostatic Hyperplasia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acids; Blood; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Body Fluids; Breast Neoplasms; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Coloring Agents; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biochemical Phenomena; Blood; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Serum