acid-phosphatase and Poultry-Diseases

The possible biochemical mechanism of gallium was studied in this paper. One-day-old hens were fed to up to 68 weeks on a control diet and diets containing gallium. Serum calcium and phosphorus, serum alkaline phosphatase, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum osteocalcin, homocysteine, C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of collagen type I, and bone mineral content were measured, respectively. The beneficial effects of gallium supplementation on improvement of cage layer osteoporosis were attributable mainly to decrease TRAP activity, C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of collagen type I level, plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations, and increase the mineral content in the bones and osteocalcin level in plasma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Density; Calcium; Chickens; Gallium; Isoenzymes; Osteocalcin; Osteoporosis; Phosphorus; Poultry Diseases; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a metabolic cartilage disease of young poultry in which endochondral bone formation is disrupted leading to the retention of a non-calcified, avascular plug of cartilage in the tibial growth plate. Chicks aged 7 days were fed either a control diet or one containing thiram 100 ppm for 48 h to induce TD. Cell multiplication in the growth plate was determined thereafter with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling, and metabolic changes by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and glutathione (GSH) activities. The effect on chondrocyte maturation was examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of gene expression. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and DNA fragmentation were used to determine the effects of thiram on cell survival. The results showed that thiram-induced TD was not due to the multiplication of cells in the post-proliferative zones. Thiram did not affect ALP activity, which would have indicated a loss of calcification potential, but it reduced both TRAP and the glutathione concentrations, suggesting that the growth plate metabolism and remodelling functions were adversely affected. Thiram appeared to have no effect on the expression of type X collagen, transglutaminase, RUNX2, or matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP) genes suggesting that it did not alter the maturation potential of chondrocytes. On the contrary, the expressions of MMP-13 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes were "up-regulated," suggesting that thiram has pro-angiogenic activity. However, TUNEL assay showed that thiram induced endothelial cell apoptosis in the capillary vessels of the growth plates, as early as 10 days of age, when TD was not visually evident. The vascular death increased on subsequent days accompanied by massive death of chondrocytes in the transition zone of the growth plate. The induction of apoptosis in the growth plate was also demonstrated by DNA fragmentation. It was concluded that thiram induced TD not through an increase in the multiplication of chondrocytes in the transition zone and not by altering the expression of genes causing the arrest of chondrocytes in a prehypertrophic state, but by creating a metabolic dysfunction which led to the destruction of blood capillaries in the transition zone chondrocytes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Chickens; Chondrocytes; Collagenases; Endothelial Cells; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Glutathione; Growth Plate; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Isoenzymes; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; Osteochondrodysplasias; Poultry Diseases; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Thiram; Tibia; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

The effect of feeding mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxin B1 (1.25 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age) and ochratoxin A (0.5 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age) along with inclusion body hepatitis virus (IBHV) inoculation (at 10 days of age) singly and in combination was studied in broiler chicks. Birds in combined treatment groups, i.e. aflatoxin fed and virus inoculated and ochratoxin fed and virus inoculated, showed more changes in activities of phosphatases (AKPase, ATPase, G-6-Pase and ACPase) in liver and kidney tissues than their respective individual treatment groups with a few exceptions. Reduction in the activities of oxido-reductases in liver and kidney tissues were almost comparable in different treatment groups. The increase in muco-polysaccharides reaction was more marked in both the combined treatment groups than the single treatment groups. Intensity of lipid reaction was more in ochratoxin virus combination group than either alone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adenoviridae Infections; Aflatoxin B1; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aviadenovirus; Chickens; Electron Transport Complex IV; Epithelium; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glycosaminoglycans; Kidney Tubules; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lipids; Liver; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Poultry Diseases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

The ultrastructure and cytochemistry of eosinophils from adult fowl and ducks with either spontaneous or experimentally induced eosinophilia were examined. The results showed that a high proportion of the eosinophils in the peripheral blood of eosinophilic birds had ultrastructural features different from those of normal eosinophils. In both species, there was a reduction in cell size. Fowl eosinophil granules showed similar morphological changes to those seen in the quail with many crescentic and vacuolated forms being present. In eosinophilic ducks, the crystalline interna of the specific granules were often fragmented or were either partially or completely lysed. Cytochemically, peroxidase activity in both species was generally unaltered in abnormal eosinophils compared with those from normal birds. This correlates with the findings in man. However, amounts of acid phosphatase and trimetaphosphatase were reduced in many cells, with a large proportion of granules being non-reactive. The latter observation corresponds with that in quail but differs from man, in which stimulated eosinophils have increased enzymatic activity.

Topics: Acid Anhydride Hydrolases; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Chickens; Ducks; Eosinophilia; Eosinophils; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Peroxidases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Poultry Diseases

Presented are data on iron-binding capacity determinations in the serum of turkeys infected with lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) virus and in healthy males and females (laying eggs and nonlaying) from a breeding flock. Also presented are results of serum and tissue total acid and alkaline phosphatase determinations in turkey poults infected with LPD virus and their uninfected controls and of serum enzyme levels in healthy males and females from the breeding flock. There was no significant alteration in total iron binding capacity (transferrin level) in the serum of turkeys with LPD. Turkey poults inoculated with LPD virus showed a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity 4 and 7 weeks postinfection (pi), and a decrease in serum acid phosphatase activity 7 weeks pi. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity determined in the spleen and pancreas (organs with pronounced tumor involvement) 7 weeks pi did not differ significantly from that of healthy controls, although there was a tendency for both enzymes to decline in the pancreas of the infected turkeys. Healthy laying female turkeys demonstrated marked elevation in serum transferrin level and in acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, as compared with males of the same age. Serum alkaline phosphatase of turkey poults was markedly higher than that of adult turkeys.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Female; Iron; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Male; Pancreas; Poultry Diseases; Retroviridae Infections; Spleen; Transferrin; Turkeys

Turkeys which produce yellow semen have abnormal ductuli efferentes' epithelial morphology, with blebbing of cytoplasmic material into the ductal lumen. This could possibly increase the activity or concentration of seminal plasma components. In the present study, seminal plasma from 270 Large White breeder turkeys was evaluated for protein and cholesterol concentrations and the activities of acid phosphatase and asparate aminotransaminase. In a separate experiment, protein concentrations of turkey seminal plasma were estimated by biuret or Bradford methods. Bradford estimates were 46.6% less than those obtained with the biuret assay, using bovine serum albumin as the standard. Estimates of seminal plasma protein concentration in the main study were obtained using the Bradford method, and should be adjusted accordingly when compared with other studies using the biuret technique. Abnormal yellow seminal plasma, compared to normal white seminal plasma, had elevated levels of total protein and cholesterol and increased activities of acid phosphatase and aspartate aminotransaminase. Overall means were: 14.3 mg/ml, 38.9 mg/dl, 232.6 IU/ml, 81.0 IU/ml, respectively. Correlation coefficients for cholesterol concentration, acid phosphatase and aminotransaminase activity with protein concentration were +0.65, 0.70 and 0.50 (P less than 0.0001), respectively. Specific activities of both enzymes showed a significant reduction as seminal plasma protein increased, indicating a disproportionate increase in proteins other than these enzymes in yellow seminal plasma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Cholesterol; Male; Poultry Diseases; Proteins; Semen; Testis; Turkeys

Encephalopathy was induced in 14-day-old chicks by a vitamin E-deficient diet containing 15% thermally oxidized safflower oil. Bound acid phosphatase activity in the cerebellum was markedly lower in affected chicks than in vitamin E-supplied control chicks. Free activity also tended to be lower in the deficient group. There were no differences in enzyme activities of cerebrum and liver between deficient and control chicks.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Brain Diseases; Cerebellar Diseases; Chickens; Lysosomes; Male; Poultry Diseases; Safflower Oil; Vitamin E Deficiency

The mechanism of laryngotracheitis virus-induced dissolution of chick nasal turbinate cartilage was studied by lysosomal enzyme histochemistry. Five-day-old chicks were infected by intranasal instillation, and changes in lysosomal enzyme distribution were followed at daily intervals through the tissue regeneration stage, Day 28. In the mucosa the lysosomes were activated beginning on Day 1, and glycerol acid phosphatase and a diffuse form of beta-glucuronidase were released concomitant with tissue cell destruction. In the chondrocytes (where glycerol acid phosphatase was absent), beginning on Day 2, particulate (lysosomal) beta-glucuronidase decreased as diffuse beta-glucuronidase increased and extended out into the matrix. The cartilage lost its metachromatic staining properties and became soft and pliable. Regeneration of the mucosa started on Day 6 and gradual reappearance of metachromatic staining of the cartilage began on Day 8 with considerable recovery of original turbinate structure by Day 12. A lysosomal membrane labilizer, vitamin A, exacerbated the cartilage pathology, whereas a stabilizer, cortisone, retarded it.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cartilage; Cartilage Diseases; Chickens; Cortisone; Glucuronidase; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Gallid; Lysosomes; Nose Diseases; Poultry Diseases; Turbinates; Vitamin A

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Esterases; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Poultry Diseases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Blood Proteins; Bursa of Fabricius; Capillary Fragility; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chickens; Fusarium; Hematoma; Hemoglobins; Lipids; Liver; Liver Diseases; Mycotoxins; Organ Size; Pancreas; Poultry Diseases; Spleen

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Blood Proteins; Bursa of Fabricius; Capillary Fragility; Chickens; Cholesterol; Hemoglobins; Kidney; Lethal Dose 50; Liver; Muscles; Mycotoxins; Penicillium; Poultry Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Chickens; Ferritins; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Histological Techniques; Lipase; Nictitating Membrane; Peptide Hydrolases; Poultry Diseases; Time Factors; Trematoda; Trematode Infections

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cranial Sinuses; Enzymes; Epithelium; Histocytochemistry; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Malate Dehydrogenase; Mycoplasma Infections; Oxidoreductases; Poultry Diseases; Staining and Labeling; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Turkeys

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Dietary Fats; Encephalomalacia; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Muscular Dystrophies; Poultry Diseases; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cathepsins; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Linoleic Acid; Lysosomes; Methionine; Muscular Dystrophies; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Pharmacology; Poultry Diseases; Research; Ribonucleases; Sulfatases; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Cholinesterases; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Coronary Vessels; Electron Transport Complex IV; Esterases; Glycosaminoglycans; Hexokinase; Histocytochemistry; Monoamine Oxidase; NAD; NADP; Oxidoreductases; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Research

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Calcium; Citrates; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Osteoporosis; Poultry Diseases; Research; Sex