acid-phosphatase and Peri-Implantitis

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells deriving from the monocyte/macrophage haematopoietic lineage. They contain large amount of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K and play an important role in resorption of mineralized tissues such as bone and dentine. The resorption capabilities by osteoclasts are thought to be associated with several oral diseases such as periodontitis, periapical periodontitis, peri-implantitis and osteoporosis. Osteoclast size is one of the key evaluating parameters of osteoclast resorption activities. Findings of osteoclast size regulation research may provide a novel breakthrough for the treatment of bone resorption disorder diseases. This article summarized and reviewed the previous relevant experiments and studies of osteoclast size regulation and its mechanism.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone and Bones; Bone Resorption; Cathepsin K; Cell Size; Humans; Macrophages; Monocytes; Osteoclasts; Peri-Implantitis

To investigate expression of gene markers for the plasminogen system, inflammation, and bone resorption/remodelling in peri-implant crevicular fluid samples from healthy subjects, subjects with mucositis and subjects with peri-implantitis. A possible inhibitory effect of suppuration on the analysis of gene expression in samples from subjects with peri-implantitis was also analysed.. Peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was sampled from 25 healthy subjects (H), 25 subjects with mucositis (M) and 25 subjects with peri-implantitis (P) using paper points and suction tips. The samples were analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The following biomarkers associated with the plasminogen system, inflammation and bone resorption/ remodelling were investigated: interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K (CatK).. IL-1β and IL-8 were significantly upregulated in the P group, and tPA and PAI-2 were significantly upregulated in the M group. These four genetic markers were oppositely regulated in samples from the subjects in the mucositis compared with the peri-implantitis group. TRAP and CatK showed no differences between the groups. The presence of suppuration did not have a detectable effect on gene analysis in samples from subjects with peri-implantitis.. Markers for the plasminogen system and inflammation could be used to distinguish between mucositis and peri-implantitis. The results suggested that the plasminogen system was sufficiently upregulated allowing for resolution of inflammation and healing at the inflamed implant site in subjects with mucositis, whereas such upregulation was insufficient resulting in impaired healing and prolonged inflammation in subjects with peri-implantitis. The combination of tissue inflammation and low levels of tPA was a strong predictor of marginal bone loss in this study. It may be an interesting candidate for the unambiguous diagnosis of mucositis and peri-implantitis independent of radiographs and could possibly constitute a powerful future tool for rapid assessment of the periimplant tissue condition and the effect of subject treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Bone Remodeling; Bone Resorption; Cathepsin K; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Implants; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Peri-Implantitis; Plasminogen; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; Stomatitis; Suppuration; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tissue Plasminogen Activator

The objective of this controlled exploratory cross-sectional study was to investigate and compare the presence of gene expression of bone resorption/remodelling in peri-implant crevicular fluid samples from healthy subjects and subjects showing obvious clinical and radiographic signs of peri-implantitis.. Peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was sampled from seven healthy subjects and seven subjects with obvious clinical signs of peri-implantitis using paper points. The samples were analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Biomarkers associated with bone degradation/remodelling, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), dickkopf-related protein- 1 (DKK-1), osteoprotegerin (OPG), cathepsin K (CatK) and osteocalcin (OC), were of particular interest in the study.. The measured levels of genetic markers were similar for the subjects in the healthy and the peri-implantitis group. Only one subject out of seven with strong and clear clinical signs of peri-implantitis exhibited a panel of genetic markers for ongoing bone degradation. This subject was also diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.. The present data showed that patients with obvious clinical signs of peri-implantitis and a history of bone loss can exhibit similar gene expressions of bone loss/remodelling as clinically healthy implant patients. Absence of bone resorption markers demonstrated that it was not possible to establish ongoing bone degradation in six of seven subjects in the peri-implantitis group. The results suggest that bone resorption was not in progress at the time of PICF sampling, or that cells expressing such markers were not present in significant numbers at the site of PICF sampling.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Bone Remodeling; Bone Resorption; Cathepsin K; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Implants; Feasibility Studies; Female; Genetic Markers; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Interleukin-1beta; Isoenzymes; Male; Osteocalcin; Osteoprotegerin; Peri-Implantitis; RANK Ligand; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Single-Blind Method; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) are both derived from the fusion of macropahges. These cells are seen in close proximity during foreign body reactions, therefore it was assumed that they might interact with each other. The aim was to identify important genes that are expressed by osteoclasts and FBGCs which can be used to understand peri-implantitis and predict the relationship of these cells during foreign body reactions. Bone marrow macrophages (BMM) were treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) to produce osteoclasts. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to identify the genes that were expressed by osteoclasts and FBGCs compared to macrophage controls. TRAP staining was used to visualise the cells while gelatine zymography and western blots were used for protein expression. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metallo proteinase 9 (MMP9), nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), cathepsin K (CTSK) and RANK were significantly lower in FBGCs compared to osteoclasts. Inflammation specific chemokines such as monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP1 also called CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP1α), MIP1β and MIP1γ, and their receptors CCR1, CCR3 and CCR5, were highly expressed by FBGCs. FBGCs were negative for osteoclast specific markers (RANK, NFATc1, CTSK). FBGCs expressed chemokines such as CCL2, 3, 5 and 9 while osteoclasts expressed the receptors for these chemokines i.e. CCR1, 2 and 3. Our findings show that osteoclast specific genes are not expressed by FBGCs and that FBGCs interact with osteoclasts during foreign body reaction through chemokines.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Cathepsin K; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Chemokines; Giant Cells, Foreign-Body; Isoenzymes; Macrophages; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; NFATC Transcription Factors; Osteoclasts; Peptide Hydrolases; Peri-Implantitis; RANK Ligand; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; Receptors, Chemokine; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase