acid-phosphatase and Obesity

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Animals; Citric Acid Cycle; Diabetes Mellitus; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Infant, Newborn; Insulin; Islets of Langerhans; Lysosomes; Mice; Obesity; Pentosephosphates; Pregnancy; Transaminases

The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue in rodents and primates contains mesenchymal stem cells and immune cells. SVF cells have complex metabolic, immune and endocrine functions with biomedical impact. However, in other mammals, the amount of data on SVF stem cells is negligible and whether the SVF hosts immune cells is unknown. In this study, we show that the SVF is rich in immune cells, with a dominance of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in cattle (Bos primigenius taurus), domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), domestic sheep (Ovis aries), domestic cat (Felis catus) and domestic dog (Canis familiaris). ATMs of these species are granulated lysosome-rich cells with lamellipodial protrusions and express the lysosome markers acid phosphatase 5 (ACP-5) and Mac-3/Lamp-2. Using ACP-5 and Mac-3/Lamp-2 as markers, we additionally detected ATMs in other species, such as the domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Feline and canine ATMs also express the murine macrophage marker F4/80 antigen. In the lean condition, the alternative macrophage activation marker CD206 is expressed by feline and canine ATMs and arginase-1 by feline ATMs. Obesity is associated with interleukin-6 and interferon gamma expression and with overt tyrosine nitration in both feline and canine ATMs. This resembles the obesity-induced phenotype switch of murine and human ATMs. Thus, we show, for the first time, that the presence of ATMs is a general trait of mammals. The interaction between the adipose cells and SVF immune cells might be evolutionarily conserved among mammals.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Shape; Female; Immunophenotyping; Isoenzymes; Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2; Macrophages; Male; Mammals; Obesity; Phenotype; Rodentia; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

We determined effects of bariatric weight loss surgery on serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a (TRACP 5a), inflammatory cytokines and glucose homeostasis in severely obese Chinese adults.. Severely obese adults undergoing bariatric surgery were recruited. Anthropometry, insulin resistance (IR), inflammatory markers and serum TRACP 5a were measured at baseline and 3, 6 and 12months postoperatively.. Data of 93 patients, including 69 non-diabetic (non-DM group) and 24 diabetic (DM group), were analyzed. Anthropometry decreased significantly at 3months postoperatively in both groups; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased obviously at 3, 6 and 12months in non-DM group, while improving significantly at 6 and 12months in DM group. Homeostasis model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) improved significantly at 3, 6 and 12months in non-DM group and 12months in DM group. In DM group, C-reactive protein (CRP) decreased significantly at 3months postoperatively and inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TRACP 5a improved at 6months postoperatively; in non-DM group, serum TRACP 5a decreased obviously at 12months postoperatively without significant changes in CRP and IL-6.. Weight reduction by bariatric surgery decreases anthropometry, IR, lipids and inflammatory markers in severely obese Chinese adults.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Asian People; Bariatric Surgery; Blood Glucose; C-Reactive Protein; Case-Control Studies; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Isoenzymes; Lipids; Male; Obesity; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Weight Loss

Physical activity and soy protein isolate (SPI) augmentation have been reported to be beneficial for bone health. We hypothesized that combining voluntary running and SPI intake would alleviate detrimental changes in bone induced by a high-fat diet. A 2 × 2 × 2 experiment was designed with diets containing 16% or 45% of energy as corn oil and 20% SPI or casein fed to sedentary or running male C57BL/6 mice for 14 weeks. Distal femurs were assessed for microstructural changes. The high-fat diet significantly decreased trabecular number (Tb.N) and bone mineral density (BMD) and increased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). Soy protein instead of casein, regardless of fat content, in the diet significantly increased bone volume fraction, Tb.N, connectivity density, and BMD and decreased Tb.Sp. Voluntary running, regardless of fat content, significantly decreased bone volume fraction, Tb.N, connectivity density, and BMD and increased Tb.Sp. The high-fat diet significantly decreased osteocalcin and increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP 5b) concentrations in plasma. Plasma concentrations of osteocalcin were increased by both SPI and running. Running alleviated the increase in TRAP 5b induced by the high-fat diet. These findings demonstrate that a high-fat diet is deleterious, and SPI is beneficial to trabecular bone properties. The deleterious effect of voluntary running on trabecular structural characteristics indicates that there may be a maximal threshold of running beyond which beneficial effects cease and detrimental effects occur. Increases in plasma osteocalcin and decreases in plasma TRAP 5b in running mice suggest that a compensatory response occurs to counteract the detrimental effects of excessive running.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Density; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Fats; Femur; Glycine max; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Osteocalcin; Running; Soybean Proteins; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Obesity is markedly associated with abnormal bone density indicating the importance of adipocytes in bone metabolism. However, the specific function of adipocytes remains unclear, with marked discrepancies in observations of previous studies. In the present study, the effect of adipocytes on osteoblasts/osteoclasts was analyzed. A mouse model of obesity was established and an in vitro co-culture system was utilized containing adipocyte and MC3T3/RAW 264.7 cells in a Transwell plate. Compared with control mice, obese mice exhibited low body weight and bone mineral density of the tibia and fat cells were observed to accumulate in bone marrow. MC3T3/RAW 264.7 cells were co-cultured with adipocytes and the mRNA and protein expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin was found to be decreased in MC3T3-E1 cells and mRNA and protein expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K was significantly increased in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the effect of adipocytes on the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK system indicated that the RANKL/OPG ratio secreted by osteoblasts increased and RANK expression by osteoclasts increased, leading to increased osteoclastogenesis. These results indicate that bone metabolism is impaired in obese mice leading to decreased osteoblastogenesis and marked increases in osteoclastogenesis and low bone mass.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipocytes; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Density; Bone Marrow Cells; Cathepsin K; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Osteocalcin; Osteogenesis; Osteoprotegerin; RANK Ligand; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B

Deterioration of the immune and skeletal systems, each of which parallel obesity, reflects a fragile interrelationship between adiposity and osteoimmunology. Using a murine model of diet-induced obesity, this study investigated the ability of mechanical signals to protect the skeletal-immune systems at the tissue, cellular, and molecular level. A long-term (7 mo) high-fat diet increased total adiposity (+62%), accelerated age-related loss of trabecular bone (-61%), and markedly reduced B-cell number in the marrow (-52%) and blood (-36%) compared to mice fed a regular diet. In the final 4 mo of the protocol, the application of low-magnitude mechanical signals (0.2 g at 90 Hz, 15 min/d, 5 d/wk) restored both bone structure and B cells to those levels measured in control mice fed a regular diet. These phenotypic outcomes were achieved, in part, by reductions in osteoclastic activity and a biasing of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation toward the lymphoid B-cell lineage and away from a myeloid fate. These results emphasize that obesity undermines both the skeletal and immune systems, yet brief exposure to mechanical signals, perhaps as a surrogate to the salutary influence of exercise, diminishes the consequences of diabetes and obesity, restoring bone structure and normalizing B-cell populations by biasing of the fate of stem cells through mechanosensitive pathways.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipose Tissue; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Resorption; Diet, High-Fat; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Flow Cytometry; Gene Expression; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NFATC Transcription Factors; Obesity; PAX5 Transcription Factor; Physical Conditioning, Animal; PPAR gamma; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; X-Ray Microtomography

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and gingival oxidative stress in obese rats fed a high-fat diet.. Rats were divided into three groups (n = 14/group): one control group (fed a regular diet) and two experimental groups (fed a high-fat diet with and without exercise training [treadmill: 5 days/week]). The rats were sacrificed at 4 or 8 weeks. The level of serum reactive oxidative metabolites (ROM) was measured as an indicator of circulating ROS. The level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and reduced-form glutathione (GSH)/oxidised-form glutathione (GSSG) ratio were determined to evaluate gingival oxidative stress.. The obese rats fed a high-fat diet without exercise training showed higher serum ROM levels [Carratelli Units (CARR U)] (mean ± SD; 413 ± 64) than the control (333 ± 12) at 4 weeks (p = 0.023). Such a condition resulted in higher 8-OHdG levels (ng/mg mtDNA) (0.97 ± 0.18) (p < 0.05) and a lower GSH/GSSG ratio (17.0 ± 3.1) (p < 0.05) in gingival tissues, compared to the control (0.55 ± 0.13 for 8-OHdG and 23.6 ± 5.8 for GSH/GSSG ratio) at 8 weeks. In addition, the obese rats fed a high-fat diet with exercise training showed lower serum ROM (623 ± 103) (p < 0.001) and gingival 8-OHdG levels (0.69 ± 0.17) (p = 0.012) than those without exercise training (1105 ± 95 for ROM and 0.55 ± 0.13 for 8-OHdG) at 8 weeks.. Obesity prevention by exercise training may effectively suppress gingival oxidative stress by decreasing serum ROS in rats.

Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Acid Phosphatase; Alveolar Bone Loss; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; C-Reactive Protein; Connective Tissue; Deoxyguanosine; Dietary Fats; Gingiva; Glutathione; Glutathione Disulfide; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Isoenzymes; Male; Neutrophils; Obesity; Osteoclasts; Oxidative Stress; Periodontal Ligament; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reactive Oxygen Species; Subcutaneous Fat; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expressed by adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) induces mice obesity and human adipocyte differentiation in vitro. This study aimed to investigate whether TRAP was secreted differently from human obese versus lean adipose tissues and to identify the cellular source of adipose tissue TRAP.. Subcutaneous adipose tissues obtained from healthy subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for total (5a+5b) and cleaved TRAP (5b) were used. TRAP secretion was determined in adipose tissue biopsies, and mRNA expression was studied in cell types isolated from the same.. Results of 24 lean and 24 obese women (in vitro) and 8 subjects (in vivo) were compared. The main outcome measurements were TRAP expression and secretion in vitro and in vivo.. In-house total TRAP ELISA showed high sensitivity and a coefficient of variance of 11%. Adipose secretion of total TRAP was linear in vitro with time and was evident in vivo. Total TRAP secretion in vitro was similar in lean and obese women expressed per unit weight of the adipose tissue but correlated positively with the number/size of adipocytes (P ≤ 0.01) and with adipose secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (P<0.01). TRAP 5b was not secreted from the adipose tissue. ATMs displayed highest cellular expression of TRAP mRNA in adipose tissue cells derived from lean or obese women.. TRAP is a novel human adipokine produced by macrophages and secreted from the subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Secretion is linked to the size and number of adipocytes, as well as to concomitant secretion of inflammatory mediators, suggesting that TRAP is involved in fat accumulation and adipose inflammation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipokines; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-6; Isoenzymes; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Obese; Middle Aged; Obesity; RNA, Messenger; Subcutaneous Fat; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Thinness; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The benefits of exercise on glucose metabolism, inflammation, and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a (TRACP 5a) protein levels in Chinese male adolescents have not been extensively analyzed. Therefore, we examined the effects of a 12-week exercise program on weight, adiposity, insulin sensitivity (IS), and inflammatory marker expression, including the novel macrophage marker TRACP 5a, in obese Chinese male adolescents. A total of 106 male adolescents were recruited from the Army Academy in Taiwan and classified as lean (body mass index [BMI], 20.9 +/- 0.2 kg/m(2)) or obese (BMI, 27.7 +/- 0.2 kg/m(2)). Body composition, IS, and inflammatory markers were measured in both groups at baseline and in the obese group after completion of a 12-week exercise program. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat mass and percentage, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, fasting plasma glucose, fasting serum insulin, 2-hour postchallenge plasma glucose concentration, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and serum TRACP 5a were significantly higher in the obese group as compared with the lean group. In addition, serum TRACP 5a was positively correlated with body mass and fat indices. After completion of the exercise program, significant reductions in all anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory indicators, with the exception of serum TRACP 5a were observed. Although the obese participants remained obese, exercise training significantly improved IS and reduced interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a remained unaffected by exercise training, consistent with our hypothesis that it is associated with increased adipose tissue in obese individuals.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cytokines; Exercise; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Isoenzymes; Male; Obesity; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Obesity-derived body mass may be detrimental to bone health through not well-defined mechanisms. In this study we determined changes in bone structure and serum cytokines related to bone metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) had higher serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and leptin but lower osteocalcin concentrations than those fed the normal-fat diet. The HFD increased multinucleated TRAP-positive osteoclasts in bone marrow compared to the control diet. Despite being much heavier, mice fed the HFD had lower femoral bone volume, trabecular number, and connectivity density and higher trabecular separation than mice on the control diet. These findings suggest that obesity induced by a HFD increases bone resorption that may blunt any positive effects of increased body weight on bone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Remodeling; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Diet, Atherogenic; Dietary Fats; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Organ Size; Osteoclasts; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP locus 1), also known as low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase, has previously been associated to glycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity. In this study, ACP1 genotype and activity were tested in 318 women aged 19 to 83 (mean, 51.74 +/- 13.44) years. ACP1 genotype was found to directly correlate to glutathione reductase activity (P < .001) and levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .038). Glutathione reductase activity was in turn found to correlate to a series of cardiovascular risk factors such as systolic arterial pressure (P < .001), total cholesterol levels (P = .018), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P = .039). A possible protective effect of ACP1 genotype AA against these cardiovascular risk factors was observed in this study. Furthermore, this work hypothesizes that nutritional riboflavin uptake becomes more crucial as body mass index increases, to counteract oxidative stress and minimize cardiovascular risk. This might be especially true in ACP1 genotypes AC, BC, and CC, which might possibly show the least endogenous protection against oxidative stress.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Erythrocytes; Female; Genotype; Glutathione Reductase; Homeostasis; Humans; Middle Aged; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Obesity; Oxidative Stress; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Riboflavin; Risk Assessment; Young Adult

Obesity is associated with macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue, which may link adipose inflammation to insulin resistance. However, the impact of inflammatory cells in the pathophysiology of obesity remains unclear. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is an enzyme expressed by subsets of macrophages and osteoclasts that exists either as an enzymatically inactive monomer or as an active, proteolytically processed dimer.. Using mice over expressing TRAP, we show that over-expression of monomeric, but not the dimeric form in adipose tissue leads to early onset spontaneous hyperplastic obesity i.e. many small fat cells. In vitro, recombinant monomeric, but not proteolytically processed TRAP induced proliferation and differentiation of mouse and human adipocyte precursor cells. In humans, monomeric TRAP was highly expressed in the adipose tissue of obese individuals. In both the mouse model and in the obese humans the source of TRAP in adipose tissue was macrophages. In addition, the obese TRAP over expressing mice exhibited signs of a low-grade inflammatory reaction in adipose tissue without evidence of abnormal adipocyte lipolysis, lipogenesis or insulin sensitivity.. Monomeric TRAP, most likely secreted from adipose tissue macrophages, induces hyperplastic obesity with normal adipocyte lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipose Tissue; Adult; Animals; Biomarkers; Blotting, Western; Body Weight; Dimerization; DNA Primers; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Insulin Resistance; Isoenzymes; Lipogenesis; Lipolysis; Macrophages; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Mice, Obese; Mice, Transgenic; Obesity; Organ Size; Recombinant Proteins; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

The acid phosphatase (ACP1) locus codes for a low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMPTP) that is found ubiquitously in human tissues. The *A allele of the ACP1 gene is associated with lower total enzymatic activity than the *B and *C alleles. An association between the *A allele and extreme values of body-mass-index (BMI) and dyslipidemia has previously been described in several samples of obese subjects from the Italian population. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between ACP1 *A allele genotypes (*A/*A, *A/*B, and *A/*C) and non-*A allele genotypes (*B/*B, *B/*C, and *C/*C) and metabolic variables in 277 Caucasian post-menopausal subjects consisting of 82 non-obese subjects (BMI/=35) subjects. ACP1 genotypes were found to be significantly associated with total cholesterol (p

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Analysis of Variance; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Middle Aged; Obesity; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Triglycerides

We have studied a new sample of 276 NIDDM patients from the population of Penne (Italy). Comparison of the new data with those of 214 diabetic pregnant women from the population of Rome reported in a previous paper has shown that the pattern of association between low molecular weight acid phosphatase genotype and degree of glycemic control is similar in the two classes of diabetic patients. Among nonobese subjects the proportion of ACP1*A (the allele showing the lowest enzymatic activity) is lower in diabetic patients with high glycemic levels (mean value greater than 8.9 mmol/l) than in diabetic patients with a low glycemic level (mean value less than 8.9 mmol/l). Among obese subjects no significant association is observed between glycemic levels and ACP1. Among nonobese subjects the concentration of f isoform of ACP1 is higher in patients showing a high glycemic level than in patients showing a low glycemic level. No significant difference is observed for s isoform.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genotype; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Weight; Obesity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics

Low-molecular-weight acid phosphatase (ACP1) is a polymorphic protein-tyrosine phosphatase present in all human tissues, including adipocytes. A positive association between the low-activity ACP1*A/*A genotype and extreme body mass index has previously been shown by us in obese subjects from the population of Rome. We have now studied a sample of 265 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) from another Italian population. There is a significant interaction between ACP1, body mass index, and blood lipid level. A highly significant positive association between ACP1*A/*A and high body mass index similar to that previously observed in obese subjects from the population of Rome is present only in those NIDDM subjects with blood lipid levels within the normal range. In NIDDM subjects the low-activity ACP1*A/*A variant seems to favor the increase of body mass or blood lipid levels or both. The pattern of association is independent of sex, age at survey, age at onset of diabetes, duration of disease, and therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genotype; Humans; Italy; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Polymorphism, Genetic

Phenotypes of acid phosphatase with low enzymatic activity (ACP1 A and BA) are correlated with the highest degree of body mass increase observed in a sample of obese children. Since acid phosphatase probably functions as a flavin-mononucleotide phosphatase, differential modulation of flavo-enzyme activity and energy metabolism due to acid phosphatase genetic variability may explain the observed association.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Male; Obesity; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Genetic

The ACP1*A allele of erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP1) has a lower enzymatic activity when compared to other ACP1 alleles and is associated with maximal rate of body growth during intrauterine life. In three different samples of obese subjects (total number = 218). ACP1*A was associated with extreme body mass deviations. No difference in ACP1 allele distribution was observed between obese and nonobese subjects. These data suggest that a genetically determined variability of ACP1 influences the degree of obesity, but only when obesity itself has been triggered by some other factors.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Obesity

The effects of ACP1 phenotype on birth weight, neonatal jaundice, and obesity in children are dependent on ADA genotype. These phenomena may represent a clinical counterpart of the in vitro biochemical interactions between the two systems recently observed by our group.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Deaminase; Erythrocytes; Genotype; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Jaundice, Neonatal; Nucleoside Deaminases; Obesity; Polymorphism, Genetic; Risk Factors

Lysosomal enzyme activities in pancreatic islets of obese hyperglycemic ob/ob mice aged 3 to 6 months were investigated and compared with those of normal lean NMRI mice of the same age. It was observed that the glycogenolytic glucose-producing hydrolase acid amyloglucosidase displayed a fivefold higher activity in the islets of obese mice than in the islets of normal NMRI mice. However, other islet lysosomal enzyme activities measured, such as N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase, were of the same magnitude in both obese and lean mice. A starvation period of 24 hours induced a significant depression of islet acid amyloglucosidase activity in obese as well as lean mice, whereas the activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase were unaffected. Further, the activities of other types of islet lysosomal enzymes, such as acid phosphatase and cathepsin D, were also measured in obese mice. These activities were not found to be affected by the actual fasting period. A good correlation (r = 0.815; P less than 0.01) was observed between islet acid amyloglucosidase activity and plasma insulin concentrations in obese mice, whereas no such relationship was apparent with regard to other islet lysosomal enzyme activities recorded. Acid amyloglucosidase activity in liver tissue of the obese mouse was about 30 times lower than that of islet tissue. Further, the activity of liver amyloglucosidase was of the same order of magnitude in obese and lean mice. Similarly, other lysosomal enzyme activities in the liver of obese and lean mice were not strikingly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Glucose; Carbachol; Cathepsin D; Fasting; Female; Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase; Glucose; Glucuronidase; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Islets of Langerhans; Liver; Lysosomes; Mice; Mice, Obese; Obesity

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Male; Models, Biological; Obesity; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thyroid Gland

beta-Granules were prepared from micro-dissected pancreatic islets of obese-hyperglycaemic mice. This fraction contained 60% of the insulin, 30% of the cytochrome oxidase, 16% of the acid phosphatase activity and 20% of the protein present in whole islets. The isolated granules retained a heavy metal during fractionation. Optimum conditions for granule stability were low ionic strength and pH6, the granules being unexpectedly fragile at pH7.4. The stability of the granules was unaffected by sucrose in the concentration range 50-320mm, but 1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate released all insulin. A solubilizing effect was also noted with ATP and citrate. Spinning through 1.6m-sucrose yielded a further purification in relation to mitochondria and acid-phosphatase-carrying particles but virtually no purification in relation to protein. Electron microscopy revealed that the major contaminants were rough-surfaced vesicles and membranes. A separation of granules from acid phosphatase was achieved by phase distribution in polyethylene glycol and dextran. The location of the enzyme to the interphase was so pronounced in systems buffered with lithium phosphate that the technique may be used for future purification of acid-phosphatase-carrying particles from the beta-cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Centrifugation; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Cytoplasmic Granules; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hyperglycemia; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Methods; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Obesity; Solutions

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenine Nucleotides; Animals; Electrophoresis; Epididymis; Golgi Apparatus; Hyperglycemia; In Vitro Techniques; Islets of Langerhans; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Nucleotides; Obesity; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Pleural Diseases; Pyrophosphatases; Thiamine Pyrophosphate

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diet; Histocytochemistry; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Islands; Islets of Langerhans; Mice; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Physiology; Research

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone and Bones; Congenital Abnormalities; Embryology; Gonadotropins; Growth; Humans; Hypogonadism; Hypospadias; Male; Obesity; Physiology; Puberty; Sexual Maturation; Testis