acid-phosphatase and Neoplasm-Metastasis

Sipuleucel-T, the first autologous cellular immunotherapy approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, is designed to stimulate an immune response to prostate cancer. Sipuleucel-T is manufactured by culturing a patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including autologous antigen presenting cells (APCs), with a recombinant protein comprising a tumor-associated antigen (prostatic acid phosphatase [PAP]) and granulocyte colony-macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF). A full course of treatment comprises 3 infusions of sipuleucel-T, given at approximately 2-week intervals. The pattern of APC activation is consistent with priming by the first infusion, and boosting by the second and third infusions. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated evidence of a robust antigen-specific immune response that includes a progressive and persistent increase in antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Treatment with sipuleucel-T has demonstrated a survival benefit in Phase 3 studies of subjects with metastatic castrate resistant (hormone refractory) prostate cancer (mCRPC). Adverse events with sipuleucel-T were generally mild to moderate and resolved within 2 days. Serious adverse events, autoimmune events, and cerebrovascular events occurred at a similar rate to control subjects. As the first autologous cellular immunotherapy to demonstrate an improvement in overall survival in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mCRPC patients, sipuleucel-T represents a new treatment paradigm in oncology.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cancer Vaccines; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Immunotherapy; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Tissue Extracts

Androgen deprivation therapy is the initial treatment choice for metastatic disease. When enrolling patients into androgen deprivation trials, it is important to consider stratification of enrollees based on prognostic factors that have been identified as important in determining the likelihood of response. Prognostic factors are also helpful in identifying which patients are less likely to respond to treatment; this information also would help to counsel patients. Performance status is an important prognostic factor; however, its impact is minimal because the great majority of men who receive treatment for advanced disease have a normal performance status. Hemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase, and a semiquantitative grading scale for the number of metastatic foci on the bone scan are useful prognostic factors. The pretreatment serum testosterone level is a powerful prognostic factor. Patients with a low serum testosterone level have a shorter progression-free survival than men whose pretreatment serum testosterone level is above normal. The prognostic importance of pretreatment serum testosterone level has been evaluated in studies using treatment methods that lower this level to castrate levels. Recently, we found that serum testosterone level was not a prognostic factor for men taking the nonsteroidal antiandrogen, Casodex (Zeneca, Wilmington, DE), which does not alter the serum testosterone level. The pretreatment serum prostatic-specific antigen also is a prognostic factor. This antigen may be the best single method for monitoring patients in regard to response to or progression following therapy. The return of the prostatic-specific antigen level to normal (< 4 ng/ml), or the decline in the prostatic-specific antigen level of > 90% indicates a prolonged progression-free survival. In the future, it will be interesting to incorporate both the initial prognostic factors as well as monitor the prostatic-specific antigen into a multivariate analysis, which will be highly predictive of a man's response to treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Testosterone

Staging of prostatic adenocarcinoma is a systematic classification of the extent of disease based on clinical and pathologic criteria. This classification determines treatment and reflects ultimate expected clinical outcome. The technologic changes in diagnostic modalities need to be incorporated into the staging classification and a better assessment of biologic hazard of each individual tumor needs to be developed to further refine current treatment of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ultrasonography

Immunodiagnosis of prostate cancer is at a more advanced stage than that of most other tumors. Two well-known markers, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen, have been used in the clinical management of patients. Prostate-specific antigen is a more sensitive and reliable marker than prostatic acid phosphatase. Serum prostate-specific antigen is effective in monitoring disease status, predicting recurrence, and detecting residual disease. Prostate-specific antigen is a tool for the histological differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas, especially in the identification of metastatic prostate tumor cells in distant organs and in the differentiation of primary prostate carcinoma from poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Few data on biological function are available. Prostatic acid phosphatase functions as a phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen as a protease. Physiological function in the prostate remains to be elucidated. Several of the prostate-specific and prostate-tumor-associated antigens, as well as a putative prostate tumor-specific antigen, as recognized by monoclonal antibodies are available. Clinical evaluation of these potential markers is not yet available.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Immunologic Tests; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Serum Globulins; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

PSA and PAP are effective immunohistologic markers for prostatic cancer metastases. PSA seems to be more sensitive than PAP for diagnosing metastatic prostatic cancer. Simultaneous determination of PSA and PAP yields an additive clinical value in diagnosing and follow-up of prostatic cancer. The prognostic reliability for disease progression (recurrence and treatment response) seems to be PSA greater than PAP greater than AcidP greater than Alkal. P.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Agents; Bromocriptine; Castration; Combined Modality Therapy; Cyproterone; Estramustine; Estrogens; Fluorouracil; Humans; Lisuride; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Random Allocation

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha-Fetoproteins; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymphokines; Lymphoma; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Paraneoplastic Syndromes; Prostatic Neoplasms

This paper reports a case of carcinoma of the prostate in an 11-year-old boy. The clinical findings were characterized by a mass in the prostatic region, extensive osteoblastic bone metastasis, and normal serum acid phosphatase. Autopsy demonstrated an undifferentiated tumor, which probably originated from the outer gland of the prostate. Metastases to the bones, liver, lungs, and the lymph nodes were present. Light and electron microscopic studies revealed undifferentiated neoplastic cell, which is in contrast to the usual adenocarcinoma in older individuals. Histochemical examination failed to demonstrate acid phosphatase activity within the tumor cells. The authors considered that this tumor probably originated from immature basal cells of the prostatic gland. Review of the literature disclosed 15 cases of carcinoma of the prostate in individuals under 21 years of age. These cases were also characterized by an undifferentiated appearance of tumor cells and normal serum acid phosphatase level.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common cancer in men, yet no significant change in overall survival has occurred since the original description of the results of castration by Huggins and Hodges. Many important questions about the disease remain unanswered. The cause of prostatic cancer is unknown, and few specific environmental or viral agents have been linked with the tumor. Increased recognition of the importance of frequent digitial rectal examination has resulted in more tumors being diagnosed in early stages. Developments in sonography suggest that it may be useful in detecting the presence of prostatic cancer and whether extraprostatic extension has occurred. Recent inprovements in the sensitivity of prostatic acid phosphatase assays have been made, but their use as a screening tool remains limited. In patients with clinical stage B lesions that are microscopically confined to the prostate, treatment by radical prostatectomy appears to confer greatest survival. The exact role of radiotherapy remains to be defined. However, when the tumor extends beyond the prostate and is localized to the pelvis, external beam ro interstitial radiation is appropriate. Pelvic lymphadenectomy has significant morbidity, but less invasive methods of pelvic nodal evaluation are less accurate. Lymphadenectomy has not been shown to have any therapeutic effect. Whether hormonal therapy improves survival needs further investigation, and efforts must continue to develop means of predicting hormonal responsiveness. Those patients unlikely to respond to hormonal therapy should be treated with early chemotherapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Global Health; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Estrogens; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Physical Examination; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; alpha-Fetoproteins; Antigens, Neoplasm; Blood Proteins; Breast Neoplasms; Calcitonin; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Milk Proteins; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Nucleosides; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Polyamines; Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; Sialyltransferases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aniline Compounds; Bone Neoplasms; Cyclophosphamide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Fluorouracil; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hypophysectomy; Male; Mechlorethamine; Neoplasm Metastasis; Plicamycin; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Animals; Asparaginase; Body Fluids; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Enzyme Induction; Enzyme Therapy; Escherichia coli; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glucuronidase; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Nucleotidases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia; Liver Neoplasms; Mass Screening; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Nucleotidases; Phosphoglucomutase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Amylases; Biopsy; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Glutathione Reductase; Humans; Hyperplasia; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phosphoglucomutase; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ribonucleases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biopsy; Bone Neoplasms; Citrates; Cytodiagnosis; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactates; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Strontium Isotopes; Urography

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Castration; Estrogens; Geriatrics; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Urine

To report the results of a trial comparing the efficacy of triptorelin and surgical castration in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.. 80 patients with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer prostate cancer were included in a one-year multicentre, randomized, prospective, open-label therapeutic trial. Patients either received a monthly injection of triptorelin (group 1; n = 40), or were treated by pulpectomy (group 2; n = 40). Patients were reviewed every 3 months, then every 6 months.. The mean age of the patients was 71.22 +/- 8.25 years. At 1 month, 38 patients were castrated (plasma testosterone < 0.5 mg/ml) in the pulpectomy group versus 35 in the triptorelin group. The mean follow-up was 38.8 +/- 26 months in the triptorelin group and 36.3 +/- 25 months in the pulpectomy group. On multivariate analysis, age, impaired performance status and PAP level (> 3.2 ng/ml) were predictive factors of a poor outcome. The median survival was 37.5 +/- 9 months in the triptorelin group and 33 +/- 3 months in the pulpectomy group. At 3 years, no significant difference in specific survival was observed between the 2 groups. At 8 years of follow-up, 63 patients had died.. This study demonstrates an equivalent specific survival between patients treated by triptorelin or surgical castration. Castration is rapidly obtained with triptorelin (< 2 months) and is maintained over time throughout the duration of treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Follow-Up Studies; Forecasting; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Orchiectomy; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Survival Rate; Testis; Testosterone; Treatment Outcome; Triptorelin Pamoate

Docetaxel has activity against androgen-independent prostate cancer and preclinical studies have shown that taxane-based chemotherapy can enhance antitumor response of vaccines. The primary objective of this study was to determine if concurrent docetaxel (with dexamethasone) had any effect on generating an immune response to the vaccine. Secondary end points were whether vaccine could be given safely with docetaxel and the clinical outcome of the treatment regimen.. The vaccination regimen was composed of (a) recombinant vaccinia virus (rV) that expresses the prostate-specific antigen gene (rV-PSA) admixed with (b) rV that expresses the B7.1 costimulatory gene (rV-B7.1), and (c) sequential booster vaccinations with recombinant fowlpox virus (rF-) containing the PSA gene (rF-PSA). Patients received granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor with each vaccination. Twenty-eight patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer were randomized to receive either vaccine and weekly docetaxel or vaccine alone. Patients on the vaccine alone arm were allowed to cross over to receive docetaxel alone at time of disease progression. The ELISPOT assay was used to monitor immune responses for PSA-specific T cells.. The median increase in these T-cell precursors to PSA was 3.33-fold in both arms following 3 months of therapy. In addition, immune responses to other prostate cancer-associated tumor antigens were also detected postvaccination. Eleven patients who progressed on vaccine alone crossed over to receive docetaxel at time of progression. Median progression-free survival on docetaxel was 6.1 months after receiving vaccine compared with 3.7 months with the same regimen in a historical control.. This is the first clinical trial to show that docetaxel can be administered safely with immunotherapy without inhibiting vaccine specific T-cell responses. Furthermore, patients previously vaccinated with an anticancer vaccine may respond longer to docetaxel compared with a historical control of patients receiving docetaxel alone. Larger prospective clinical studies will be required to validate these findings.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Androgens; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antigens, Surface; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Cancer Vaccines; Combined Modality Therapy; Cross-Over Studies; Disease-Free Survival; Docetaxel; Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; Glycoproteins; Humans; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Male; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; Mucins; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Taxoids; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Vaccination

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in American men, yet treatment of its metastatic androgen-independent form remains inadequate. This mandates development of new therapies such as immunotherapy. In this Phase 2 trial, we determined the efficacy of antigen presenting cells (APCs) loaded with PA2024, a recombinant fusion protein containing prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and GM-CSF.. We enrolled 21 patients with histologically documented androgen-independent prostate carcinoma that could be evaluated by radionuclide bone scan or computed tomography scan. APC8015 was prepared from a leukapheresis product; it contained autologous CD54-positive PA2024-loaded APCs with admixtures of monocytes, macrophages, B and T cells. APC8015 was infused intravenously twice, 2 weeks apart. Two weeks after the second infusion, patients received three subcutaneous injections of 1.0 mg of PA2024 1 month apart. We monitored patients' physical condition, immune response, and laboratory parameters.. Nineteen patients could be evaluated for response to treatment. The median time to progression was 118 days. Treatment was tolerated reasonably well; most adverse effects were secondary to APC8015 and were NCI Common Toxicity Criteria Grade 1-2. Four of the 21 patients reported Grade 3-4 adverse events. Two patients exhibited a transient 25-50% decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA). For a third patient, PSA dropped from 221 ng/ml at baseline to undetectable levels by week 24 and has remained so for more than 4 years. In addition, this patient's metastatic retroperitoneal and pelvic adenopathy has resolved. PBMC collected from patients for at least 16 weeks proliferated upon in vitro stimulation by PA2024. For the patient with responsive disease, PBMC could be stimulated for 96 weeks.. This study demonstrates a definite clinical response of androgen-independent prostate cancer to APC immunotherapy. Currently we are studying this mode of therapy in Phase 3 trials.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Carcinoma; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Immunotherapy; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Treatment Outcome

To evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, endocrinological effects and the pharmacokinetics of Casodex, when given as monotherapy during daily dosing of 10-200 mg to patients with advanced prostate cancer.. A total of 390 patients with advanced prostate cancer were treated for a minimum of 12 weeks with a daily monotherapy dose of Casodex. The doses ranged from 10 to 200 mg. Objective assessments of efficacy included: review of measurable metastases, prostate dimension, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Subjective assessments of efficacy included review of urological symptoms, performance status, bone scan and analgesic requirement. Pharmacokinetic samples were taken at various time points up to 3 months, and assayed using an achiral HPLC method.. Clear objective responses were observed, particularly at doses of 50 mg and above. Specifically, the median percentage decrease in PSA at 50 mg was 90.0%, and at 100 and 200 mg it was 93.4 and 94.8%, respectively. Up to 53% of symptomatic patients demonstrated a subjective response at 3 months. Casodex was well tolerated at all doses with no effect on haematological or cardiovascular parameters and no effect on renal function. The expected pharmacological effects of potent antiandrogen therapy, such as breast tenderness (58%), gynaecomastia (48%), and hot flushes (17%), were reported, but these incidences reflected the direct eliciting of these events. The intrinsic efficacy of Casodex was demonstrated despite increases of 60% in testosterone levels. However, this increase reached a plateau after 4-12 weeks of therapy, but the majority of values remained within the normal range. Casodex has a half-life of approximately 1 week, enabling once-daily dosing with no effect of age or renal impairment on its pharmacokinetics.. Casodex has a favourable side effect profile compared with the known safety profiles of other antiandrogens and has demonstrated intrinsic efficacy. Casodex warrants further investigation as a monotherapy for the management of advanced prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Androgen Antagonists; Anilides; Antineoplastic Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estradiol; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Liver Function Tests; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Nitriles; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone; Tosyl Compounds

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues administered for the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer induce a transient increase in plasma testosterone levels during the first week of treatment, often with a secondary rise in plasma levels of prostatic acid phosphatase and a flareup of disease. To determine whether the antiandrogen nilutamide (Anandron) blocks these effects, we carried out a multicenter, placebo-controlled study of nilutamide in men with prostatic cancer treated with the GnRH analogue buserelin. Thirty-six men with disseminated prostatic cancer and elevated plasma levels of prostatic acid phosphatase were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 included 17 men who received buserelin (500 micrograms daily subcutaneously) and nilutamide (300 mg daily by mouth); group 2 included 19 men treated with buserelin and placebo. Symptoms were assessed, and plasma was collected before treatment, daily for 14 days, and on days 18, 22, and 29 after the initiation of treatment. Bone pain appeared or worsened in 5 of the 17 men in group 1 and in 12 of the 19 men in group 2 (P less than 0.05). Acute urinary obstruction occurred in one man in group 2. Despite similar changes in the plasma testosterone levels in both groups, the median concentration of plasma prostatic acid phosphatase decreased almost immediately in group 1, but increased transiently, then decreased on day 14 in group 2. Median levels of prostate-specific antigen decreased immediately in group 1 and decreased on day 8 in group 2. We conclude that nilutamide can prevent the adverse consequences of the buserelin-induced transient rise in plasma testosterone levels in men with advanced prostate cancer treated with a GnRH analogue.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Androgen Antagonists; Buserelin; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Imidazoles; Imidazolidines; Male; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

From April 1984 to May 1986, 129 patients with prostate cancer entered a prospective trial with a new LH-RH agonist, Zoladex. Mean age was 72 years (range of 45-94 years) and, in most cases, patients had metastatic disease, not previously treated by chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Patients received a monthly injection of 3.6 mg. Serum testosterone was lowered into the range of castrate levels after 4 weeks of treatment. In 105 evaluable patients at 3 months, a 65% partial response (PR) rate was observed, with 11% stable and 24% progressive disease. Median time to progression was 37 weeks. Analysis of objective criteria revealed 30% PR for prostate volume and 51% CR-PR for prostatic acid phosphatases. Seventeen percent of lytic metastases had recalcified. One hundred twenty-nine patients were evaluable for toxicity. Endocrinological side effects were common: decrease in libido, 92%; impotence, 86%; hot flushes, 48%; and breast swelling or tenderness, 9%. Nonendocrinologic side effects were rare. The treatment is generally well accepted by patients owing to the convenient depot formulation and to the minor side effects.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Buserelin; Delayed-Action Preparations; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; France; Goserelin; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

We compared the efficacy and safety of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue, leuprolide (1 mg subcutaneously daily), with diethylstilbestrol (DES, 3 mg by mouth daily) in patients with prostate cancer and distant metastases (Stage D2) who had not previously received systemic treatment. Initial therapy (leuprolide or DES) was continued for as long as an objective response was noted; cross-over to the alternative arm occurred at the time of disease progression or intolerable adverse reactions. Ninety-eight patients were randomly assigned to leuprolide, and 101 to DES. Suppression of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and decreases in acid phosphatase were comparable in the two groups. Patients receiving DES experienced more frequent painful gynecomastia (P less than 0.00001), nausea and vomiting (P = 0.02), edema (P = 0.008), and thromboembolism (P = 0.065) than those receiving leuprolide. The leuprolide group reported more "hot flashes" (P = 0.00001). Overall, 86 per cent of the leuprolide group had an objective response (complete response, 1 per cent; partial response, 37 per cent; stable disease, 48 per cent), as compared with 85 per cent of the DES group (complete, 2 per cent; partial, 44 per cent; stable, 39 per cent). Actual survival rates at one year were 87 per cent for the leuprolide group and 78 per cent for the DES group (P = 0.17). We conclude that leuprolide offers an important alternative treatment that is therapeutically equivalent to and causes fewer side effects than DES for the initial systemic management of metastatic prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Diethylstilbestrol; Drug Evaluation; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Hormones; Humans; Leuprolide; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Random Allocation

A controlled, randomized trial of estramustine phosphate versus stilbestrol has been conducted in patients with previously untreated adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Both drugs were equally effective in decreasing serum testosterone and acid phosphatase levels. No therapeutic advantage of estramustine over stilbestrol was noted. At 3 months, 50% of tumours treated with stilbestrol had regressed compared with 36% treated with estramustine, at 1 year the rates were 50% and 21% respectively and at 2 years 50% and 9%. However, there was no difference in objective stabilization and regression rates between the two groups or in therapeutic failure rates.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diethylstilbestrol; Double-Blind Method; Estramustine; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; Prolactin; Prostatic Neoplasms; Random Allocation; Testosterone

Eighty-eight patients with metastatic and hormonally unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate gland were treated with a multiagent chemotherapy protocol. Because of the difficulty in evaluating the response of patients to therapy, data were collected in a prospective fashion and analyzed for clinical or laboratory changes that correlated with improved survivorship. Decrease of initially abnormal values of either acid or alkaline phosphotase into the normal range was associated with prolonged survival; weight gain of more than 10% was also associated with improved survival. Thirty-three patients demonstrated a fall of acid or alkaline phosphatase into the normal range or they increased their weight by at least 10%. The median survival time for this group of patients was 76.1 weeks as compared to 28.2 weeks for patients who failed to exhibit these changes. In future studies of the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, these changes might be used as criteria of response to therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Agents; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Castration; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Estradiol Congeners; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

The results of radiation therapy of patients with carcinoma of the prostate category T3-4NxMo are compared with those of the hormonal therapy and with those of hormonal therapy combined with external irradiation. The type of first indicators of existing or threatening metastases has been evaluated, their appearance after first treatment and the period between their appearance and the development of clinical metastases have been assessed. These data and perhaps the bone-marrow serum acid phosphatase levels prior to treatment might be helpful in the choice of treatment. As damage due to irradiation has become minimal, radiation therapy should be preferred in all patients prone to cardio-vascular accidents and in healthy men up to about 75 years.

Topics: Academies and Institutes; Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Netherlands; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy Dosage

Plasma zinc concentrations rise in men over the age of 55 years and fall in women of a similar age-group. They are higher in men with clinically diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia, but the level does not appear to be related to the size of the gland. Plasma zinc concentrations are not helpful in the diagnosis or management of carcinoma of the prostate, but may prove useful in excluding this diagnosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Clinical Trials as Topic; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Organ Size; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urea; Zinc

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Calcium; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Male; Medroxyprogesterone; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Administration, Oral; Castration; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diethylstilbestrol; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Placebos; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors; Ureteral Obstruction

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Carcinoma; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diethylstilbestrol; Electrocardiography; Heart Failure; Humans; Ischemia; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Neoplasm Metastasis; Placebos; Plasminogen; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Pulmonary Embolism

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Castration; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Lactose; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palpation; Placebos; Progesterone; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

To characterize the disease progression and median survival of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) according to the prostatic-specific acid phosphatase (PAP) analysis in a population-based study from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.. Prostate cancer patients with completed PAP results were identified using the SEER database of the National Cancer Institute. The Mann-Whitney Sum test was utilized to compare the statistical significance for measurement data and ranked data. Data were stratified by ages, races, TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM), pathological grades, number of tumors, PAP, and survival duration. Multivariable logistic analysis was performed to identify predictors of the presence of invasion and metastases. Cox regression was analyzed for the factors associated with all-cause mortality and prostate cancer-specific mortality. Moreover, survival curve was used to detect the survival months. The unknown data were excluded from these tests.. In total, there are 5184 PAP+ patients and 3161 PAP- patients involved. The Mann-Whitney Sum test showed that slightly greater tumor size (. The findings of this study provide population-based estimates of the PCa progress and prognosis for patients with different PAP results, which may suggest a renewed period for the PAP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Disease Progression; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Clinical Trials as Topic; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; Tissue Extracts

Ameloblastoma is the most common benign odontogenic tumor in Japan. It is believed that it expands in the jaw bone through peritumoral activation of osteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) released from the ameloblastoma, as in bone metastases of cancer cells. However, the clinical features of ameloblastoma, including its growth rate and patterns of invasion, are quite different from those of bone metastasis of cancer cells, suggesting that different underlying mechanisms are involved. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the possible mechanisms underlying the invasive expansion of ameloblastoma in the jaw bone. Expression levels of RANKL assessed by western blotting were markedly lower in ameloblastoma (AM-1) cells than in highly metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3) cells. Experiments coculturing mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) with AM-1 demonstrated low osteoclastogenic activity, as assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cell formation, probably because of low release of RANKL, whereas cocultures of RAW264.7 with HSC-3 cells exhibited very high osteoclastogenic activity. Thus, RANKL release from AM-1 appeared to be too low to generate osteoclasts. However, AM-1 cultured directly on calcium phosphate-coated plates formed resorption pits, and this was inhibited by application of bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and H+/Cl- exchange transporter 7 (CLC-7) were detected on the surface of AM-1 cells by plasma membrane biotinylation and immunofluorescence analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples of ameloblastoma also showed plasma membrane-localized V-ATPase and CLC-7 in the epithelium of plexiform, follicular and basal cell types. The demineralization activity of AM-1 was only 1.7% of osteoclasts demineralization activity, and the growth rate was 20% of human normal skin keratinocytes and HSC-3 cells. These results suggest that the slow expansion of several typical types of ameloblastomas in jaw bone is attributable to its slow growth and low demineralization ability.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Ameloblastoma; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Isoenzymes; Jaw; Jaw Neoplasms; Keratinocytes; Mice; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteoclasts; RANK Ligand; RAW 264.7 Cells; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases

Management of bone metastasis remains clinically challenging and requires the identification of new molecular target(s) that can be therapeutically exploited to improve patient outcome. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has been implicated as a secreted factor that alters the bone microenvironment. Proteolytic cleavage of Gal-3 may also contribute to malignant cellular behaviors, but has not been addressed in cancer metastasis. Here, we report that Gal-3 modulates the osteolytic bone tumor microenvironment in the presence of RANKL. Gal-3 was localized on the osteoclast cell surface, and its suppression by RNAi or a specific antagonist markedly inhibited osteoclast differentiation markers, including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and reduced the number of mature osteoclasts. Structurally, the 158-175 amino acid sequence in the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of Gal-3 was responsible for augmented osteoclastogenesis. During osteoclast maturation, Gal-3 interacted and colocalized with myosin-2A along the surface of cell-cell fusion. Pathologically, bone metastatic cancers expressed and released an intact form of Gal-3, mainly detected in breast cancer bone metastases, as well as a cleaved form, more abundant in prostate cancer bone metastases. Secreted intact Gal-3 interacted with myosin-2A, leading to osteoclastogenesis, whereas a shift to cleaved Gal-3 attenuated the enhancement in osteoclast differentiation. Thus, our studies demonstrate that Gal-3 shapes the bone tumor microenvironment through distinct roles contingent on its cleavage status, and highlight Gal-3 targeting through the CRD as a potential therapeutic strategy for mitigating osteolytic bone remodeling in the metastatic niche.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Remodeling; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Female; Galectin 3; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Myosins; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteoclasts; Prostatic Neoplasms; RANK Ligand; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

XB130 is a cytosolic adaptor protein involved in various physiological processes and oncogenesis of certain malignancies, but its role in the development of prostate cancer remains unclear. In current study, we examined XB130 expression in prostate cancer tissues and found that XB130 expression was remarkably increased in prostate cancer tissues and significantly correlated with increased prostate specific antigen (PSA), free PSA (f-PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and T classification. Patients with highly expressed XB130 had significantly decreased survival, which suggested XB130 as a possible prognostic indicator for prostate cancer. In vitro experiments showed that reduced XB130 expression restrained tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, XB130 knockdown hindered transition of G1 to S phase in prostate cancer cell line DU145 and LNCap, which might contribute to the inhibition of cellular proliferation. Results from transwell assay demonstrated that downregulation of XB130 may attenuate invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer. Semiquantitative analysis of Western blot suggested that decreased XB130 expression was accompanied by diminished Akt signaling and EMT process. Thus, above observations suggest that XB130 may be a novel molecular marker and potent therapeutic target for prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Biopsy; Carcinogenesis; Cell Growth Processes; Cell Line, Tumor; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Oncogene Protein v-akt; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA, Small Interfering; Signal Transduction; Up-Regulation

Infiltrating neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and cytokines constitute a state of chronic inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a (TRACP5a) protein, a novel product of activated macrophage, is postulated to be a biomarker for systemic inflammatory burden in states of chronic inflammation. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of TRACP5a expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages and serum TRACP5a in patients with metastatic breast cancer (BC). We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data from 34 BC patients with confirmed skeletal/visceral metastasis upon or during first-line palliative treatment. Patients were stratified into 3 groups based on the therapeutic responses and follow-up disease course. The association of TRACP5a protein with other inflammatory and cancer biomarkers was assessed among the clinically distinct group of patients. Higher TRACP5a protein was significantly correlated with earlier disease progression and survival (P = 0.0045) in comparison to other inflammatory markers, CRP or IL-6. Patients with higher serum TRACP5a level and shorter survival and treatment refractoriness also had more TRACP+ tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Our data support a hypothesis that serum TRACP5a protein can potentially be a predictive and prognostic marker to evaluate disease progression and therapeutic response in BC patients with bone/visceral metastasis. The associations between overall survival and TRACP expression by macrophages require further prospective investigation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; C-Reactive Protein; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Interleukin-6; Isoenzymes; Macrophages; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Survival Analysis; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5), which is essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation, promotes cell motility through the modulation of focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. However, whether ACP5 contributes to the metastasis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. In this paper, a complementary DNA microarray, serial deletion, site-directed mutagenesis and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that ACP5 is a direct transcriptional target of Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1). ACP5 expression was markedly higher in HCC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. ACP5 overexpression was correlated with microvascular invasion, poor differentiation and higher tumor-node-metastasis stage. HCC patients with positive ACP5 expression had poorer prognoses than those with negative ACP5 expression. A multivariate analysis revealed that ACP5 expression was an independent and significant risk factor for disease recurrence and reduced-patient survival following curative resection. Transwell assays and an orthotopic metastatic model showed that the upregulation of ACP5 promoted HCC invasion and lung metastasis, whereas ACP5 knockdown inhibited these processes. The knockdown of ACP5 significantly attenuated FoxM1-enhanced invasion and lung metastasis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that ACP5 expression was positively correlated with FoxM1 expression in human HCC tissues, and their coexpression was associated with poor prognoses. In summary, ACP5 is a direct transcriptional and functional target of FoxM1. This novel FoxM1/ACP5 signaling pathway promotes HCC metastasis and may be a candidate biomarker for prognosis and a target for new therapies.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Female; Forkhead Box Protein M1; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Humans; Isoenzymes; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

To evaluate the relationship between IL-11 and bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer and explore the potential molecular mechanism, total serum samples were collected from 180 breast cancer patients and 20 women without breast cancer. The serum expression level of interleukin (IL)-11, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor-β, and Tracp5b was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and mRNA expression of IL-11 in fresh breast cancer tissue was determined by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of IL-11 and CTGF in breast cancer tissue, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of p-38, p-C-JUN, p-STAT3, and p-gp130 in fresh breast cancer tissue. DNA-binding activity of AP-1 was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Differences were statistically analyzed between the group with breast cancer metastatic to bone (MBC-B) and the group with only primary breast cancer (PBC). Serum level and mRNA expression of IL-11 in the MBC-B group were significantly higher than those in the PBC group. IL-11 immunohistochemical staining showed that the percentage of positively stained cells in the MBC-B group (57.5 %) was significantly higher than that in the PBC group (14.29 %). Western blot analysis showed higher expression of p-p38, p-C-JUN, p-STAT3, and p-gp130 in the MBC-B group than in the PBC group. DNA-binding activity of AP-1 was significantly higher in the MBC-B group than in the PBC group. These data suggest that IL-11 is associated with bone metastasis and may be of value for predicting bone metastasis from breast cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Connective Tissue Growth Factor; Cytokine Receptor gp130; Female; Humans; Interleukin-11; Isoenzymes; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; RNA, Messenger; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Transcription Factor AP-1; Transforming Growth Factor beta

The aim of this study was to determine whether the ethanol extract of roasted licorice (rLE) could inhibit breast cancer-mediated bone destruction. rLE treatment reduced the viability of MDA-MB-231 human metastatic breast cancer cells but did not show any cytotoxicity in hFOB1.19 human osteoblastic cells and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). rLE inhibited expression and secretion of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) as well as the mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in osteoblastic cells exposed to the conditioned medium of breast cancer cells. rLE dramatically inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in BMMs, thereby reducing osteoclast-mediated pit formation. Moreover, treatment with licochalcone A and isoliquiritigenin as the active components, whose contents are increased by the roasting process, remarkably suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in BMMs, respectively. Furthermore, orally administered rLE substantially blocked tumor growth and bone destruction in mice inoculated with breast cancer cells in the tibiae. Serum levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen and trabecular bone morphometric parameters were reversed to almost the same levels as the control mice by the rLE treatment. In conclusion, rLE may be a beneficial agent for preventing and treating bone destruction in patients with breast cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Resorption; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Chalcones; Cyclooxygenase 2; Female; Glycyrrhiza; Humans; Isoenzymes; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred ICR; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Plant Extracts; RANK Ligand; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

The Youden index, a main summary index for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, is a comprehensive measurement for the effectiveness of a diagnostic test. For a continuous-scale diagnostic test, the optimal cut point for positive disease is the cut point leading to the maximization of the sum of sensitivity and specificity. Finding the Youden index of the test is equivalent to maximize the sum of sensitivity and specificity for all the possible values of the cut point. In this paper, we propose new nonparametric confidence intervals for the Youden index. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to compare the relative performance of the new intervals with the existing parametric interval for the index. Our simulation results indicate that the newly developed nonparametric intervals are competitive with the existing parametric interval when the underlying distributions are correctly specified, and they outperform the existing parametric interval when the underlying distributions are misspecified. The new intervals are robust and easy to implement in practice. A real example is also used to illustrate the application of the proposed intervals.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Computer Simulation; Confidence Intervals; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Humans; Male; Models, Statistical; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; ROC Curve; Statistical Distributions; Statistics, Nonparametric

Clinical and genomic evidence suggests that the metastatic potential of a primary tumor may be dictated by prometastatic events that have additional oncogenic capability. To test this "deterministic" hypothesis, we adopted a comparative oncogenomics-guided function-based strategy involving: (1) comparison of global transcriptomes of two genetically engineered mouse models with contrasting metastatic potential, (2) genomic and transcriptomic profiles of human melanoma, (3) functional genetic screen for enhancers of cell invasion, and (4) evidence of expression selection in human melanoma tissues. This integrated effort identified six genes that are potently proinvasive and oncogenic. Furthermore, we show that one such gene, ACP5, confers spontaneous metastasis in vivo, engages a key pathway governing metastasis, and is prognostic in human primary melanomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Lineage; Conserved Sequence; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Genome; Humans; Isoenzymes; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Melanoma; Mice; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Oncogenes; Phosphorylation; Reproducibility of Results; Skin Neoplasms; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tissue Array Analysis

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has been localized in human colon cancer tissue and cell lines. Tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins plays a major role in the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, and is mediated via integrin subunits. The LoVo human colon cancer cell line was used as a model system to study the effects of PTHrP on cell proliferation and adhesion to ECM proteins found in normal liver. Clones of LoVo cells engineered to overexpress PTHrP by stable transfection with a PTHrP cDNA showed enhanced cell proliferation vs. control (empty vector-transfected) cells. PTHrP-overexpressing cells also showed significantly higher adhesion to collagen type I, fibronectin, and laminin, and enhanced expression of the [symbol: see text] integrin subunits. These results indicate that PTHrP may play a role in colon cancer invasion and metastasis by increasing cell proliferation and adhesion to the ECM via upregulation of proinvasive integrin expression.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blotting, Northern; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Colonic Neoplasms; Cyclic AMP; DNA, Complementary; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extracellular Matrix; Fibronectins; Flow Cytometry; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Immunoassay; Integrin alpha2; Integrin alpha5; Integrin alpha6; Integrin beta1; Integrin beta4; Integrins; Laminin; Liver; Neoplasm Metastasis; Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; Plasmids; Time Factors; Transfection

Tumor metastasis and invasion to bone is one of major medical issues in our modern societies. Osteopontin deficiency decreased tumor invasion in bone based on knockout mouse study. In bone, osteopontin is a positive factor to increase tumor invasion.. Osteopontin is an arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)-containing protein and is recognized by integrin family members. Osteopontin promotes cell attachment to bone, where it is abundantly present. Because osteopontin levels were reported to be elevated in patients bearing highly metastatic tumors, this molecule has been implicated in the metastasis of tumors. However, the effect of osteopontin on the invasion of tumor cells in bone microenvironment has not been clear. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the effect of host osteopontin on the behavior of tumor cells in bone.. Bone marrow ablation was conducted in the femora of mice, and B16 melanoma cells were injected directly into the ablated bone marrow space of the osteopontin-deficient and wildtype mice.. Invasion foci of B16 melanoma cells in the cortical bone was observed 7 weeks after tumor cell implantation. The number of the foci was 5-fold less in osteopontin-deficient mice compared with that in wildtype mice. In wildtype mice, trabecular bone formation was not observed in the ablated marrow space where tumor cells were injected. In contrast, significant levels of trabecular bone were observed in the marrow space of osteopontin-deficient mice even after tumor cells were injected. To examine cellular mechanisms underlying these observations, co-cultures of bone marrow cells and B16 cells were conducted. While the presence of B16 cells promoted TRACP+ cell development in wildtype bone marrow cells, such enhancement in TRACP+ cell formation by the co-cultures with B16 cells was reduced in the case of bone marrow cells from osteopontin-deficient mice.. Osteopontin deficiency reduced the bone loss caused by tumor cell implantation into the bone marrow space.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Regeneration; Cell Division; Coculture Techniques; Female; Femur; Isoenzymes; Male; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteoclasts; Osteopontin; Sialoglycoproteins; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Serum activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP 5b) in patients with breast cancer and prostate cancer having bone metastases was much higher than in healthy donors and patients without skeletal injuries. TRAP 5b activity in patients with breast cancer and multiple bone metastases surpassed that in patients with single bone metastases. The mean activity of TRAP 5b and range of enzyme activity in women treated with bisphosphonates were significantly lower than in patients not receiving antiresorptive therapy. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of TRAP 5b as a marker of skeletal metastases in patients with breast cancer were 82 and 87%, respectively. In patients with prostate cancer these indexes were 71 and 83.4%, respectively. Detection of this marker in tumor patients holds much promise for early diagnostics of bone metastases, estimation of the severity of skeletal metastases, and monitoring of the efficiency of bisphosphonate therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Resorption; Breast Neoplasms; Case-Control Studies; Diphosphonates; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Bone destruction is primarily mediated by osteoclastic bone resorption, and cancer cells stimulate the formation and activation of osteoclasts next to metastatic foci. Accumulating evidences indicate that receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) is the ultimate extracellular mediator that stimulates osteoclast differentiation into mature osteoclasts. In contrast, osteoprotegerin (OPG) inhibits osteoclast development. In order to elucidate a mechanism for cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis, cells from a human breast cancer line, MDA-MB-231, were directly co-cultured with ST2, MC3T3-E1, or with primary mouse calvarial cells. Osteoclast-like cells and tartarate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities were then quantitated. We examined these cell lines and samples from breast cancer by RT-PCR for the expressions of OPG and RANKL mRNA. Compared to controls, co-culture of MDA-MB-231 cells with stromal or osteoblastic cells induced an increase in number of osteoclasts and TRAP activities. MDA-MB-231 cells alone or breast cancer samples did not express RANKL mRNA. However, co-culture of these cancer cells with stromal or osteoblastic cells induced RANKL mRNA expression and decreased OPG mRNA expression. These experiments demonstrate that direct interactions between breast cancer and stromal or osteoblastic cells induce osteoclastogenesis in vitro through modulating RANKL expression.

Topics: 3T3 Cells; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Carrier Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Culture Media, Conditioned; Glycoproteins; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteoprotegerin; Protein Binding; RANK Ligand; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Time Factors

Cytotoxic T cells (CTL) are considered one of the primary effector cell populations in antitumor immunity. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated the critical importance of helper T cells (Th), specifically interferon gamma (IFN gamma)-secreting Th1 cells, either by supporting an appropriate CTL environment or by recruiting other effector cells. We evaluated whether patients with prostate cancer have naturally occurring Th-cell responses specific for two prostate cancer-associated antigens, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and whether Th1-type responses to these antigens could be detected.. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 80 patients with prostate cancer and 20 male controls without prostate disease. Th-cell responses were evaluated by measuring antigen-specific proliferation. IFN gamma and IL-5 secretion in response to antigen stimulation was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.. T cell proliferative responses specific for PSA and PAP could be detected in patients with prostate cancer. Six percent (5/80) of patients had T cell responses specific for PSA and 11% (9/80) for PAP. T cell responses specific for PSA were more prevalent in patients with metastatic disease (P = 0.02), whereas responses specific for PAP could be detected in patients irrespective of disease stage. IFN gamma-producing Th cells, specific for both PSA and PAP, could be identified in patients with prostate cancer.. Patients with prostate cancer can have detectable Th-cell responses specific for the prostate cancer-associated proteins PSA and PAP. The presence of antigen-specific Th1 immune responses in prostate cancer patients suggests that an immune environment capable of supporting antigen-specific CTL may exist in vivo. Prostate 47:222-229, 2001.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-5; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Phenotype; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Th1 Cells

Immunohistochemistry with antibodies for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin labels basal cells and is used as an ancillary study in diagnosing prostate carcinoma, which reportedly lacks expression of high-molecular-weight cytokeratin. A recent report questioned the specificity of this marker, describing immunopositivity for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin in a small series of metastatic prostate cancer. We have also noted rare cases of prostate lesions on biopsy with typical histological features of adenocarcinoma showing immunopositivity for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin, either in tumor cells or in patchy cells with the morphology of basal cells. In some of these cases, it was difficult to distinguish cancer from out-pouching of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. To investigate whether prostate cancer cells express high-molecular-weight cytokeratin, we studied 100 cases of metastatic prostate carcinoma and 10 cases of prostate cancer invading the seminal vesicles from surgical specimens. Metastatic sites included regional lymph nodes (n = 67), bone (n = 19), and miscellaneous (n = 14). Cases with any positivity for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin antibody (34betaE12) were verified as being of prostatic origin with immunohistochemistry for prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase. Only four cases were detected positive for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin. In two cases (one metastasis, one seminal vesicle invasion) there was weakly diffuse positivity above background level. Two metastases in lymph nodes showed scattered strong staining of clusters of tumor cells, which represented <0.2% of tumor cells in the metastatic deposits. These positive cells did not have the morphology of basal cells. We conclude that prostate cancer, even high grade, only rarely expresses high-molecular-weight cytokeratin. This marker remains a very useful adjunct in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Male; Molecular Weight; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Seminal Vesicles

Prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) is regarded as a specific marker secreted by normal and neoplastic acinar epithelial cells of the prostate gland; its detection by immunocytochemistry has been accepted as an indication of metastatic prostate cancer. This is ascribed to the commonly held belief that PSA is not found in extraprostatic tissues. However, this concept has recently been challenged, based on the observations that certain nonprostatic tissues and their neoplasms can also secrete PSA. Such a questionable belief could result in a diagnostic pitfall when using immunostaining for PSA on fine-needle aspiration (FNAC) cytology samples to differentiate metastatic prostate cancer from a primary carcinoma of an extraprostatic organ. In this communication, two cases of primary carcinomas of the male breast are reported in which PSA immunopositivity on FNAC led to the suggestion of a diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1999;21:167-169.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy, Needle; Breast Neoplasms, Male; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

We examine the clinical prognostic value of the currently available simple and inexpensive immunoenzymatic prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) assay for the staging and prognosis of radical prostatectomy cases.. Between February 1, 1990 and May 3, 1996 pretreatment PAP was measured in 295 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. From February 1, 1990 to May 17, 1992 the Hybritech Tandem-E assay was used in 75 cases, from May 18, 1992 to February 28, 1993 the Abbott EIA assay was used in 49 and from March 1, 1993 to May 3, 1996 the Abbott IMx assay was used in 171. PAP assays were analyzed individually and the results were combined with pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) values to assess the ability to predict organ confined prostate cancer and serological recurrence after radical prostatectomy.. PAP testing was not of value for predicting organ confined disease or positive margins. However, this test was useful for predicting the first serological PSA recurrence in the 3 periods (77 to 85% correct) and overall (82% correct, p < 0.001, odds ratio 6.06). The Kaplan-Meier disease-free survival rate at 4 years was 78.8% for men with PAP less than 3 ng./ml. and 38.8% for those with PAP 3 ng./ml. or greater, which was significant when pretreatment PSA was less than 10 ng./ml. (p = 0.047), 10 ng./ml. or greater (p = 0.012) and overall (p < 0.001). PAP testing added prognostic information to pretreatment PSA values and it was an independent predictor of recurrence.. The widely available and inexpensive PAP assays of the 1990s are predictors of recurrence after radical prostatectomy. They should be included in future studies of prostate cancer recurrence modeling. However, they do not predict pathological stage or margin status.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Survival Analysis

The osteolytic activity of metastases of prostate cancer was evaluated in relation to total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) and regional bone mineral content (RBMC).. Bone mass was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was measured as a biochemical marker of bone resorption.. In 32 patients (mean age 72+/-4 years) compared with 32 controls (mean age 73+/-5 years), there were significant differences in TRAP (P < 0.0001), TBBMC (P < 0.0001), and RBMC in the pelvis (P < 0.0001), legs (P=0.0001), and trunk (P<0.05), but not in the arms and head (P=ns). In the overall group of subjects, the correlation between TBBMC and TRAP was r=-0.68, P < 0.0001. The correlations remained significant in the patient and control groups separately.. The loss of bone mass observed in patients with metastatic prostate cancer was caused mainly by the predominance of bone resorption in the osteoblastic metastases.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Analysis of Variance; Biomarkers; Bone Density; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Remodeling; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values; Regression Analysis; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

The possible application of proteinase inhibitors in the support of anti-tumor chemotherapy requires profound knowledge of the proteinases involved in malignant processes. Therefore, the occurrence of cathepsins B, D, H, L and S and of gelatinases, urokinase plasminogen activator and stromelysins was studied in biopsies of aggressive human bone metastases, of low invading basal cell carcinomas, and in normal placenta as control, by activity measurements and zymographic techniques. Cathepsin B and L, as well as gelatinase B, were shown to be overexpressed in bone metastases, suggesting a function during the metastatic process. Subcellular fractionation allowed detection of differential sorting of cathepsin B and gelatinases in metastatic tissue and also in normal human placenta. Plasma membrane binding could be demonstrated for both cathepsin B and gelatinase B. Whereas cathepsin B is at least partially bound to plasma membranes via alpha 2-macroglobulin and its LRP/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, gelatinase B binds to plasma membranes by an unknown mechanism.

Topics: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase; 5'-Nucleotidase; Acid Phosphatase; beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases; Bone Neoplasms; Cathepsin B; Cathepsin L; Cathepsins; Cell Membrane; Collagenases; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Endopeptidases; Gelatinases; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); Subcellular Fractions; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator

Eighteen previously untreated patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate were treated with LHRH analogue. They were divided into 3 groups according to the degree of glandular differentiation. In all groups, a transient rise of PAP and PSA was observed after the LH and testosterone surge. However, relative values of LH, testosterone, PAP and PSA did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. These facts suggest that a transient rise of PAP and PSA is caused by testosterone surge independently from the degree of glandular differentiation after LHRH analogue administration in patients with advanced prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Humans; Leuprolide; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Prostate inhibin peptide (PIP) is a polypeptide synthesized by the prostate gland that is involved in prostatic growth and differentiation. The objective of this study was to evaluate PIP as an immunocytochemical marker for prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCA) by comparing it with PSA and PAP. A total of 71 cases of primary PCA and 5 cases of metastatic PCA were studied. Primary tumors were specially selected to include a disproportionate number of high-grade tumors. The distribution of cases by Gleason score was 2-5, 14 cases; 6-7, 24 cases; and 8-10, 33 cases. Four metastases were to bone (decalcified tissue) and one to soft tissue. All 71 cases of primary PCA stained positively for the three antibodies tested, with none demonstrating obvious superiority, although individual case variability was seen. In one bone metastasis, staining for PSA was negative, with both PAP and PIP giving positive results. All non-prostatic carcinomas tested were negative. These results indicate that PIP is as sensitive and specific an immunohistochemical marker as PSA and PAP in untreated prostate adenocarcinomas. Further, the androgen-independent nature of PIP may give it an advantage over PSA/PAP in tumors exposed to androgen ablating agents.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Inhibins; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; Peptides; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins

We quantified cathepsin D by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) and quantitative immunohistochemistry in fifteen human prostate cancers, seventeen BPH, and nine normal prostates. The cytosolic cathepsin D concentration was higher in prostatic carcinoma (mean: 31.5 pmol/mg cytosol proteins; range: 10.2-66.2) than in normal prostate (16.0 pmol/mg cytosol proteins; 7.2-25.5; P = 0.01). Prostatic hyperplasia showed intermediate values (20.2 pmol/mg cytosol proteins; 7.6-33.9). Immunostaining of cathepsin D and prostatic acid phosphatase on serial frozen sections of prostate tissues was only observed in glandular epithelial cells. Immunostaining was quantified by computer-assisted image analysis as an quantitative immuno-cytochemical score (QIC score) expressed in arbitrary units (A.U.). QIC scores for cathepsin D were dispersed and had a tendency to be higher in benign prostatic hyperplasia (mean: 178.3 A.U.; range: 95-297) compared to normal prostate (85.2 A.U.; 2-173 P < 0.01) and prostatic carcinoma (90.0 A.U.; 21-179 P = 0.0002). Prostatic cathepsin D levels in cytosols or immunostaining sections were independent of other clinicobiological parameters.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cathepsin D; Cytosol; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reference Values; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

A panel of three monoclonal antibodies that recognize membrane and cytoskeletal antigens expressed by epithelial cells (T16, C26, and AE-1) was used in a sensitive immunohistochemical assay to detect tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates from 20 patients with prostate cancer. Bone marrow aspirates from 2/9 (22%) patients with localized prostate cancer (stage B, 0/5; Stage C, 2/4), and 4/11 (36%) patients with metastatic prostate cancer (Stage D1, 0/7 patients; Stage D2, 4/4 patients) had antigen-positive cells in their bone marrow. The patients with localized disease had conventional examinations for metastases, including radioisotope bone scans and examination of bone marrow cytology, which were negative. The serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level appeared to correlate with the presence of micrometastases. Those patients with localized disease and antigen-positive cells in the bone marrow had an average serum PSA level of 26.6 ng/ml, while the average serum PSA level in patients without antigen-positive cells was 12.3 ng/ml. In addition, the number of antigen-positive cells detected appeared to correlate with the stage of disease; patients with Stage C prostate cancer had an average of 10 antigen-positive cells per one million bone marrow elements, while patients with Stage D2 disease had an average of 25 antigen-positive cells per one million bone marrow elements. We have demonstrated that immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow aspirates can detect occult bone marrow metastases in patients with apparently localized prostate cancer. Further follow-up of these and a larger number of patients will be require to determine the potential clinical significance of this finding.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Biopsy, Needle; Bone Marrow; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

This paper reports the results of studies on the possible role of biochemical markers in monitoring the effects of ionizing radiations and in the follow-up of cancer patients submitted to radiotherapy. Three different case series were analyzed: patients with head and neck cancer, prostate carcinoma and residual thyroid tumors or uptaking metastases (131-Iodine therapy). Serum TPA and amylase were serially determined in patients with head and neck or thyroid cancer to measure the radiation damage to the salivary glands. In the former group a statistically significant correlation between the increase of both molecules and the total dose administered after the first day of treatment (2, 3, 4 or 6 Gy) was observed. In patients treated for thyroid cancer the damage to the salivary glands was revealed by an increase in TPA and amylase serum levels, dependent on the dose of 131-Iodine administered. Moreover, an association was demonstrated between pretreatment values of TPA in patients with head and neck tumors and prognosis: patients with values below the cutoff have significantly higher survival rates than those with higher values. In patients with prostate carcinoma PSA was confirmed to have better diagnostic and prognostic value than PAP. Patients with metastases show an inversion or lack of negative trend in PSA levels observed in the disease-free patients. This precedes the clinical diagnosis of metastases by 1 to 15 months.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; alpha-Amylases; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Peptides; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tissue Polypeptide Antigen

The inversion of PSA/PAP ratio is not common in patients with prostate cancer. Of 215 patients, 7 showed PSA levels below those of PAP (3.2%). All patients had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, 57% in multiple organs and tissues, with a Gleason value in all cases 4. Forty-three percent showed no early response to hormone therapy; mean survival interval recorded in these 7 patients was 21 months. Such a situation may suggest a poor prognosis for this neoplasia.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Survival Analysis

From 1978 to 1982, 172 patients with stages T1 to 3NxM0 prostate cancer were included in a surveillance protocol with deferred treatment on symptomatic progression. Median patient age at diagnosis was 68 years (range 38 to 89 years). Mean followup was 80 +/- 32 months. Of the patients 58% had local and 19% had distant progression, and 52% had received treatment at followup. Disease specific survival rate at 10 years was 80% for the total series, 84% for the subgroup with stage T1 or T2 tumor and 92% for those with stage T1 or T2 tumor who were less than 70 years old at diagnosis. For the subgroup with stage T3 tumor the disease specific survival rate at 9 years was 70%. In all subgroups the competing mortality rate was higher than the prostate cancer mortality rate. Deferred treatment appears to be an acceptable option for patients with tumor clinically confined to the prostate and a life expectancy of 10 years or less.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Disease Progression; Disease-Free Survival; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Population Surveillance; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Survival Rate; Sweden

Purified human prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) was used to generate a specific monoclonal antibody (FC 3001) for detection of PAP expressed by some prostatic carcinomas. DTPA derivatives of MoAb-F(ab')2-fragments were labeled with indium-111 chloride. This labeled antibody was tested in 15 prostate cancer patients who underwent staging pelvic lymphadenectomy; 9 of them received labeled antibody alone whereas 6 received simultaneous injections of labeled and unlabeled antibody with two dose levels (40 or 80 mg). Biodistribution data obtained by direct blood measurements and imaging procedures indicated that simultaneous injection of unlabeled antibody reduced both the blood elimination rate and the accumulation in the liver. Accumulation of the radionuclide in pelvic lymph node metastases was observed in some patients but in a couple of patients accumulation was noted also in normal lymph nodes. The method cannot in its present design replace staging pelvic lymphadenectomy and further studies are needed for elaboration of clinically useful radioimmunodetection methods.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Humans; Indium Radioisotopes; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunodetection; Tissue Distribution

Tumor markers are antigens which can be associated with certain malignancies. A variety of markers have been demonstrated in genitourinary tumors. The best known examples are human chorionic gonadotropin (bHCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for testicular tumors, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA) for prostatic cancer. The plasma levels of these substances are influenced by the tumor mass and therefore by the tumor stage. Markedly elevated plasma levels can be demonstrated when metastases are present, although a few patients without metastases may elaborate abnormal amount of markers. The removal of the primary tumor leads to a fall to normal levels: a still increased level indicates residual primary tumor or the presence of metastases. Measurements of markers are also of value in estimating the effects of medical treatment and in detecting local or distant recurrences.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; alpha-Fetoproteins; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testicular Neoplasms

Carcinomas of the rat prostate induced by a single injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, and 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl, after sequential treatment with cyproterone acetate and testosterone propionate, were evaluated as potential animal models for prostatic cancer. All ten carcinomas examined were located in the dorsolateral prostate region and did not involve the distal parts of the seminal vesicles and coagulating glands. The incidence of urinary obstruction leading to the animals' death was 6 of 10 rats, and metastases in the lung, abdominal lymph nodes, and/or liver also occurred in 6 of 10 rats. The tumors were invasive adenocarcinomas, showing frequent perineural invasion and a variable degree of differentiation. There were ultrastructural similarities with human prostatic carcinomas, such as intracellular lumina. Plasma acid phosphatase was increased. Enzyme histochemical analysis revealed similarities with the Dunning R3327H and -HI prostatic carcinomas but was not helpful in determining the site of origin of the tumors. The gross and microscopic appearance of the tumors and the observation of preneoplastic lesions exclusively located in the dorsolateral prostate suggest this lobe as site of origin of the carcinomas. Preneoplastic lesions (n = 9) included atypical hyperplasias (n = 5) and lesions with all histological characteristics of carcinoma except for local invasion and metastases, which were classified as carcinoma in situ (n = 4). Although androgen sensitivity could not be assessed, the observed characteristics of the tumors [their long latency time (46-80 weeks), the presence of preneoplastic lesions, and the short duration of the treatment, leaving the animals intact] all indicate that the present approach is a valid animal model for the study of prostatic carcinogenesis.

Topics: 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aminobiphenyl Compounds; Animals; Carcinoma in Situ; Cell Differentiation; Histocytochemistry; Hyperplasia; Male; Methylnitrosourea; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasm Metastasis; Precancerous Conditions; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) serum levels were measured in 117 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma, in 9 patients with prostatic hyperplasia and in 14 patients with other malignancies to compare the clinical usefulness of the PSA and PAP levels. PSA was elevated (PSA+) in 14 of 18 untreated patients (78%) with prostatic cancer. PAP was elevated (PAP+) only in 3 of these untreated cases (17%). Also in previously treated patients PSA was more often positive than PAP. PSA was positive in 40 of the 99 treated patients (40%), PAP was elevated only in 21 cases (21%). There was a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher tendency towards elevated PSA in the prostatic cancer patients: 32 (27%) patients with PSA+ and PAP- compared with only 2 cases (2%) with PAP+ and PSA-. The PSA+/PAP- patients were analyzed further. In seven of them the PSA level also returned to its normal level after orchiectomy or/and radiotherapy. In two patients the PSA levels indicated tumor progression earlier than PAP, their PAP levels did not rise until bone metastasizing was evident. There were also progressive disease in some patients evidenced only by increased PSA levels. In addition to cancer patients the PSA level was increased in three (30%) of the prostatic hyperplasia patients. It was also elevated in three patients with other malignancies. However, these three patients also had prostatic hyperplasia and the increase in the PSA level is considered more likely to be due to that.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Orchiectomy; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

We used a mixture of antisera to prostatic specific acid phosphatase, prostatic specific antigen, epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin to examine multiple marrow aspirates from patients with local (15) and metastatic prostatic carcinoma (15), and benign prostatic hypertrophy (10). We found moderate to large numbers of tumor cells in the bone marrow of 11 of 15 (73 per cent) patients with known metastatic disease and small numbers of abnormal cells in 2 of 15 (13 per cent) patients with apparently local disease. No tumor cells were found in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, and only 2 patients with metastatic disease had tumor cells in the bone marrow when conventional hematomorphological preparations were examined. These findings suggest that immunocytochemistry can increase the detection rate of metastatic prostatic carcinoma cells. Further followup of larger numbers of patients with local carcinoma will reveal whether the presence of micrometastases denotes a poor prognosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Marrow; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Blood samples from 500 patients with clinical prostatic symptoms were radioimmunoassayed with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) kits. On the basis of histological data, directed by PSA results and other investigations, 200 prostatic cancers (adenocarcinomas), 276 benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 16 cases of prostatitis, 5 cancers of the bladder, and 3 prostatodynias were diagnosed. All of the serum samples from prostatic cancer patients showed elevated PSA levels at diagnosis, whereas about 70% of these showed normal PAP values. The sensitivity of the PSA assay is 100% when 2.5 ng/ml is taken as the upper limit of normal. However, the specificity and the positive predictive value are better at 10 ng/ml: 99 and 79%, respectively. High PSA values alerted the clinician when diagnosing a cancer without symptoms on rectal or ultrasonographic examination (3%). In BPH, when the PSA level is between 2.5 and 10 ng/ml, a PSA control must be performed within 2 months. If PSA increases above 10 ng/ml, the risk of cancer has to be considered. In the follow-up, PSA is a better marker than PAP to detect disease progression and seems to constitute an evolutive tumor mass index. PSA is the most sensitive, the earliest, and the most prognostically reliable marker for diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Radioimmunoassay

Coupled prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) measurements (using the radioimmunoassay method) were carried out on 220 controls, 33 patients with prostatic hyperplasia, and 71 with carcinoma. The mean PSA value was 3.70 +/- 3.31 ng in the controls. A level of 10 ng was adopted as the upper limit of normal. Four of the eight cases of prostatic hyperplasia with a high PSA level (between 10 and 25 ng) underwent surgery. Histological tests confirmed benign hyperplasia. In the localized cancers, the PSA level was normal. In the metastatic cancers, PSA proved to be more sensitive than PAP. Thus, PSA is of little use in the early diagnosis of cancer; its systematic measurement as a means of cancer screening for the general public may even be misleading.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was assayed retrospectively in 131 prostate cancer patients. Pretreatment levels at primary tumor diagnosis were above 5 ng/ml in 13/16 (81%) of stage B and C patients and in 28/28 (100%) of stage D (D1 and D2) patients. At the discovery of metastasis in treated patients, they were above this value in 12/17 (71%) of patients. To determine the value of PSA assays when physical exams were negative, 52 patients were reevaluated at a maximum interval of 12 months as a function of their initial PSA concentration. When the initial PSA was negative, there was no clinical evolution during the next 6 months; when PSA was positive, patients had a 55% risk of progression in the next 4 months. All PSA assays were coupled with prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) measurements. No PAP values were positive when PSA was negative.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity

Clinical and statistical investigations were performed on 157 patients with prostate carcinoma in the Third Teaching Hospital, Normal Bethune University experienced between January, 1950 and June, 1986. The number of patients with prostate carcinoma among other hospitalized patients showed a recent gradual increase. The patient's age at the time the disease was first diagnosed was most frequently between 60 and 69 years old with an average age of 63.3 years. Dysuria was the most prominent symptom, followed by frequency, retention and macroscopic hematuria. Duration between initial symptom and diagnosis was one to two years in most patients. The prostatic abnormality could be detected by rectal examination in all patients. Elevation of serum acid phosphatase was found in 24.4%. Such elevation was evident in 52.2% of the patients with metastatic lesions, compared to 14.4% of those without metastasis. Fourteen patients had metastasis to bone (8.9%), 13 to lymph nodes, 2 to lung and one to liver. According to the staging diagnosis, 19 patients (12.1%) had stage A, 78 patients (49.7%) had stage B, 20 patients (12.7%) had stage C and 40 patients (25.5%) had stage D carcinoma. Histological findings in 57 patients indicated adenocarcinomas; 39 cases (68.4%) were poorly differentiated, 12 cases (21.2%) were moderately differentiated and 6 cases (10.5%) were well differentiated. Modality of treatment was total prostatectomy in 2 cases (1.3%), antiandrogen therapy (orchiectomy and/or Stilbestrol) in 122 cases (77.7%), subcapsular prostatectomy in 7 cases (4.5%), symptomatic treatment in 5 cases and no treatment in 23 cases (14.6%).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; China; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urination Disorders

We investigated retrospectively 91 patients with prostatic carcinoma diagnosed cytologically between 1978 and 1979. Of the patients 57 had no metastases (M0) at presentation. The majority of the patients without metastases had well or moderately well differentiated carcinoma. Of 18 patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma 17 had metastases at presentation. The patients without metastases were left untreated, while those with metastases received active antitumor treatment. Local progression and/or development of metastases during surveillance occurred in 24 patients (42 per cent) and antitumor treatment was initiated. Mean observation time in the group untreated throughout observation was 47 months. Mean interval to progression in the patients treated subsequently was 31 months. In the surveillance group no difference in mean interval to progression, frequency of local progression, development of metastases or death rate of prostatic carcinoma was found when the patients with initially well and moderately well differentiated carcinoma were compared. Therefore, in our study initial cytological grade failed to predict a difference in progression in patients with well and moderately well differentiated prostatic carcinoma. Since almost all patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma had metastases at presentation a poor differentiation seems to predict a worse prognosis compared to well and moderately well differentiated tumors.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bone and Bones; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Retrospective Studies

Plasma levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator have been investigated in 80 patients with prostatic carcinoma by means of a radioimmunoassay. A total of 30 patients with disseminated prostatic carcinoma had significantly elevated levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, whereas the plasma levels in patients without metastases did not differ from a healthy age matched control group. Sensitivity of elevated urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma for the presence of metastases was 80 per cent. Therefore, urokinase-type plasminogen activator appears to be a reliable marker for the formation of metastases in prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator

Acid phosphatase levels were determined using both an enzymatic method (32 cases) and radioimmunoassay (35 cases) in 35 patients with clinically localised prostatic cancer. All patients underwent total prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. In cases of intracapsular prostatic cancer the level of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) measured by radioimmunoassay was 1.4 +/- 0.8 micrograms/l. In patients with either local extraprostatic disease or pelvic lymph node metastases the mean level of PAP was 3.5 +/- 2.8 micrograms/l. The difference was statistically significant. The specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of an elevated PAP (greater than 3.0 micrograms/l) in revealing extraprostatic extension of clinically localised prostatic cancer were 100, 37 and 66% respectively. When the enzymatic method was used, the level of acid phosphatase was elevated (greater than 13 u/l) in only 1 case. The specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of the enzymatic method were 100, 6 and 47% respectively. Elevation of PAP predicts, with a high degree of probability, either local extension outside the prostate or lymph node metastases. A normal PAP does not exclude extraprostatic extension of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Preoperative Care; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Forty-four patients with metastatic cancer of the prostate that had failed conventional hormonal manipulation were treated with high-dose ketoconazole (600-1,200 mg/day). All patients had castrate serum concentrations of testosterone prior to therapy. All of the patients had been assessed by the criteria of the National Prostatic Cancer Project and been categorized as progressing. Over 50% of the patients were recategorized as having stable disease. The majority of the patients showed marked subjective improvement in pain on this therapy. Objective responses were noted but were not consistently seen. Side effects were common but tolerable. The median time of survival was 73.3 weeks. Ketoconazole may be a useful palliative adjunct in the treatment of hormone refractory prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Humans; Ketoconazole; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms; Remission Induction

Prostate specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase antigen and acid phosphatase activity were measured on 175 serum samples serially collected from 80 patients with metastatic stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase antigen concentrations were measured with a monoclonal radioimmunometric assay, and acid phosphatase activity was measured enzymatically. The over-all frequency of abnormal levels of prostate specific antigen (76 per cent) was significantly greater than abnormal prostatic acid phosphatase antigen (60 per cent) and acid phosphatase activity (49 per cent) results (p less than 0.001). These differences were greater among the subset of patients in clinical remission. Levels greater than 10 times normal were observed in 68 per cent of prostate specific antigen, 43 per cent of prostatic acid phosphatase antigen and 31 per cent of acid phosphatase activity measurements (p less than 0.001). Three or more serial prostate specific antigen measurements in 17 patients demonstrated excellent correlation with independently assessed clinical disease activity. These results suggest that prostate specific antigen is a more sensitive and potentially more useful tumor marker than acid phosphatase measurements in patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Antigens; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prospective Studies; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

We retrospectively reviewed records of 551 patients with clinical Stage C prostatic adenocarcinoma treated with 60 to 70 Gy external beam radiation. Elective pelvic node irradiation was given to 247 patients (45%). Follow-up for all surviving patients ranged from 16 to 201 months (median, 6.5 years; mean, 7 years). The 5-, 10-, and 15-year uncorrected actuarial survival rates were 72%, 47%, and 27%, respectively. Disease-free survival rates were 59%, 46%, and 40% at the corresponding times. Actuarial local control rates were 88%, 81%, and 75% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Disease-free survival was adversely affected by high pathologic grade, disease fixed to the pelvic sidewall, invasion of the bladder, prior transurethral resection, hydronephrosis, and elevated serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase and creatinine. Elective pelvic node irradiation did not improve the outcome. Complications of treatment were acceptable: minor anorectal and/or urinary symptoms, 11%; mild to moderate complications, 19%; serious problems requiring surgery, 3%. It is concluded that localized, high-energy external beam irradiation provides excellent local control of disease, low morbidity, and 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates that have not been rivaled by other treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Creatinine; Cystitis; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pelvic Neoplasms; Proctitis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Retrospective Studies; Urination

Methods to disintegrate old paraffin-embedded tissue blocks for the application of DNA flow cytometry open up new possibilities for retrospective studies on the correlation between tumor cell nuclear DNA pattern and prognosis of the neoplastic disease. In the present work we used such a method to study the relationship between DNA ploidy, histopathological grade, and survival for 50 patients with prostate carcinomas diagnosed 1958-1974. Plugs of histologically identified tissue from benign and tumor areas were sampled from paraffin blocks of prostate biopsy specimens by using a 4-mm skin biopsy punch. Thirty-micron sections were cut from each plug for dewaxing and disintegration. The cell suspensions obtained were stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride and analyzed by flow cytometry. In about one-half of the cases where two or more plugs were analyzed we found a heterogeneous tumor cell nuclear DNA pattern. No apparent correlation was found between the histopathological grade and the DNA ploidy. Using Cox's multiple regression analysis, we found a significant correlation between DNA ploidy and survival of these patients (P = 0.043) when we controlled for histopathological grade (Dhom grade), acid phosphatase level, occurrence of metastases, age, year of diagnosis, and type of biopsy. The correlation between DNA ploidy and survival was just above the level of significance (P = 0.059) when Gleason grade was substituted for Dhom grade in the regression model.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biopsy; Clinical Enzyme Tests; DNA, Neoplasm; Flow Cytometry; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Paraffin; Ploidies; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

In seven patients with undifferentiated carcinoma of the prostate, the immunohistochemical stain for prostate-specific antigen was negative. The stain for prostatic acid phosphatase done on the same tissue samples was diffusely positive in three, focally positive in three, and negative in one. Only the three with diffusely positive immunostaining had elevated serum acid phosphatase levels, although five had evidence of metastatic disease. All seven neoplasms were histologically similar, being composed of large cells with large nuclei, a moderate amount of cytoplasm, and indistinct cell borders. All tumors grew as broad sheets within the prostatic stroma as well as in the prostatic urethra; in six cases. Thus, prostatic carcinoma with this histologic pattern frequently loses prostate-specific antigen immunoreactivity. Awareness of this occurrence should prevent a misdiagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in such cases. The prostatic origin of these neoplasms can usually be verified by prostatic acid phosphatase immunostaining, which proves to be more sensitive in this particular setting.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunochemistry; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethral Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Body Weight; Cisplatin; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Metastases of 47 known prostatic carcinomas were subjected to the unlabeled immunoperoxidase procedure to localize prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PAP was found in 64% and PSA in 78% of bone marrow, lymph node, lung and liver metastases investigated. There was no significant difference between the intensity of staining in primary and metastatic neoplasms. Staining of PAP and PSA was found to be less intense in poorly differentiated metastases of prostatic adenocarcinomas. The data suggest that the demonstration of PAP and PSA is a practical and sensitive test for determining the prostatic origin of a clinically and histologically unclassifiable metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Bone Marrow; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Histogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma in two prostates heavily affected by schistosomiasis was determined immunohistochemically by localization of two prostatic specific markers and keratin. The demonstration of prostatic specific antigen and keratin served to differentiate between metaplasia and squamous cell carcinoma associated with prostatic schistosomiasis from other prostatic and urinary bladder neoplasms.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Keratins; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Schistosomiasis; Seminal Vesicles; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Humans; Ketoconazole; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Neoplasm Metastasis; Physical Examination; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Buserelin; Drug Evaluation; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Serum levels of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in serum, the presence or absence of skeletal metastases, tumor grade, patient age, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined in 50 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma before onset of any therapy. Crude survival rates were estimated for a 5-year period after the time of diagnosis. The prognostic value was estimated by means of the log rank test and multivariate life table analysis. The TPA, PAP, tumor stage, and ESR all appeared to be useful as prognostic markers. Tumor grade and patient age were not significantly related to crude survival. The TPA proved to be the most reliable prognostic marker in single test estimates as well as in a multivariate life table analysis (p less than 0.01).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actuarial Analysis; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Blood Sedimentation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Peptides; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tissue Polypeptide Antigen

Priapism, the persistent painful erection unrelated to sexual stimuli, is called malignant whenever the priapism is due to metastases. A new case of malignant priapism, secondary to metastases of prostatic carcinoma is presented. As usual, survival was poor--our patient died 3 months after diagnosis was established.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Penile Neoplasms; Priapism; Testicular Neoplasms

Metastases of 47 known prostatic carcinomas were subjected to the unlabelled immunoperoxidase-procedure to localise prostaticacid-phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic-specific antigen (PSA). In bone-marrow, lymph-node, lung and liver metastases PAP was found in 64% and PSA in 78%. There was no significant difference between the intensity of staining in primary and metastatic neoplasm. In poorly differentiated metastases of prostatic adenocarcinomas less intense staining for PAP and PSA was found. The data suggest that the demonstration of PAP and PSA is a practical and sensitive test for the prostatic origin of a clinically and histologically unclassifiable metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Immunoperoxidase staining for prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) help to identify patients with prostatic carcinoma presenting as metastatic disease from an occult primary source. To clarify further the reliability of these prostatic tissue antigens, we have examined the primary tumor and metastatic sites in 16 autopsy cases. Eleven of these had diffusely positive findings for PSA and PAP in the primary and all metastatic sites, and 1 case lacked both antigens in all locations. Four cases demonstrated variability between these antigens and among various sites. Prostatic primary lesions contained PAP and PSA in 13 (81%) and 12 (75%) cases, respectively. The most reliable metastatic sites were lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, lung, bone, and kidney; while liver, adrenal, and colorectal sites were less reliable. No relationship existed between serum PAP levels and tissue detectability of PAP. The use of both PAP and PSA increases the likelihood of properly identifying the prostate as the organ of origin of metastatic disease. In spite of the use of both markers, however, three primary lesions would have been misdiagnosed, and 1 case lacked both antigens in all metastatic sites as well. In poorly differentiated lesions, the lack of both antigens does not unequivocally eliminate the possibility of prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms

Previous immunohistochemical studies with prostate-specific acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen documented the diagnostic value of these antigens in the identification of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas and in the differentiation of primary prostatic adenocarcinomas from poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinomas. Although attempts have been made to correlate immunostaining with degree of tumor differentiation, no study has directly assessed the relation of either prostate-specific acid phosphatase or prostate-specific antigen immunoreactivity of tumors with their biologic behavior. Nineteen patients with predominantly intermediate Gleason grade untreated stage A2 carcinomas of the prostate were studied by the unlabeled antibody immunoperoxidase technique for prostate-specific acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen in an attempt to identify those in whom the disease would progress without further therapeutic intervention. Of the 12 carcinomas with areas of either weak or negative prostate-specific acid phosphatase staining, nine progressed. Two of the seven carcinomas that did not have these foci of poor immunostaining also progressed. Although there was a trend for foci of poor immunoreactivity to predict tumor progression, the correlation was not significant. All seven patients who had tumor foci with weak or negative prostate-specific antigen immunostaining experienced progression of the disease. Of the 12 patients with only moderate or intense staining, the tumors did not progress in eight. This correlation between foci of poor immunoreactivity and progression of disease was statistically significant. When the study was repeated by varying the technique without awareness of previous grading results, the same predictive results were obtained. When results of prostate-specific antigen immunostaining were compared with those achieved with prostate-specific acid phosphatase, the superiority of the prostate-specific antigen antisera for labeling prostatic tissue was evident. This study suggests that prostatic cancers consist of subpopulations of cells with differing immunoreactive properties and that the presence of cells that lack sufficient differentiation to express normally present immunologically recognizable antigens is an indication of potentially more aggressive neoplasms.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Follow-Up Studies; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antibodies, Neoplasm; Antigens, Neoplasm; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Lymphatic Metastasis; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms

A radioimmunoassay procedure has been used to measure prostatic acid phosphatase in the serum of 46 patients with intracapsular carcinoma of the prostate. The results obtained did not differ significantly from those obtained in a control group of similar size. It is concluded that the radioimmunoassay procedure for measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase has no advantage over enzyme activity measurements for the detection of early prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

We report a patient having advanced prostatic cancer and serum immunoreactive prostate-specific acid phosphatase concentrations of up to 8.9 mg/l, which is more than 3000 times the upper limit of our health-associated reference interval. following orchiectomy, the enzyme concentration decreased to 1.5 mg/l in 5 days, and to 3.6 micrograms/l within 1.5 months and to 1.4 micrograms/l within 6 months.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Carcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Skin Neoplasms

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate may occasionally present as distant metastatic disease. This tumor, if accurately identified, is amendable to effective treatment with hormonal manipulations. We have seen nine patients with prostatic cancer presenting as metastatic adenocarcinoma of undetermined origin: two presented with involvement in the lung and the mediastinum, five with left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and two with known prostatic cancer with stable disease presented with supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. By employing an immunoperoxidase technique using prostatic acid phosphatase as the marker for the prostatic cells, we demonstrated the presence of the prostatic enzyme antigen in the paraffin embedded tissues from the metastatic tumor. This finding directed further investigation of the prostate gland leading to the discovery of the primary tumor in all nine patients. It may be beneficial to use this technique in all male patients with adenocarcinoma of undetermined primary site.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

The peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique was used to stain for prostate specific acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in 12 patients with primary tumors and in 12 patients with metastases in whom the nature of the tumor was in doubt after routine histopathological studies. Nine of the primary tumors were positive for both markers and an additional 2 tumors stained for prostate specific antigen only. Six metastatic lesions stained for both markers and a seventh for prostate specific antigen alone. Thus, 11 of 12 primary tumors and 7 of 12 metastases studied were proved to be of prostatic orgin. While the peroxidase staining was sometimes weak and uneven this method, using prostate specific antigen and prostate specific acid phosphatase, allowed for ready identification of metastases. The heterogeneity of the tumors in regard to these 2 prostate markers is demonstrated, and the value of staining for prostate specific acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen is emphasized.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Antigens; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

In a patient with an unclassifiable primary or metastatic neoplasm, with or without a history of prostatic cancer, immunostaining for PA or PSAP may prove invaluable. The procedure is simple, rapid, inexpensive, and extremely accurate in demonstrating the prostatic origin of tumors. It should be noted however, that the specificity of results is entirely dependent upon the specificity of the primary antibody, which should be meticulously defined before the procedure is used for diagnostic purposes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

In a phase ii trial 18 previously treated patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma with measurable or evaluable disease were treated with cisplatin 50 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Treatment was well tolerated in this elderly group of patients except for GI toxicity seen in 75% of the patients. There were no objective responses. Changes in serum acid phosphatase were often transient and not accompanied by clinical improvement. Cisplatin does not appear to be an effective agent in metastatic prostatic carcinoma in the dose schedule employed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Cisplatin; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Over the past year, we have attempted to grow both primary and metastatic urologic malignancies using a recently developed human tumor cloning system. Formation of colonies in vitro occurred in 125 of 164 primary tumors (76%), including 34 of 47 uroepithelial cancer specimens, 45 of 50 renal cell cancer specimens, 24 of 33 prostatic cancer specimens, and 22 of 34 testicular cancer specimens. A large percentage of metastatic cancers have also been successfully cultured. Growth sufficient for chemosensitivity testing ranged from 43% of the uroepithelial cancers cultured to 64% of the renal cell cancer specimens cultured. When in vitro chemosensitivity testing was performed, the in vitro chemosensitivity results show a striking similarity to clinical response rates for the same agents used for these tumors. Overall the human tumor cloning system appears to be a reasonable model for the study of human urologic malignancies.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Agar; alpha-Fetoproteins; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Count; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; Clone Cells; Cytological Techniques; Drug Resistance; Genital Neoplasms, Male; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Peptide Fragments; Urologic Neoplasms

Among 52 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate who were treated with exogenous testosterone, 45 (87%) experienced unfavorable subjective and/or objective responses. These unfavorable responses were elicited more frequently and after shorter treatment periods in patients in symptomatic relapse following endocrine therapy than in untreated patients or patients in remission following endocrine therapy. Serious morbidity or mortality, seemingly due to the testosterone administration, occurred in eight cases (15%). It is not known if the action of chemotherapeutic agents will be enhanced by concurrent testosterone therapy but any such investigation should be undertaken with extreme caution.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms; Recurrence; Testosterone; Vomiting

In solid s.c. tumors of a variant of the murine B16 melanoma with high metastatic potential (B16F10), there was a 2- to 7-fold elevation of lysosomal cathepsin B activity when compared to the B16F1 variant with low metastatic potential. The highest activities (based on either protein or DNA) of cathepsin B were found in tumors of less than 1 g. When B16F1 and B16F10 melanoma variants were grown in tissue culture, the metastatic differential in cathepsin B activity was lost as the cells were subcultured. However, this differential in cathepsin B activity could be restored by reestablishing the cultured cells as s.c. tumors. The activities of four other lysosomal enzymes (cathepsin D, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid phosphatase) showed little evidence of a positive correlation with the metastatic potential of the B16 melanoma variants. Eighty to 90% of cathepsin B activity has been localized to a fraction containing viable tumor cells which was isolated by centrifugal elutriation. In contrast, only 50% of cathepsin D activity was in the viable tumor cell fraction, and from 30 to 70% of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid phosphatase. Elevated levels of cathepsin B in the high metastatic B16F10 variant are consistent with the idea that cathepsin B may play a direct or a regulatory role in tumor metastasis.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cathepsin B; Cathepsin D; Cathepsins; Cell Line; Glucuronidase; Lysosomes; Melanoma; Mice; Mutation; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for acid phosphatase detection was compared to a standard enzyme assay using sera from 210 normal volunteers and 285 patients with prostatic disease. Statistical and clinical comparisons were made between defined subgroups. All 55 normal females had RIA detectable serum acid phosphatase, implying that this assay cannot be entirely specific for enzyme of prostatic origin. Urinary catheterization did not affect acid phosphatase levels. In all stages of carcinoma there were more acid phosphatase elevations by the RIA method than enzyme method, but neither assay could differentiate intracapsular cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia. A small number of patients with biopsy proven negative nodules had marginally elevated values, suggesting as obligation for closer follow-up. The RIA method may be superior for monitoring patients with more advanced malignancy. Additional practical advantages of the RIA include relative simplicity and elimination of the special serum handling required for the enzyme assay.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Aged; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

In six patients with known prostatic adenocarcinoma, extraprostatic (metastatic) tumor was suspected on radiographic or radionucleotide studies. When cytological examination of tissue obtained by needle aspiration or biopsy was nondiagnostic, radial gel immunodiffusion was used to identify the presence of prostatic acid phosphatase in the tissue. Four specimens demonstrated prostate-specific acid phosphatase activity, permitting the diagnosis of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. The technique is simple and highly specific.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Breast Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Dysgerminoma; Female; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymphoma; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Osteosarcoma; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Testicular Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

An indirect immunofluorescence technique to detect cells producing prostatic acid phosphatase was used to evaluate 12 biopsies of soft tissue masses of possible metastatic prostatic carcinoma. In 10 patients varying degrees of immunofluorescence were observed, confirming the origin of the primary tumor. Specimens from 34 patients with prostatic carcinoma were obtained either by radical prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate. A comparison of histological grade (Gleason), semiquantitative immunofluorescence for prostatic acid phosphatase and hormonal responsiveness was done. There was a suggestion of higher hormonal responsiveness in the group with a low Gleason score and a high percentage of positive immunofluorescence that presently cannot be evaluated completely since some patients still are under therapy. This method may be used in the future in conjunction with other techniques, such as androgen receptors, to define a population of patients most likely to respond to hormonal manipulation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Heat-killed or formalin-killed BCG vaccine caused statistically significant increases in weight of lungs, spleen and liver, which were in the same range as after administration of equal doses of viable BCG vaccine. Similarly, there was no quantitative or temporal difference in the phosphatase-positive proliferations of the RHS in liver spleen and lungs when using identical doses of viable or heat- or formalin-killed BCG vaccines. The metastasis-prophylactic effect demonstrated for viable BCG was present also after administration of the killed vaccines to a statistically significant degree. The increases in organ weight, extent of phosphatase-positive proliferation foci in liver, spleen and lungs as well as the metastasis-prophylactic effect were entirely identical; they seem to be in a close relationship with each other.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; BCG Vaccine; Histiocytes; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Neoplasm Metastasis; Sarcoma, Experimental

An immunohistochemical method for detecting prostatic acid phosphatase is described for the diagnosis of metastatic prostatic carcinoma. The specific antiserum against prostatic acid phosphatase was prepared from rabbit by injection of acid phosphatase purified from seminal fluid. This method gives a selective staining of the cytoplasm of the glandular epithelial cells of prostatic tissue specimens on paraffin section. Most of the non-prostatic tissues were negative except for occasional weak staining in granulocytes, islet cells of pancreas, parietal cells of stomach, tubular epithelial cells of kidney, and liver cells. Also examined were 50 consecutive cases of metastatic tumor involving the bone marrow and 5 cases of metastatic prostatic carcinoma involving the lymph node or lung. All 20 cases with prostatic primary lesion showed positive staining. All other cases were negative, except 5 of the 14 cases of metastatic breast carcinoma in women showing weakly positive results. The method is fairly specific for identification of metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Occasional positive staining in breast tumor needs further study to establish whether the staining is due to the same isoenzyme or to certain cross immunoreactivity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Ninety patients with poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma have been treated with Estramustine phosphate (Estracyt). Seventeen of them had clinically metastases and had had no previous therapy. Seventy-three were initially given oestrogens and/or irradiation. Objective response was observed in 59%. The best effect was seen in patients primarily untreated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Estramustine; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms

Cyclophosphamide and prednisolone therapy was given to 83 patients with hormone-resistant disseminated carcinoma of the prostate. In 7 cases there were objective signs of regression of metastases. Significant reduction of elevated acid phosphatase activity was recorded in 11 cases, in 2 of them to normal range. 55 patients experienced pain relief, 26 of them very good. In the majority of cases duration of the remission was shorter than 6 months, in 2 cases it lasted more than a year.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cyclophosphamide; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prednisolone; Prostatic Neoplasms

Bone scanning with 99mTc-EHDP or 99mTc-MDP was compared with skeletal X-ray survey, determination of acid phosphatase levels and clinical symptoms in a consecutive series of 176 patients with prostatic carcinoma. Skeletal metastases were present in 24%. In these metastatic cases 27% had negative radiographics at the time of initial diagnosis, 29% had normal serum acid phosphatase values and 74% had symptoms other than skeletal, which dominated the clinical picture. When bone scanning was negative for metastases such lesions were never detected in the radiographs. Hence, bone scanning was sufficient for the initial diagnosis of skeletal metastases in 55% of cases. When scans were judged as equivocal or positive an X-ray survey should be done. The variations in count density in metastatic disease were followed by visual assessment of serial bone scans. A densitometric method for quantification of the variations was developed as an aid in the evaluation. Serial bone scanning using a quantitative method appears to offer a readily available objective index of early therapeutic response for use in general clinical practice as well as in controlled therapeutic trails.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone and Bones; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium

Fourteen patients with locally recurrent prostate carcinomas after external beam irradiation received 135I seed implants at Stanford between 1975 and 1979. Clinical local control has been obtained in 11 of the 14 patients for follow-up periods of 6 to 36 months. Eight remain without evidence of disease, but 2 of the 3 patients whose pelvic lymph nodes were involved by carcinoma have developed distant metastases. Complications, consisting of either cystoproctitis, urinary incontinence, or the development of a vesicorectal fistula occurred in 4 of the 14 patients. These complications were noted only in those patients who had implantation of high intensity 125I seeds (greater than 0.50 mCi) into large prostatic volumes (greater than or equal to 50 cc). No complications occurred in patients who received lower intensity 125I seed implants in smaller prostatic volumes. We conclude that 125I seed implants may be used in a second attempt to obtain local control after a local relapse following external beam irradiation, if the use of high intensity 125I sources and/or the implantation of large prostate volumes are avoided.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Brachytherapy; Diethylstilbestrol; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lymph Node Excision; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urination Disorders

The Dunning rat prostatic adenocarcinoma models (R-3327 series) are providing a valuable system for elucidating new principles of prostatic tumor biology. Each of the new lines provides a new tool for these studies, but each line must be carefully characterized and monitored.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Castration; Diethylstilbestrol; Disease Models, Animal; Flutamide; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Steroids; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Lysosomal enzymes were elevated about two-fold in primary s.c. Lewis lung carcinoma as compared with metastatic nodules in the lung. In a time course experiment, a general two-fold elevation of acid phosphatase and several glycosidases was observed in the primary tumor between the 14th and 17th postimplant day following s.c. inoculation of Lewis lung carcinoma. This increase in hydrolytic enzyme activity was not due to necrosis in the primary tumor since a comparison of enzyme activities in the nonnecrotic and necrotic areas demonstrated much higher activities in the nonnecrotic areas. No increases in lysosomal enzyme activity were observed with time in Sarcoma 180, a tumor which does not metastasize. There was no change with time in primary Lewis lung tumor lactate dehydrogenase activity while a 7-fold increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase activity was observed in tumor-bearing mice. Mitochondrial succinate-2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium reductase levels fell in the primary Lewis lung tumor as the tumor size increased. A positive correlation was observed between the time of the elevations of tumor lysosomal enzymes in Lewis lung carcinoma and the appearance of micro- and macrometastatic lesions in the lungs. The mechanisms accounting for the increased intratumoral lysosomal enzymes are unknown, but they may be related to macrophage infiltration or other tumor-host interactions which may facilitate the dissemination of tumor cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carcinoma; Female; Glycoside Hydrolases; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung Neoplasms; Lysosomes; Mice; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Oxidoreductases; Sarcoma, Experimental; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Creatine Kinase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Steroid

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Bone Marrow; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Organ Specificity; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy Dosage; Radiotherapy, High-Energy

Measurements of serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase were made by 3 enzymatic methods, alpha-naphthyl phosphate, beta-glycerol phosphate, and thymolphthalein monophosphate, and ocmpared to a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels were studied in 46 controls with histologically proven benign prostatic hyperplasia and in 135 patients with various stages of prostatic carcinoma. In the control group the upper limit for bone marrow acid phosphatase was found to be significantly higher than the corresponding serum limit with respect to the enzymatic assays studied. The radioimmunoassay was the only method suitable for the analysis of the prostatic acid phosphatase content of bone marrow. A larger number of elevations were noted in patients with extracapsular and metastatic disease when prostatic acid phosphatase measurement was carried out by radioimmunoassay as compared to enzymatic methods. However, only 8% of the patients with intracapsular disease had elevations of prostatic acid phosphatase as measured by radioimmunoassay. Additional standardisation of immunological methods and clinical trials is required before comparison can be made of results from various centres using immunological methods for the measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase and a true assessment made of the usefulness of this procedure.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Enzymes; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunologic Techniques; Male; Methods; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Male; Melphalan; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Remission, Spontaneous

A transplantable, metastasizing prostatic adenocarcinoma (Tumor I) in Lobund Wistar rats was examined for activity and distribution of five hydrolytic enzymes and for ability to accumulate radioactive zinc. The results suggest that the tumor had arisen in the ventral lobe of the prostate and that its growth was not affected by orchiectomy, adrenalectomy, or replacement treatment with exogenous androgen or corticosteroids. The androgen independency of the tumor was further shown by the low uptake of 3H-testosterone, in contrast to the high uptake in the ventral prostate. Tumor growth was retarded by Cytoxan but not by 5-fluorouracil, Estracyt, or streptozotocin, three agents clinically effective in the treatment of some patients with prostatic cancer resistant to endocrine therapy. It is concluded that this tumor in Lobund Wistar rats may be an adequate model for human prostatic cancers resistant to the agents mentioned above.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenalectomy; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Castration; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Testosterone; Tritium; Zinc Radioisotopes

The reliability of bone marrow acid phosphatase determination by a spectrophotometric assay and 2 immunochemical methods was evaluated in 40 patients: 20 men with known prostatic carcinoma and 20 men of comparable age without clinical evidence of prostatic cancer. The large percentage of falsely positive results obtained by the colorimetric assay invalidates this method as the sole parameter of metastatic prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Colorimetry; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Femoral Neoplasms; Gaucher Disease; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Ribs

Quantitative radiology of metastases is compared with other pretreatment characteristics in ability to predict survival in 102 patients with advanced Stage IV prostatic carcinoma. Using only two films, the posteroanterior chest and pelvis, radiologic quantitation of metastases is more precise than the other pretreatment characteristics in separating high-risk and low-risk patients. Quantitative radiology is a simple, noninvasive, effective method of stratifying patients in clinical trials or before aggressive therapy. The comparative ability of quantitative radiology and quantitative bone scans to separate high-risk and low-risk patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma can now be assessed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Pain; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Risk

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Histiocytes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Lymphoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Nucleoproteins; Peroxidases

A double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed and utilized to measure prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates. One hundred-eighteen patients with carcinoma of the prostate in various clinical stages, and fifty with benign prostatic hyperplasia were studied. In patients with carcinoma, levels of prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates were found to correlate well with increasing clinical stage of the disease. Determination of bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay may be a valuable adjunct to clinicopathologic staging of prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is responsible for one of every nine deaths from cancer in Canada. In this review epidemiologic factors are considered and current staging systems are outlined. The American Urological System is recommended for staging because of its ability to reflect changes in the understanding of the biologic behaviour of this neoplasm. The adoption of a quantitative grading scheme is suggested to complement the information obtained from the staging assessment. The routes of spread of this disease, along with the procedures used to assess metastatic involvement, are described. Immunologic methods for the analysis of prostatic acid phosphatase have been shown to be superior to the enzymatic methods previously used, and the role of the new techniques is discussed. Emphasis is placed on radiotherapy and endocrine therapy for the treatment of this neoplasm, and the concept of withholding endocrine therapy until symptoms appear is discussed. Potential future developments in this field are considered.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Ethinyl Estradiol; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Lymph Nodes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Ontario; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Seminal Vesicles

The biochemical and immunologic characterization of acid phosphatase in serum and bone marrow was described as well as the clinical application of the immunodiffusion assay for prostatic acid phosphatase.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenalectomy; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Castration; Estrogens; Female; Fibrinolysin; Hormones; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Male; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Phosphorus; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Prostatic Neoplasms; Semen

The immunologic specificity of human prostatic acidphosphatase has been established by several previous investigations as well as in this study. An apparent exception to this specificity was observed--a case of pancreatic islet cell carcinoma metastasized to the liver produced acid phosphatase that was immunologically indistinguishable from the prostatic acid phosphatase. In this case, the possibility of prostatic involvement was convincingly ruled out by clinical follow-ups and by postmortem pathologic studies. Highly purified prostatic acid phosphatase and this tumor acid phosphatase exhibited very similar Km values and identical molecular weights. Immunochemical analysis of the two enzymes using antiprostatic acid phosphatase sera showed that enzymes are antigenically identical. The implications of our observation are discussed in relation to clinical application of immunoassays for prostatic phosphatase in the future and to the molecular basis of human acid phosphatase polymorphism.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenoma, Islet Cell; Adult; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prostate

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

An indirect immunohistochemical technique is described for identification of the prostatic origin of metastases in formalin fixed, paraffin or paraplast embedded material. A rabbit antiserum against the prostate specific acid phosphatase isoenzyme was developed. The method is applicable with or without previous decalcification. In 30 cases of prostatic carcinoma there was only one negative result, and in 20 cases of metastases from prostatic carcinoma positive results were obtained in every instance. All carcinomas (primary focus or metastasis) of non prostatic origin (55) stained negatively with the developed antiserum. The application and possible limitations of the method are discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Formaldehyde; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tissue Preservation

The immunological specificity of prostatic acid phosphatase has been demonstrated previously in the laboratory and used in a small number of patients. Our findings in 96 patients using gel immunodiffusion with an acid phosphatase antiserum in the study of bone marrow aspirates and lymph nodes are reported.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Bone Marrow; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Lymph Nodes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

A long-term tissue culture cell line has been derived from a human prostate adenocarcinoma metastatic to the brain. The cell line, DU 145, has been passaged 90 times in vitro over a period of 2 years. The cells are epithelial, grow in isolated islands on plastic Petri dishes, and form colonies in soft agar suspension culture. Karyotypic analysis demonstrates an aneuploid human karyotype with a modal chromosome number of 64. Distinctive marker chromosomes (a translocation Y chromosome, metacentric minute chromosomes and three large acrocentic chromosomes) have been identified. Electron microscopy of the original tumor tissue and of the tissue culture cell line show a remarkable similarity in cell organelle structure.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aneuploidy; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Line; Chromosome Aberrations; Culture Techniques; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Bone marrow acid phosphatase has been reported to be a sensitive indicator of early bony metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we measured bone marrow acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and calcium levels in a group of 84 patients with a variety of problems, including 18 with cancer of the prostate. We found that the bone marrow acid and alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase were elevated and calcium was depressed in most patients. Among patients with prostate cancer, bone marrow acid phosphatase was not significantly different between those with or without bone metastases. In addition, the patients with prostatic cancer did not have higher levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase than subjects with other malignant and nonmalignant conditions. The level of acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and calcium varied predictably with the aspiration technique used and was independent of sex, disease state or method of chemical determination. Due to this variation, we believe that bone marrow enzyme and calcium levels are of no value in the detection of metastases in patients with prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Female; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms

To evaluate the reliability of bone marrow acid phosphatase in the staging of prostatic carcinoma we analyzed 50 bone marrow samples collected at random from the hematology service at this hospital. The samples were assayed for acid phosphatase content by a colorimetric method using sodium thymolphthalein monophosphate as a substrate and by 2 immunochemical assays developed at our laboratory (counter immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay). We found a high percentage (61 per cent) of falsely positive results in patients with various hematological diseases without evidence of prostatic carcinoma by the colorimetric evaluation. All of these patients except 1 had negative immunochemical assay. Until a specific assay for prostatic acid phosphatase is developed for clinical use we caution the use of a single elevation of bone marrow acid phosphatase as a parameter of metastatic disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Sixteen patients with prostatic carcinoma were treated with 200 mg of Cyproterone acetate daily. No other kind of hormonal treatment was administered. Increasing skeletal metastases were observed in 6 patients, whereas significant reduction of metastases took place in 2 patients. Objective relief of stranguria was observed only in 3 patients. The amount of residual urine increased in 3 patients and was reduced in 5. In about one third of the patients, the prostate gland became smaller and softer. The acidic phosphatases decreased from pathological to normal values in 7 patients. There were no observed hepatic, renal or haemotological side-effects. However, serious cardio-vascular complications occurred in 6 patients, while arterial hypertension developed in 4. It is suggested that Cyproterone acetate cannot be recommended as the only kind of hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Oral; Aged; Blood Pressure; Bone Neoplasms; Cyproterone; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Urination

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiation Tolerance; Urethra; Urine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Bone scanning with 99mTc-Sn-HEDP, radiographic skeletal survey and determination of plasma acid and alkaline phosphatase values were carried out in a consecutive series of 90 untreated patients with carcinoma of the prostate. 99mTc-Sn-HEDP provided satisfactory bone imaging and was convenient in use. The addition of bone scanning to radiographic survey increases the detection rate of skeletal metatases by 16%. Radiography increases the accuracy of bone scanning by identifying false positive scans due to benign disease and false negative scans when there are diffuse symmetrical bony metastases. The plasma phosphatases alone are less accurate staging tests. The acid phosphatase data support the validity of scan positive--X-ray negative findings. Bone scan abnormalities due to secondary deposits usually precede elevation of plasma alkaline phosphatase.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnostic Errors; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging

Fifty new cases of carcinoma of the prostate were assessed prior to treatment to determine the incidence of bony metastases. The radioisotope bone scan was the most sensitive method of detecting metastases and of localising them. It was twice as accurate as the serum acid phosphatase estimation. Skeletal X-rays were the least accurate method. Forty-six per cent of patients had abnormal bone scans at presentation. The histological grade of the tumour correlated well with the bone scan. The higher the grade, the more likely was the bone scan to be abnormal. There is need for greater accuracy in detecting metastases, and the bone marrow acid phosphatase estimation, either alone or in conjunction with the bone scan, may provide this accuracy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Sedimentation; Bone Neoplasms; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium

Serial bone scans and radiographic surveys were performed in 167 patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the prostate: 435 scans and surveys were performed. Nineteen of 99 patients with negative findings on diagnosis have become positive on follow-up. Forty-nine patients had positive findings on presentation; 8 have regressed on follow-up and 26 have progressed; 15 have remained unchanged. This is a sensitive method of follow-up in patients with carcinoma of prostate. Changes occurred in bone scans and skeletal surveys before any alteration in serum acid or alkaline phosphatases, symptoms of metastases or change in prostatic size in the majority of cases. The documentation of progression from MO to M1 disease presents no problems. However, problems in quantitation may arise in patients presenting with M1 disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Remission, Spontaneous

A profile of acute phase reactant proteins has been studied in patients with cancer of the prostate as an aid to diagnostic staging and therapy control. A linear discriminant function analysis incorporating serum acid phosphatase, prealbumin, alpha1 antitrypsin, alpha1 acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin allows the correct identification of metastatic disease in 88.6% of patients. The profile may also serve to augment other parameters in the assessment of the physiological effect of oestrogen treatment and show whether the prescribed medication is being taken.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Alpha-Globulins; Ceruloplasmin; Estrogens; Glycoproteins; Haptoglobins; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prealbumin; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Mandibular Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunization; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Since 1970 a total of 107 patients has been treated radically with radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. The local control with this form of treatment is over 90%. The five year actuarial survival is 74% and the disease-free survival 58%. Serious morbidity has been minimal. Survival is related to the extent of initial involvement and the histology of the tumor, but is not influenced by elevation of the acid phosphatase. Radical radiation therapy is an effective method of local control for carcinoma of the prostate and is potentially curative.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Digestive System; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiation Dosage; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Remission, Spontaneous; Time Factors; Urinary Tract

Two rat adenocarcinomas were physically dispersed and propagated in vitro. Epithelial and fibroblast cell lines were cloned from them and the monolayer cell lines derived therof were further characterized. The cells produced acid phosphatase in early in vitro cell passages, and later they turned negative. Fibroblast-like cells produced no tumors when implanted in syngeneic Lobund Wistar rats, but as few as 10 epithelial cells produced metastasizing adenocarcinomas in them. A third prostate tumor has yielded a line of epithelial cells which reproduced the original tumor type in inoculated rats, but the cells have not yet been characterized. Rat prostate adenocarcinomas provided a useful model system for in vitro and in vivo studies on prostate cancer and on metatasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats

Forty-one patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate (stage IV) were treated with diethylstilbestrol or bilateral orchidectomy or both and followed for a period of two years. The effect of treatment was determined every six months and was based on the size and consistency of the primary lesions on rectal palpation, the effects on pain, obstructive symptoms, osseous metastases, level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase and on the overall clinical evaluation of the patient. Bilateral orchidectomy was as effective as a combination of bilateral orchidectomy and diethylstilbestrol therapy. Diethylstilbestrol given alone was less effective. The poorer results obtained were attributed to the failure of many patients to adhere strictly to their estrogen regimen. Rectal digital palpation of the prostate as well as an estimation of the level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase is recommended in developing countries for all male patients over 50 years of age seen at the hospital.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Diethylstilbestrol; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy; Cystoscopy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Physical Examination; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ultrasonography; Urography

24-hour urinary hydroxyproline excretion (THP), a marker of bone collagen metabolism, has been measured in 35 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. 21 patients had bone metastases diagnosed by bone scanning (99mTc MDP). All 9 patients with metastases studied before hormonal treatment and the majority of those on treatment had elevated levels. Patients with negative bone scans invariably had normal THP levels. Furthermore, THP reflected the presence of bone metastases more accurately than plasma alkaline or acid phosphatase. Serial THP levels altered predictably with symptomatic response to treatment. These results suggest that THP is more reliable than other markers of the presence and activity of bone metastases in response to treatment and may have been neglected in favour of more elaborate and costly X-ray and isotope investigations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Creatinine; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spectrophotometry

We report on the development of the Dunning R3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat as a suitable model for human prostatic cancer. Tumors produced by the subcutaneous or intraprostatic injections of viable cells had the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of human disease. Histologically, these tumors were well differentiated adenocarcinomas with the human disease. Histologically, these tumors were well differentiated adenocarcinomas with the formation of glands and acid secretions within the acini. The intraprostatic tumor, although initially confined to the injected lobe, grew to involve the surrounding tissues and eventually metastasized to the lymph nodes and lungs. Occasional metastatic lesions were found in other organs as well. Acid phosphatase could be demonstrated by histochemical staining of frozen tumor sections and elevated levels of the enzyme were seen in the serum of rats bearing long-term subcutaneous tumors. During investigation of the tumor a fast growing line arose that grew equally as well in female as in male rats. The histology of this tumor was of an undifferentiated anaplastic tumor. Treatment by cryosurgery completely destroyed the prostatic tumor within 2 weeks. A tissue culture line derived from R3327 was capable of producing tumors in recipient rats with characteristics similar to the original Dunning tumor.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Anaplasia; Animals; Female; Histocytochemistry; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sex Factors

Recent reports have indicated that bone marrow acid phosphatase is the most sensitive test in detecting bony metastases. The experience reported herein suggests that falsely positive results may be common, especially in patients with primary hematologic disorders. A plea is made that caution be given to the interpretation of this test so that some patients will not be denied appropriate therapy and the role of bone marrow acid phosphatase can be better defined by long-term followup in such patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Marrow Examination; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Preoperative bone marrow acid phosphatase determinations were elevated in 18 of 31 patients who underwent radical prostatectomies. A review of the surgical pathology and clinical followup demonstrated a higher incidence of metastasis in these patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Marrow Examination; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

To stage accurately the extent of the disease comprehensive investigations were done on 75 patients with histologically documented carcinoma of the prostate. Estimation of bone marrow acid phosphatase appears to be the most sensitive test to detect blood-borne metastases. Serum acid phosphatase appears to be of little value in the detection of early blood spread and may have a role only in monitoring the effect of treatment on advanced disease. Bone scanning with technetium compounds has the disadvantage of non-specificity but has far greater sensitivity than a skeletal survey. Bone marrow cytology was not rewarding in the detection of early metastatic disease. Pedal lymphangiography is a highly inaccurate method to detect lymphatic spread of carcinoma of the prostate and pelvic lymphadenectomy, when indicated, remains the only truly adequate method to assess lymph node involvement. There was a 37 per cent incidence of metastatic lymph node pathology in 30 patients undergoing this procedure before either radical prostatectomy or deep x-ray therapy. A close correlation was found between stage and grade of disease and incidence of nodal pathology. There was some correlation between degree of nodal involvement and evidence of blood spread as detected by elevated bone marrow acid phosphatase levels. The significance of this finding remains unclear.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Bone and Bones; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Seminal Vesicles; Technetium

The Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat was developed as a suitable model of human prostate cancer. Inoculation of tumor tissue mince or cells sc in the flanks of recipient rats produced tumors that had the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the human disease. The histologic picture of these tumors was that of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with the formation of glands and acid secretions within the acini. Tumors were also produced in the dorsolateral lobe of the prostate by the injection of cells. The intraprostate tumor, although initially confined to the injected lobe, grew to involve the surrounding tissues and eventually metastasized to the lymph nodes and lungs. Occasional metastatic lesions were found in other organs also. Acid phosphatase could be domonstrated by histochemical staining of frozen tumor sections, and elevated levels of the enzyme were seen in the sera of rats bearing long-term subcutaneous tumors. During investigation of the tumor, a fast-growing tumor line arose that grew equally as well in females as in males. The histology of this tumor was that of an undifferentiated anaplastic tumor.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Anaplasia; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Transplantation, Isogeneic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

The authors have evaluated a new kinetic acid phosphatase method in which the substrate is alpha-naphthyl phosphate. The original claim that this substrate was highly specific for the prostatic isozyme has been strongly challenged. Therefore, large numbers of patients in the following groupings were included in the evaluation: 52 urology clinic patients, 17 patients with uremia, 11 patients with multiple myeloma and 231 patients who had undergone prostatic biopsies. Two hundred seventy of these patients were found to be free of prostatic cancer. Of these, seven had acid phosphatase values above the upper limit of normal. Five of these seven patients had diagnoses of fibromuscular glandular hyperplasia. One was a woman who had multiple myeloma, and one was a uremic patient. Fifteen of 17 patients who had metastatic cancer of the prostate had elevated acid phosphatase activities, whereas one of 24 patients who had cancer of the prostate but no evidence of metastases had an elevated value.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Middle Aged; Naphthalenes; Neoplasm Metastasis; Organophosphorus Compounds; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

785 combined diagnostic procedures are reported which were carried out on 353 patients with microscopically proven carcinoma of the prostate in order to detect metastases. X-ray films of the thorax, spine and pelvis were taken. Also bone-scintigraphy was done with 87MSr or 99MTc-polyphosphate. Additionally the alcaline, acid and prostate phosphatases were determined. A diagnostic coincidence between radiological results and bone-scan was found in 95.1% of cases. The bone-scan was false negative in 3.7%. Only in 1.2% metastases were detected earlier by the bone-scan than by x-ray examinations. Referring to the number of studies identical results were found. In roentgenologically detected metastases an increased serum level of the alcaline phosphatase was found in 61%, of the acid phosphatase in 31% and of the prostate-phosphatase in 25%.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Orbital Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Tartrates

Acid phosphatase was determined in bone marrow aspirates in a consecutive series of 28 patients, 19 of whom had a proven carcinoma of the prostate. The value of this procedure is pointed out in respect to the diagnosis and staging of a prostatic carcinoma and the literature is reviewed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Six patients with liver metastases from carcinoid or colon carcinoma underwent hepatic derterialization. This operation, known to cause both tumor necrosis and liver cell damage, caused considerable increases of several lysosomal acid hydrolases in the circulation. Thus, beta-glucosidase showed a small temporary increase during the operation, followed by a slower but higher reaction reaching a maximum 12 to 36 hours postoperatively. Similar reactions were noted for beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, arylsuphatase A, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase while no reactions were found for cathepsin D. Very high enzyme levels occurred in a patient dying from bleeding complications in the postoperative period.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Carcinoid Tumor; Cathepsins; Cerebroside-Sulfatase; Glucosidases; Glucuronidase; Hepatic Artery; Humans; Hydrolases; Ligation; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis

A fraction with lymphokine properties was isolated from supernatant medium of the continuous cultured human lymphoblast cell line, 1788. Culture medium containing 2% human serum was used for cell growth in order to minimize antigenicity of supernatant fractions isolated from the medium. The culture medium was passed through an Amicon XM-100 membrane, concentrated over a PM-10 membrane, lyophilized, and reconstituted to a final concentration of approximately 40:1. Studies in vivo and in vitro showed that the active fraction contained skin reactive factor (when injected intradermally into guinea pigs and humans), lymphotoxin, migration inhibition factor, chemotactic factor, and macrophage activation factor. This same preparation, when injected intralesionally into cutaneous tumors, induced an inflammatory reaction followed by tumor regression. The fraction confined between membranes of pore size 10,000-100,000 daltons was active in promoting tumor regression, while the fraction less than 10,000 daltons was inactive. Patients with skin lesions from metastatic carcinoma of the breast and other malignancies were studied, and 16 out of 30 treated lesions were judged to have undergone either complete or greater than 50% regression. Of these, 8 were biopsied before and after lymphokine injection, and 6 out of 9 were negative for tumor cells. Additional studies in vitro with material fractionated on Sephadex G-200 indicated that the macrophage-activating component binds to alpha-2 macroglobulin in the culture medium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; alpha-Macroglobulins; Animals; Cell Line; Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Lymphocytes; Lymphokines; Lymphotoxin-alpha; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Macrophages; Molecular Weight; Neoplasm Metastasis; Skin Neoplasms; Skin Tests

Platelets and megakaryocytes from 11 patients with the carcinoid syndrome have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Cells fixed in phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde are oval to discoid, with pseudopods, a dilated open-channel system, and a prominent dense tubular system as defined by peroxidase activity and alkaline bismuth stain. Atypical with hexagonal lattices and treaded substructures and large (diameter greater than 0.5 mum), phosphatase-positive, debris-containing vacuoles are four times more numerous than in normal platelets. Incubation of platelets in a 0.05% suspension of latex results in particle incorporation into phagosomes and the debris-containing vacuoles. Molybdate-dichromate stain reveals two classes of dense bodies, one of which (with a reticular core) is 20 times more numerous than in normal platelets. Bone marrow megakaryocytes lack both dense bodies and debris vacuoles analogous to those found in circulating platelets. These results suggest autophagy or endocytosis abnormalities and provide evidence for multiple types of dense bodies in carcinoid platelets.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Blood Platelets; Cytoplasmic Granules; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; Inclusion Bodies; Male; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Megakaryocytes; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phagocytosis; Serotonin; Vacuoles

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy Dosage

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors

Prostatic acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase values in bone marrow were correlated with skeletal surveys and diagnoses during a six-month study. In cases of biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate, bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase was the most consistently abnormal value. Diagnoses other than prostatic cancer involving the bone marrow, e.g., myeloma and leukemias, were associated with elevated prostatic acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase values. In cases in which the bone marrow was not involved by metastasis, these values were normal. Bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase assay was found to be a very good tool for detecting early osseous metastases from any site, including prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Patients (219) with prostatic adenocarcinoma were classified on the basis of whether or not their bone scans were positive for metastasis. Acid and alkaline phosphatase determinations and clinical evaluations for bone metastases were reviewed. Of those with proved metastases, 43% had no bone pain, 39% had normal acid phosphatase levels, 23% normal alkaline phosphatase levels, 19% normal levels of both enzymes, and 15% normal enzyme levels without bone pain. Twenty-four per cent of the patients with normal enzyme levels and clinically unsuspected bone metastases had bone scans which proved positive for metastasis; 62% of these had normal radiographs.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging

The suggested activity of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil as single agents in the treatment of advanced prostate and/or transitional cell carcinoma led us to examine the response to these drugs used in combination. Combination chemotherapy has the theoretical advantages of additive antitumor effect without additive toxicity to the host. One of 8 patients with Stage D, endocrine unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma achieved an objective response. There were five stable and one subjective responses. Only 1 patient showed progression during the initial six-week trial. Two of 3 patients with transitional cell carcinoma had an objective response. This three-drug combination was well tolerated by elderly patients and on the basis of this small series further trials are warranted.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Cyclophosphamide; Doxorubicin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fluorouracil; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Serial carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assays were conducted in patients with endocrine-unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma who were being treated with multidrug chemotherapy. Changes in CEA correlated with the clinical status of the patient in 70 per cent of the determinations and were more accurate than acid phosphatase in monitoring the response to treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fluorouracil; Humans; Male; Melphalan; Methotrexate; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prednisone; Prostatic Neoplasms; Vincristine

The symptoms and physical findings in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate were similar to those in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Usually the neoplasm was poorly differentiated and advanced when the diagnosis was first established. Osseous metastases were commonly osteolytic. Frequently, elevations of serum alkaline or acid phosphatase levels were associated with metastasis. Tartrate-inhibited fractions of the serum acid phosphatase were not elevated. The best form of treatment is radical ablation of the prostate and radiation therapy is next best. Because these neoplasms are not hormonally dependent, hormonal manipulation is not indicated. Prognosis for patients with this malignancy is guarded.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Estrogens; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Luteinizing Hormone; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Acid phosphatase levels in serum from 5 patients with prostatic carcinoma were diagnostically higher than those from 5 patients who had undergone prostatectomy. The levels for saliva when compared with those from normal subjects for stimulated (314) and unstimulated (50) salivas could not serve as an index of serum concentration.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Parotid Gland; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Saliva; Secretory Rate

A case of rectal carcinoid tumor with liver metastases is reported in which a markedly elevated serum acid phosphatase level was found. Tissue assays of the patient's tumor, liver metastasis, and uninvolved liver were performed which demonstrated very high tumor levels of acid phosphatase. The patient also had elevated plasma serotonin levels and urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels and did not exhibit the carcinoid syndrome. Autopsy showed no prostate cancer or metastatic bone lesions. Serum acid phosphatase elevation may occur with carcinoid lesions of the rectum.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carcinoid Tumor; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Rectal Neoplasms

The diagnosis and detection of genitourinary cancer covers a broad range of physical signs and instrumental observations which are not necessarily diagnostic. The primary diagnosis in most entities remains dependent upon histologic confirmation. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the most common, and at times, most difficult urogenital cancer to diagnose and detect. Many newer techniques today are designed to evaluate the stage of disease, and to detect heretofore occult metastatic foci. Immunologic assays may be of future prognostic value.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy; Bone Marrow Examination; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Seminal Vesicles; Ultrasonics

Two months after presenting with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a 57-year-old man developed increased serum acid phosphatase activity. Subsequently, abnormal histiocytes were found in the bone marrow and blood, and 8 months after the onset of his illness lymph node biopsy led to the diagnosis of histiocytic medullary reticulosis. At that time the level of serum acid phosphatase activity was more than 60 times the upper limit of normal and then paralleled the activity of his disease during temporary responses to chemotherapy, rising to over 90 times normal at the time of his death 1 year after presentation. No prostatic malignancy was demonstrated by biopsies or at autopsy, and electrophoretic studies of the serum enzyme suggested that it was of extraprostatic origin. It is postulated that the acid phosphate present in the serum at levels heretofore described only in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate may have arisen from the abnormal histiocytes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Histiocytes; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

A case of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia occurring in association with a carcinoma of prostate is described. Although only palliative treatment to the primary tumour was possible, worthwhile remission of bone symptoms, due to osteomalacia, was achieved with pharmacological doses of vitamin D. The presence of extensive skeletal metastases modified the radiological features of osteomalacia. Major alterations in the distribution of calcium within the skeleton were observed during a period when total body calcium remained unaltered. This observation may be of relevance to other cases in which osteosclerotic metastases develop.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Carcinoma; Ergocalciferols; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteomalacia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Vitamin D

The results of bilateral pedal lymphography in 83 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland are presented. The patients were divided into two groups: 45 new cases and 38 late or old cases presenting several years after the onset of the disease. Altogether 25 of the new patients and 29 of the late patients had lymphographic evidence of lymph node metastases. The lymphogram results in relation to local tumour size, histological grade, the presence of skeletal metastases, and acid phosphatase levels are discussed. Of the new patients with T1 and T2 tumors--that is, those still localized within the prostatic capsule--41% had positive lymphograms. The inaccuracy of acid phosphatase estimations in detecting early extraprostatic spread is shown and compared with the greater accuracy of lymphography. Lymphography should be used as an initial investigation in all cases where aggressive therapy is being considered, and the importance of regular follow-up radiographs is emphasized.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Neoplasms; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

In our attempts at establishing a cancer cell line from various ascites of cancer bearing patients, a cell line was successfully established from the ascites of a 63-year-old female with primary ovarian tumor (embryonal carcinoma). Histological findings of the peritoneum, due to metastasis, appeared to be cystadenocarcinoma, revealing the differentiation to non-epithelial cells which formed coarse networks and fibers, and morphologic changes of tissue cultures also reflected such histologic findings. At present the subculture has reached the 95th population doubling level, and cultured cells have assumed the morphology of mesothelial cells or fibroblasts with about 50 chromosomes. As a human malignant cell line, it is useful for the study of human malignant tumor cell.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Ascites; Autopsy; Basophils; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chromosomes; Culture Techniques; Cytoplasm; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Ovarian Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Phagocytosis; Teratoma

We evaluated bone marrow acid phosphatase in 30 patients as another parameter in staging prostatic carcinoma. This method is reliable and useful as part of the staging precedures. No falsely positive results were found and the procedure provided the only indication of metastatic diseases in 4 cases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Ilium; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

A radiologic method of measuring metastases was developed and statistically analyzed with respect to survival based on 103 patients with known metastases at diagnosis. The analysis revealed a significant correlation between shortened patient survival and the combination of number of sites involved and the extent of involvement within each site. These quantitative analysis are useful in predicting patient survival and in studying response to treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Models, Biological; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pelvis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography, Thoracic; Risk; Thoracic Vertebrae

A patient with Stage B adenocarcinoma of prostate treated with radical prostatectomy and interstitial radioactive gold presented ten years later with liver metastases without evidence of local recurrence. This patient was treated only with massive doses of intravenous diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, with regression of metastases and marked decline of the acid and alkaline phosphatase levels.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphorus; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Autopsy; Biopsy, Needle; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Male; Methods; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bronchi; Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Esterases; Giant Cell Tumors; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Humans; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Malate Dehydrogenase; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Neoplasm Metastasis; Oxidoreductases; Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Monoamine Oxidase; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuroblastoma; Plasmacytoma; Sarcoma, Ewing

Elevated levels of glycoprotein:sialyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.99.1; CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: D-galactosyl-glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminyltransferase) were found in human malignant neoplastic tissues compared to normal, benign, and "preneoplastic" tissues. This increase was not due to the cell density of the tissue. Elevated levels of certain proteases and glycosidases were also found. The increase in transferase activity may be associated with altered membrane synthesis in the neoplastic state; changes in the activity of degradative enzymes may be associated with tumor invasiveness and maintenance of the neoplastic state. Measurements on human tumors are possibly more directly relevant to cancer than those described for transformed fibroblastic cells in vitro.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Fucose; Galactosamine; Galactosidases; Glycoproteins; Glycoside Hydrolases; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Mannose; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuraminic Acids; Neuraminidase; Peptide Hydrolases; Teratoma; Transferases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Calcitonin; Calcium; Hexestrol; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phosphorus; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lymphography; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pelvis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography, Thoracic; Radionuclide Imaging; Spine; Technetium; Urography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Oral; Adrenal Glands; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminoglutethimide; Biopsy; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Cortisone; Diethylstilbestrol; Drug Therapy, Combination; Estrogens; Fludrocortisone; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy; False Negative Reactions; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteitis Deformans; Phosphates; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Biometry; Body Weight; Dilatation; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethral Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Castration; Diethylstilbestrol; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Placebos; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Bone and Bones; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Castration; Humans; Ilium; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Adrenalectomy; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Castration; Estrogens; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pennsylvania; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Recurrence; Remission, Spontaneous; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoid Tumor; Castration; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Male; Mastectomy; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urination Disorders

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Age Factors; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Examination; Bone Neoplasms; Hematocrit; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Oral; Antineoplastic Agents; Carbamates; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Estranes; Heart Diseases; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Nausea; Neoplasm Metastasis; Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; Organophosphorus Compounds; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Vomiting

Skeletal scintigraphy using Technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) complexes was carried out in a series of 332 cancer patients. The results of scintigraphy were compared with the results of roentgenography and with the diagnostic usefulness of serum alkaline and acid phosphatase levels and the presence or absence of bone pain. In 25 percent of cases, lesions were first identified with scintigraphs. When metastastic lesions were present on both scintigraphs and roentgenograms, the number was greater on scintigraphs in 72 percent of cases. Six false negative studies were recorded (1 percent). Sixty percent of patients with early metastasis-that is, those with abnormal scintigraphs and negative roentgenograms-were asymptomatic. Serum alkaline and acid phosphatase levels were normal in 40 percent and 42 percent respectively of those with early skeletal involvement. Skeletal scintigraphy with (99m)Tc complexes is superior to other commonly employed techniques used to assess bone metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Activities of Daily Living; Age Factors; Aged; Biometry; Body Weight; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Male; Mathematics; Models, Theoretical; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ureteral Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pelvic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy Dosage; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenalectomy; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Castration; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Isoenzymes; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Estrogens; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biopsy; Biopsy, Needle; Bone Marrow Examination; Castration; Cryosurgery; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Radiography, Thoracic; Radionuclide Imaging; Steroids

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Bone Neoplasms; Cryosurgery; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hydronephrosis; Immunoglobulins; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain Management; Palliative Care; Postoperative Complications; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors; Urinary Tract Infections; Urination Disorders

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Catechol Oxidase; Cathepsins; Cell Fractionation; Cyclic AMP; Female; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Lysosomes; Melanins; Melanocytes; Melanoma; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasm Metastasis; Nucleosides; Organoids; Pigments, Biological

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Rhabdomyosarcoma

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Examination; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Biopsy, Needle; Esterases; Estradiol; Ethinyl Estradiol; Glucuronidase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Agents; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Esterases; Estradiol; Estrogens; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Middle Aged; Mustard Compounds; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pigments, Biological; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Methods; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Isotopes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Androgen Antagonists; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Cyproterone; Estrogens; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pregnadienes; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Autopsy; Carcinoma; Chromaffin System; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pheochromocytoma; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spinal Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Fluorine; Humans; Ilium; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Ascites; Biopsy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Urinary Catheterization

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Methods; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Urography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Resorption; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Movement; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain, Intractable; Radionuclide Imaging; Remission, Spontaneous; Strontium Radioisotopes; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biopsy; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Ilium; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Cytoplasm; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrolases; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anesthesia, Local; Castration; Cortisone; Cryosurgery; Estrogens; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Prostatic Neoplasms; Remission, Spontaneous; Stereotaxic Techniques; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Iron Isotopes; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mandibular Neoplasms; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteosarcoma; Pelvic Neoplasms; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Spinal Neoplasms; Strontium Isotopes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Agammaglobulinemia; Aged; Anemia, Myelophthisic; Blood Platelet Disorders; Bone Marrow Diseases; Diethylstilbestrol; Erythrocytes; Erythropoiesis; Half-Life; Humans; Iron; Iron Isotopes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukocytes; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osmotic Fragility; Prostatic Neoplasms; Remission, Spontaneous; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphate; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Esterases; Female; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucuronidase; Glutamates; Glycerophosphates; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lactates; Lipid Metabolism; Malates; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Radiostrontium ((85)Sr) skeletal scintiscanning was done on 640 cases and 520 were included in a review. Forty-eight percent of 359 patients with biopsy-proved malignant disease had secondary skeletal involvement; in 17 percent the involvement was identified by scintiscanning alone. False-negative scintiscans were recorded in 0.9 percent. Unusual (85)Sr localization was found in a bone infarct, in proteus bursitis and in a pulmonary aspergillosis infiltrate. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were found to be of little value in the evaluation for osseous metastasis, and normal acid phosphatase values in patients with prostatic carcinoma did not exclude the possibility of spread to the skeleton. Both the scintiscan and roentgenograms are essential in the evaluation of patients for metastatic bone disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspergillosis; Bone Neoplasms; Bursitis; False Negative Reactions; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Isotopes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Strontium Isotopes; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Age Factors; Aged; Biopsy; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Paraplegia; Phosphorus; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Aged; Biopsy; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palpation; Pelvis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors; Urography

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Adrenalectomy; Alkaline Phosphatase; Androgens; Bone Neoplasms; Cryosurgery; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Follow-Up Studies; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Pelvic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Omentum; Ovarian Neoplasms; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Analgesics; Carcinoma; Estradiol; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Liver; Lymphoma; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethane; Veins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Estrogens; Humans; Life Expectancy; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Culture Techniques; Humans; Lectins; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma, Papillary; Aged; Biopsy; Humans; Male; Needles; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Seeding; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue; Perineum; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Copper; Fibrinogen; Humans; Liver; Mass Screening; Methods; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Prothrombin; Time Factors; Transaminases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cricetinae; Detergents; Female; Kidney; Liver; Lymphoma; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Organ Size; Surface-Active Agents

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biopsy; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pelvis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Isotopes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Castration; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cartilage; Cartilage Diseases; Female; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Hydrolases; Lysosomes; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Connective Tissue; Neoplasms, Experimental; Papain; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Sternum; Transplantation, Homologous; Vitamin A

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Diethylstilbestrol; Duodenal Ulcer; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palpation; Postoperative Complications; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spinal Neoplasms; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Female; Gaucher Disease; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Pulmonary Embolism

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain Management; Phosphorus Isotopes; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testis; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Cranial Nerves; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Paralysis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Skull Neoplasms; Tomography; Vocal Cord Paralysis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Agammaglobulinemia; Anemia, Myelophthisic; Bone Marrow; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphate; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Connective Tissue; Endometrium; Epithelium; Esterases; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase; Inflammation; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Malate Dehydrogenase; NAD; NADP; Neoplasm Metastasis; Oxidoreductases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Blood Platelet Disorders; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Gaucher Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Pulmonary Embolism

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Castration; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cricetinae; Culture Techniques; Diethylstilbestrol; Estradiol; Male; Models, Biological; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteins; Radiation Effects; Simian virus 40

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Islet Cell; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Blood Sedimentation; Estrogens; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Rectum; Urinary Incontinence

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Astrocytoma; Brain Chemistry; Brain Neoplasms; Cytoplasm; Ependymoma; Esterases; Glioblastoma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Medulloblastoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neurilemmoma; Phosphates; Physostigmine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bilirubin; Biopsy; Blood Cell Count; Blood Protein Disorders; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Blood Sedimentation; Bone Marrow Examination; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cholesterol; Hepatitis; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoglobulin G; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phosphates; Transaminases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bilirubin; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Blood Coagulation Tests; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Blood Proteins; Blood Sedimentation; Bone and Bones; Heparin; Humans; Lung; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Thrombosis; Urea

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Cats; Child; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Dogs; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rabbits; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Bone Neoplasms; Brain Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Sedimentation; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Estrogens; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biopsy; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Physical Examination; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sterilization, Reproductive; Testis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glucuronidase; Humans; Male; Meningitis; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Ovarian Neoplasms; Transaminases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Body Weight; Castration; Diethylstilbestrol; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Albumins; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Blood Proteins; Cricetinae; Electrophoresis; Esterases; Gels; Globulins; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Malate Dehydrogenase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Experimental; Proteins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Sedimentation; Breast Neoplasms; Calcium; Female; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phosphorus; Radiography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Choriocarcinoma; Duodenal Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Pregnancy; Stomach Neoplasms; Tongue Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alabama; Biopsy; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Hematocrit; Hospitals, Veterans; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Sarcoma, Ewing; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Heart Diseases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukocytes; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Thyroid Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Examination; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Neoplasm Metastasis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Coloring Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Histological Techniques; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Male; Melanoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Pathology; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Sarcoma; Staining and Labeling; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Cyst Fluid; Geriatrics; Glioma; Glucose; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Phosphates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Chlorotrianisene; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Palliative Care; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Toxicology; Urination Disorders

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce; Histocytochemistry; Kidney; Liver; Lysosomes; Male; Mesentery; Neoplasm Metastasis; Rabbits; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Breast Neoplasms; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phosphorus Isotopes; Transaminases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Dysgerminoma; Female; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glutathione; Hexoses; Humans; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; Isomerases; Kidney Neoplasms; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver Function Tests; Liver Neoplasms; Malate Dehydrogenase; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Ovarian Neoplasms; Oxidoreductases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Transaminases; Ureteral Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Research; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomedical Research; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Collagen; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomedical Research; Biopsy, Needle; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Examination; Carcinoma; Diagnosis; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pathology; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antimetabolites; Antineoplastic Agents; Castration; Diethylstilbestrol; Estradiol; Geriatrics; Gonadotropins; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Orchiectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Marrow; Breast Neoplasms; Calcinosis; Calcium; Cortisone; Dihydrotachysterol; Estrone; Femur; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Pharmacology; Rats; Research

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Diethylstilbestrol; Drug Therapy; Enzyme Inhibitors; Geriatrics; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Osteosclerosis; Pathology; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Chemical Analysis; Bone Neoplasms; Castration; Drug Therapy; Estrogens; Geriatrics; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Orchiectomy; Phosphorus; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Testis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Chemical Analysis; Bone Neoplasms; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Japan; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Estradiol Congeners; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Ameloblastoma; Arthritis; Bone Cysts; Bone Neoplasms; Chondrosarcoma; Fibroma; Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone; Geriatrics; Giant Cell Tumors; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica; Osteoma; Osteosarcoma; Prognosis; Radiography; Sarcoma, Ewing; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cytodiagnosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Physical Examination; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Protein Disorders; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Bone Neoplasms; C-Reactive Protein; Carcinoma; Estrogens; Geriatrics; Glycoproteins; Hexosamines; Hexoses; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuraminic Acids; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Humans; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis