acid-phosphatase and Leukemia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Peroxidase

Acid phosphatase (AcP, EC 3.1.3.2) is represented by a number of enzymes that can be differentiated according to structural and immunological properties, tissue distribution, subcellular location and other features; these AcP isoenzymes share similar catalytic activity toward phosphoesters in an acidic medium. Classically, AcPs have been divided into four types according to their sensitivity to tartrate and to their origin: erythrocytic, lysosomal, prostatic AcP, and an AcP enzyme that was first identified in hairy cell leukemia (HCL). This latter AcP was termed isoenzyme 5 (based on its electrophoretic mobility) or human type 5, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Differences in various physicochemical properties, lack of amino acid sequence similarity and different chromosomal locations of the respective genes showed that the four AcP isoenzymes are not related. The biochemical properties of TRAP are unique: resistance to inhibition by tartrate, but inhibition by molybdate; glycoprotein of 30-40 kDa occurring as two similar isoforms with different carbohydrate content, each composed of dissimilar subunits of 16 and 23 kDa in disulfide linkage; active at acid pH (optimum at 5-6) with basic pI (8.5-9.0); presence of an iron active site giving the purified protein a purple color. The TRAPs of different human sources (HCL spleen, osteoclastoma, Gaucher's spleen, placenta) have an 85-94% homology in their amino acid sequences. Full-length TRAP cDNAs (1.4 kb) have been cloned from human placenta and Gaucher's spleen. Variations in TRAP structure appear to result from post-translational modifications and not from the existence of a multigene family as only a single TRAP gene and a single mRNA species have been reported. This notion of a single TRAP gene is supported by the substantial sequence homology found among the various TRAPs from human tissues and from animal sources (e.g. bovine spleen and bone; rat spleen, bone and epidermis; pig uterus). The latter enzyme preparations of animal origin have been described for many years as the purple acid phosphatase (PAP). However, the high degree of sequence homology indicated that TRAP and PAP enzymes represent a single entity belonging to the class of metalloproteins. The human TRAP gene was assigned to chromosome 15 and to chromosome 19 by two groups. TRAP protein is localized in lysosomes or similar organelles and is not secreted. The serum level of TRAP was found to be increased during physiological bon

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Forecasting; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Research

Data from literature and results of the authors' own investigations concerning cytochemical peculiarities of T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations at the antigen-independent and antigen-dependent differentiation stages are reviewed. Enzyme-cytochemical characteristics for human lymphoid cells at early ontogenesis are presented, peculiarities of cells are given in the thymus-dependent and thymus-independent sites of lymphopoiesis organs and certain types of patch-forming cells are discussed. Data on the enzyme topography in the functionally different subpopulations of lymphocytes identified by a set of the monoclonal antibodies are elucidated. It is shown that the combined application of immunological and cytochemical methods permits establishing more precisely the cell origin and maturity level for different forms and variants of tumour diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; B-Lymphocytes; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases; Glucuronidase; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Mice; Nucleotidases; Rosette Formation; T-Lymphocytes

This report summarises the current knowledge regarding the clinical utility of biochemical enzyme markers for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in acute leukaemia. The enzymes studied most extensively in this field are terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, adenosine deaminase, 5'-nucleotidase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and acid phosphatase, esterase, hexosaminidase isoenzymes. For each enzyme, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics in various immunologically defined subclasses of acute leukaemia are described. The quantitative evaluation of enzyme activities represents an adjunctive classification technique which should be incorporated into the multivariate analysis, the "multiple marker analysis." By qualitative characterisation pronounced heterogeneity of leukaemia subsets is uncovered. The application of 2'-deoxycoformycin, a specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, and the potential usefulness of two other enzymes as targets for treatment with selective agents is discussed. The concept that gene products expressed at certain developmental stages of normal cells can similarly be detected in leukaemic cells (which therefore seem to be "frozen" or "arrested" at this particular maturation/differentiation stage) is supported by the results obtained in enzyme studies. Besides their practical clinical importance for classification and treatment of acute leukaemias, biochemical enzyme markers constitute a valuable research tool to disclose biological properties of leukaemic cells.

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Adenosine Deaminase; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Enzyme Inhibitors; Esterases; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Nucleotidases; Phenotype; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase

Numerous isoenzymes are used as markers in the course of malignant haemopathies. These are notably the isoenzymes of lactic dehydrogenase, hexosaminidase, esterases, acid phosphatases, and thymidine kinase. Their study already permits a finer and more rigorous classification of leukaemias and makes it possible to entertain serious hopes in at least three spheres: a better choice of treatment, surveillance of therapeutic efficacy and of remissions, and the development of new modes of therapeutic action by means of selective inhibitors.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Deaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha-Galactosidase; alpha-Mannosidase; Aminopeptidases; B-Lymphocytes; Burkitt Lymphoma; Cell Differentiation; Cyclic AMP; Esterases; Hexokinase; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Lysosomes; Mannosidases; Phosphofructokinase-1; Protein Kinases; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase; Pyruvate Kinase; Ribose-Phosphate Pyrophosphokinase; T-Lymphocytes; Thymidine Kinase

Recent advances in analysis of leukemic cell phenotypes using cell surface markers have provided important insights into leukocyte differentiation and the cellular origin of leukemia. In addition to the traditional cell surface markers, i.e., surface membrane immunoglobulin and receptors for sheep erythrocytes that define B and T lymphocytes, highly specific monoclonal antibodies have been developed that discriminate various stages of human lymphocyte and granulocyte differentiation. Explorations of the detailed phenotypes of leukemic cells in relation to normal hemopoietic differentiation reveal that consistent, composite phenotypes of different subclasses of lymphoid malignancies closely mimic those of corresponding normal cells at equivalent levels of maturation. This is exemplified in lymphoma cells (chronic lymphocytic leukemia of B or T type, Sezary Syndrome, immunocytoma) that resemble mature and immunocompetent T and B cells, in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) (equivalent to thymus cells) and in non-T ALL (corresponding to lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow). The major phenotypes documented in different leukemias represent the level of maturation arrest imposed on the dominant subclone; this is determined by, but not necessarily synonymous with, the target cell and associated clonogenic cell population in the leukemia. The clinical significance of immunodiagnosis of leukemia cell types becomes best evidenced in acute leukemias. Besides the improvement of diagnosis by using objective criteria, clinically useful subclassifications became evident: five major subtypes of ALL are now recognized, including unclassified or null ALL, common ALL, pre-B-ALL, B-ALL and pre-T/T-ALL. In addition to disclosing that ALL is an heterogeneous disease, such classifications have proved to be prognostically significant. This is exemplified in 248 children and 145 adults with ALL which were analysed for cell type and clinical data. In addition to their utility in leukemia classification, monoclonal antibodies that identify leukemia associated antigens are becoming used therapeutically, e.g., to lyse residual leukemia cells from remission bone marrows removed from leukemia patients before reinfusion. New approaches to the treatment of leukemia in which the objective is to encourage maturation of leukemia cells rather than to achieve leukemia eradication, can be monitored by phenotyping the alterations of the cell surface, and cell markers may hopef

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Deaminase; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aneuploidy; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antigens, Surface; Blood Platelets; Cell Differentiation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Erythrocytes; Female; Granulocytes; Histocytochemistry; HLA Antigens; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Indoles; Infant; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Lymphoma; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Neprilysin; Nucleotidases; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Phenotype; Prognosis; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; Receptors, Complement; Receptors, Fc; Rosette Formation; Sex Factors; T-Lymphocytes

Besides the recent advances in immunology that provided important information for the characterization of leukemia cells, enzyme marker analysis is another area of progress in leukemia research. Assays of enzyme activities, both quantitative enzyme levels and qualitative isozyme changes, are of value in the classification of leukemias. The interest in the study of enzyme markers is due not only to technical improvements and new biochemical possibilities, but also to the involvement of enzyme marker analysis in the so-called "multiple marker analysis," which combines traditional and recently developed techniques in leukemia research. The aims of this review are to describe well-known and potential enzyme markers as well as to stress the relevance of enzyme marker analysis combined with multiple marker analysis for leukemia subclassification and the understanding of normal hematopoietic cell differentiation.

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Adenosine Deaminase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Nucleotidases; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Resistance; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Male; Middle Aged; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azo Compounds; Bone Marrow; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Esterases; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Male; Middle Aged; Naphthalenes; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Group Antigens; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Female; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Male; Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Pituitary Hormones; Pregnancy Proteins; Prostatic Neoplasms; Teratoma; Testicular Neoplasms; Thyroid Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Deaminase; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Bone Marrow; Cattle; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Mice; Rabbits; Rats; T-Lymphocytes; Thymus Gland

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Azo Compounds; Cell Line; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Hematology; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Peroxidases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Cells; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Daunorubicin; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Peroxidases; Pregnancy; Prognosis; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Catalase; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase; Hexokinase; Hodgkin Disease; Intestinal Neoplasms; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Pyruvate Kinase; Ribonucleotides; Sarcoma, Experimental; Stomach Neoplasms; Uridine Kinase

Diseases of the blood and bone marrow are commonly associated with abnormalities of oxido-reductase and lysosomal enzymes within individual erythrocytes and leucocytes. There are considerable technical difficulties, however, in adapting enzyme histochemical techniques to the study of haemopoietic tissue since individual cells are readily disrupted during processing, show variable enzyme activity according to the stage of maturation, and possess a lipoprotein cytoplasmic membrane which hinders reagent penetration. Cytochemical techniques for the study of oxido-reductase systems are of importance in the study of the neutrophil in infected patients, the erythrocyte in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and the primitive blast cell in acute leukaemia. Lysosomal enzymes are of importance in the study of the neutrophil in infected patients and in the differential diagnosis of acute leukaemia. Some examples of recent studies of these enzyme systems are given to illustrate technical procedures involving cytocentrifugation of cells on to glass slides, adjustment of the osmolality of the reaction mixture, and the study of smeared cells as opposed to cells incubated in suspension.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Erythrocytes; Esterases; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Glucuronidase; Heterozygote; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Methods; Muramidase; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Neutrophils; Peroxidases; Sulfatases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Platelet Disorders; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Erythrocytes; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Lipidoses; Male; Primary Myelofibrosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spleen; Thromboembolism

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Age Factors; Diagnosis, Differential; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Methods

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cytoplasmic Granules; Diagnosis, Differential; Eosinophils; Erythrocytes; Esterases; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Iron; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Multiple Myeloma; Naphthaleneacetic Acids; Neutrophils; Peroxidases; Plasma Cells; Skin Window Technique; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Down Syndrome; Graft vs Host Reaction; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immunity, Cellular; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Electron; Radiation Effects; Transplantation Immunology

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; DNA; Electron Transport; Humans; Infectious Mononucleosis; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukocytes; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Lymphocytosis; RNA

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia; Liver Neoplasms; Mass Screening; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Nucleotidases; Phosphoglucomutase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Esterases; Glucosyltransferases; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Leukemia; Lipid Metabolism; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Peroxidases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Carbohydrate Metabolism; DNA; Folic Acid Antagonists; Glutathione; Heparin; Histamine; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lipid Metabolism; Lymphocytes; Mercaptopurine; Metabolism; Pathology; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis; Plasminogen; Pyrimidines; RNA; Thymidine; Trace Elements

A series of aromatic, serum-stable, water soluble and nontoxic amino acid phosphoramidate monoesters of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) and 1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) was shown to inhibit the cellular growth of the human leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM in the presence of human prostatic acid phosphatase (hPAP).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amides; Cell Division; Enzymes; Humans; Leukemia; Nucleosides; Phosphoric Acids; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Substrate Specificity; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Myelosuppression is the most serious, dose limiting, toxicity of cytotoxic drugs. Efforts to protect the bone marrow have been only variably successful, and no agreement exists on how to approach this problem. Melatonin, the major hormonal product of the pineal gland, is supposed to have both chemoprotective and myelostimulatory effects. This experimental study was carried out to test these two effects on the bone marrow of rats, daily intraperitoneally injected with 100 microg melatonin. Injection of 10 mg aracytin for 10 days produced a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in red blood cells count (RBCs), total leucocytic count, as well as platelets count. When melatonin was injected along with aracytin, it would significantly increase (P < 0.05) RBC count and (P < 0.01) blood platelet count. Injection of melatonin after aracytin treatment would significantly increase (P < 0.01) RBC, total leucocytic and platelet counts in comparison with rats treated with aracytin only. The effects of melatonin were more clear in rats treated with it after aracytin injection than those treated with melatonin and aracytin at the same time. Furthermore, it was found that aracytin produced a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in serum total proteins, albumin, and significantly increased the (P < 0.01) albumin/globulin ratio. Melatonin injection would significantly increase (P < 0.01) total protein, globulin, and significantly decrease (P < 0.01) the albumin/glubulin ratio when injected either with aracytin or after aracytin treatment. These results indicate that melatonin protects bone marrow, lymphoid tissues from damaging effect of cytotoxic drugs, as well as stimulating the suppressed bone marrow.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Survival; Corticosterone; Cytarabine; Erythrocyte Count; Hemoglobins; Immunosuppressive Agents; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Male; Melatonin; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serum Albumin; Serum Globulins; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

An acute leukemia of natural killer cell origin with myeloid antigen expression has not previously been described in the literature. Although lymphoproliferative disorders of large granular lymphocytes may be of natural killer cell origin and may have an aggressive clinical course, the morphology in the blood and bone marrow is that of large granular lymphocytes. An acute leukemia with blastic morphology is described, which was of natural killer cell origin by flow cytometric immunophenotyping (CD45+, CD2+, CD3, CD7+, CD5+, CD4, CD8, CD56+, CD57, CD16, CD13+, CD33+, CD34+, C-Kit+, HLA-DR, TdT) and histochemical staining. This was supported by the lack of T-cell gene rearrangement. The patient had an aggressive clinical course despite therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The authors recommend routine flow cytometric immunophenotyping of acute leukemia to identify other similar cases to better clinically define this entity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Aged; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Cytogenetics; Flow Cytometry; Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Killer Cells, Natural; Leukemia; Male

Increasing evidence suggests that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is involved in bone formation during remodeling. Using a recently cloned human leukemic cell line (FLG 29.1 cells) we demonstrate that these cells synthesize and secrete TGF-beta 1 and that exogenous or autocrine TGF-beta 1 can induce the same features of osteoclastic-like cells, exerting its effects through the binding to TGF-beta specific receptors. Scatchard analysis of 125I-labeled TGF-beta 1 to FLG 29.1 cells revealed the presence of a single high affinity binding site with a Kd value of approximately 25 pM and a binding capacity of approximately 900 sites/cell. Affinity labeling experiments showed that FLG 29.1 cells express type I and type II TGF-beta receptors. Stimulation of FLG 29.1 cells with low TGF-beta 1 doses reduced cell proliferation and increased cell adhesion and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP) activity. Pretreatment of FLG 29.1 cells with TGF-beta 1 caused a significant and dose-dependent response to calcitonin. Northern blot of total mRNA and analysis of the conditioned media (CM) showed that TGF-beta 1 was synthesized by FLG 29.1 cells. TPA treatment, which induces partial differentiation of these cells, markedly increased TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression and growth factor release. The majority of TGF-beta 1 secreted by TPA-treated cells was in its latent form. However, anti-TGF-beta antibodies inhibited TGF-beta 1 and TPA-induced growth inhibition, calcitonin responsiveness, and TRAcP activity, suggesting that the TPA effect is mediated in part by autocrine TGF-beta 1 and indicating that the cells can activate and respond to the TGF-beta that they secrete. These findings support a potential autocrine role for TGF-beta 1 in osteoclast differentiation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Autoradiography; Binding, Competitive; Calcitonin; Cell Adhesion; Cell Differentiation; Cyclic AMP; Drug Resistance; Filaggrin Proteins; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Osteoclasts; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tartrates; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Leukocyte acid phosphatase and its isoenzyme composition was studied in leukemic patients to determine the specificity of different isoenzymes in leukemic leukocytes. It was found that leukocyte acid phosphatase content is significantly increased in ALL, AML, and CML patients, while CLL patients had decreased levels of acid phosphatase. The distribution and intensity of leukocyte ACP isoenzymes vary in respective leukemic condition. Thus isoenzyme 'O' was predominant in AML and CML, while isoenzymes 1, 2 and 3 predominated in ALL. The lack of predominance of isoenzyme 3 was a feature in CLL patients. It was concluded that the isoenzyme patterns, though promising, presented inconclusive picture for diagnosis purpose and further studies on immunochemical characteristics of these isoenzymes are warranted to ascertain their cell specificity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Cathepsin D; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Prognosis; Ribonucleases

A panel of human leukemia cell lines from various lineages (T-cell, pre B- and Non-T/Non-B cell, myelomonocytic and erythroleukemia cell lines) were utilised as model systems of the distant effects of differentiation-inducing activity (DIA) produced by the T-leukemia cell line HUT-102. DIA inhibited cell proliferation and induced distinct morphological changes which were more pronounced in the myelomonocytic and erythroleukemia cell lines than in the lymphoid cell lines. DIA triggered in the myelomonocytic and erythroleukemia cell lines an increase in the number of NBT-reducing cells and caused strong adherence to plastic surface. The T-cell lines showed aggregation of cells in floating clusters. In the isoenzyme analysis of the enzymes carboxylic esterase and acid phosphatase, it was found that DIA stimulated the new expression of isoenzymes and a stronger staining intensity of several isoenzyme bands in all cell lines, however, at varying degrees. HL-60 and HEL displayed newly a monocyte-specific isoenzyme. Several myelomonocytic and erythroleukemia cell lines were triggered to express the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme. The cell kinetic, morphological, functional and isoenzymatic data demonstrated that DIA effected the development of the different blood cell types. However, it appears that the cells reached a new differentiation block after acquired expression of differentiation-linked features; the lymphoid cell lines were more limited in their response to DIA than the myeloid and erythroid cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cell Adhesion; Cell Aggregation; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; T-Lymphocytes

Hematopoietic cells in blood and/or bone marrow from 23 leukemic cats and ten control cats were characterized using a battery of cytochemical enzyme stains. The results of cytochemical staining led to modification of diagnosis based on clinical, hematologic and histopathologic findings in four (17%) of the leukemias. Sudan black-B and chloroacetate esterase served as granulocytic markers in both the control and leukemic groups. Peroxidase activity was seen in the granulocytes and monocytes of control animals but not in the blasts of leukemic cats. Diffuse alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase staining marked monocytes in both control and leukemic animals. Cytochemical staining was found to be a valuable aid in the classification of leukemias in the cat.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Marrow; Cat Diseases; Cats; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Leukemia; Peroxidases; Staining and Labeling

The morphologic features, phenotype, and functions of OKM1+ leukemic T-cells were studied. The leukemic T-cells in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) had specific features of large granular lymphocytes (LGL), and those in two patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) had L2 morphologic characteristics. The phenotype of the leukemic cells from one patient with CLL was OKM1+, ER+, OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT8-, OKIa1-, IgGFc receptor (EA gamma)+, Leu-7+, Leu-11b+, and anti-Tac-. The cells had antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), but no natural killer (NK) activity. They had a definitive helper effect on pokeweed mitogen-induced normal B-cell differentiation. The leukemic cells from the other patient with CLL were Leu-7-, and Leu-11b-, and lacked both ADCC and NK activity. The leukemic cells in the two patients with ALL were ER+, OKM1+, Leu-7-, and Leu-11-, and did not have any cytotoxicity. One was EA gamma +, and the other was EA gamma -. These findings suggest that OKM1+ leukemic T-cells consist of at least two subgroups: (1) T-cells with the morphologic features of LGL; and (2) those with a lymphoblastic morphologic type. In either case, the phenotype is novel and suggests the emergence of a small, distinct lymphocyte subset.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Antigens, Surface; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Nucleolus; Cell Nucleus; Child, Preschool; Chromatin; Cytoplasm; Golgi Apparatus; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Pokeweed Mitogens; T-Lymphocytes

The cells from 87 leukemia-lymphoma cell lines, 14 B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, 459 cases of leukemia-lymphoma, normal specimens, 22 leukemia-lymphoma cell lines treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and 14 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) treated with TPA were analyzed for the expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TracP) isoenzyme separated by isoelectric focusing. The TracP isoenzyme was seen in the following leukemia-lymphoma cell lines: 4 of 30 T-cell, 2 of 35 B-cell, 1 of 6 non-T/non-B-cell, 1 of 8 myelomonocytic, 3 of 4 erythroleukemia, and 3 of 4 Hodgkin's disease-derived cell lines. The expression of the TracP band could be induced by treatment with TPA in 3 myelomonocytic leukemia cell lines. Among the different types of leukemia-lymphoma cells freshly obtained from patients, the TracP isoenzyme was detected at a high incidence in cases of B-CLL, hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and B-lymphoma. Of the myeloid leukemias, 10% to 20% displayed the TracP isoenzyme. TracP positivity was detected in the peripheral blood, tonsil, bone marrow, spleen, and liver obtained from healthy donors, but not in the thymus. The expression of the TracP band could be newly induced by TPA in cases of CLL and in cases of CML. It is concluded that TracP activity is not specific for HCL, but is found at high incidences in cases of HCL, B-CLL and B-lymphoma. The TracP isoenzyme is not expressed by very immature lymphoid leukemia cells, but by cells arrested at later stages of differentiation of the T- or B-cell lineage, and by some myeloid cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphoma; Monocytes; Tartrates; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

The ability of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) to induce stable phenotypic changes that serve as markers of differentiation was examined in the non-T/non-B leukemia cell lines KM-3 and REH and in the pre-B leukemia cell lines BV-173 and NALM-6. Isoenzymes of the enzymes carboxylic esterase, acid phosphatase, hexosaminidase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), separated by isoelectric focusing on horizontal polyacrylamide thin-layer gels, were used to monitor induced changes. TPA in different concentrations completely or partially inhibited cell proliferation, but had no drug-related cytotoxicity. No increase in the number of nitro-blue-tetrazolium-reducing cells nor adherence to plastic surface was found. In all four cell lines, TPA caused an increase in number and staining intensity of esterase, acid phosphatase, and LDH isoenzymes. The resulting isoenzyme profiles corresponded to those seen at more mature intermediate stages of B-cell proliferation, but did not indicate a terminal differentiation to mature B cells. The loss of the hexosaminidase I isoenzyme, which is a marker of immature hematopoietic cells, was a further indicator of induced maturation. These results demonstrate that while TPA is capable of inducing various immature non-T/non-B and pre-B cell lines to differentiate, the differentiation progression appears to be restricted to intermediate stages, in contrast to the terminal differentiation inducible in myeloid cells.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cell Cycle; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

The hematopoietic cells in blood and/or bone marrow from 20 leukemic dogs and 22 control dogs were characterized using a battery of cytochemical stains. The results of cytochemical staining led to modification of the diagnoses based on clinical, hematologic and histologic findings in seven (35%) of the leukemias. Sudan black B and chloroacetate esterase served as granulocytic markers in both the control and leukemic groups. Peroxidase activity was present in the granulocytes and monocytes of control animals but not the blasts of leukemic dogs. Alkaline phosphatase-positive staining of granulocytic precursors was a consistent finding in granulocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia, and alkaline phosphatase-positive lymphoblasts were seen in 38% of lymphocytic leukemias. Diffuse alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase-positive staining marked monocytes in both control and leukemic dogs. Cytochemical staining was found to be a valuable diagnostic aid in the classification of leukemias in the dog.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Azo Compounds; Bone Marrow; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Histocytochemistry; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Naphthalenes; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Peroxidase; Peroxidases; Staining and Labeling

A cytochemical study in samples from 100 lymphoid leukaemias, 84 of B-cell type and 16 of T-cell type, was carried out with three acid hydrolases: DAP IV, acid phosphatase (AP) and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE). DAP IV was studied in leukaemic T-cells both by cytochemistry and by a monoclonal antibody with the immunoperoxidase technique. Both methods showed similar results. AP and ANAE gave weak reactions in immature B-cell leukaemias (common-ALL and B-CLL) and were strongly expressed in plasma cell disorders. DAP IV showed no activity in any of the types of B-cell leukaemia studied and was strongly positive in some T-cell leukaemias but with a more restricted distribution than ANAE and AP. T-lymphoblasts (T-ALL) and mature (T8+) leukaemias were DAP IV negative. Within the T4+ malignancies DAP IV was positive in four T-prolymphocytic leukaemias, one of two T-CLL and one of three Sezary syndrome cases. Although DAP IV is strictly T-cell specific it does not appear to aid the differentiation between B- and T-cell disorders or the identification of T-cell subsets as determined by monoclonal antibodies. It remains to be established whether this enzyme will define a functionally distinct T-cell subset.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Sezary Syndrome; T-Lymphocytes

The multidisciplinary approach of leukemia phenotyping, called multiple marker analysis, led to changes in the classification systems of normal hematopoiesis and leukemic cells, and introduced the use of a biological and functional definition of leukemia, rather than merely morphological-cytochemical descriptions. Two major conclusions can be drawn from the findings of multiple marker analysis: 1) differentiation of leukemia is not abnormal but blocked ("maturation arrest"), and leukemic cells retain normal maturation-linked markers; and 2) no leukemia specific marker could be detected so far. Although leukemic cells show general qualitative features in common with normal cells, some quantitative characteristics of these similar attributes are peculiar to leukemic blasts. Qualitative and quantitative enzymological characteristics help to identify the cell lineage involved and to determine the developmental point at which maturation arrest occurs. The expression of isoenzymes is often linked to the presumptive sequence of developmental stages. Subsets within ALL subtypes showed pronounced modifications in their isoenzyme patterns associated with increasing maturity. Thus, enzyme markers can provide refined definitions of subgroups by biochemical criteria. Based on recent observations using the enzyme markers TdT, adenosine deaminase, 5'-nucleotidase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, acid phosphatase, and hexosaminidase, a scheme of enzymological expression in the various commonly accepted subtypes of acute lymphoid leukemia and acute nonlymphoid leukemia is presented. Enzyme marker analysis represents a useful tool as an adjunctive method in multiple marker analysis for assessing diagnosis, prognosis, and the evolutionary and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the spectrum of leukemia subtypes. Furthermore, enzyme marker analysis may provide further insight into certain aspects of the pathobiology of leukemia which might not be elucidated by other methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Deaminase; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Esterases; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Leukemia; Lysosomes; Nucleotidases; Phenotype; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase

Resistance of human CCRF-CEM leukemic cells in tissue culture to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) has been examined following a single drug exposure (FS sublines). In two FS sublines generated by soft agar cloning of FdUrd sensitive cells in the presence of 10 nM FdUrd, the level of drug resistance was maintained at 22- to 30-fold following 1 month growth in the absence of FdUrd. Characteristic of the FS sublines was a decreased accumulation and retention of free intracellular 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) averaging 3% of FdUrd sensitive cells, a more rapid rate of disappearance of free FdUMP and FdUMP-bound thymidylate synthase (EC 2.1.1.45, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase), and enhanced alkaline and acid phosphatase activities. There was no significant difference in the number of nucleoside transport sites per cell among the FS sublines and FdUrd-sensitive cells, indicating that the decreased accumulation of FdUMP in the resistant sublines was not the result of impaired FdUrd transport across the plasma membrane. The more rapid turnover of FdUMP-bound TMP synthase observed in the FS sublines was neither accompanied by a decreased stability of the TMP synthase-FdUMP-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate ternary complex, nor an enhanced rate of degradation of FdUrd to the less potent agent, 5-fluorouracil. In addition, the growth rates of the two FS sublines were similar to that of FdUrd sensitive cells in medium containing hypoxanthine, methotrexate, and thymidine, indicating that there was no depletion of thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21, ATP : thymidine-5'-phosphotransferase) in the FS sublines. Therefore, we propose that enhanced activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases, which influence the intracellular accumulation and retention of FdUMP, are important determinants of stable FdUrd resistance in CCRF-CEM cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biological Transport; Clone Cells; Drug Resistance; Floxuridine; Fluorouracil; Humans; Leukemia; Thymidine Kinase; Thymidine Monophosphate

This report describes the qualitative acid phosphatase (acP) isoenzyme profiles detected in permanent human hematopoietic cell lines. The acP activity was separated into its isoenzymes by isoelectric focusing on horizontal thin-layer polyacrylamide gels. The pattern of acP isoenzyme was investigated in a total of 86 cell lines. These cell lines were classified into five groups on the basis of their phenotypes characterized in the multiple marker analysis: 74 leukemia-lymphoma cell lines (26 T-, 34 B-, 6 myelomonocytic, 8 Non-T, Non-B cell lines) and 12 so-called 'normal' Epstein-Barr virus transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Their immunological features had been analysed in detail by use of a large panel of poly- and monoclonal antibodies which led to a further subclassification into stages of differentiation. A progressive increase in number and staining intensity of the isoenzymes which paralleled the expression of surface markers at different stages of differentiation along their developmental pathway was seen in the T- and B-leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. Some cell lines whose isoenzyme profiles did not correspond to the stage of differentiation as evidenced by surface antigen analysis might represent good examples of deranged gene expression in otherwise normally programmed malignant cells, i.e. in our study a mismatch between the isoenzymatic and immunological phenotypes. The tartrate-resistant isoenzyme was detected in 9 out of 74 leukemia-lymphoma cell lines (4 T-, 2 B-, 1 myelomonocytic, 2 Non-T, Non-B cell lines) and in 10 out of 12 normal B-lymphoblastoid cell lines; the only one studied hairy cell leukemia cell line did not express this isoenzyme. The relative specificity of the tartrate-resistant acP is discussed in detail. No leukemia-lymphoma specific isoenzyme or an additional isoenzyme which was not seen in normal hematopoietic cells could be observed. Nor did we find an isoenzyme or isoenzyme pattern characteristic for a certain cell lineage. This underlines the necessity of a combined analysis using markers from different disciplines in the 'multiple marker analysis' in order to accurately characterize normal and malignant blood cells. Furthermore, our results support the concept of maturation arrest at particular stages of differentiation together with the theory of normal gene expression in leukemic cells equivalent to that in their normal counterparts.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Surface; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lymphoma; Phenotype; T-Lymphocytes; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Erythrocytes; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Acid phosphatase (AcP) and acid alpha-naphthylacetate esterase (ANAE) were examined in lymphoid cells from 104 patients suffering from various lymphoproliferative disorders and from 8 healthy controls. Enzyme activities were evaluated by means of a scoring system. Scores of AcP and ANAE were higher in normal T cells than non-T cells. In comparison, the activated T cells in infectious mononucleosis showed increased AcP and decreased ANAE reaction. Malignant T lymphoblasts had a distinct granular AcP positivity in contrast to the faint reactivity observed in cALL blasts, whereas ANAE showed negative or weak reaction in both subsets. High scores and distinct staining patterns for both enzymes were found in T CLL and T prolymphocytic leukaemia, clearly different from the weak activities seen in B CLL, B PLL and some B cell lymphomas. The latter, too, could be distinguished by mutual differences in enzyme reactions. High AcP and ANAE scores were also found in hairy cell leukaemia, and the staining patterns together with the tartrate resistance firmly established the diagnosis. Thus, simultaneous determinations of AcP and ANAE can be of great value in the diagnosis of lymphoid malignancies.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; B-Lymphocytes; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Child; Female; Humans; Infectious Mononucleosis; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Rosette Formation; Staining and Labeling; T-Lymphocytes

Enzyme marker analysis has become a valuable tool in leukemia research, especially as a part of the so-called multiple marker analysis which combines several disciplines for characterization of leukemia cells. In this study the qualitative activities of three enzyme markers were determined in leukemic cells from pediatric patients with acute leukemias: acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2), carboxylic esterase (E.C. 3.1.1.1) and hexosaminidase (E.C. 3.2.1.30). The leukemia subtypes displayed different types of isoenzyme patterns. No additional isoenzyme was found that was not observed in normal blood cells, nor a single isoenzyme specific for a leukemia subtype. The biochemical profiles illustrated the existence of subsets in cALL, T-ALL and AML. The enzymologic polymorphism and the immunologic heterogeneity seen in leukemia subclasses have led together to an extended classification scheme of leukemias as well as to model schemes of normal hematopoietic cell differentiation. Despite former and constantly published assumptions there are still no specific markers of leukemia cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Child; Electrophoresis; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphoma; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Histocytochemistry; Leukemia; Lymph Nodes; Male; Microscopy, Electron

We describe a method for electron microscopy that combines myeloperoxidase or acid phosphatase cytochemistry with the labelling of cell surface antigens with monoclonal antibodies and colloidal gold. This technique was tested in samples of normal mononuclear cells, leukaemic T cells with a mature or immature phenotype and an acute myeloid leukaemia. This method allows the demonstration at a single cell level of ultrastructural morphology, cytochemical reaction and the presence of a membrane antigen. It will improve further the analytic power of electron microscopy in the characterization of leukaemic cells particularly in cases of mixed leukaemias and in the study of normal haemopoietic differentiation with monoclonal antibodies.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Surface; Gold; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Peroxidase; Peroxidases

The ability of TPA to induce stable phenotypic changes that normally serve as markers of differentiation was examined in the four human non-T, non-B cell lines, NALL-1, NALM-16, REH and KM-3. In all four lines, noncytotoxic concentrations of the phorbol ester caused an extensive reduction in the number of cells expressing cALL surface antigen and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The disappearance of these markers correlated with the loss of cell proliferation. In one of the cell lines, NALL-1, TPA treatment gave rise to a significant increase in Ia-like antigen and antigen T-101, markers which represent more advanced stages of cell maturation. However, surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobins, indicators of mature B cells, were not detectable. Antigen 3A1, specific for myeloid and for T cells, antigen Leu-4, specific for T cells and antigen CM1, specific for monocytes, were also absent. In all cell lines, exposure to TPA resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity. The emergence of these phenotype changes was not altered upon repeated washing of the TPA-treated cells. These results demonstrate that while TPA is capable of inducing various non-T, non-B cell lines to differentiate to a limited degree, differences exist between the lines in the extent to which they can mature towards the B-cell stage.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Line; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leukemia; Phorbols; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

Backscattered Electron Imaging (BEI) is a particular technique which permits to study cytochemical reactions with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The BEI data pertaining to specific enzymatic activities can be directly correlated to the surface morphology of each individual cell. Leukocytes from 5 normal individuals, 14 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia (ANLL), 7 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and 3 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were studied for myeloperoxidase activity, acid phosphatase localization, silver staining of the nuclei and phagocytosis of iron carbonyl in the BEI mode of SEM. Some normal peripheral blood leukocytes which cannot be distinguished by their surface morphology alone were satisfactorily identified with the BEI technique. Leukaemic myeloid cells can be recognized in many cases because of their positive myeloperoxidase reaction, while monocytic elements can be characterized by the presence of surface ruffles, acid phosphatase activity and active phagocytosis. The usefulness of the BEI technique in identifying different blood cell types with the SEM and its possible application to the diagnosis of certain cases of leukaemia are discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Bone Marrow; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Peroxidase; Phagocytosis; Reference Values

Chondroitin sulfate is known to be present in normal and leukemic myeloid cells; however, its definitive subcellular location and association with other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) has not been demonstrated. We have studied the type and distribution of GAGs in neutrophil granule subpopulations of normal and leukemic myeloid cells using ultrastructural, cytochemical, immunologic, and biochemical methods. At the ultrastructural level, high-iron diamine-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (HID-TCH-SP) stained sulfated glycoconjugates selectively in immature primary granules of normal promyelocytes and Auer rods and immature granules of leukemic myeloblasts. Staining was weak or absent in mature primary granules, whereas tertiary granules stained moderately. Primary granule staining with HID-TCH-SP was greatly diminished by prior treatment of the specimens with chondroitinase ABC and/or nitrous acid, indicating the presence of chondroitin sulfate and N-sulfated glycosaminoglycan. Immunostaining of myeloid cells with a rabbit antichondroitin 4-sulfate and ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG sequence resulted in staining of most primary granules. Biochemical analysis of GAGs from leukemic myeloblasts containing primary granules and Auer rods, but lacking secondary and tertiary granules, revealed 8 x 10(-17) mole of uronic acid/cell and electrophoretic and sulfaminohexose analysis showed 60%-70% chondroitin sulfate AC of heterogeneous molecular weight, 20%-30% of a GAG that most closely resembled heparan sulfate, and 10% dermatan sulfate. The lack of significant HID-TCH-SP staining of sulfate iin sites other than Auer rods and primary granules in leukemic myeloblasts indicates that these granules contain the chondroitin, dermatan, and heparan sulfate isolated from the same specimen. Similar GAGs are present in primary granules of normal cells as evidenced by their cytochemical and immunostaining properties. Thus, these studies demonstrate a heterogeneous population of GAGs not previously identified and localize these substances to the primary granule of leukemic and normal cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Chondroitin Lyases; Chondroitin Sulfates; Cytoplasmic Granules; Glycosaminoglycans; Hexosamines; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Immune Sera; Leukemia; Neutrophils

The status of acid phosphatase isoenzymes was evaluated in cells of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemias or lymphomas by analytical isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels (IEF) on horizontal thin-layer slabs. The isoenzyme patterns were correlated with routine immunological cell surface markers and the relationship of enzyme activity to specific immunological subclasses of ALL is discussed. By isoelectric focusing up to five isoenzyme groups (I-V) containing several isoenzyme were observed. No leukemia specific or additional isoenzyme could be demonstrated. This biochemical characterization showed a marked heterogeneity within two major immunologic subgroups indicating that various differentiation stages of cell maturation could be involved in cALL and T-ALL. According to their degree of maturation along T-cell differentiation axis the leukemic cells displayed no enzyme activity, weak isoenzyme bands or the incomplete or complete isoenzyme pattern seen with normal lymphocytes from human tonsils which were used as controls. The investigation of specific enzymatic patterns can lead to a further definition of subsets of acute leukemias and give insight into lymphopoietic differentiation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Lymphoma; Palatine Tonsil

Differential diagnostic importance of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase reactions was studied in bone marrow smears of 52 patients with acute leukaemias. Both reactions showed either diffuse or simultaneously diffuse and granular positivity in the medullary blast cells of 34 patients suffering from ANLL. A strong diffuse positivity of acid phosphatase suggested the possibility of AMOL. Beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase reactions were exclusively granular in every positive case of ALL. Increased acid phosphatase activity was found in T-ALL while beta-glucuronidase showed increased activity also in (non-T, non-B)-ALL on several occasions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Middle Aged; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Glucuronidase; Hexosaminidases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Microscopy, Electron; T-Lymphocytes

The Backscattered Electron Imaging (BEI) mode of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been applied to the study of cells stained with various heavy metals in cytochemical reactions. Improvements or modifications of some of these methods and their application to the study of normal and leukemic leukocytes have been evaluated in this report. The results obtained after staining peroxidase-positive granules with osmium, copper, cobalt-nickel and gold-cobalt are compared. Granules containing non-specific esterase activity were demonstrated in the BEI mode after incubation of the cells in Hanker medium and staining with osmium. While sites of acid phosphatase activity were easily localized with a conventional lead method, alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated only in the phagocytic vacuoles of cells previously incubated with latex particles and subsequently stained with lead. Cell nuclei were identified in the BEI mode after silver methenamine or bismuth staining. Combining their cell surface and cytochemical characteristics a more accurate identification of the different blood cell types with the SEM becomes possible.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Cell Nucleus; Esterases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Peroxidases; Reference Values

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Child; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Male; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Prognosis

Two girls, each less than 2 yr of age, developed acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (malignant myelosclerosis). Both presented with anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and a low percentage of blasts in their peripheral blood. Their marrow showed marked reticulin fibrosis with an increase in blasts and immature megakaryocytes. The blasts stained negatively for myeloperoxidase and Sudan Black B, but showed acid phosphatase (ACP) and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity inhibitable by sodium fluoride. They were identified as megakaryoblasts by the platelet peroxidase reaction. Cytogenetic studies showed multiple chromosomal abnormalities in both cases. Chemotherapy with vincristine, prednisone, and L-asparaginase was without effect, while daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside induced a complete remission in one case. The second case responded to a combination of cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, and 6-thioguanine. This article documents that acute megakaryoblastic leukemia occurs in early childhood and describes its clinical, pathologic, and cytogenetic features. Previous reports of childhood "myelofibrosis" are reviewed, and their possible relationship with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia is discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Esterases; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Megakaryocytes; Microscopy, Electron; Primary Myelofibrosis

Acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase reaction patterns were evaluated in lymphocytes from patients with a variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions: leukemia, 59; NHL, 53; and reactive follicular hyperplasia, 23. Fifteen individuals with normal peripheral blood were also studied. For both enzymes, statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between a globular reaction pattern and T lymphocytic origin in both non-neoplastic lymph nodes and normal peripheral blood specimens (P less than 0.0001). A similarly strong correlation was found between a granular acid phosphatase pattern and T lymphocytic origin in cell isolated from non-neoplastic lymph nodes (P less than 0.0001) but not in those obtained from normal peripheral blood where this pattern was observed with equal frequency in B, T, and "null" lymphocytes (P = 0.415). A granular alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase pattern was correlated with non-T lymphocytes from normal peripheral blood (P less than 0.0001), but was observed with equal frequency in B, T, and "null" lymphocytes fron non-neoplastic lymph nodes (P = 0.76). In the eight T cell neoplasias studied, a globular pattern was evident in the majority of cells for both enzymes. In the majority of the B cell neoplasias, however, a granular pattern was observed for both enzymes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperplasia; Leukemia; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Lymphoma; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Rosette Formation; Staining and Labeling; T-Lymphocytes

The Gaucher cell results from the accumulation of excessive glucocerebroside in cells of the monocyte-macrophage system. It is characterized ultrastructurally by the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions which consist of tubule-like structures measuring 130 to 150 Ao in diameter. Utilizing freeze fracture and x-ray diffraction techniques these structures appear to be bilayers measuring 6 nm in thickness, 40 to 60 nm wide and up to 600 nm in length. The Gaucher cell contains isoenzyme 5 of acid phosphatase which is resistant to prior incubation in tartaric acid. The bone marrow smears from patients with Gaucher's disease contain monocytes and monocytoid cells which contain inclusions which are acid phosphatase positive and resemble the acid phosphatase positive inclusions in the Gaucher cells. Ultrastructural studies of monocytes from Gaucher patients demonstrated membrane-bound inclusions containing tubule-like structures identical to those in Gaucher cells. These monocytic cells appear to represent precursors of Gaucher cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Gaucher Disease; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Macrophages; Monocytes

Methods of backscattered electron imaging (BEI) have been applied to the study of normal and malignant human leukocytes. Four different elements, principally of high atomic number, have been used: iron, silver, lead and osmium. Iron, in the form of iron carbonyl, has been found to be an excellent marker for the phagocytic activity of granulocytes and monocytes. Silver staining permitted a clear observation of the shape of the nuclei and of the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and made the identification of polymorphonuclear cells and of certain normoblasts possible. Lead phosphate precipitates, deposited as a result of a classic acid phosphatase reaction, were detected in several cases of myelocytic and monocytic leukemias. Precipitates of osmium/diaminobenzidine complex on peroxidase-containing granules permitted the unambiguous identification of several classes of myeloid precursors. In all these techniques, the surface morphology of the cells was adequately preserved and could be correlated with the presence and/or the distribution of the various markers.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Iron; Iron Carbonyl Compounds; Lead; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Monocytes; Neutrophils; Organometallic Compounds; Osmium; Peroxidases; Scattering, Radiation; Silver Nitrate; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Cell Differentiation; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Esterases; Granulocytes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidase

Chromosome and cytologic studies were performed on three Down's syndrome (DS) patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). All three patients had an aneuploid clone in their leukemic cells: 50, XX, +6, +19, +21, +22, +8, XX, +21, and 47,XY, +8, - 21 +dic(21;21)(p13;p11). Every patient appeared to have acute undifferentiated leukemia when the blast cells were examined with Wright-Giemsa stain; cytochemistry studies, however, showed that the leukemic blasts were in an early stage of myeloid differentiation. The two patients with +8 had a preleukemic phase; the blast cells of the patient with an extra no. 19 and no.22 could not be differentiated morphologically from those of the two patients with an extra no. 8. Our findings and a review of data on 40 other patients suggest that most DS children with ANLL have hyperdiploidy, which is usually related to gains of C, F, and /or G chromosomes, and that the abnormalities of +8 and of +19, +22 in DS children may be associated with acute leukemia (AL) in an early stage of myeloid differentiation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Down Syndrome; Female; Humans; Infant; Karyotyping; Leukemia; Male; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; Rosette Formation

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; B-Lymphocytes; Female; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Leukemia; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Polymorphism, Genetic; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Leukemia; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; alpha-L-Fucosidase; Child; Child, Preschool; Glucuronidase; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Lysosomes; Mannosidases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Male; Tartrates

The activities of seven different leukocyte hydrolases were studied in 19 patients and ten controls. There was a strong positive correlation between the monocyte count and the activities of the lysosomal enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, alpha-fucosidase, beta-galactosidase, and alpha-mannosidase). High alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase activities were also found in the eosinophilic granulocytes. Using simple commercially available synthetic substrates, it is possible to study the activities of the lysosomal enzymes in different types of leukemias and to recognize the monocytic leukemias even when they present with very immature precursor cells in the peripheral blood.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha-L-Fucosidase; beta-Galactosidase; Female; Glucuronidase; Glycoside Hydrolases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lysosomes; Male; Mannosidases; Middle Aged

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; T-Lymphocytes; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Histological Techniques; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Butyrates; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Tartrates

Topics: Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biopsy; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow; Butyrates; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Diagnosis, Differential; Fixatives; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Microtomy; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Enzyme Activation; Glucuronidase; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glucuronidase; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Lymphocytes; Male; Prognosis

Isoenzymatic study of leucocytic acid phosphatase under normal conditions identifies 3 isoenzymatic bands, which exhibit a noticeable cell specificity. Band 2 is granulocytic, band 3 lymphocytic and band 4 monocytic in origin. Pathologic deviations in the isoenzymatic pattern are both qualitative and quantitative. For some diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia there is a well-defined, differential pattern according to immunological B- or T-cell origin. The more significant qualitative aspects are related to the appearance of abnormal bands, especially band 3b, indicating blastic cellularity, and 5, corresponding to hairy cells. The isoenzymatic analysis of acid phosphatase activity is a simple haematologic complementary test, particularly useful in the differential diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders with peripheral blood manifestations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Diagnosis, Differential; Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Sezary Syndrome; T-Lymphocytes

The eosinophils of a patient with eosinophilic leukaemia were studied with 13 different cytochemical methods using light and electron microscopy. Apart from the 'left shift' of the eosinophils in bone marrow and peripheral blood, the following morphological changes were noted: uncoordinated maturation of the nucleus and cytoplasm, changes in size of the specific granules, and hypogranulation to such an extent that some of the cells bore only very few granules. The cytochemical studies showed a strongly positive periodic acid Schiff reaction in the eosinophils, caused by a high content of glycogen, and a relatively strong positive acid-phosphatase reaction. These cells were also tested for aryl sulphatase and coenzyme Q. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of a high-content glycogen and a strong acid phosphatase response in the cells. Peroxidase reaction, detected in electron microscopy as well, enabled us to trace the maturation of the eosinophil cell line.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Arylsulfatases; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; Eosinophils; Glycogen; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Peroxidases; Ubiquinone

Selected cytoenzymological methods together with the PAS reaction often permit more precise identifying normal and tumorous blood cells and thus determining the type of hemoblastosis. The cells of the myeloid neutrophil series are characterized by the activity of peroxidase and naphtol-AS-D-chloracetate esterase, monocytic elements by the activity of a nonspecific esterase sensitive to fluoride, the tumorous cells of the red series by the PAS positivity and paranuclear positivity of acid phosphatase. Some tumorous lymphoblasts have gross PAS--positive granules in the plasma, others, probably of T-origin, paranuclear focal positivity of acid phosphatase. Hematological classification of acute hemoblastoses does not exactly correspond to Löffler's cytochemical classification; of diagnostic and therapeutically considerable importance is the synthetic evaluation of the hematological finding and of interpretive possibilities of individual cytochemical methods.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Granulocytes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Monocytes; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Peroxidases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cells, Cultured; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphocytes

Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis is a distinct entity, often misdiagnosed as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. The neoplastic cells have a specific tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme by which the diagnosis may be secured. Most individuals are leukopenic, and when, as in our case, rare or no circulating cells with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are found in the peripheral blood, an alternate site must be sought. Bone marrow aspirations often result in "dry taps," however, and cryostat sections of the bone marrow biopsy necessary to demonstrate tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are involved and impractical to obtain for most laboratories. This report illustrates and recommends the simple technic of imprinting the core biopsy, which yields a satisfactory sample with which the specific cytochemical activity can be demonstrated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biopsy, Needle; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Spleen; Splenomegaly; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Female; Hematopoietic System; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphocytes; Male; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Pregnancy; Tartrates

The activities of acid phosphatases (AP) were measured in leukocytes from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), macrophages, granulocytes, in the fractionated mononuclear cells of patients with CML and with hairy-cell-leukemia (HCL) and in the cells from patients with acute leukemia (AL). The lowest activities were found in lymphocytes of normal subjects and of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and in thrombocytes. Isoenzyme (IsE) 1 was characteristic for thymocytes, IsE 2 for granulocytes, IsE 3 for pathologic blast-cells, lymphocytes and thrombocytes, IsE 4 for macrophages, IsE 5 with components a and b for the mononuclear fraction of patients with HCL. In addition IsE 5 was detected in lymphocytes, macrophages and CLL-cells. In 4 patients with HCL the relative percentage of IsE-5-fraction was slightly greater than the percentage of tartrate resistant cells. In two patients with questionable HCL well marked IsE-5-fractions were recognized but no tartrate resistant cells. In one patient with HCL a relatively high percentage of tartrate resistant hairy-cells and in comparison an inadaquate low IsE-5-fraction was found. These different relations were explained with the more sensitive method of gelelectrophoresis and different affinity of substrates to AP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Blood Platelets; Granulocytes; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Macrophages

Acute leukemia in 93 children was cytochemically classified into three groups: 1. the PAS-Typ (acute undifferenciated leukemia) paramyeloblastic leukemia, 2. the AML, and 3. the Acid Phosphatase Typ (SP-Typ). Therapy for the first group differed from that for AML. The acid-Phosphatase-Typ was found in only a few cases, where the acid Phosphatase is good to see in the paranuclear region of the cell. These cases have a bad prognosis. It is proposed to publish even single cases of the acid Phosphatasetype leukemia in order to find the optimal therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Child; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Prognosis

Topics: Abdominal Neoplasms; Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Aminosalicylic Acid; B-Lymphocytes; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Mediastinal Neoplasms; Osteomyelitis; Paralysis; Rheumatic Diseases; Sepsis; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clone Cells; Humans; Immunoglobulin Fragments; Immunoglobulin M; Isoelectric Focusing; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; Rosette Formation

Nonspecific esterase activity using alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate was found to be present in hairy cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia. Activity of this enzyme was markedly diminished and in some instances obliterated by sodium fluoride. Since alpha-naphthyl butyrate is believed to be a more specific substrate for monocytic-type nonspecific esterase than alpha-naphthyl acetate, its presence in hairy cells combined with fluoride inhibition which is also characteristic of monocytic nonspecific esterase provides additional evidence of monocytic properties of hairy cells.

Topics: Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Butyrates; Esterases; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Monocytes; Sodium Fluoride

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Electrophoresis, Disc; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Tartrates

In vitro studies were performed with leukaemic cells from two patients with hairy cell leukaemia in order to define the nature and kinetics of immunoglobulin synthesis by the neoplastic cells. Both patients had clinically and morphologically well-defined disease and their cells contained abundant tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. One patient had associated macroglobulinaemia. The hairy cells had B-lymphocyte characteristics as determined by fluorescent immunoglobulin staining and surface receptor properties. They synthesized monoclonal IgM and IgG respectively in vitro. The kinetics of immunoglobulin synthesis were different in cells from the two patients as measured by equilibration time, intracellular degradation, and secretion. Permanent cell lines were established with cells from these patients. The lines grow as typical B-lymphoblastoid cultures and continue to produce tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and immunoglobulin. These studies unequivocally demonstrate the B-lymphocyte nature of the hairy cells in these patients and provide evidence for their clonal origin both in terms of immunoglobulin and enzyme synthesis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Line; Clone Cells; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged

The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was isolated from the spleen of a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. The unique characteristic of the enzyme is its similar reactivity toward p-nitrophenylphosphate, inorganic pyrophosphate ADP, and ATP. When ATP was incubated with the enzyme, the initial products were ADP and inorganic phosphate. The kinetic data confirmed that these substrates were hydrolyzed by the same enzyme. This type of substrate specificity is clearly different from acid phosphatase and pyrophosphatases previously described in the literature.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenine Nucleotides; Binding Sites; Humans; Kinetics; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Nitrobenzenes; Spleen; Tartrates

Reports of negative tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactions in a few cases of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis prompted the authors to re-evaluate the diagnostic specificity of this test. As a result, they modified the test by (1) incorporating a dual-control system for excluding a false-negative test due to technical errors, and (2) instituting an objective grading system for assuring consistent interpretation of the test on blood smears. When these modifications were applied to materials of patients suspected to have leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, there was an excellent, although not specific, correlation between the positive test and the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactions were positive, intermediate, and negative for 76, 21, and 3% of 29 patients who had leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, whereas the figures were 3, 32, and 65%, respectively, for 37 patients who had chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other hematologic disorders.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; False Negative Reactions; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Basophils; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases

Malign diseases and thus also leucoses are pathogenetically as well as therapeutically an up to now unsolved problem. Since according to the modern standard of our knowledge a chance of healing at best is to be found in the recognition of the pre-stages and the early stages, therefore, intensive diagnostic efforts are necessary. In these cases the usual hematological methods of examination alone cannot help on. Without doubt, the cytochemical and autoradiographic investigation methods are an essential enrichment in the diagnostics. Hopeful perspectives in the early recognition of leucaemic diseases, however, indicate themselves only by new realizations in the field of cytogenetics and by further research of the metabolic function and the molecular biology of the tumour cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Cytogenetics; Glucuronidase; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunoglobulins; Leukemia; Muramidase; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

Cytochemistry is disappointing in lymphoproliferative syndromes for it does not permit one to classify the various diseases with certainty. In the early stages, if the three indices are lowered, the prognosis seems poorer. A study of glucuronidase permits, in hyperlymphocytosis, one to differentiate benign from malignant lymphocytes, but does not permit one to differentiate from one another, the other chronic lymphoproliferative syndromes. The acid phosphatase is interesting in the study of hairy cell leukemia. Finally, it was not possible to distinguish chronic lymphoid leukemia from leukemia with lymphosarcomatous cells, nor from the cytochemical point of view nor using tests for delayed hypersensitivity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Glucuronidase; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Skin Tests; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

In four patients with hairy cell leukemia the expression of surface immunoglobulins and Fc-receptors on the leukemic cells as well as the stimulation of the leukemic cells by various T- and B-cell mitogens was studied. Using a combined cytochemical radioautographic method the tartrate resistant isoenzyme of the acid phosphatase and immunological markers could be demonstrated simultaneously on single cells. Surface immunoglobulins were detected by 125I-labelled (Fab')2-fragments of monospecific anti-heavy-chain-antibodies. In two patients only mu- and delta-determinants were found on the isoenzyme-positive hairy cells; in one patient 86% and in the other 44% of these cells carried both heavy chains on the same cell. Another patient showed both gamma- and delta-chains on the isoenzyme-positive cells and the fourth patient gamma-chains only. When the hairy cells of one patient were cultured in vitro in human serum-free medium for 14 days, mu- and delta-determinants were found just as on freshly isolated cells suggesting that hairy cells synthesize immunoglobulins. By indirect immunofluorescence the surface-Ig on hairy cells was shown to be capped very rapidly at room temperature. The concentrated surface-Ig was found over that cytoplasmic area where most of the ingested latex particles were located. In addition, using 125I-labelled aggregated human IgG (M.W. 5-15 X 10(6)), Fc-receptors were found on virtually all of the isoenzyme-containing hairy cells in all four patients. Furthermore, a distinct, low-degree stimulation of the isoenzyme-positive hairy cells could be demonstrated when the cells were cultured in the presence of pokeweed mitogen or Lima-bean lectin (B- and T-cell-mitogens), whereas no stimulation was observed by phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A (T-cell-mitogens). In three patients studied, isoenzyme-positive hairy cells were negative with regard to rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Binding Sites, Antibody; Humans; Immune Adherence Reaction; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphocyte Activation; Monocytes; Phagocytosis; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Studies of peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells from three patients with hairy-cell leukemia were performed. Two of the three patients had well-organized cytoplasmic, ribosome-lamellar inclusions in their leukemic cells. Blast transformation and 3H-thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes seemed to fall within normal ranges when the findings were related to the absolute numbers of lymphocytes. The enzymatic markers demonstrated in hairy cells-strong acid phosphatase activity in endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, marked alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase reaction, and weak beta-glucuronidase activity-as well as their phagocytosis of latex particles, indicate a common origin with monocytes or histiocytes. No decisive results were obtained by immunofluorescence. Evaluation of the significance of the formation by hairy cells of mouse erythrocyte rosettes, as well as the presence of the typical hair-like projections, may require additional knowledge concerning the membrane of these cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Concanavalin A; Esterases; Female; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis

A fresh spleen sample obtained from a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis was homogenized and subjected to centrifugation on a sucrose density gradient. A major portion of acid phosphatase band 5 was observed in the lysosome, confirming that the elevated phosphatase activity in the neoplastic spleen is a lysosomal enzyme. However, a significant amount of brand 5 was also observed in the microsome. The microsomal and lysosomal enzymes have different affinity to CM-cellulose. The relationship between lysosomal and microsomal enzymes has not been established.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Spleen; Splenectomy

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Splenectomy

Prostatic acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase values in bone marrow were correlated with skeletal surveys and diagnoses during a six-month study. In cases of biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate, bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase was the most consistently abnormal value. Diagnoses other than prostatic cancer involving the bone marrow, e.g., myeloma and leukemias, were associated with elevated prostatic acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase values. In cases in which the bone marrow was not involved by metastasis, these values were normal. Bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase assay was found to be a very good tool for detecting early osseous metastases from any site, including prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in bone marrow and in cubital vein serum were compared. For patients without cancer, marrow serum LDH attained levels four times as high, and GOT and alkaline phosphatase, levels twice as high as those normal for cubital vein serum; levels of acid phosphatase were the same for both sources. For patients with cancer, significant increase of enzyme levels over reference levels depends on the tumor origin and on the presence and localization of metastases. Marrow enzyme levels may become elevated with or without concurrent elevation in cubital vein serum. Concurrent elevations were found with colonic carcinoma and lymphoid leukemia, and noncurrent elevations, with prostatic cancer, myeloid leukemia, and myeloma. A nonconcurrent elevation of marrow enzymes indicates that the origin of the enzyme is in the marrow, whereas with concurrent elevation, the source of the enzyme may be another organ.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bone Marrow; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Liver Neoplasms; Muramidase; Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Blood Cells; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Middle Aged

Using 125I-labelled aggregated IgG in a quantitative assay a strong expression of Fc-receptors was found on the leukemic cells of a patient with hairy cell leukemia. The Fc-receptor activity on these cells was much higher than that on monocytes and B-lymphocytes from normal blood. Surface immunoglobulins were detected by radioautography using radioactively labelled (Fab')2-fragments of monospecific antibodies directed against immunoglobulin heavy chains. Prior to radioautography the cells were stained for the tartrate resistant acid phosphatase. It was found that all cells containing this enzyme bore sigma-chains on their surface. On more than 90% of these cells a simultaneous expression of mu-chains was detected. gamma-Chains could only be demonstrated on cells which were negative for the tartrate resistant acid phosphatase; part of these cells, however, were hairy cells by morphological criteria.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Autoradiography; B-Lymphocytes; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; Immunoglobulin G; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Receptors, Drug; Surface Properties

In seven patients the diagnosis of hair cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis) was confirmed cytochemically and histologically. Splenectomy, in six patients, apparently favourably influenced the course. Isoenzyme 5 of the acid phosphatase was demonstrated in the hairy cells of all patients. Reaction of alpha-naphthylacetate esterase was moderately positive in the hairy cells. Phagocytosis of latex and India-ink particles was demonstrated especially in tartrate-resistant cells of one patient. In two patients eight permanently growing cell lines were demonstrated from leucocytes and defined cytochemically. Capacity for phagocytosis of hairy cells and positive reaction of alpha-naphthylacetate esterase in the hairy cells suggest properties of monocytes. But it is not possible definitively to classify the hairy cells among B-cells or monocytes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Cell Line; Esterases; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Phagocytosis; Splenectomy

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Child; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Microscopy, Electron; T-Lymphocytes

From 63 children with acute leukaemia the bone-marrow smears were cytochemically examined before the beginning of therapy. The activity of peroxydase was examined according to Sato and Sekya, that of acid phosphatase according to Löffler and Berghoff, that of alpha-naphthyl-acetate-esterase according to Gomori; the evidence of glycogen was examined by means of the PAS-diastase response according to McManus. Among the 63 cases of leukaemia we found 6 cases of paramyeloblastic leukaemia, 2 cases of parapromyelocytic leukaemia, and 3 cases of myelomonocytic leukaemia. 52 cases of leukaemia could not be further differentiated in morphological respect. They represented an immature paraleukoblastic leukaemia. A division according to leading cytochemical criteria was made for them. The therapeutic possibility of influencing the various groups was checked by means of prolonged observations. Children affected with paraleukoblastic leukaemia of the phosphatase type had a significantly low rate of remission similar to the myeloid leukaemia. Paraleukoblastic leukaemia of the PAS type, esterase type and the undifferentiated type revealed no essential differences. The rate of remission, however, was highest in leukaemia of the PAS type amounting to 100%. In one part of patients the prolonged cytochemical observations in 8 children with recidives showed that the cytochemical type under chemotherapy was changed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Child; Esterases; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Peroxidases; Remission, Spontaneous

In exsudate cells separated from serous body cavities of 29 tumour patients and 30 patients with inflammatory and congestive effusion in cardiac failure or liver cirrhosis respectively the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase were determined. In addition to sudanophilia the cell content of glycogen and that of ribonucleinic acid were evaluated. By means of cytochemical findings it could be found that an increase of unspecific esterase, acid phosphatase and ribonucleic acid in atypical cells points to a malignous ethiology of the exudate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Ascitic Fluid; Esterases; Exudates and Transudates; Glycogen; Heart Failure; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Liver Cirrhosis; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Neoplasms; Peritonitis; Pleural Effusion; Pleurisy; RNA

A 76 year old man with mycosis fungoides developed an immunoblastic sarcoma and a leukemic blood picture in the final tumor stage after 6 years, in which the disease had clinically progressed in a typical manner. The results of histological and cytochemical studies of autopsy material are presented. Based on these findings and evidence of the T cell nature of mycosis fungoides, the immunoblastic sarcoma observed in the terminal stage of this case of mycosis fungoides might be of the rare T cell type.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Esterases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Mycosis Fungoides; Skin Neoplasms; Syndrome; T-Lymphocytes

On account of 2 own observations, main clinical and diagnostic features of Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) will be discussed. HCL is a rare, unusual type of chronic leukemia and is predominantly particular of middle-aged men. The occurrence of middle-sized lymphoid cells having a hairy cytoplasmic edge, and a tartrate-resistant acid PHOsphatase isoenzyme are the characteristic criteria of the HCL. The diffuse infiltration by hairy cells affecting primarily the spleen and bone marrow results in anaemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly. Differential diagnosis have to be made in relation to other lymphatic leukemias, leukemic malignant lymphomas and monoclonal gammopathies as well as lymphotropic viral infections. Immunologic behaviour of hairy cells is like that of B-lymphocytes. Therefore, the term "leukemic reticuloendotheliosis" should no longer be applied.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Age Factors; Agranulocytosis; Anemia; B-Lymphocytes; Bone Marrow; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Spleen; Splenomegaly; Thrombocytopenia

Blast cells of 4 patients with acid phosphatase positive acute leukemia were investigated for T and B lymphocyte markers. Nearly all blast cells showed a typical T cell marker, namely spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red blood cells. No surface immunoglobulin was demonstrable on these cells. 3 of these 4 patients showed an enlargement of the upper mediastinum most probably due to the thymus. The conclusion is drawn that the acid phosphatase positive acute leukemia is a T cell leukemia. Some clinical data about these 4 patients are given.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; B-Lymphocytes; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Surface Properties; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Middle Aged; Reticulocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Child; Child, Preschool; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Mitochondria; Neutrophils; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Morphological and immunological studies of four cases of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis are reported. The findings indicate that leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis is a monoclonal B cell neoplasm in which the leukaemic cell expresses either Kappa or lambda light chain and delta heavy chain determinants. The similarity between this disease and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cells, Cultured; Chromatin; Cytoplasm; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Epitopes; Erythrocytes; Humans; Inclusion Bodies; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphocyte Activation; Microscopy, Electron; Monocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Electron Transport Complex IV; Erythrocytes; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia; Neutrophils; Periodic Acid; Precancerous Conditions; Schiff Bases; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Esterases; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Cell Count; Chlorambucil; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hypergammaglobulinemia; Immunoglobulin D; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin M; Immunoglobulins; Lectins; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphocytes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Prothrombin Time; Splenomegaly; Technetium; Uric Acid

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies, Neoplasm; Antigens, Neoplasm; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Cell Line; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Lysosomes; Male; Melanoma; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Osteosarcoma; Rats; Sarcoma; Sex Factors; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Autopsy; Bone Marrow Examination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Histiocytes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Liver; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Mitosis; Monocytes; Spleen; Splenectomy; Splenomegaly

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Anemia, Aplastic; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow; Cyclophosphamide; Cytoplasm; Female; Hepatomegaly; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Prednisone; Reticulin; Ribosomes; Spleen; Splenectomy; Splenomegaly

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Asparaginase; Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow Examination; Daunorubicin; Drug Combinations; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Male; Megakaryocytes; Methotrexate; Peroxidases; Prednisolone; Spleen; Staining and Labeling; Thrombocytopenia; Vincristine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Esterases; Exudates and Transudates; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase; Skin Window Technique

Topics: Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cell Differentiation; Chlorine; Chronic Disease; Cytodiagnosis; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Methods; Naphthols

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Endonucleases; Eosinophils; Esterases; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Oxidoreductases; Peroxidases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Ribonucleases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Child; Cytoplasmic Granules; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Microscopy, Electron; Monocytes; Neutrophils; Peroxidases; RNA, Neoplasm

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Child; Child, Preschool; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma

Topics: Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Alkaline Phosphatase; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Naphthols; Peroxidases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Esterases; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Lipids; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Methods; Neoplasms; Peroxidases; Polysaccharides; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Sex Chromatin; Skin Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling; Uterine Neoplasms

The pathognomonic "hairy cell" of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis was studied for ultrastructural localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. The enzyme activity could not be demonstrated by Gomori's method, but it was readily demonstrated in the cytoplasmic vesicles and Golgi saccules of the hairy cell by substitution of naphthol AS-BI phosphoric acid for Na-beta-glycerophosphate of Gomori's medium. This apparent substrate specificity may be used as a marker for electron microscopic identification of the hairy cell, and may facilitate the study of histogenesis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cytoplasm; Glycerophosphates; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Methods; Naphthols; Phosphoric Acids; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Diphosphate; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Anemia, Sideroblastic; Animals; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Blood Platelets; Blood Proteins; Cell Nucleolus; Cell Nucleus; Cell Survival; Cytoplasm; Electrophoresis; Fibrinogen; Humans; Immune Sera; Leukemia; Megakaryocytes; Neuraminic Acids; Platelet Adhesiveness; Rabbits

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lectins; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Peroxidases; Sarcoma

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Bone Marrow Examination; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Reticulocytes; Splenectomy; Splenic Neoplasms; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Cells; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Tartrates

A cytochemical study of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase in 60 cases of acute leukaemia has shown a qualitative difference in the cytoplasmic distribution of the enzyme between blast cells of the lymphoid and myeloid cell series. This difference provides a useful additional method for cytochemical classification of cell type and is superior in this respect to the other lysosomal enzymes studied (aryl sulphatase and acid phosphatase). The beta-glucuronidase reaction is recommended in those cases of acute leukaemia in which the periodic acid-Schiff reaction is negative or equivocal.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Cells; Child; Child, Preschool; Cytoplasm; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lysosomes; Middle Aged; Staining and Labeling; Sulfatases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Chronic Disease; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Esterases; Hepatitis A; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infectious Mononucleosis; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphatic System; Lymphocytes; Methods; Monocytes; Naphthols; Peroxidases; Reticulocytes; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Adult; Cell Differentiation; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Naphthaleneacetic Acids; Osteosclerosis; Primary Myelofibrosis; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Asparaginase; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Carcinoma; Depression, Chemical; Esterases; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid; Lymphatic Diseases; Multiple Myeloma; Peroxidases; Stimulation, Chemical

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lectins; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Middle Aged; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Peroxidases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Electrophoresis, Disc; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukocytes; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphocytes; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Tartrates

Topics: Acetylesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Neutrophils

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Platelets; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Electrophoresis, Disc; Fluorides; Gaucher Disease; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphocytes; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Molecular Weight; Monocytes; Nitrophenols; Polycythemia Vera; Staining and Labeling; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Periodic Acid; Peroxidases; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cytoplasmic Granules; Esterases; Glucosyltransferases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Periodic Acid; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Culture Techniques; Esterases; Glycogen; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lectins; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Examination; Diagnosis, Differential; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Peroxidases

Topics: Acetylesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Esterases; Humans; Leukemia; Lymph Nodes; Plasmacytoma

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Colorimetry; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Intestinal Neoplasms; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia; Liver Neoplasms; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Melanoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tongue Neoplasms; Urogenital Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Examination; Diagnosis, Differential; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Methotrexate; Periodic Acid; Peroxidases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anemia, Macrocytic; Bone Marrow Examination; DNA; Erythrocytes; Erythropoiesis; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Periodic Acid; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Esterases; Humans; Leukemia; Lipids; Peroxidases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Marrow; Connective Tissue; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enzymes; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Malate Dehydrogenase; Mast-Cell Sarcoma; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Age Factors; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Avitaminosis; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Chronic Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Esophageal Neoplasms; Estrus; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Infections; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Liver Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Neutrophils; Pregnancy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiation Injuries; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Acetylesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cell Differentiation; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Middle Aged; Peroxidases; Staining and Labeling; Steroids

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Cells; Child; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythropoiesis; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukocyte Count; Pathology; Polycythemia Vera

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anemia; Antineoplastic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Purpura

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Cells; Hematopoietic System; Humans; Leukemia; Mice

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminosalicylic Acids; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Staining and Labeling; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Blood Platelet Disorders; Blood Platelets; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Liver Cirrhosis; Plasma; Platelet Count; Potassium; Primary Myelofibrosis; Thrombocythemia, Essential

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Monocytes; Research; Tissue Culture Techniques

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Cathepsins; Chickens; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Deoxyribonucleases; DNA; Genetics; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia; Leukemia, Experimental; Lipase; Neoplasms; Poultry; Research

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Cells; Coloring Agents; Cytoplasmic Granules; Humans; Leukemia; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Bone Marrow Cells; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Electrons; Eosinophilia; Histocytochemistry; Hypereosinophilic Syndrome; Leukemia; Metabolism; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Pathology; Phosphorylase Kinase; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Anemia; Anemia, Aplastic; Azo Compounds; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow Cells; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Mycosis Fungoides; Neoplasms; Polycythemia Vera; Sarcoma

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cell Differentiation; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Monocytes; Research

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Hematologic Diseases; Leukemia; Leukocyte Disorders; Leukocytes; Leukocytosis; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases