acid-phosphatase and Hyperglycemia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Animals; Citric Acid Cycle; Diabetes Mellitus; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Infant, Newborn; Insulin; Islets of Langerhans; Lysosomes; Mice; Obesity; Pentosephosphates; Pregnancy; Transaminases

High maternal blood glucose levels caused by diabetes mellitus can irreversibly lead to maldevelopment of the growing fetus with specific effects on the skeleton. To date, it remains controversial at which stage embryonic development is affected. Specifically during embryonic bone development, it is unclear whether diminished bone mineral density is caused by reduced osteoblast or rather enhanced osteoclast function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the growth as well as the skeletal differentiation capability of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which may serve as an in vitro model for all stages of embryonic development, when cultured in diabetic levels of D-glucose (4.5 g/L) versus physiological levels (1.0 g/L). Results showed that cells cultivated in physiological glucose gave rise to a higher number of colonies with an undifferentiated character as compared to cells grown in diabetic glucose concentrations. In contrast, these cultures were characterized by slightly decreased expression of proteins associated with the stem cell state. Furthermore, differentiation of ESCs into osteoblasts and osteoclasts was favored in physiological glucose concentrations, demonstrated by an increased matrix calcification, enhanced expression of cell-type-specific mRNAs, as well as activity of the cell-type-specific enzymes, alkaline, and tartrate resistant acidic phosphatase. In fact, this pattern was noted in murine as well as in primate ESCs. Our study suggests that an interplay between both the osteoblast and the osteoclast lineage is needed for proper skeletal development to occur, which seems impaired in hyperglycemic conditions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens, Differentiation; Calcium; Cathepsin K; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Embryonic Stem Cells; Glucose; Hyperglycemia; Isoenzymes; Lewis X Antigen; Macaca mulatta; Mice; Octamer Transcription Factor-3; Osteoblasts; Osteocalcin; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Osteonectin; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Male hypogonadism is frequently associated with testopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and in middle-aged males. We hypothesized that abnormal matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in testis have large roles to play in male hypogonadism. It has been found in diabetic rats that a novel compound, strontium fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP-Sr), with extra high energy supply, could reverse male hypogonadism by normalizing MMP-9 and TIMPs in the testis. We investigated whether FDP-Sr could be promising in treating diabetic testopathy.. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a single dose of streptozocin (65 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce diabetes. The diabetic rats were treated with FDP-Sr in three doses or testosterone propionate in the final four weeks during the eight-week study.. Serum testosterone, activity of marker enzymes, and mRNA of MMPs and TIMPs and protein of MMP-9 in the testis were detected. After eight weeks, the activity of acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and g-glutamyl transpeptidase in testis were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), accompanied by down-regulated mRNA and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (P < 0.01) and upregulated mRNA of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Downregulated MMP-9 protein and degenerative changes in histology were predominant in diabetic testis.. FDP-Sr or testosterone propionate significantly normalized expression and activity of the MMPs-TIMPs system to attenuate changes in serum testosterone, marker enzymes and histology in testis. Effects of FDP-Sr were dose-dependent and comparable with those of testosterone propionate. By supplying extra energy, FDP-Sr could be promising in treating diabetic testopathy by normalizing abnormal MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitors in testes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fructosediphosphates; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Gene Expression; Hyperglycemia; Hypogonadism; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Streptozocin; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Testis; Testosterone; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of early total parenteral nutrition on acute sodium-taurocholate-induced pancreatitis in rats. Total parenteral nutrition did not change the survival rate, serum amylase, calcium or liver transaminase level on the degree of pancreatic damage, but reduced serum acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Hyperglycemia occurred during the use of total parenteral nutrition. Total parenteral nutrition is not harmful in the course of acute experimental pancreatitis, and could be used with few side effects.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Amylases; Animals; Calcium; Disease Models, Animal; Hyperglycemia; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Male; Pancreatitis; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transaminases

The Siddha drug--Vatharasavangam (VRV) was studied in rabbits for its hypoglycemic activity. The insulin level in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic animals increased significantly after treatment with VRV. The insulin release from the isolated islets to glucose stimulus and acid phosphatase activity in islets as an index to islet function were measured. The insulin released from the islets in hyperglycemic rabbits decreased from 70 microU/ml (control) to 32 microU/ml to low glucose stimulus. VRV-treated rabbits showed a significant increase in the insulin released from the islet cells (65 microU/ml) to the low glucose stimulus. Similarly, a significant increase of insulin secretion was observed for high glucose stimulus after 30 min in VRV treated rabbits (100 microU/ml), when compared to hyperglycemic rabbits (70 microU/ml). The islet cell acid phosphatase activity in the hyperglycemic rabbits increased significantly after VRV treatment. These findings suggest that VRV acts by stimulating beta-cells to secrete insulin to the glucose signal and improves blood glucose homeostasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Hyperglycemia; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Male; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Plants, Medicinal; Rabbits

Lysosomal enzyme activities in pancreatic islets of obese hyperglycemic ob/ob mice aged 3 to 6 months were investigated and compared with those of normal lean NMRI mice of the same age. It was observed that the glycogenolytic glucose-producing hydrolase acid amyloglucosidase displayed a fivefold higher activity in the islets of obese mice than in the islets of normal NMRI mice. However, other islet lysosomal enzyme activities measured, such as N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase, were of the same magnitude in both obese and lean mice. A starvation period of 24 hours induced a significant depression of islet acid amyloglucosidase activity in obese as well as lean mice, whereas the activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase were unaffected. Further, the activities of other types of islet lysosomal enzymes, such as acid phosphatase and cathepsin D, were also measured in obese mice. These activities were not found to be affected by the actual fasting period. A good correlation (r = 0.815; P less than 0.01) was observed between islet acid amyloglucosidase activity and plasma insulin concentrations in obese mice, whereas no such relationship was apparent with regard to other islet lysosomal enzyme activities recorded. Acid amyloglucosidase activity in liver tissue of the obese mouse was about 30 times lower than that of islet tissue. Further, the activity of liver amyloglucosidase was of the same order of magnitude in obese and lean mice. Similarly, other lysosomal enzyme activities in the liver of obese and lean mice were not strikingly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Glucose; Carbachol; Cathepsin D; Fasting; Female; Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase; Glucose; Glucuronidase; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Islets of Langerhans; Liver; Lysosomes; Mice; Mice, Obese; Obesity

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Colon; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Hyperglycemia; Hyperlipidemias; Intestine, Small; Male; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Pyrophosphatases; Rabbits

Peculiar cytoplasmic inclusions with crystalline pattern are described in the obese hyperglycaemic mouse pancreas acinar cells. They are generally associated with filamentous structures. However, crystalline and filamentous inclusions have also been observed in isolated forms. These inclusions are not digested by pronase. Since they have also been encountered in normal mice, it seems that the hyperglycaemic syndrome does not play a role in inducing their formation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Crystallization; Female; Hyperglycemia; Inclusion Bodies; Male; Mice; Mice, Obese; Pancreas

The enzymes from the venom of Heterometrus scaber, the indole compounds present and the toxic protein of the venom have been studied. The venom contains acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, acetylcholine esterase and phospholipase. A. The indole compounds present in the venom have been identified as 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan, serotonin and tryptamine, along with two unidentified indole compounds. The venom produces hyperglycaemia in sublethal doses and this has been found to be due to increased adrenaline secretion. The toxic protein of the venom has been obtained in a pure form by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, followed by fractional precipitation with acetone and chromatography over DEAE-Sephadex. The toxic fraction has been found to be homogeneous on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is a glycoprotein (molecular weight 15 000) containing 1.74% glucosamine, 0.87% galactosamine, 0.313% sialic acid, 3.25% fucose and 0.45% of an unidentified neutral sugar. It did not show any enzyme activities, haemolytic activity or inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase activity but it produced hyperglycaemia in sublethal doses. The toxic level (intravenous administration in rats) was found to be 0.72 mg/kg body weight.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biological Assay; Carbohydrates; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Hyperglycemia; Indoles; Nucleotidases; Phospholipases; Rabbits; Rats; Ribonucleases; Scorpions; Venoms

Light and electron microscopic studies of morphologic changes in the rat proximal convoluted tubule after intraperitoneal injection of sodium fluoroacetate (FAc), 60, 20 and 3.5 mg/kg body weight, have been made. Particular attention was directed toward appreciating different changes in the first (S(1)) and second (S(2)) segments of the proximal tubule. The earliest change was loss of mitochondrial granules and pallor of the mitochondrial matrix, not necessarily associated with matrix swelling. Matrix swelling was greatest at 3 hours after 3.5 mg/kg and was reversible. However, the mitochondria retained their elongate shape and cristae persisted. At 48 hours, some mitochondria appeared normal; in others, abnormal matrix densities of unknown nature were present. Mitochondrial changes were similar in S(1) and S(2) at all times. Enlarged apical vacuoles, most pronounced in S(1), occurred in all rats after 20 mg/kg. The change was uncommon after 3.5 mg/kg. The hypothesis proposed is that vacuoles arise during an FAc-induced hyperglycemic phase, when pinocytotic activity is maintained but the normal pathway of glucose catabolism is inhibited. Moderate dilatation of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum occurred during the first 2-hour period in S(1) and S(2) tubules after high and low doses, but between 6 and 24 hours, dilatation was extensive in S(1) tubules after 3.5 mg/kg. This change was reversible. Two types of abnormal vacuolar bodies, large and small, have been described, and were unique to S(1) tubules. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in a proportion of the small ones, indiciating that they were a type of lysosome. The larger ones shared features in common with cytosomes of control cells, but acid phosphatase activity was not demonstrated in them and their origins and functions remain obscure. The biochemical lesions induced by fluoroacetate have been discussed and a tentative interpretation of some of the morphologic changes has ben made.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Citric Acid Cycle; Cytosol; Depression, Chemical; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Fluoroacetates; Golgi Apparatus; Histocytochemistry; Hydro-Lyases; Hyperglycemia; Kidney Tubules; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Phosphofructokinase-1; Rats

beta-Granules were prepared from micro-dissected pancreatic islets of obese-hyperglycaemic mice. This fraction contained 60% of the insulin, 30% of the cytochrome oxidase, 16% of the acid phosphatase activity and 20% of the protein present in whole islets. The isolated granules retained a heavy metal during fractionation. Optimum conditions for granule stability were low ionic strength and pH6, the granules being unexpectedly fragile at pH7.4. The stability of the granules was unaffected by sucrose in the concentration range 50-320mm, but 1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate released all insulin. A solubilizing effect was also noted with ATP and citrate. Spinning through 1.6m-sucrose yielded a further purification in relation to mitochondria and acid-phosphatase-carrying particles but virtually no purification in relation to protein. Electron microscopy revealed that the major contaminants were rough-surfaced vesicles and membranes. A separation of granules from acid phosphatase was achieved by phase distribution in polyethylene glycol and dextran. The location of the enzyme to the interphase was so pronounced in systems buffered with lithium phosphate that the technique may be used for future purification of acid-phosphatase-carrying particles from the beta-cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Centrifugation; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Cytoplasmic Granules; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hyperglycemia; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Methods; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Obesity; Solutions

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenine Nucleotides; Animals; Electrophoresis; Epididymis; Golgi Apparatus; Hyperglycemia; In Vitro Techniques; Islets of Langerhans; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Nucleotides; Obesity; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Pleural Diseases; Pyrophosphatases; Thiamine Pyrophosphate

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diet; Histocytochemistry; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Islands; Islets of Langerhans; Mice; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Physiology; Research