acid-phosphatase and Granuloma

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) plays a central role in the recruitment and activation of mononuclear cells in mycobacterial infection. In the absence of type 1 TNF receptor, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection of mice is not contained, leading to fatal disease. Because type 1 TNF receptor binds both TNF and lymphotoxin-a, we used TNF-deficient mice to determine the specific role of TNF in the host resistance to BCG infection. The bacterial burden of the lungs of TNF-deficient mice was substantially increased and the mice succumbed to pneumonia between 8 and 12 weeks with a defective granuloma response. Atypical granulomas developed by 4 weeks expressing low levels of MHC class II, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), CD11b and CD11c. Macrophages showed little signs of activation and had low levels of acid phosphatase activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) expression. Despite the defective cellular recruitment, the chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1alpha), were increased in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid of TNF-deficient mice. The defective host response was corrected by the transplantation of normal bone marrow cells into irradiated TNF-deficient mice. These results demonstrate that TNF derived from hemopoietic cells rather than from mesenchymal origin are essential for a normal host response to BCG infection. Furthermore, TNF dependent expression of adhesion molecules may be essential for the recruitment of mononuclear cells for the formation of bactericidal BCG granulomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens, CD; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Granuloma; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Immunity, Innate; Integrin alphaXbeta2; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Lung; Macrophage-1 Antigen; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mycobacterium bovis; Pneumonia; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; Tuberculosis; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

In previous studies we have found lung granulomas in pigs on long-term soybean-based total parenteral nutrition (TPN). In the present study we have investigated activities and membrane lipids of cells known to participate in a granulomatous process. Pigs were given TPN with soybean emulsion for 7 weeks, controls were given saline intravenously and consumed a similar caloric load in a standard oral diet. Spontaneous nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction increased 204% in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from TPN animals compared to controls (p < 0.05), and 161% (p = 0.05) in alveolar macrophages. The spontaneous lymphocyte mitogen response (LMR) rate in MNC increased 299% (p < 0.05). Endotoxin-stimulated procoagulant activity in MNC tended to increase in TPN animals. Acid phosphatase and lysozyme production in alveolar macrophages were not significantly changed. The serum neopterin level at the end of the observation was 7.0 nmol l-1 in TPN animals compared to 3.9 nmol l-1 in controls (p < 0.01), while interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor were not detectable. These findings indicated in vivo activation of peripheral blood monocytes, lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages in pigs on TPN. The membrane lipid contents of linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) increased, while arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) tended to decrease both in MNC and lung tissue. Thus, linoleic acid conversion did not lead to accumulation of arachidonate in the cell membranes. Direct effects on monocytes, lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages of TPN particles, and altered cell membrane function, due to linoleic acid enrichment, are tentative explanations for the raised cell responses. Such cell activation may have contributed to the formation of granulomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biopterins; Blood Coagulation Factors; Cytokines; Endotoxins; Fatty Acids; Glycine max; Granuloma; Lung; Lymphocyte Activation; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages, Alveolar; Membrane Lipids; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neopterin; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; Parenteral Nutrition; Phospholipids; Swine

A detailed investigation on the anti-inflammatory activity of the butanol fraction of a methanol extract (BMEL) of the defatted leaves of Paederia foetida was undertaken to find the pharmacological basis for the ethnomedical use of the plant. This fraction produced a significant inhibition of granulation tissue formation in cotton-pellet implanted rats. It decreased liver aspartate transaminase activity without affecting serum aspartate transaminase activity. It did not, however, affect adrenal weight and ascorbic acid content significantly, thus ruling out a stimulation of the adrenal-pituitary axis. BMEL antagonised hyposaline-induced haemolysis of human red blood cells and an elevation of rat serum acid phosphatase activity, indicating the presence of a membrane stabilising activity. It also inhibited the elevation of serum orosomucoid levels in rats, suggesting the possibility of the presence of disease-modifying antirheumatic activity. The results indicate that there is some rationale behind the ethnomedical use of the plant for treating inflammatory disorders.

Topics: 1-Butanol; Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Proteins; Butanols; Chemical Fractionation; Disease Models, Animal; Erythrocyte Membrane; Female; Granuloma; Hemolysis; Humans; Liver; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Methanol; Organ Size; Orosomucoid; Plant Extracts; Rats; Spleen

The cellular composition of suppurative granulomas was investigated by the application of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to paraffin sections and compared with nonsuppurative, hypersensitivity-type granulomas. Macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells showed a similar distribution in both types of granulomas. In addition to the presence of granulocytes, a major difference between suppurative granulomas and hypersensitive-type granulomas concerned their relationship with B lymphocytes. Hypersensitive-type granulomas were surrounded by small mantle B cells, but they did not contain any B lymphocytes. In contrast, variable numbers of B cells were found either at the periphery or in the center of suppurative granulomas. In view of their morphology (medium size, pale cytoplasm, irregular nuclear shape) and phenotype (L26 +/LN1 -/MB2 +/MT2 +) these B lymphocytes closely resembled monocytoid B cells. The monocytoid B cells might have a role in the recruitment of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and in the development of the necrosis, which occur within suppurative granulomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antibodies, Monoclonal; B-Lymphocytes; Biopsy; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Dendritic Cells; Elastin; Granuloma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lymph Nodes; Lymphadenitis; Macrophages; T-Lymphocytes

An eosinophilic granuloma has been investigated by means of histochemical proofs for enzymes and tissue elements and common staining methods. The best method was be found the proof for the enzyme phenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1). In this way it is possible to determine eosinophils rapidly and surely and to receive an overview on the frequency and distribution of these cells. The histiocytic-like cells was identified electron microscopical as Langerhans' cells. This cells are in narrow contact to many eosinophilic granulocytes. Their granula have manifold changes in their structure. The granula are possibly able to produce new structures of the cell. The eosinophilic granuloma correspond to a cell mediating immunological defence reaction approximate to the type of a delayed hypersensitivity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Eosinophils; Esterases; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Langerhans Cells; Microscopy, Electron; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Skin Diseases

Granulomatous prostatitis may result from tuberculosis and fungal infection and has been described following prostatic surgery. In most cases, however, the aetiology is unknown, although it may be due to a reaction to extravasated or altered prostatic secretions. We have investigated cells (macrophages, lymphocytes), serum proteins (fibrinogen, alpha 1-antitrypsin) and prostatic epithelial products (prostatic-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase) in diffuse granulomatous prostatitis (3 cases), focal periacinar prostatic granulomas (9) and focal prostatic infarcts (5), using an immunohistological technique. T-lymphocytes and macrophages are present in diffuse and focal granulomatous prostatitis, but few B-lymphocytes occur. Fibrinogen-related antigen is absent from granulomas, but a small amount is present within infarcts, whereas plentiful alpha 1-antitrypsin was detected both in granulomas and infarcts. Significant reduction in prostatic-specific antigen and acid phosphatase reactivity occurs in granulomatous prostatitis. This suggests that cytokines derived from activated macrophages and T-lymphocytes may be exerting a cell regulatory effect and altering cell secretions, as well as causing destruction of the prostatic epithelium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Antigens, Neoplasm; Fibrinogen; Giant Cells; Granuloma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatitis

We have previously demonstrated the effects of various inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism on experimental lens-induced granulomatous uveitis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of these same inhibitors on the expression of lysosomal enzymes at different stages of choroidal inflammation in experimental lens-induced granulomatous uveitis and compared this to the inflammation observed at each stage examined. Lysosomal enzymes such as acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and succinate dehydrogenase are known to be liberated during the maturation of mononuclear phagocytes to epithelioid cell granulomas. Although animals treated with nordihydroguaiaretic acid showed less severe inflammation than did indomethacin-treated or control animals, none of these agents appeared to affect the expression of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase, as determined histochemically. Succinate dehydrogenase could not be detected in any of the eyes examined, even though sections of liver and kidney from these same animals were positive for this enzyme.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Crystallins; Disease Models, Animal; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Indomethacin; Masoprocol; Rats; Rats, Inbred BN; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Uveitis, Posterior

The purpose of this study was to quantitate biochemically and to localize histochemically the proteases cathepsin B (Cath B), dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP I), and dipeptidyl peptidase II (DPP II) in experimental pulmonary granulomatosis and fibrosis. These were compared to the prototypical lysosomal hydrolase acid phosphatase (AP). Granulomatosis was induced by the intravenous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 0.2 ml) and fibrosis was induced by the intratracheal instillation of bleomycin sulfate (1 unit) in rats (Wistar, 200 g). Total Cath B, DPP I, and AP activities were markedly elevated over control values five days following both treatments when expressed as activity per lung or as specific activity per milligram protein or milligram DNA. By 14 and 28 days, total activity was elevated for all three enzymes, and activity per milligram DNA remained elevated for Cath B following both treatments and for DPP I 28 days following CFA treatment. Total lung activity of DPP II was significantly elevated at 28 days for both treatments. Histochemical staining indicated that these changes are due, in part, to the influx of inflammatory monocytes and their maturation to macrophages. This study provides a basis for examining the role of these proteases in connective tissue matrix injury during inflammatory processes in the lungs.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Bleomycin; Cathepsin B; Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Inflammation; Lung Diseases; Male; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Rats; Time Factors

The anti-inflammatory activity of E. littorale and M. cerviana was assessed by carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton pellet granuloma method in rats. E. littorale and M. cerviana exerted 54 and 26% anti-inflammatory activity for a dose of 100 mg/100 g body wt, respectively, in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. In chronic inflammation of cotton pellet granuloma, E. littorale and M. cerviana exerted 30 and 46% anti-inflammatory activity at the above dosage, respectively. The optimal dose for these drugs was determined in carrageenan inflammation. The effect of the alcoholic extract of these drugs on human erythrocyte membrane stabilization and inhibition of cobra venom phospholipase A2 was studied in vitro and the drugs were found to be effective. Further, these drugs were found to inhibit the levels of lipid peroxides, acid phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the exudate of cotton pellet granuloma. The effects were compared with those of standard anti-inflammatory drug, hydrocortisone. A possible mode of action of these drugs is suggested.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Carrageenan; Erythrocyte Membrane; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Gossypium; Granuloma; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Lipid Peroxides; Male; Phospholipases A; Phospholipases A2; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), other proteinases, and eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF-G) are known to be elevated in hepatic hypersensitivity granulomas of thymus intact (nu/+) mice after Schistosoma mansoni infection. The enzyme activities also increase, but to a lesser degree in hepatic granulomas of athymic nude (nu/nu) mice, and ECF-G is not detectable. In this study isolated hepatic granulomas from nu/+ mice were grafted into the skin of uninfected nu/nu mice, and changes in those cellular functions were determined to examine whether the newly formed granulomas by recipient nu/nu cells acquire the functional activities as well as the histological appearance of nu/+ granulomas. ACE and ECF-G rapidly disappeared from grafted sites during the first 5 days, corresponding to loss of nu/+ cells from the graft. Reduction in activities of arylsulfatases, lysozyme, and acid phosphatase also occurred, but to a lesser extent. Recovery of ACE and ECF-G activities to the levels seen in nu/+ hepatic granulomas was observed by 14 days after grafting when nu/nu cells had accumulated in the grafts and formed new granulomas. Other enzymes increased to approximately half the levels seen in grafted donor granulomas. Circulating eosinophilia also increased. The findings indicate that nu/nu cells that accumulated in the skin grafts not only morphologically mimicked nu/+ type granulomas but also demonstrated nu/+ levels of cellular function. Analysis of skin granulomas developing in nu/+ mice after grafting of nu/+ hepatic granulomas showed the similar histology and enzymatic changes, whereas the skin sites inoculated with purified schistosome eggs alone caused neither significant histological changes nor elevation of ACE activity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Enzyme Induction; Eosinophils; Granuloma; Leukocyte Count; Lymphokines; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Thymus Gland

A series of human multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) of the endocytotic type were studied using enzyme histochemical methods for dehydrogenases, glycosidases, phosphatases, and peptidases. Several enzyme patterns were found. The subgroup of MGCs associated with inflammatory granulomatous processes (sarcoidosis, granulomatous myositis, familial granulomatosis, lymphogranuloma, granulomatous cholangitis) was characterized by high activities of nonspecific esterase (NE) and tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase (AcPase-Ts). There was no detectable activity of peptidases or tartrate-resistant isoenzyme of acid phosphatase (AcPase-Tr). This enzyme equipment was indistinguishable from that in mononuclear precursors in the granulomas. The other MGCs of the series displayed enzyme patterns substantially different from their monocytic precursors (blood monocytes and Langerhans cells). The subgroup of foreign body associated MGCs (resorption of fat, keratin, and suture material) was characterized by high activities of NE, AcPase-Tr, and greatly variable activities of both peptidases studied. The latter lacked predilection for certain subcellular regions. The subgroup of osteoclasts and so-called giant cell tumours (osteoclastoma, giant cell tumour of soft parts, giant cell epulis of peripheral, and central types) displayed very low activity of NE, high activity of AcPase-Tr, and strong activities of peptidases. The latter were localized near the surface membrane of the polykarya. MGCs in histiocytosis X (HX) differed from the previous group by higher values of NE in average. All MGC types had common denominator in the absence of alkaline phosphatase activity, on average intense dehydrogenase activities, mostly low beta-glucuronidase and highly variable alpha-mannosidase activities. The enzyme pattern heterogeneity is discussed with regard to the phenomenon of enzyme induction and depression occurring in course of polykaryon production. The variability of phenomenon may reflect reactive adaptation to varying functional demands imposed on MGCs under different conditions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Carcinoma; CD13 Antigens; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases; Endocytosis; Granuloma; Humans; Inflammation; Isoenzymes; Osteoclasts

In fresh water snails, amebocytes are the principal cells that react to parasitic infection. Ultrastructurally, amebocytes resemble mammalian macrophages. To clarify the relationship between amebocytes and macrophages, we compared the histochemical staining for seven enzymes in Biomphalaria glabrata snail amebocytes, both in the amebocyte-producing organ (APO) and in the encapsulation reaction formed around parasite sporocysts with the staining in macrophages from the lymph nodes of patients with sarcoid or tuberculosis. Snails were infected with Echinostoma paraensei and Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. APOs and ventricular tissue with encapsulated parasites were fixed and embedded in glycol methacrylate monomer. Hardened blocks were sectioned at 2 micron and stained for alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), ATPase, peroxidase, 5'nucleotidase, and chloroacetate esterase. The amebocyte-producing organ contained cells that were positive for acid phosphatase, ANAE, and ATPase. Amebocytes in the capsules formed around echinostome sporocysts showed stronger staining for the same three enzymes. Capsules did not form around schistosome sporocysts, but the connective tissue around them contained numerous amebocytes that were also positive for these three enzymes. The amebocyte enzyme histochemistry resembled that in human granuloma macrophages, but differed from that in neutrophils. The increased expression of enzymes in amebocytes involved in the encapsulation reaction as compared to those in the APO was reminiscent of the alterations observed when human monocytes convert to tissue macrophages. These studies support the hypothesis that the amebocyte is an "invertebrate macrophage."

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Amoeba; Animals; Biomphalaria; Cell Cycle; Echinostoma; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Isoenzymes; Macrophages; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Peroxidase; Peroxidases; Schistosoma mansoni

Pulmonary macrophages from BCG-induced granulomas were separated according to their densities into six fractions by the use of discontinuous gradients of Percoll. A comparative study of distribution profiles of lavaged rabbit alveolar cells obtained 16 or 28 days after vaccination revealed that 16 days after vaccination there were small numbers of low-density cells (fractions 1 and 2) and large numbers of high-density cells (fractions 4 and 5). In contrast, 28 days after vaccination there was a marked increase in the numbers of macrophages in fractions 1 and 2 and relatively small numbers of high-density cells in fractions 4 and 5. Macrophages of fractions 1 and 2 (densities of 1.030-1.050) were large and mature in appearance and expressed low levels of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. Although macrophages in fraction 1 commonly showed signs of degeneration, they were the most active in terms of reducing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). Macrophages of fractions 3 and 4 (densities of 1.050-1.068) were smaller, appeared intact and fully mature, showed no signs of degeneration, and expressed the highest levels of the above enzymes, although their ability to reduce NBT was less than that in cells from fractions 1 and 2. The cells of fractions 5 and 6 (densities of 1.068-1.074) were small, expressed low levels of the above enzymes, and their ability to reduce NBT was minimal. These results indicate that density may be a reliable correlate of the maturity of macrophages harvested from BCG-induced granulomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; BCG Vaccine; Cell Nucleus; Cell Separation; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Cytoplasm; Female; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Lung Diseases; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron; Neutrophils; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; Phagocytosis; Pinocytosis; Pulmonary Alveoli; Rabbits

Morphological and functional changes in lung macrophages from mice injected intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis BCG cell walls (CWs) were studied. In BCG CW high-responder mice (C57BL/6 [B6] strain), an increase in the size and the acid phosphatase activity of lung macrophages was observed. These lung macrophages showed greater microbicidal activity to M. bovis Ravenel and Listeria monocytogenes EGD, enhanced superoxide anion production index, and greater macrophage migration inhibition activity, as compared with lung macrophages from BCG CW low-responder mice (C3H/He strain), which were small in size and showed weak acid phosphatase activity, low antimicrobial activity, and low superoxide anion production index upon intravenous injection of the mice with BCG CW. These results indicated that lung macrophages from B6 mice injected with BCG CWs were morphologically and functionally activated, but not those from C3H mice.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; BCG Vaccine; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Granuloma; Listeria monocytogenes; Lung; Lung Diseases; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mycobacterium bovis; Superoxides

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; beta-Galactosidase; Esterases; Female; Foreign-Body Reaction; Galactosidases; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Male; Mice

The skin of a new hairless mutation in the rat termed "bald" was examined histologically and enzyme histochemically with animals from three weeks to 18 months of age. The loss of hair in homozygous (bald) rats proved to occur as follows: a club hair rising within the hair follicle in the first catagen phase was not anchored and fell out due to dilatation of the follicular lumen. In the skin of bald rats from two to three months of age on, two types of cyst developed, one from the infundibulum of the hair follicle and the other from a lower follicular portion left in the dermis. Each had histologic patterns different from each other. The wall of the former cyst contained various-sized keratohyaline granules in a large number, while the latter was keratinized without granules. In addition to cyst formation, foreign-body granulomas frequently appeared from three months of age on, originating from degenerated follicular portions in the dermis. In advanced cases after 12 months of age, the granulomatous lesions were sharply demarcated from the other tissue. Histochemically, acid phosphatase activity was observed in the skin of bald rats, in the wall of the dilated hair follicles and the cystic wall where progressive keratinization with age occurred. This enzymatic activity tended to heighten as keratinization proceeded.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cysts; Female; Granuloma; Hair; Histocytochemistry; Male; Mice; Rats; Rats, Mutant Strains; Rodent Diseases; Skin; Skin Diseases

The activities of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were investigated in several skin diseases. Biopsy specimens were taken from 49 patients with granulomatous lesions, including sarcoidosis, 16 patients with nongranulomatous lesions, and 13 normal individuals. The ACE level was measured fluorometrically and the lysosomal enzyme levels were measured by established techniques. It was found that ACE activity increased in all granulomatous skin lesions, but not in other inflammatory lesions. The enzyme activity showed an increase that paralleled the time course of the disease. In contrast, lysosomal enzymes increased in various types of skin lesions, suggesting that they reflect nonspecific inflammation. These findings indicate that the tissue ACE level may be a marker for granulomatous inflammation, but one that is not specific for sarcoidosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cathepsin D; Cathepsins; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Humans; Lysosomes; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Sarcoidosis; Skin Diseases

The present paper gives a review of enzyme polymorphism found in individual human blood cells with special reference to human blood monocytes. Evidence is presented indicating that not only different blood cells but also their descendants are characterized by certain constellation of isoenzymes. Considering the typical polymorphism of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and acid esterase (EC 3.1.1.6), we could show that a reliable biochemical marker for blood monocytes can be worked out, which is also detectable in peritoneal and alveolar macrophages as well as epithelioid cells. In different examples we could demonstrate that the isoenzyme patterns of blood monocytes can be modified into that of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages by different stimulation procedures in vitro. Studying the enzyme variants in blood monocytes and different tissue macrophages, additional criteria have been collected, which document the monocytic origin and homogeneity of the human mononuclear-phagocytic system.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Ascitic Fluid; Esterases; Female; Granuloma; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Isoenzymes; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Monocytes; Polymorphism, Genetic; Pulmonary Alveoli

Activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme and acid phosphatase were markedly elevated in the lesions of metal-induced hypersensitivity and foreign body types of granulomas. We biochemically studied these enzymes by means of gel filtration and electrophoresis and compared them with the same enzymes of normal dermis. Two forms of angiotensin-converting enzyme found in normal dermis were increased proportionally. Catalytic properties and heat stability of the enzyme in the lesions and normal dermis were the same. On the other hand, acid phosphatase in the lesions showed a different isozyme pattern from that seen in normal dermis. The enzyme from normal dermis had apparent molecular weight of 150000 and 90000, whereas an additional enzyme with a molecular weight of 230000 was detected in granulomatous lesions. Three isozymes were demonstrable in normal dermis but two additional isoenzymes appeared in granulomatous lesions: the isozyme patterns between the foreign body and hypersensitivity granulomas are different.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Drug Hypersensitivity; Granuloma; Humans; Kinetics; Molecular Weight; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Reference Values; Skin; Skin Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; BCG Vaccine; beta-Galactosidase; Cathepsin D; Cathepsins; Chemotactic Factors; Esterases; Granuloma; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Mitogens; Peptide Hydrolases; Rabbits

In rats daily treated with vitamin D3 (5 micrograms/g of body weight/d for 5 d), the subcutaneous charrageenan granuloma shows reduced cellularity, mesenchimal cells degenerative process, increased mechanical fragility of lysosomes, oedema and modified fibrillogenesis of stroma. These effects are related to vitamin D3 action on cytomembranes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carrageenan; Cholecalciferol; DNA; Female; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Liver; Lysosomes; Male; Proteins; Rats

The output of lysozyme into the venous and lymphatic drainage of a B.C.G. experimental granuloma has been studied. There is a massive output of lysozyme by both routes maximal in the lymph at 28 days, and in the serum at 35 days after induction of the granuloma. There is no similar excretion of acid phosphatase. The lactic dehydrogenase level both in blood draining the granuloma and blood draining the normal limb is elevated but not in precise synchrony with lysozyme output. Macrophages in the granuloma show ultrastructural features suggestive of secretion of dense granules, by appearance of electron dense material in the Golgi zone, and condensation therefrom. Granules are discharged on to the surface of lipid droplets, presumably representing attempted phagocytosis, but are not discharged elsewhere on the cell surface. Granules are released by cell disintegration both of macrophages and polymorphs. Lysozyme was demonstrated immunocytochemically in macrophage granules. The macrophages in the granuloma are biosynthetically active as shown by uptake of tritiated tyrosine. The findings support the view that granulomas export lysozyme and that this is due partly to exocytosis of material by macrophages on to the surface of lipid globules and partly to cell disintegration.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Granuloma; Immunochemistry; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymph; Macrophages; Male; Muramidase; Rats

Mice and guinea pigs were sensibilisized by intraperitoneal injection of Mycobacterium avium (serotype I). Three and five weeks later (guinea pigs) and four weeks later (mice) the animals received kveim antigen into the footpads (guinea pigs) and into the perianal fat tissue (mice). Three and five weeks later (guinea pigs) and four weeks later (mice) the exstirpated material was investigated by light microscopy and enzyme histochemistry. Guinea pigs showed three and five weeks after injection of kveim antigen a lot of questionable positive and positive kveim tests and mice a high percentage of granulomatous changes, resembling a positive kveim reaction. With histochemical methods leucinaminopeptidase is a valuable diagnostic aid for detection of granulomatous changes in mice but not so good in guinea pigs.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Connective Tissue; Female; Foot; Granuloma; Guinea Pigs; Kveim Test; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Mice; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium avium; Phospholipids; Skin Tests; Species Specificity; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Time Factors

A 25-year-old black female presented with lymphadenopathy, fever and anemia of two months duration. The diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis was made on the basis of histiocytic infiltrations in the sinuses of spleen, liver and lymph nodes and by the demonstration of erythrophagocytosis in bone marrow. Following splenectomy, the patient developed a leukemic phase with as many as 50 X 10(9) abnormal histiocytes/l and bone marrow necrosis. This patient was also atypical because of multiple granulomas in liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Cytochemical and immunofluorescent stains confirmed that the abnormal cells were derived from the monocyte-macrophage series. Electron microscopy was used to further characterize this abnormal cell population. The electron microscopic and cytochemical evidence confirms that the malignant cells in malignant histiocytosis are derived from monocytes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Esterases; Female; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lymphatic Diseases; Microscopy, Electron; Monocytes

Stable cultures of mononuclear phagocytes from carrageenan-induced granulomas in mice have been established after enzymatic dispersion of these lesions. The cells can be maintained for up to 3 wk without division in serum-free media. The mononuclear phagocytes were identified by several criteria. The cells are adherent, phagocytic, contain lysosomal acid hydrolases at high specific activities, secrete lysozyme, and bind soluble aggregates of IgG. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase and leucine aminopeptidase in the cultured granuloma cells showed that they resembled macrophages from thioglycollate-stimulated mice but not unstimulated macrophages in these respects. Supernates from the cultured granuloma cells contain factor(s) which induce the proliferation of thymocytes; the release of such factors by the cells is stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carrageenan; Cells, Cultured; Granuloma; Immunoglobulin G; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Monocytes; Muramidase; Nucleotidases; Peptide Hydrolases; Phagocytosis; Stimulation, Chemical; Thioglycolates

We reviewed and reclassified the histology in 207 cases of granuloma annulare from our files. The most common pattern found was mononuclear infiltrative type (72%) in contrast to the palisading group (25%) and the epithelioid nodules (3%). Indeed, and entire spectrum from mononuclear infiltrates to the epithelioid sarcoidal types is seen. The electron microscopic findings include histiocytes with membrane activity, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, large mitochondria, and numerous lysosomes. Pathcy damage of collagen and elastic fibers with the presence of vesicles, lysosomes, and cytoplasmic debris are demonstrated. The histochemical and ultrastructural studies localized acid phosphatase in the primary lysosomes and the routh endoplasmic membrane. The presence of fibrin deposition confirmed our previous immunofluorescence results.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Membrane; Collagen; Elastic Tissue; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Esterases; Granuloma; Histiocytes; Humans; Hydrolases; Lysosomes; Mitochondria

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; BCG Vaccine; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Hydrolases; Lung; Lung Diseases; Macrophages; Necrosis; Peptide Hydrolases; Rabbits

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actinomycetales; Animals; Chemotaxis; Chickens; Granuloma; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Lung; Macrophages; Mice; Mycobacteriaceae; Phagocytosis; Rats; Sheep; Snails

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carrageenan; Cathepsins; Collagen; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Hexosamines; Hexosaminidases; Hydrolases; Hydroxyproline; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lysosomes; Male; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carrageenan; Disease Models, Animal; Galactosidases; Glucosidases; Golgi Apparatus; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Lysosomes; Macrophages

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bacterial Infections; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Carbon Isotopes; Child; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Hexosephosphates; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Klebsiella Infections; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; NAD; NADP; Oxidoreductases; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis; Pyridines; Sepsis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Biopsy; Epithelial Cells; Esterases; Granuloma; Histiocytes; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron; Phagocytosis; Sarcoidosis; Skin Tests; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Asbestos; Cytoplasm; Dust; Granuloma; Guinea Pigs; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron; Phagocytosis; Staining and Labeling; Thoracic Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cellophane; DNA; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Gold; Granuloma; Iodine Isotopes; Macrophages; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Mycobacterium bovis; Phagocytosis; Serum Albumin; Thymectomy; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Epithelial Cells; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Mucoproteins; Sarcoidosis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Cholangitis; Granuloma; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Dermatitis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Esterases; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Histological Techniques; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Mite Infestations; Oxidoreductases; Skin; Skin Diseases, Parasitic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminopropionitrile; Animals; Bone Diseases; Brain; Cathepsins; Chorea; Citrates; Collagen; Connective Tissue; Glycoside Hydrolases; Granuloma; Lathyrism; Male; Nitriles; Polyvinyls; Rats; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biopsy; Female; Fibroblasts; Fibroma; Granuloma; Histiocytes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lysosomes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Povidone; Skin; Skin Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Electrophoresis; Foot; Granuloma; Hand; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Leukocytes; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Lymphadenitis; Macrophages; Male; Muramidase; Oxygen Consumption; Pedigree; Phagocytosis; Radiography; Serratia marcescens; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetrazolium Salts

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Carrageenan; Connective Tissue; Granuloma; Liver; Male; Rats; Sulfatases; Transferases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carrageenan; Chondroitin; Glycosaminoglycans; Granuloma; Hydroxyproline; Injections, Subcutaneous; Methods; Povidone; Proline; Rats; Sulfatases; Sulfates; Sulfur Isotopes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Esterases; Extracellular Space; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Hydrolases; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Phagocytosis; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cathepsins; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Hydrolases; Lathyrism; Male; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Female; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Sarcoidosis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Macrophages; Oxidoreductases; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Talc

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Diagnosis, Differential; Esterases; Granuloma; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lysosomes; Prednisone; Sarcoidosis; Tuberculosis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Electron Transport Complex II; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Inflammation; Liver; Lymph Nodes; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Rats; Research; Spleen; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Esterases; Granuloma; Humans; Hydrolysis; Lipase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Electron Transport Complex II; Granuloma; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Silicosis; Succinate Dehydrogenase