acid-phosphatase and Gingivitis

This study examines acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to learn whether bone turnover dynamics can be monitored in human subjects during orthodontic tooth movement. Three female subjects were observed longitudinally to assess tooth movement, plaque, and inflammation. For each subject, one randomly selected premolar served as the control and was not treated, and another was moved buccally with 100 gm of force. The GCF was collected weekly and assayed for phosphatases. Alkaline phosphatase peaked between the first and third weeks, followed by an increase in acid phosphatase between the third and sixth weeks. After the first week, tooth movement averaged 0.9 mm. Additional 0.9 mm of movement occurred during the next 3 weeks, followed by 1.4 mm during weeks 4 to 6. Thirty additional patients, randomly divided into headgear/biteplate, bionator, and control groups, were also sampled cross-sectionally at the maxillary first molars. The GCF phosphatase activities were assessed as functions of location on the tooth, treatment modality, duration of treatment, gingival inflammation, and plaque accumulation. The plaque index did not show a relationship to either acid or alkaline phosphatase activity on the mesial or distal in the treated groups. However, alkaline phosphatase increased with inflammation on the distal in treated groups and acid phosphatase was consistently higher on the mesial than on the distal in the treatment groups. Alternating peaks of acid and alkaline phosphatase were found in the GCF of treated teeth as functions of treatment duration. The sequence of these changes is similar to that reported for alveolar bone turnover in a rodent orthodontic tooth movement model. We conclude that phosphatase activities in GCF may be a useful means for monitoring tissue responses to orthodontic treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Activator Appliances; Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bicuspid; Bone Remodeling; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Stress Analysis; Extraoral Traction Appliances; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Molar; Statistics, Nonparametric; Stress, Mechanical; Time Factors; Tooth Movement Techniques

Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and have anti-inflammatory effects independent of cholesterol lowering. Recent clinical studies have indicated that statin intake has a beneficial effect on periodontal disease. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. In the current study, we employed a rat model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontal disease and determined the effect of simvastatin, a commonly prescribed statin, on osteoclastogenesis, gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss.. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans LPS in periodontal tissue three times per week for 8 wk and part of the rats with LPS injection were also given simvastatin via gavage. After the treatments, the rat maxillae were scanned by microcomputed tomography and the images were analyzed to determine alveolar bone loss. To explore the underlying mechanisms, the effect of simvastatin on osteoclastogenesis and gingival expression of proinflammatory cytokines were also determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, respectively.. Results showed that LPS treatment markedly increased bone loss, but administration of simvastatin significantly alleviated the bone loss. Results also showed that LPS treatment stimulated osteoclastogenesis and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, but simvastatin significantly modulates the stimulatory effect of LPS on osteoclastogenesis and cytokine expression.. This study demonstrated that simvastatin treatment inhibits LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis and gingival inflammation and reduces alveolar bone loss, indicating that the intake of simvastatin may hinder the progression of periodontal disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Alveolar Bone Loss; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Inflammation Mediators; Isoenzymes; Lipopolysaccharides; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Maxillary Diseases; Osteoclasts; Periodontal Diseases; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Simvastatin; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Toll-Like Receptors; X-Ray Microtomography

Recent studies have pointed to potentially periodontal risk indicators, however no information is available on the impact of changes in thyroid hormone levels on the progression of periodontitis and on the quality of alveolar bone. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate histologically, in rats, the influence of thyroid hormones on the rate of periodontal bone loss resulting from ligature placement and on the quality of tooth-supporting alveolar bone.. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: healthy (control, n = 12), hypothyroidism (n = 12) and hyperthyroidism (n = 12). Once alterations were confirmed by total serum levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, ligatures were randomly placed around one of the first mandibular molars. Thirty days later, the animals were killed and specimens routinely processed for serial decalcified sections. The parameters assessed were periodontitis-related bone loss, quality of tooth-supporting alveolar bone and the number of cells positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a marker of bone resorption.. At the ligated sites, intergroup analysis revealed that hypothyroidism significantly increased the bone loss resulting from ligature-induced periodontitis (p = 0.02) and the number of TRAP-positive cells on the linear surface of bone crest (p = 0.01). In addition, no significant differences were detected regarding the quality of the bone (p = 0.24) or the number of TRAP-positive cells in the area of the interradicular bone for ligated teeth among the groups (p = 0.17).. It may be concluded that decreased serum levels of thyroid hormones may enhance periodontitis-related bone loss, as a function of an increased number of resorbing cells, whereas the tooth-supporting alveolar bone seems to be less sensitive to alterations in hormone levels.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alveolar Bone Loss; Alveolar Process; Animals; Biomarkers; Bone Density; Disease Progression; Furcation Defects; Gingivitis; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Isoenzymes; Male; Periodontitis; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Diseases; Proteins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Count; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Glucuronidase; Lipopolysaccharides; Methylmethacrylate; Methylmethacrylates; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Female; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Lysosomes; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications

This histochemical study showed that experimentally arteriosclerotic rats, subjected to an occlusal stress of six weeks' duration, showed an inflammation-related increase of chloride-activated arginine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase activity in the basal cells of the gingival epithelium. The activity of chloride-activated arginine aminopeptidase and acid and alkaline phosphatase in the gingival connective tissue was slight and suggestive of chronic inflammation. Biochemical comparison of gingival specimens from the stressed and unstressed sides of the jaw in the experimental animals failed to reveal any difference in the rate of N-L-arginyl-2-naphthylamide hydrolysis induced by the C1-ion in connection with occlusal disorder. On the other hand, the mean value of the enzyme activity was lower in the experimental animals than the controls (p less than 0.5). The difference was assumed to be associated with degenerative tissue changes. The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate at acidic and alkaline pH in the gingiva was higher in the experimental animals than in the controls, and in the alkaline pH range the difference between the mean values was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). This finding, which may be associated not only with gingival inflammation but also with other tissue changes, requires further investigation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Dental Occlusion, Traumatic; Female; Gingivitis; Male; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Culture Techniques; Gingiva; Gingival Hyperplasia; Gingivitis; Humans; Phenytoin

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cathepsins; Cytoplasm; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Glucuronidase; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolases; Kinetics; Lysosomes; Periodontitis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cathepsins; Dental Plaque; Gingiva; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Glucuronidase; Humans; Hydrolases; Lysosomes; Male; Therapeutic Irrigation; Toothbrushing

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cathepsins; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Glucuronidase; Humans; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Solubility

Topics: Acantholysis; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antilymphocyte Serum; Biopsy; Blood Cell Count; Chlorine; Chronic Disease; Complement System Proteins; Dogs; Female; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immune Sera; Immunity, Cellular; Immunosuppression Therapy; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nitrobenzenes; Rabbits; Skin; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antilymphocyte Serum; Biopsy; Chlorine; Dogs; Female; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immunity, Cellular; Immunosuppression Therapy; Injections, Subcutaneous; Leukocyte Count; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nitrobenzenes; Rabbits; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antilymphocyte Serum; Biopsy; Blood Cell Count; Chlorine; Dogs; Female; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immunity, Cellular; Immunosuppression Therapy; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nitrobenzenes; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Densitometry; Dental Plaque; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Periodontitis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Calcium; Carbohydrates; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cell Movement; Circadian Rhythm; Dogs; Eosinophils; Epithelial Cells; Exudates and Transudates; Fluoresceins; Gingiva; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Iodine Isotopes; Lactates; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocytes; Lysosomes; Methods; Microcirculation; Periodontium; Potassium; Proteins; Sodium; Specimen Handling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Bacteria; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Mast Cells; Microscopy, Electron

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carbohydrates; Cell Membrane; Cytoplasmic Granules; Diabetes Complications; Epithelial Cells; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Keratins; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Electron

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Capillaries; Chronic Disease; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Esterases; Female; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Oral Manifestations

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Connective Tissue; Connective Tissue Cells; Epithelium; Exudates and Transudates; Gingivitis; Incisor; Lysosomes; Rheology