acid-phosphatase and Fractures--Bone

The purposes hypothesized for the determination of bone metabolic markers, among which we can measure serum BAP, NTX, TRAP-5b or urinary NTX, DPD, CTX in routine clinical practice, are to predict the rate of bone loss and the resultant fracture risk, and to estimate bone quality. The higher value of bone markers, which might reflect high turnover bone disease, allows us to discriminate those who require early introduction of drug therapy such as bisphosphonate, and raloxifene. Furthermore, early reduction of bone resorption markers, but not bone formation markers, possibly 3-6 month after initiation of bone anti-resorptive drugs, enables us to predict bone gain thereafter. Among various bone resorption markers, TRAP-5b might be the best in that it is not susceptible to between-day variation, day-to-day variation, and renal dysfunction resulting from chronic kidney disease which often occurs in osteoporosis-prone elderly women.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Biomarkers; Bone and Bones; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Bone Resorption; Collagen Type I; Diphosphonates; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Isoenzymes; Osteoporosis; Peptides; Raloxifene Hydrochloride; Risk Assessment; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Fluoride (F) is an essential trace element which is involved in the skeletal systems of teeth and bone. F increases proliferation of osteoblastic cells and stimulates bone formation. F inhibits acid phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cells and induces an increases in tyrosin phosphorylated protein, leading to cell proliferation. Also, the activation of G protein by F is important in the cellular mechanism of F action in osteoblastic cells. F also has inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption. The oral administration of F solution has stimulatory effects on bone formation in various animal models. Moreover, the intake of F with comparatively low doses may have beneficial effects in the development of bone mineral density and fracture in human.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Cell Proliferation; Fluorides; Fractures, Bone; GTP-Binding Proteins; Humans; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Stimulation, Chemical

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Biomarkers; Bone and Bones; Bone Remodeling; Collagen Type I; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Isoenzymes; Osteocalcin; Osteoporosis; Peptides; Risk; Risk Assessment; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Bone markers are aimed to assess bone cells activity. Some are specific of bone formation (osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, extension peptides of type I procollagen); others are specific of bone resorption (deoxypyridinoline and peptidebound forms.). Their main applications are: evaluation of fracture risk and follow-up of antiosteoporotic treatments. Their use in clinical practice is difficult: choice of the most appropriate bone marker, relevance of changes, and may require the specialist's opinion.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Bone Remodeling; Bone Resorption; Collagen; Collagen Type I; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Menopause; Osteocalcin; Osteoporosis; Peptides; Risk Factors

A suitable marker of bone metabolism is either a measurable enzymatic activity specific for osteoblasts or osteoclasts or a bone matrix component released into the circulation and excreted in the urine during bone formation or bone resorption. Testing such bone markers is the most sensitive method for monitoring acute changes in bone metabolism. Guidelines for the use of assays in patient care are not yet established, largely because of the large intrapatient variation seen with the results of most assays. Bone markers also can be used as predictors of bone turnover, bone loss, and fracture risk. During the past year, bone markers have been intensively studied in the context of these issues.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Development; Bone Resorption; Cells, Cultured; Collagen; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Osteocalcin; Parathyroid Hormone

Focal bone microcracks with osteoclast recruitment and bone lysis, may reduce fracture resistance in racehorses. As current imaging does not detect all horses at risk for fracture, the discovery of novel serum biomarkers of bone resorption or osteoclast activity could potentially address this unmet clinical need. The biology of equine osteoclasts on their natural substrate, equine bone, has never been studied in vitro and may permit identification of specific biomarkers of their activity.. (1) Establish osteoclast cultures on equine bone, (2) Measure biomarkers (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b [TRACP-5b] and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX-I]) in vitro and (3) Study the effects of inflammation.. In vitro experiments.. Haematopoietic stem cells, from five equine sternal bone marrow aspirates, were differentiated into osteoclasts and cultured either alone or on equine bone slices, with or without a pro-inflammatory stimulus (IL-1β or LPS). CTX-I and TRACP-5b were immunoassayed in the media. Osteoclast numbers and bone resorption area were assessed.. TRACP-5b increased over time in osteoclast cultures without bone (p < 0.0001) and correlated with osteoclast number (r = 0.63, p < 0.001). CTX-I and TRACP-5b increased with time for cultures with bone (p = 0.002; p = 0.02 respectively), correlated with each other (r = 0.64, p < 0.002) and correlated with bone resorption (r = 0.85, p < 0.001; r = 0.82, p < 0.001 respectively). Inflammation had no measurable effects.. Specimen numbers limited.. Equine osteoclasts were successfully cultured on equine bone slices and their bone resorption quantified. TRACP-5b was shown to be a biomarker of equine osteoclast number and bone resorption for the first time; CTX-I was also confirmed to be a biomarker of equine bone resorption in vitro. This robust equine specific in vitro assay will help the study of osteoclast biology.. Fokale Mikrofrakturen im Knochen mit Osteoklasten Rekrutierung und Knochen Lyse können die Frakturresistenz bei Rennpferden verringern. Da die derzeitige Bildgebung nicht alle Pferde mit Frakturrisiko erfasst, könnte die Entdeckung neuer Serum-Biomarker für die Knochenresorption oder Osteoklasten Aktivität diesen ungedeckten klinischen Bedarf möglicherweise decken. Die Biologie der Pferde Osteoklasten auf ihrem natürlichen Substrat, dem Pferdeknochen, wurde noch nicht in vitro untersucht und könnte die Identifizierung spezifischer Biomarker für ihre Aktivität ermöglichen. ZIELE: (1) Anlegen von Osteoklastenkulturen an Pferdeknochen, (2) Messung von Biomarkern (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b [TRACP-5b] und C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX-I]) in vitro und (3) Untersuchung der Auswirkungen von Entzündungen.. In vitro experimentelle Studie.. Hämatopoetische Stammzellen aus fünf sternalen Knochenmark Aspiraten von Pferden wurden in Osteoklasten differenziert und entweder alleine oder auf Knochenscheiben von Pferden kultiviert, mit oder ohne proinflammatorischen Stimulus (IL 1β oder LPS). CTX-I und TRACP-5b wurden in den Medien immunoassayiert. Die Anzahl der Osteoklasten und die Fläche der Knochenresorption wurden bestimmt.. TRACP 5b nahm mit der Zeit ohne Knochen zu (p < 0.0001) und korrelierte mit der Osteoklasten Anzahl (r = 0.63, p < 0.001). CTX-I und TRACP-5b nahmen bei Kulturen mit Knochen mit der Zeit zu (p = 0.0018 bzw. p = 0.02), korrelierten miteinander (r = 0.64, p < 0.002) und korrelierten mit der Knochenresorption (r = 0.85, p < 0.001 bzw. r = 0.82, p < 0.001). Entzündungen hatten keine messbaren Auswirkungen. WICHTIGSTE EINSCHRÄNKUNGEN: Limitierte Probenanzahl.. Osteoklasten von Pferden wurden erfolgreich auf Knochenscheiben von Pferden kultiviert und ihre Knochenresorption quantifiziert. TRACP-5b erwies sich zum ersten Mal als Biomarker für die Anzahl der Osteoklasten und die Knochenresorption bei Pferden; CTX-I wurde ebenfalls als Biomarker für die Knochenresorption bei Pferden in vitro bestätigt. Dieser robuste pferdespezifische in-vitro-Assay wird die Untersuchung der Osteoklasten Biologie unterstützen.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Bone Resorption; Fractures, Bone; Horse Diseases; Horses; Inflammation; Isoenzymes; Osteoclasts; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

To characterize the potential sexual dimorphism of bone in response to exercise.. Young male and female Wistar rats were either submitted to 12 weeks of exercise or remained sedentary. The training load was adjusted at the mid-trial (week 6) by the maximal speed test. A mechanical test was performed to measure the maximal force, resilience, stiffness, and fracture load. The bone structure, formation, and resorption were obtained by histomorphometric analyses. Type I collagen (COL I) mRNA expression and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) mRNA expression were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).. The male and female trained rats significantly improved their maximum speed during the maximal exercise test (main effect of training; p<0.0001). The male rats were significantly heavier than the females, irrespective of training (main effect of sex; p<0.0001). Similarly, both the weight and length of the femur were greater for the male rats when compared with the females (main effect of sex; p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). The trabecular volume was positively affected by exercise in male and female rats (main effect of training; p = 0.001), whereas the trabecular thickness, resilience, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate increased only in the trained males (within-sex comparison; p<0.05 for all parameters), demonstrating the sexual dimorphism in response to exercise. Accordingly, the number of osteocytes increased significantly only in the trained males (within-sex comparison; p<0.05). Pearson's correlation analyses revealed that the COL I mRNA expression and TRAP mRNA expression were positively and negatively, respectively, related to the parameters of bone remodeling obtained from the histomorphometric analysis (r = 0.59 to 0.85; p<0.05).. Exercise yielded differential adaptations with respect to bone structure, biomechanical proprieties, and molecular signaling in male and female rats.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Collagen Type I; Elasticity; Female; Femur; Fractures, Bone; Gene Expression; Hardness; Isoenzymes; Male; Osteocytes; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; RNA, Messenger; Sex Factors; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Chinese-American women have bone microarchitectural features that confer greater bone stiffness compared to white women, but the physiology underlying these findings has not been investigated.. The purpose of the study was to assess racial differences in serum sclerostin and bone turnover markers (BTMs), and to explore their associations with each other, volumetric bone mineral density (BMD), and bone microarchitecture in Chinese-American and white women.. We conducted a cross-sectional study at a university hospital.. We studied 138 women.. Serum osteocalcin was 19-28% lower in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese-American vs white women, respectively (both P < .01). C-Terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) level was 18-22% lower in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese-American vs white women (both P < .05). Pre- vs postmenopausal differences in osteocalcin and CTX were greater in white vs Chinese-American women. Sclerostin levels were similar in both races, but BTMs were differentially associated with sclerostin by race and menopausal status. BTMs were not correlated with sclerostin in Chinese-Americans. CTX and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase were positively associated with sclerostin (r = 0.353, r = 0.458; both P < .05) in white premenopausal women. In contrast, in postmenopausal white women, the associations of sclerostin with amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, isoform 5b of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and CTX were negative (all P < .05). Adjusting for covariates, sclerostin was positively associated with areal BMD in both races.. Lower BTMs in Chinese-American women and greater age-related differences in BTMs among white women provide a physiological framework to account for racial differences in BMD, microarchitecture, and fracture.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Asian; Biomarkers; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Bone Remodeling; China; Cohort Studies; Collagen Type I; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Fractures, Bone; Genetic Markers; Hospitals, University; Humans; Isoenzymes; Menopause; Middle Aged; New York City; Peptides; Risk Factors; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; White People

The omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the immediate precursors to a number of important mediators of immunity, inflammation and bone function, with products of omega-6 generally thought to promote inflammation and favour bone resorption. Western diets generally provide a 10 to 20-fold deficit in omega-3 PUFAs compared with omega-6, and this is thought to have contributed to the marked rise in incidence of disorders of modern human societies, such as heart disease, colitis and perhaps osteoporosis. Many of our food production animals, fed on grains rich in omega-6, are also exposed to a dietary deficit in omega-3, with perhaps similar health consequences. Bone fragility due to osteoporotic changes in laying hens is a major economic and welfare problem, with our recent estimates of breakage rates indicating up to 95% of free range hens suffer breaks during lay.. Free range hens housed in full scale commercial systems were provided diets supplemented with omega-3 alpha linolenic acid, and the skeletal benefits were investigated by comparison to standard diets rich in omega-6.. There was a significant 40-60% reduction in keel bone breakage rate, and a corresponding reduction in breakage severity in the omega-3 supplemented hens. There was significantly greater bone density and bone mineral content, alongside increases in total bone and trabecular volumes. The mechanical properties of the omega-3 supplemented hens were improved, with strength, energy to break and stiffness demonstrating significant increases. Alkaline phosphatase (an osteoblast marker) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (an osteoclast marker) both showed significant increases with the omega-3 diets, indicating enhanced bone turnover. This was corroborated by the significantly lower levels of the mature collagen crosslinks, hydroxylysyl pyridinoline, lysyl pyridinoline and histidinohydroxy-lysinonorleucine, with a corresponding significant shift in the mature:immature crosslink ratio.. The improved skeletal health in laying hens corresponds to as many as 68million fewer hens suffering keel fractures in the EU each year. The biomechanical and biochemical evidence suggests that increased bone turnover has enhanced the bone mechanical properties, and that this may suggest potential benefits for human osteoporosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animal Feed; Animals; Biomarkers; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone and Bones; Bone Remodeling; Chickens; Collagen; Cross-Linking Reagents; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Dissection; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Feeding Behavior; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Isoenzymes; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Minerals; Oviposition; Palpation; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

The goal was to find out the clinical significances of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRACP 5b), a biomarker of bone resorption, and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and osteocalcin, two markers of bone formation, in evaluating the osteoporotic fracture risk in Chinese patients.. Thirty six Chinese osteoporotic fracture patients and 32 Chinese healthy subjects were included in the study. Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine and total body were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in all subjects. Fasting blood samples were collected from all subjects and the serum concentrations of TRACP 5b, BAP, and osteocalcin were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunoradiometric assay.. With lower BMD, the osteoporotic fracture patients had elevated levels of TRACP 5b and BAP, compared with the healthy controls. No difference in serum osteocalcin level was observed between the fracture patients and the control.. Elevated serum TRACP 5b and BAP, combined with or without increased osteocalcin, are valuable tools for the assessment of osteoporotic fracture risk in Chinese patients.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; China; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Osteocalcin; Osteoporosis; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Radiological studies are the standard method to monitor fracture healing but they do not allow a timely assessment of bone healing. Biochemical markers react rapidly to changes in bone metabolism during fracture healing and could be an additional tool to monitor this process. The goal of this study was to observe changes in serum biomarkers and evaluate the possible differences in the serum levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b), total N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) in patients with normal and delayed fracture healing. Several serum samples were collected for one year after the surgical treatment of long bone fractures in 248 patients. From this large pool, 15 patients with atrophic nonunion were matched to 15 patients with normal bone healing. Post-operative changes in osteological markers were monitored during the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th and 52nd weeks. The patients were followed both clinically and radiologically for the entire one-year duration of the study. In the first week, the absolute values of CTX decreased significantly (p=0.0164) in cases of delayed fracture healing. The relative values of TRACP 5b were significantly decreased at weeks 4 (p=0.0066) and 8 (p=0.0043). BAP and PINP levels decreased in the first week followed by an increase, but there were no significant differences in the absolute or relative values during the healing process in both patient groups. For the first time, we have demonstrated changes in serum concentrations of TRACP 5b, PINP, BAP, and CTX during normal and delayed fracture healing. Characteristic changes in systemic TRACP 5b and CTX levels could reflect the initial process of successful fracture healing and may be used in clinical practice to monitor the healing process. Furthermore, it could be very important for determining the beneficial effects of additional treatments such as ultrasound or BMPs in clinical trials.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Collagen Type I; Female; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Osteogenesis; Prospective Studies; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Young Adult

An experimental rat model was used to test the hypothesis that in osteoporosis (OP) the molecular composition of the extracellular matrix in the fracture callus is disturbed. OP was induced at 10 weeks of age by ovariectomy and a vitamin D(3)-deficient diet, and sham-operated animals fed normal diet served as controls. Three months later a closed tibial fracture was made and stabilized with an intramedullary nail. After 3 and 6 weeks of healing, the animals were killed and the fracture calluses examined with global gene expression, in situ mRNA expression, and ultrastructural protein distribution of four bone turnover markers: osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and cathepsin K. Global gene expression showed a relatively small number of differently regulated genes, mostly upregulated and at 3 weeks. The four chosen markers were not differently regulated, and only minor differences in the in situ mRNA expression and ultrastructural protein distribution were detected. Gene expression and composition of fracture calluses are not generally disturbed in experimental OP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Bony Callus; Cathepsin K; Estrogens; Female; Fractures, Bone; Gene Expression; Isoenzymes; Osteoporosis; Ovariectomy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia; Tibial Fractures; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency

Known biomarkers of Gaucher-disease activity are platelets, chitotriosidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and ferritin. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the frequency of bone events (BE) and biomarker changes during two periods: diagnosis to first enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) and the latter to the closing date.. BE of 62 treated patients, among the 73-patient cohort followed at Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France, were described with Kaplan-Meier curves, and linear-mixed models were used to analyze their biomarker changes and the influence of several covariates (splenectomy, diagnosis year, genotype, age at diagnosis and sex).. BE occurred before (54 events in 21 patients), but also during, ERT (12 events in 10 patients), with respective frequencies (95% confidence interval) at 10 years of 22.4% (13.3 to 36.3) and 20.0% (10.2 to 36.9). Biomarker slope changes before and during ERT differed significantly for platelets (+190/mm3/year and 7,035/mm3/year, respectively; P < 0.0001) and ferritin (+4% and -14%; P < 0.0001). High ferritin levels and low platelet counts at ERT onset were significantly associated with BE during ERT (P = 0.019 and 0.039, respectively). Covariates significantly influenced biomarker changes (baseline and/or slope): splenectomy affected platelets (baseline and changes), TRAP changes and chitotriosidase changes; diagnosis date influenced ACE and TRAP baseline values; and genotype influenced chitotriosidase baseline and changes.. Platelet counts and ferritin levels and their slope changes at ERT onset seem to predict BE during treatment. Biomarker baseline values and changes are dependent on several covariables.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Bone Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Disease Progression; Enzyme Replacement Therapy; Female; Ferritins; Fractures, Bone; Gaucher Disease; Glucosylceramidase; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Infant; Isoenzymes; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Platelet Count; Predictive Value of Tests; Retrospective Studies; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Young Adult

Patients with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) are shorter than expected and often have low bone mineral density (BMD), but the pathogenesis of these bony problems is poorly understood.. We performed an exploratory study of BMD, 18 laboratory measures of bone metabolism, and fracture history in 72 adult NF1 patients.. Eight of the 18 clinical biochemical measures of bone health had at least 10% of NF1 patients outside the standard reference range. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations were low in 56% of the NF1 patients, serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were high in 34%, and urine deoxypyridinoline cross-link concentrations were high in 50%. Mean serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations were significantly lower in people with NF1 than in season matched controls in both summer (p = 0.008) and winter (p<0.001). 36 (50%) of the 72 people with NF1 studied had BMD consistent with osteopenia, and 14 (19%) had BMD consistent with osteoporosis. High serum PTH concentration, high serum bone tartrate resistant acid phosphatase concentration, and high serum calcium concentration were associated with lower BMD among the NF1 patients. Males were more likely than females to have low BMD. The reported frequency of fractures in individuals with NF1 was much higher than in their unaffected siblings and spouses (p<0.001), and pathological fractures were reported only in NF1 patients.. People with NF1 often have a generalised abnormality of bone metabolism. Further studies are needed to determine the biochemical and molecular basis of this abnormality.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Amino Acids; Animals; Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Calcium; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Isoenzymes; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Neurofibromatosis 1; Osteoporosis; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphates; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Vitamin D; Young Adult

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Clinical Trials as Topic; Denosumab; Fractures, Bone; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Isoenzymes; Mice; RANK Ligand; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Hyperhomocystinemia is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis and fracture. Physiologic concentrations of Hcy directly activate osteoclast formation and activity through stimulation of p38 MAPK and integrin beta3. The effects of Hcy were mediated by generation of intracellular ROS.. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis and its related bone fractures. It has been reported that bone resorption and turnover rate were increased in hyperhomocystinemia. Using mouse bone marrow cells, we examined the direct effects of homocysteine (Hcy) on osteoclast formation and activity.. Osteoclast formation was determined by TRACP staining and TRACP activity. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using a fluorescent probe, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Intracellular signaling cascades of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and NF-kappaB were measured by Western blotting. Integrin beta3 mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. Actin ring formation and bone resorption assays were also performed.. Physiologic concentrations of Hcy upregulated TRACP+ multinucleated cells and TRACP activity, stimulated actin ring formation, and increased the number of nuclei per cell and the level of expression of integrin beta3 mRNA. In addition, Hcy increased bone resorption and stimulated p38 MAPK activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. All of these Hcy-induced changes were blocked by pretreatment with the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine.. Hcy directly activates osteoclast formation and activity through increased generation of intracellular ROS. These findings suggest that, in individuals with mild to moderate hyperhomocystinemia, increased bone resorption by osteoclasts may contribute to osteoporosis and that an antioxidant may attenuate bone loss in these individuals.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Resorption; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Fractures, Bone; Homocysteine; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Isoenzymes; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Osteoclasts; Osteoporosis; Protein Kinases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Risk Factors; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Albers-Schönberg disease, or autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II (ADO2), is caused by ineffective osteoclastic bone resorption resulting from mutations in the chloride channel 7 (ClCN7) gene. Individuals with ADO2 have increased numbers of large ineffective osteoclasts in addition to increased serum total tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) activity.. We investigated the serum activity of the osteoclast-derived 5b isoform of TRACP (TRACP 5b) and concentrations of the bone formation marker osteocalcin in clinically affected individuals, unaffected gene carriers, and healthy controls from 10 ADO2 families with known ClCN7 gene mutations. Bone fracture prevalence was studied in association with the serum markers.. Similar to total TRACP, TRACP 5b was significantly increased in clinically affected individuals compared with age-matched controls. TRACP 5b correlated significantly with total TRACP (r = 0.833; P <0.001), suggesting that most of the TRACP in the serum of ADO2 patients is osteoclast-derived TRACP 5b. Osteocalcin was significantly increased in affected adults and slightly decreased in affected children. TRACP 5b and total TRACP were significantly increased in clinically affected individuals with severe fractures (P <0.05).. The results indicate that in ADO2, serum TRACP 5b reflects the number of osteoclasts and that the extremely high serum TRACP 5b activity is a specific indicator of the disease. Similar to total TRACP, TRACP 5b appears to be a potentially useful marker to stratify individuals with ClCN7 gene mutations into clinically affected and unaffected gene carriers. It may also have a prognostic value in the prediction of fractures in patients with a ClCN7 gene mutation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Child; Chloride Channels; Female; Fractures, Bone; Heterozygote; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoclasts; Osteopetrosis; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

To examine the effect of raloxifene on bone turnover in elderly women.. Clinical intervention.. Long-term care facilities.. Nineteen women completed the study, mean age 85 (range 76-99).. Raloxifene 60 mg was given daily for 12 weeks.. Markers of bone turnover were plasma C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTx), urine cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx) and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP 5b), plasma osteocalcin, and serum bone alkaline phosphatase. Other markers were serum 25-OH vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, ionized calcium, and phosphate. Markers were measured at baseline, after calcium and vitamin D had been taken for 6 weeks, after raloxifene had been taken for 12 weeks, and 6 weeks after raloxifene had been stopped. Paired sample t test was used to examine changes in markers at each time point.. Plasma CTx decreased on average by 31%, urinary NTx by 35%, plasma osteocalcin by 25%, serum bone alkaline phosphatase by 15% (P<.01), and serum TRAP 5b by 10% (P<.05) on treatment.. Raloxifene reduces bone turnover in elderly women living in long-term care facilities. The effect of raloxifene on bone turnover is comparable with that seen in younger postmenopausal women.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Calcium; Collagen Type I; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Long-Term Care; Nursing Homes; Osteocalcin; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphates; Raloxifene Hydrochloride; Risk Factors; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Vitamin D

Bone loss and increased bone turnover are recognized local changes after a fracture, but the exact patterns of these changes after different fractures are unclear. We aimed to investigate the changes in bone density and biochemical markers following ankle fracture. Fourteen subjects (7 postmenopausal women and 7 men, mean age 63 years) were recruited following fracture of the distal tibia and fibula. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the ankle and proximal femur were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus at 0, 6, 12, 26 and 52 weeks after fracture. Serum and urine samples were collected at 0, 3 and 7 days and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 26 and 52 weeks after fracture to measure markers of bone turnover. For bone formation we measured: bone alkaline phosphatase (iBAP), osteocalcin (Oc), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP); and for bone resorption: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP), deoxypyridinoline (iFDpd), N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx). We used the nonfractured limb to calculate values for baseline BMD and QUS. There was a significant decrease in BMD at the ultradistal ankle (p<0.001), the trochanteric region of the hip (p<0.01) and QUS of the heel after ankle fracture. This bone loss was maximal for ultradistal ankle BMD by 6 weeks at 13% (p<0.001) and for the trochanter by 26 weeks at 3% (p<0.01). The ankle BMD returned to baseline at 52 weeks but the trochanter BMD did not. Velocity of sound (VOS) decreased at 6 weeks by 2% (p<0.01) and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) by 15% (p<0.01). VOS recovered completely by 52 weeks, but BUA did not return to baseline. Bone formation markers increased significantly between 1 and 4 weeks by 11-78% (p<0.01), and iBAP returned to baseline at 52 weeks but PINP and Oc remained elevated. Bone resorption markers did not increase and NTx was decreased at 52 weeks. We conclude that BMD decreased distal and immediately proximal to the fracture line when measured with DXA and QUS. Ankle BMD and heel VOS recovered at 52 weeks (trochanteric BMD and heel BUA did not) and the bone turnover markers returned toward baseline.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Analysis of Variance; Ankle Injuries; Biomarkers; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Collagen; Collagen Type I; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Osteocalcin; Peptide Fragments; Peptides; Procollagen; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Time Factors

A total of 19 cases with bone tumors, including six osteosarcomas. three giant cell tumors of bone, one malignant fibrous histiocytoma, four nonossifying fibromas, four chondromas and one chondrosarcoma, were examined as to enzyme histochemistry; the enzymes consisted of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase), acid phosphatase (ACPase), nonspecific esterase (NSE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nucl) and beta-glucuronidase (beta-Gl). Osteosarcoma was strongly positive for ALPase followed by 5'-Nucl. Giant cell tumor, malignant fibrous histiocytoma and nonossifying fibroma showed enzyme histochemistry similar to each other: multinucleated giant cells and round cells in these tumors were strongly positive for ACPase, NSE, ATPase and 5'-Nucl simulating osteoclasts and histiocytes, whereas spindle cells were positive for ATPase and 5'-Nucl in their cytoplasm and weakly positive for ACPase. Chondroma and chondrosarcoma were focally positive for ACPase and NSE; the ACPase was sensitive to tartaric acid treatment. These observations showed that ALPase activity is very characteristic to osteosarcoma, and is useful for its diagnosis. From enzyme histochemistry, giant cell tumor, malignant fibrous histiocytoma and nonossifying fibroma can be regarded as a histiocyte-derived tumor of bone in contrast to osteosarcoma and cartilaginous tumors.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Chondroma; Chondrosarcoma; Female; Fractures, Bone; Giant Cell Tumors; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Humans; Male; Metatarsus; Middle Aged; Osteosarcoma; Rabbits; Wound Healing

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bony Callus; Brain Injuries; Child; Connective Tissue; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Fractures, Bone; Histocytochemistry; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase

1) Variations in the serum concentrations of total proteins and the electrophoretic fractions, glycoprotein, mucoprotein, fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline, and acid phosphatases were analyzed until the 30th day following uncomplicated fracture of shafts of long bones of the limbs in 25 cases. 2) A significant fall of albumin with concomitant rise of alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta globulins were noted until 30th day. 3) Mucoprotein, glycoprotein, and fibrinogen showed parallel elevations with that of alpha and beta globulins. 4) The peak values of alpha 1 and alpha 2 globulins, mucoprotein, and fibrinogen were registered on the 10th day after trauma. Albumin showed maximum fall on the 10th day in all these cases. 5) Glycoprotein showed a peak value on the 5th day. 6) Total protein and gamma globulin remained almost unchanged throughout the studies. 7) Beta globulin showed higher values and paralleled more closely the fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedementation rates. 8) The elevations of beta globulin, fibrinogen, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were higher, and persisted beyond 30 days in lower-limb fractures as compared to upper-limb fractures. 9) Serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase were not significantly different following fractures and therefore did not reflect much physiologic variation. 10) The most significant changes in the levels of plasma fractions studied were conspicuous on the 10th day and lasted for about 1 month.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Beta-Globulins; Blood Proteins; Blood Sedimentation; Calcium; Fibrinogen; Fractures, Bone; Fractures, Closed; Glycoproteins; Humans; Middle Aged; Mucoproteins; Phosphorus

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Fractures, Bone; Lysosomes; Osteoblasts; Rabbits; Radiation Injuries, Experimental; Wound Healing; X-Rays

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Alpha-Globulins; Child; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone and Bones; Cathepsins; Fractures, Bone; Glucuronidase; Glycerophosphates; Guinea Pigs; Kinetics; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Mice; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Rabbits; Rats; Species Specificity

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cytoplasm; Extracellular Space; Female; Fractures, Bone; Golgi Apparatus; Histocytochemistry; Lysosomes; Osteoclasts; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Child; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital; Male; Phosphoranes; Radiography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Female; Fractures, Bone; Histocytochemistry; Male; Methods; Rats; Time Factors; Wound Healing

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Azo Compounds; Fractures, Bone; Histocytochemistry; Hydrolases; Oxidoreductases; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Tetrazolium Salts

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Regeneration; Bone Resorption; Fractures, Bone; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Osteogenesis; Research; Tibial Fractures