acid-phosphatase and Fish-Diseases

The disease caused by Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) has brought substantial economic losses to the largemouth bass aquaculture industry in China. Vaccination was considered as a potential way to prevent and control this disease. As a kind of sustained and controlled release system, alginate and chitosan microspheres (SA-CS) are widely used in the development of oral vaccination for fish. Here, we prepared a king of alginate-chitosan composite microsphere to encapsulate the second segment of MSRV glycoprotein (G2 protein) and then evaluated the immune effect of the microsphere vaccine on largemouth bass. Largemouth bass were vaccinated via intragastric immunization by different treatments (PBS, SA-CS, G2 and SA-CS-G2). The results showed that a stronger immune response including serum antibody levels, immune-related physiological indexes (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity) and the expression of immune-related gene (IgM、IL-8、IL-1β、CD4、TGF-β、TNF-α) can be induced obviously with SA-CS-G2 groups compared with G2 groups when fish were vaccinated. Furthermore, fish were injected with a lethal dose of MSRV after immunization for 28 days, and the highest relative percentage survival (54.8%) was observed in SA-CS-G2 group (40 μg per fish), which is significantly higher than that of G2 group (25.8%). This study showed that alginate-chitosan microspheres as the vaccine carrier can effectively improve the immune effect of oral vaccination and induce better immune protection effect against MSRV infection.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alginates; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antioxidants; Bass; Chitosan; Delayed-Action Preparations; Fish Diseases; Immunoglobulin M; Interleukin-8; Microspheres; Rhabdoviridae; Superoxide Dismutase; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vaccines, Subunit; Vaccines, Synthetic

Rainbow trout (

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Catalase; Fish Diseases; Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus; Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1; Interleukin-8; Liver; Malondialdehyde; MicroRNAs; Muramidase; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; NLR Proteins; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Receptors, Cytokine; RNA, Messenger; Superoxide Dismutase; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3; Toll-Like Receptor 3; Toll-Like Receptor 8; Water

Iridovirus can cause a mass of death in grouper, leading to huge economic loss in recent years. At present, practical vaccine is still the best way to control the outbreak of this virus. Many researches had indicated that the major capsid protein (MCP) of grouper iridovirus of Taiwan (TGIV) is an effective antigen to induce a specific immune response in grouper. However, these traditional vaccines that based on large proteins or whole organisms are faced with challenges because of the unnecessary antigenic load. Thus, in this study, we screened the dominant linear epitope within the MCP of TGIV and then, a new peptide vaccine (P2) was developed via prokaryotic expression system. Furthermore, SWCNTs was used as a vaccine carrier to enhance the immunoprotective effect. To evaluate the immunoprotective effect of this vaccine, a total of 245 fish were vaccinated with P2 (5, 10, 20 mg L

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Capsid Proteins; DNA Virus Infections; Drug Carriers; Epitopes; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression; Iridoviridae; Nanotubes, Carbon; Perciformes; Superoxide Dismutase; Vaccines, Subunit; Viral Vaccines

The biochemical mechanisms involved in phagocytosis and the intracellular survival of Aeromonas hydrophila (Ah) in host macrophages (MΦs) are complex processes that affect infection success or failure. Thus, in the present study, we described the in vitro infection of Nile tilapia MΦs by a homologous bacterium and tested the effects of anti-A. hydrophila immunoglobulin Y (IgY) on the phagolysosomal activity and intracellular survival of the pathogen. The anti-Ah IgY modulated lysosomal acid phosphatase (LAP) activity as well as the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and nitric oxide (NO), thereby potentiating phagocytosis and the elimination of Ah. Thus, we assume that the specific IgY had a beneficial effect on infection control and postulated the use of the Nile tilapia MΦs as an important in vitro experimental model for the functional and therapeutic study of Ah infection.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aeromonas hydrophila; Animals; Cichlids; Fish Diseases; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Immunoglobulins; In Vitro Techniques; Macrophages; Nitric Oxide; Phagocytosis; Reactive Oxygen Species

Corn gluten meal (CGM) is an important alternative protein source in aquafeed production. However, in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), CGM could not be effectively utilized because of its low digestibility, the reason for which is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and elucidate the cause for the poor utilization of CGM by turbot from the view of gut health. An 8-week feeding trial was conducted with turbot individuals (initial body weight 11.4 ± 0.2 g), which were fed with one of four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets formulated to include 0%, 21.2%, 31.8%, and 42.6% CGM to progressively replace 0%, 33%, 50%, and 67% fish meal (FM) protein in a FM-based diet, respectively. The results showed that CGM caused dose-dependent decreases in (1) growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and feed utilization; (2) activities of brush-border membrane enzymes; (3) intestinal antioxidant indices of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase activities, and reduced glutathione level; (4) intestinal immune parameters of acid phosphatase activity, complement 3, complement 4, and IgM concentrations. Dose-dependent increases in the severity of the inflammation, with concomitant alterations on microvilli structure and increasing expression of inflammatory cytokine genes of Il-1β, Il-8, and Tnf-α were observed but without a change in the intracellular junctions and the epithelial permeability established by the plasma diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate level examinations. In conclusion, the present work proved that CGM negatively affected the gut health of turbot by inducing enteritis and by decreasing intestinal immunity and antioxidant capacity, which could be one of the reasons for the reduced utilization of CGM by turbot.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animal Feed; Animals; Antioxidants; Diet; Enteritis; Fish Diseases; Fish Proteins; Flatfishes; Glutens; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Mucosa; Superoxide Dismutase; Zea mays

Bacterial ghosts (BGs) can be generated by the controlled expression of the PhiX174 lysis gene E in gram-negative bacteria. They are intriguing vaccine candidates since ghosts retain functional antigenic cellular determinants often lost during traditional inactivation procedures. Here we prepared Edwardsiella tarda ghost (ETG) and tested different concentrations in vaccination trials. The results showed that serum IgM antibody titers were significantly higher in three different concentration immunization groups than control group (P < 0.05), However, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the immunized groups. The phagocytic percentage (PP) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in ETG immunized groups than in the control group from 3 days post-treatment. The PP continued to rise with time until day 21, when the values of three ETG immunized groups were 45.7%,51.2% and 50.7%, respectively. In addition, phagocytic index (PI) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in ETG immunized groups than in the control group after 7 days post-treatment. However, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference of PP or PI between immunized groups. In addition, non-specific immune immunity, such as acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activities displayed a similar pattern in all immunized groups, all immunized fish showed significantly higher activities than control group fish (P < 0.05). Most importantly three ETG immunized groups were all significantly more protected against the E. tarda challenge (19/25, 76% survival), (21/25, 84% survival) and (20/25, 80% survival) respectively, compared to (9/25, 36% survival) survival in the control group, but there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference of survival rate (SR) or relative percent survival (RPS) between immunized groups. All these results suggest that an ETG could stimulate cellular and humoral immunity, and could be used as a vaccine candidate in S.m. In summary, ETG can protect fish from Edwardsiellosis, and there is no significant difference in SR and RPS when three different concentrations of ETG are used, so it can easily be developed as a vaccine for mechanical and artificial operations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Edwardsiella tarda; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Fish Diseases; Immunization; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Perciformes; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcus aureus; Superoxide Dismutase

To investigate the response of pompano fish (Trachinotus ovatus) to white spot disease, we used the protozoan Cryptocaryon irritans to infect live 450-g specimens at concentrations of 40,000 theronts/fish. We assessed the relative infection intensity (RII), serum immobilizing titer, and immunity-related enzyme activities (ACP, AKP, LZM), and assessed feeding, serum ion concentrations (Na(+), Cl(-), Ca(2+) and K(+)) and blood biochemistry (ALT, AST, LDH) of pompano. The fish were then treated with a lethal dose of C. irritans (70,000 theronts/fish) and the number of deaths was recorded. We found that the relative infection intensities of the control group, group I, and group II were 0, 0.630 ± 0.179, and 0.014 ± 0.006. Poly-infection induced a significant increase in the serum immobilizing titer (853.33 ± 295.60) of group II. In terms of the biochemical assessment, group II had significantly higher alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities than the other groups, and the lowest lysozyme activity (P < 0.05), compared to higher activity in the control group and the highest level in group I. Only the fishes of group I had stopped feeding after treatment. The concentrations of Na(+), Cl(-), and Ca(2+) in blood serum did not differ significantly among the three groups, but K(+) concentration increased with the increasing infection frequency. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities in fish of group II were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Survival of the fish subjected to the lethal dose of C. irritans was 0, 0, and 100 in groups control, I, and II, respectively. In conclusions, based on the food intake of group II, along with the results of relative infection intensity, serum immobilizing titer, and survival, we speculate that the fish in that group acquired high protective immunity following poly-infection by C. irritans, experiencing limited harm for pompano.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Calcium; Chlorine; Ciliophora Infections; Fish Diseases; Fisheries; Fishes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Muramidase; Potassium; Random Allocation; Seawater; Sodium

To explore the effect of low-dose Cryptocaryon irritans infection on growth, feeding and antiparasitic immunity of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), this study utilized C. irritans at concentrations of 5500 theronts/fish (Group I, 1/10 of 96 h LC50) or 11,000 theronts/fish (Group II) to infect E. coioides weighing 38 g on average at week 0, 2 and 4, respectively. Food consumption was recorded daily; the fish were weighed weekly; serum immobilizing titer (SIT), and acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LZM) activity were recorded every 2 weeks; the fish were treated with lethal dose (70,000 theronts/fish) of C. irritans in the 8th week and death number were recorded. The result shows that in the 1st week after the first infection, the fish's weight gain (WG), length gain (LG), and specific growth rate (SGR) dropped as parasite dose increased, and WG, SGR values were negative; while, after the 2nd and the 3rd infection, no significant differences were detected among the three groups. These results indicated that the 1st infection affected the fish most, while the following infections were protected by some immunity. In the 3rd, 7th, and 8th week, condition factor (CF) increased with the increased infectious dose, indicating that the parasite affected body length more than body weight. As the experiment went on, accumulated food consumption (AFC) of all three groups steadily grew (control > Group I > Group II). But on the 2nd day after the first infection, daily food consumption (DFC) of Group I and II significantly dropped, the decline of Group II was greater than that of Group I, DFC recovered in the following week, with Group I earlier than Group II. After the 2nd infection, DFC of Group I and II dropped again, Group II still dropped more than Group I, and both groups recovered on the 3rd day after infection. The 3rd infection caused no significant difference in week food consumption (WFC). These results indicated that a higher dose of infection causes a greater drop in FC and a slower recovery. Weekly feed conversion ratio (WFCR) values of Group I and II in the 1st week was negative; in the 2nd week, WFCR was lower in the group infected by a higher dose of parasite; while in the 3rd and following weeks, no significant pattern was observed. Accumulate feed conversion ratio (AFCR) dropped as the infectious dose increased (control > Group I > Group II), AFCR of Group I and II reached above 0 i

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Ciliophora Infections; Eating; Fish Diseases; Hymenostomatida; Muramidase; Perciformes; Superoxide Dismutase

Alpha-cypermethrin is an isoform of cypermethrin; it is an active pyrethroid used extensively to control a wide range of pests in agriculture and animal breeding. In this study four groups of six fish were examined. The first group served as a control in fresh water alone, with no pyrethroid. The second, third and fourth groups were exposed to alpha-cypermethrin for 4, 8 and 96 h respectively. At the end of the each exposure period, the fish were sacrificed, and the required muscle tissues were collected for histological examination. The blood was drawn with heparinized needles and processed for serum enzymatic studies. Serum enzymes such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), amylase, acid phosphatase (ACP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were measured at 4, 8 and 96 h. AST enzyme activity was significantly increased at 4 h, whereas ALT and amylase enzyme activities were significantly reduced at all the time points. ACP enzyme activity was significantly reduced at 4 and 8 h, whereas GGT enzyme activity was significantly increased at all the time points. Hepatocyte cytoplasmic vacuolisation and degeneration, rupture of blood vessels, and necrosis was found at all time points. Congestion of blood vessels, bulging, distortion of filaments, erosion and disintegration of blood corpuscles and hyperplasia of epithelium were found in treated gills at 4, 8 and 96 h. Breakdown of muscle fibres, vacuolation and accumulation of lipids and melanin in white muscle were observed in treated fish muscle at 4, 8 and 96 h.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Amylases; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Biomarkers; Cyprinidae; Fish Diseases; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Gills; Insecticides; Liver; Muscles; Pyrethrins; Time Factors

Scuticociliates are histophagous marine parasites that cause mortality in fish. Acid phosphatases (AcPs) are considered virulence factors and they are used by different parasites to dephosphorylate host molecules. The aim of this work was to characterize the AcPs from 3 scuticociliate species, Uronema marinum, Miamiensis avidus and Parauronema virginianum, which parasitize marine finfish species. We identified AcP activity (pH 5.2) with differential cellular distribution in the 3 parasite species. Native gel electrophoresis of ciliate lysates revealed the presence of 1 high molecular weight AcP activity band in M. avidus (tartrate-sensitive), several low molecular weight AcPs in U. marinum and 1 low molecular weight band only in P. virginianum (tartrate-resistant). Scuticociliate AcP was inhibited by specific inhibitors of tyrosine protein phosphatases. AcP decreased upon starvation but rapid reactivation occurred following exposure to skin mucus. Groper (Polyprion oxygeneios) peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and, to a lesser extent, red blood cells, also increased AcP activity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1b was primarily detected in the plasma membrane of M. avidus and ingestion of groper PBLs upregulated its expression. M. avidus recovered from experimentally infected groper had greater levels of PTP1b expression than the injected suspension. The present results highlight the importance of PTPs in histophagous parasites and their interaction with fish host's factors.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Membrane; Ciliophora Infections; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fish Diseases; Flounder; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Host-Parasite Interactions; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; New Zealand; Oligohymenophorea

The present experiment was carried out to study the effect of different dosages of beta-glucan suspension derived from barley on the innate immune response and disease resistance of Anabas testudineus spawns against infection caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. Four different dosages of beta-glucan suspension in phosphate buffered saline at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 15 mg l(-1) were taken and 8 days old spawn were exposed for 2 h and 3 h. The cell suspension of spawn was assayed for total protein, acid phosphatase activity, lysozyme activity, bactericidal and NBT. Further, the spawns were challenged with 3 x 10(5) cells ml(-1) of A. hydrophila and survivability percentage and immunological parameters were assayed upto day 7. On day 7, most of the immunological parameters such as lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity and NBT activity were significantly enhanced after exposing the fish to all the concentrations of beta-glucan. Challenge study indicated least mortality in the group of spawns immersed in 15 mg l(-1) beta-glucan suspension for 3 h. Thus, 3 h exposure to beta-glucan suspension could reduce the mortality and increase the immunity of A. testudineus spawns.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aeromonas hydrophila; Animals; beta-Glucans; Fish Diseases; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Immunity, Innate; Muramidase; Perches; Superoxides; Survival Analysis

Systemic tetrahymenosis caused by the protozoan parasite Tetrahymena spp. is a serious problem in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) farms worldwide. There is no therapeutic solution for the systemic form of this disease. Guppies severely infected with Tetrahymena spp. were imported by a commercial ornamental fish farm and brought to our laboratory. Tetrahymena sp. (Tet-NI) was isolated and in vitro cultured. Isolates maintained in culture for different time periods (as reflected by different numbers of passages in culture) were analyzed-Tet-NI 1, 4, 5 and 6, with Tet-NI 1 being cultured for the longest period (about 15 months, 54 passages) and Tet-NI 6 for the shortest (2.5 months, 10 passages). Controlled internal infection was successfully achieved by IP injection with most isolates, except for Tet-NI 1 which produced no infection. The isolate Tet-NI 6 induced the highest infection rates in internal organs (80% vs. 50% and 64% for Tet-NI 4 and 5, respectively) and mortality rates (67% vs. 20% and 27% for Tet-NI 4 and 5, respectively, and 6.7% for Tet-NI 1). The correlation between pathogenicity and Tetrahymena enzymatic activity was studied. Electrophoretic analyses revealed at least two bands of gelanolytic activity in Tet-NI 4 and 5, three bands in Tet-NI 6, and no activity in Tet-NI 1. Total inhibition of gelanolytic activity was observed after pretreatment of Tet-NI 6 with E-64, a highly selective cysteine protease inhibitor. Using hemoglobin as a substrate, Tet-NI 6 had two bands of proteolytic activity and no bands were observed in Tet-NI 1. A correlation was observed between pathogenicity and acid phosphatase activities (analyzed by commercial fluorescence kit) for Tet-NI 1 and Tet-NI 6.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Ciliophora Infections; Cysteine Proteases; Fish Diseases; Poecilia; Tetrahymena; Time Factors

The effect of vitamin A-deficiency on the structural integrity of lysosomes in the skeletal muscle and skin of Heteropneustes fossilis, a dehydroretinol-rich freshwater siluroid used in pisciculture, has been evaluated. Dietary stress was found to cause enhanced release of acid hydrolases from both skeletal muscle and skin tissues. The results indicate that the regulation of lysosomal membrane stability in these tissues is a function of vitamin A.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animal Feed; Animals; Arylsulfatases; Catfishes; Cathepsin B; Cathepsin H; Cathepsins; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Fish Diseases; Glucuronidase; Hydrolases; Liver; Lysosomes; Muscle, Skeletal; Skin; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency

Acid phosphatase (ACP) was detected in whole-cell lysates, membrane-bound and water-soluble fractions of Cryptobia salmositica (pathogenic and nonpathogenic vaccine strains), Cryptobia bullocki, and Cryptobia catostomi using p-nitro-phenylphosphate as the substrate. High activities were in acidic pH (3.0-5.5) and the optimal pH was 5.0 Highest ACP activity was in the membrane-bound fraction. The pathogenic strain of C. salmositica had significantly higher total ACP activity than the vaccine strain and the other 2 species. However, the activity in the pathogenic C. salmositica decreased significantly with prolonged in vitro cultivation. The membrane-bound ACP of the pathogenic C. salmositica had highest resistance to the ACP inhibitor, sodium tartrate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cypriniformes; Fish Diseases; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetoplastida; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Protozoan Vaccines; Serial Passage; Tartrates; Time Factors

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a disease of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway that affects both erythrocytic and leucocytic cells. Both cell types are possible target cells for the aetiological ISA agent, which is probably a virus. In the present study the distribution and phenotype of leucocyte populations in the spleen and head kidney of Atlantic salmon that were developing ISA have been examined. Frozen tissues were collected from fish at various times after inoculation with ISA-infective material. Immune and enzyme histochemical techniques were used to characterise the response of leucocyte populations. Acid phosphatase positive macrophages predominantly in the red pulp of the spleen appeared to have engulfed erythrocytes at day 4 after infection. Evidence of degradation products of phagocytosed erythrocytes was present in macrophages in red pulp of the spleen at day 7 after infection, in addition to the usual site of erythrophagocytosis in melanomacrophage accumulations. Signs of erythrophagocytosis were not found in the head or body portions of the kidney. The activation of macrophages in the spleen at day 7 was suggested by decreased reactivity for the enzyme 5' nucleotidase. From day 7, clusters of immunoglobulin positive (Ig +) cells were present in the head kidney, while from day 11, the ellipsoids of the spleen showed reactivity for Ig and complement factor C3. These observations are discussed in relation to early immunoglobulin production and possible immune complex trapping. The present results suggest that the leucocyte populations in Atlantic salmon respond to ISA infection through macrophage activation and the initiation of an immune response.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Anemia; Animals; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Erythrocytes; Fish Diseases; Hematocrit; Histocytochemistry; Immunoglobulins; Immunohistochemistry; Kidney; Leukocytes; Macrophage Activation; Phagocytosis; Salmon; Spleen; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carps; Cestode Infections; Cyprinidae; Fish Diseases; Gills; Intestines; Kidney; Liver; Spleen

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cestoda; Cestode Infections; Cyprinidae; Ecology; Fish Diseases; Hemosiderin; Kidney; Liver; Spleen