acid-phosphatase and Erythema

Sulfur mustard (SM) (di-2-chlorethyl sulfide), used for chemical warfare in World War I, is a highly reactive radiomimetic alkylating agent. When applied to the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs, it produced vascular leakage, leukocyte infiltration, and slow death of basal epidermal cells. Thirty to sixty minutes after exposure to SM, injury to the superficial microvasculature (beneath the SM application site) was detected by measuring vascular leakage with Evans blue dye and also with horseradish peroxidase. At this same time, injury to the superficial fibroblasts was observed ultrastructurally; and an unexpectedly high percentage of basophils was found among the early infiltrating granulocytes. At 2 to 4 hr, the vascular leakage ceased, and had resumed by 8 hr in a more diffuse form. At this time, the basal epidermal cells showed pyknotic nuclei, an increase in their lysosomal enzymes (observed histochemically), and autophagic vacuoles (observed ultrastructurally). Leukocyte infiltration was marked, consisting mostly of heterophils (PMN) with a reduced percentage of basophils. During the next 24 to 72 hr, the entire inflammatory reaction reached its peak; and a superficial, crust-covered ulcer developed. Then, over the next 10 days, the lesion gradually subsided with concomitant repair and healing. Glucocorticosteroids decreased the early edematous phase, but did not affect the rate of healing. These findings suggest that the skin response to sulfur mustard has an immediate and a delayed phase. The immediate phase, i.e., within the first hour, was characterized by injury to the superficial fibroblasts and to the endothelium of superficial capillaries and venules, possibly because of direct damage to their cell membranes. At this time, a restricted vascular leakage and a selective granulocyte infiltration containing many basophils occurred. The delayed phase, which became evident after 8 hr, was characterized by the death of basal epidermal cells, probably because of DNA damage. This phase was accompanied by generalized vascular leakage, by massive heterophil immigration, and eventually by ulceration.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arylsulfatases; Erythema; Glucocorticoids; Granulocytes; Guinea Pigs; Histocytochemistry; Leukocytes; Mustard Compounds; Mustard Gas; Rabbits; Skin Diseases; Time Factors

In the present study the participation of lysosomal enzymes in the primary photosensitizing process in the skin of porphyric patients were investigated. Cutaneous photosensitivity reactions were produced in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda by irradiation with near UV light and also to a lesser degree with visible light. The reactions occurred almost exclusively in patients with urinary uroporphyrin excretion exceeding 900 nmol/24 h and preceeded any noticeable increase of lysosomal enzyme activity by several hours. These results indicate that lysosomal enzymes are not primarily involved in the photosensitizing reaction in porphyric patients but that they participate in the cutaneous inflammatory process in porphyric skin at a later stage.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Coproporphyrins; Erythema; Female; Glycoside Hydrolases; Humans; Hydrolases; Lysosomes; Male; Middle Aged; Photosensitivity Disorders; Porphyrias; Skin; Skin Diseases; Ultraviolet Rays; Uroporphyrins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Bromides; Drug Hypersensitivity; Erythema; Female; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Skin Diseases; Sodium; Solutions; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amides; Aminohydrolases; Animals; Blister; Cantharidin; Condiments; Erythema; Glucosamine; Glucuronidase; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Lysosomes; Rats; Skin; Surface-Active Agents

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Autoradiography; Biopsy; Catechol Oxidase; Child, Preschool; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Erythema; Esterases; Female; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Keratosis; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Nucleotidases; Oxidoreductases; Skin Temperature; Tritium

Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Erythema; Esterases; Follow-Up Studies; Glucuronidase; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Keratitis; Male; Nucleotidases; Skin

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Age Factors; Bone Marrow Examination; Child; Cyclophosphamide; Cytarabine; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythema; Erythrocytes; Humans; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Male; Mercaptopurine; Myelography