acid-phosphatase and Dental-Plaque

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Antigens, Bacterial; Dental Plaque; Gingiva; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunoglobulins; Inflammation; Lymphocytes; Periodontal Diseases; Streptococcus mutans; Sucrose

This study examines acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to learn whether bone turnover dynamics can be monitored in human subjects during orthodontic tooth movement. Three female subjects were observed longitudinally to assess tooth movement, plaque, and inflammation. For each subject, one randomly selected premolar served as the control and was not treated, and another was moved buccally with 100 gm of force. The GCF was collected weekly and assayed for phosphatases. Alkaline phosphatase peaked between the first and third weeks, followed by an increase in acid phosphatase between the third and sixth weeks. After the first week, tooth movement averaged 0.9 mm. Additional 0.9 mm of movement occurred during the next 3 weeks, followed by 1.4 mm during weeks 4 to 6. Thirty additional patients, randomly divided into headgear/biteplate, bionator, and control groups, were also sampled cross-sectionally at the maxillary first molars. The GCF phosphatase activities were assessed as functions of location on the tooth, treatment modality, duration of treatment, gingival inflammation, and plaque accumulation. The plaque index did not show a relationship to either acid or alkaline phosphatase activity on the mesial or distal in the treated groups. However, alkaline phosphatase increased with inflammation on the distal in treated groups and acid phosphatase was consistently higher on the mesial than on the distal in the treatment groups. Alternating peaks of acid and alkaline phosphatase were found in the GCF of treated teeth as functions of treatment duration. The sequence of these changes is similar to that reported for alveolar bone turnover in a rodent orthodontic tooth movement model. We conclude that phosphatase activities in GCF may be a useful means for monitoring tissue responses to orthodontic treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Activator Appliances; Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bicuspid; Bone Remodeling; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Stress Analysis; Extraoral Traction Appliances; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Molar; Statistics, Nonparametric; Stress, Mechanical; Time Factors; Tooth Movement Techniques

Dental plaque species, Streptococcus sanguis and Capnocytophaga gingivalis, were grown in continuous culture with progressively increasing concentrations of triclosan or its phosphorylated derivative, triclosan monophosphate (TMP). For both organisms, the maximum specific growth rates decreased with increasing concentrations of triclosan or TMP until complete inhibition of growth occurred, which for S. sanguis was at 20 mg/L and 50 mg/L, and for C. gingivalis was at 10 mg/L and 5 mg/L for triclosan and TMP respectively. For both species, biomass levels remained approximately constant or, in some cases, increased slightly at low levels of triclosan or TMP. However, biomass levels then decreased significantly as the triclosan or TMP concentrations approached lethal levels. For S. sanguis, levels of hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and esterase) generally remained approximately constant or increased with increasing concentrations of triclosan or TMP until close to inhibitory levels where enzyme levels were reduced. The ratio of extracellular soluble enzymes to cell-bound enzymes remained constant or increased slightly with increasing levels of triclosan or TMP. For C. gingivalis, production of hydrolytic enzymes (neutral phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and trypsin-like protease) remained constant or were reduced when grown with low levels of triclosan and TMP but in some cases increased with higher levels of agents. The proportion of extracellular soluble activity increased significantly when concentrations of agent neared inhibitory levels. The results taken together show that the physiology of cells is significantly altered and that hydrolytic enzymes are released from the cells when these are grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of triclosan or TMP. Enzyme release is more pronounced in the Gram-negative C. gingivalis and indicates that triclosan or TMP can cause membrane perturbation with subsequent release of membrane-located (S. sanguis) or periplasmic (C. gingivalis) hydrolytic enzymes. S. sanguis was more sensitive to triclosan than TMP while C. gingivalis was more sensitive to TMP. This suggests that, in C. gingivalis, TMP may diffuse into the cell wall more easily than triclosan and then be converted to triclosan by phosphatase activity within the cell wall complex, where it may give rise to high localized concentrations and subsequent cell damage.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biomass; Capnocytophaga; Culture Media; Dental Plaque; Esterases; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Streptococcus sanguis; Triclosan

In chemostat culture, the microaerophilic, CO2 requiring, gingival-plaque-associated bacterium Capnocytophaga gingivalis responded to the addition of glucose (1-6 g I-1) by doubling its growth rate and increasing its biomass yield fivefold. The data suggest that the glucose is catabolized by a fully aerobic route. Rather than repressing hydrolytic enzymes which might be associated with pathogenic properties, glucose enhanced the specific activity of aminopeptidase, trypsin-like protease, acid and alkaline phosphatase and alpha-glucosidase in comparison with a control culture grown in a tryptone/thiamin medium. Thus, the supply of glucose could be of importance in maximizing the pathogenic potential of this organism.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha-Glucosidases; Aminopeptidases; Biomass; Capnocytophaga; Culture Media; Dental Plaque; Gingiva; Glucose; Humans; Hydrolases; Serine Endopeptidases

Ultrastructural cytohistochemical techniques showed presence of acid and alkaline phosphatases in dental plaque. Both phosphatases had intra- and extramicrobial localization. In the extracellular matrix, phosphatases were associated with small vesicles of bacterial origin, or were freely scattered in the matrix without apparent connection with microbial structures. Intracellularly, alkaline (AlkP) and acid (AcP) phosphatases were observed in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, showing a different localization. The AlkP was mainly located in the periplasmic space, while AcP had a double preferential localization: along the outer surface of the cell wall and in the periplasmic space. Less frequently an intracellular phosphatase reaction was seen in the cytoplasm.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bacteria; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Extracellular Matrix; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged

The therapeutic effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the role of O2- were assessed on 3 groups of Wistar rats (total 115). Fifty-four received injections of gingival bacteria or of anaerobically cultured rat dental plaque in their peritoneum, then received both intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of SOD. The rats were killed 48 hours later to collect their peritoneal exudate for cell count and for acid phosphatase activity assessment. Twenty-six received injections of bacteria in their footpads, after which SOD was administered intravenously. These rats were killed at 6 hours, 48 hours and 1 week respectively for histological examination. The gingiva of 26 rats were incised to create artificial lesions. The rats were killed at 24 or 48 hours and examined histologically. The nine remaining rats were used as controls (untreated) for the 3 experiments. The results of the 3 experiments showed that: Injection of SOD reduced exudation and acid phosphatase activity enhanced by the injection of B. gingivalis, at dosages of 1, 5 mg/kg i.p. and 5 mg/kg i.v., but 10 mg/kg i.p. had no apparent effect; i.v. injection of SOD had inhibitory effects on cell infiltration of B. gingivalis into the footpad, and the increase in fibrin and fibroblast formation through time was greater in SOD-administered rats; a decreased cell infiltration rate and increased fibrin network, fibroblast proliferation and gingival tissue regeneration occurred in specimens with artificial lesions given SOD. Apparently SOD has a curative effect on both inflammatory reaction induced by B. gingivalis and periodontal wound healing.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Dental Plaque; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superoxide Dismutase; Wound Healing

The following investigation was undertaken to study the location in the dental plaque and calculus of certain enzyme activities and to compare the patterns obtained with those of the normal hard tissue formation. Supragingival and subgingival calculus attached to the root surfaces of 30 extracted teeth was studied. The root with its deposits was frozen rapidly in a mixture of hexane and solid CO2 (-75 degrees C). From the frozen block, sections were cut and incubated for histochemical demonstration of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. The plaque seemed to be stratified with regard to enzyme activity. Three different layers could be identified. In the basal layer, approximately 100 microns thick, enzyme activity was low. Lactate dehydrogenase activity could be identified in some sections, but no phosphatase activity. In the middle layer lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities were found in most of the sections. The superficial layer usually showed lactate dehydrogenase but not always acid or alkaline phosphatase activities. The results of the present investigation may suggest that the mineralization of the dental plaque is not only a passive mineralization of dead bacteria, but also an active process promoted by enzymes in the covering bacterial layers.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Freeze Drying; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase

Bone culture was used as an experimental model in studying the ability of dental plaque grown in the presence of xylitol or sucrose to induce bone resorption. Plaque samples were collected in young adults after six or ten days with no oral hygiene and with frequent use of xylitol- or sucrose-sweetened chewing gum. The rate of resorption was assayed by measuring the release of both acid phosphatase and 45Ca from bones into culture media during a three-day incubation period. Sucrose-induced plaque collected after ten days increased both of these indicators of bone resorption, while xylitol plaque decreased or had no effect under identical conditions. Xylitol consumption induced a marked increase in acid phosphatase activity of dental plaque - a phenomenon which would appear to be unrelated to bone resorption. The results suggest that the inflammatory potential of dental plaque may be reduced during xylitol consumption as compared to sucrose consumption.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Chewing Gum; Culture Techniques; Dental Plaque; Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Rats; Sucrose; Xylitol

Lysosomal hydrolases as indicators of plaque-induced bone resorption in tissue culture were studied. Fetal rat bones cultured in a synthetic medium containing sonicated and filtrated human dental plaque were used as bones to be resorbed. Acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were found to be the most suitable enzymes for studying the degradation rate of bone cell lysosomes. When dental plaque is used as a resorbing agent, special attention has to be paid to the fact that plaque extract contains similar lysosomal hydrolase activity. Plaque hydrolases in the present study were quite stable in culture medium. No significant adsorption of enzymes by fetal rat bones occurred while remarkable adsorption by synthetic hydroxyapatite was found. The present results indicate that dental plaque is able to release lysosomal hydrolases from bone explants. This release corresponds to the degree of resorption measured by 45Ca release from bones.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Dental Plaque; Female; Glucuronidase; Lysosomes; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Body Fluids; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Plaque; Glucosyltransferases; Humans; Muramidase; Peptide Hydrolases; Saliva; Sucrase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Dental Plaque; Liver; Lysosomes; Rats; Streptococcus

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cathepsins; Dental Plaque; Gingiva; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Glucuronidase; Humans; Hydrolases; Lysosomes; Male; Therapeutic Irrigation; Toothbrushing

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alveolar Process; Animals; Dental Plaque; Female; Fetus; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Malate Dehydrogenase; Mouth Mucosa; Organ Culture Techniques; Palate; Periodontal Index; Pregnancy; Rats; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actinomyces; Alveolar Process; Animals; Autoradiography; Cricetinae; Dental Plaque; Germ-Free Life; Mandible; Maxilla; Osteoclasts; Periodontal Diseases; Rats; Streptococcus; Time Factors; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Densitometry; Dental Plaque; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Periodontitis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Dental Plaque; Pyrophosphatases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dental Plaque; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Hexosaminidases; Hydrolases; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucine; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Mice; Peptide Hydrolases; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Buffers; Calcium; Calcium Chloride; Calcium Phosphates; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Diet, Cariogenic; Feeding Behavior; Glycerophosphates; Hydrolysis; Phosphates; Rats; Sodium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actinomyces; Adult; Catalase; Dental Plaque; Electrophoresis; Esterases; Fusobacterium; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Streptococcus