acid-phosphatase and Colonic-Neoplasms

Aberrant crypts are recognized in methylene blue-stained, unsectioned, colonic mucosa by their increased size, elliptical lumenal opening, thicker epithelial layer, and increased pericryptal region. Aberrant crypt foci in rodents are observed as early as 2 weeks and for at least 9 months after a single dose of carcinogen, have a distribution that parallels that of tumors, and have an increased number of aberrant crypts per focus with time after the carcinogen dose. The ability to quantify these lesions in the entire colon of rodents in less than an hour suggests that aberrant crypts may provide a highly efficient in vivo bioassay for colon carcinogens. Since aberrant crypt foci appear to be the earliest identifiable putative precursors of colon cancer, they represent lesions that can be characterized further for the earliest genetic and biochemical alterations. In F344 rats, we have demonstrated that aberrant crypts have multiple histochemically-detectable enzyme alterations. Using similar techniques, we were the first to demonstrate aberrant crypts in unsectioned human mucosa. After embedding and sectioning, these microscopic aberrant crypts resemble rare lesions described earlier in the literature after extensive serial sectioning. In rats and humans, aberrant crypts may be histologically normal or display varying degrees of dysplasia and histochemically-detectable altered enzyme activities. These putative, preneoplastic lesions should reveal early changes that precede colon cancer and ways to alter their progression.

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Enzymes; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Mice; Precancerous Conditions; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

Sixteen tumor markers are reviewed, and measured to the ideal: produced by the tumor cell alone absent in health and in benign disease present in all patients with a given malignancy level in the blood representative of tumor mass detectable in occult disease. The only marker that approaches the ideal is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in gestational trophoblastic tumors. In this malignancy, the HCG level suggests the diagnosis and stage, confirms response to therapy, and predicts relapse. The three most widely used and intensely studied tumor markers are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alphafetoprotein (AFP), and HCG. CEA cannot be used in screening for cancer, but in carcinoma of the colon its elevation preoperatively increases the likelihood of advanced disease and postoperative recurrence. Postoperatively, elevated titers are often but not invariably associated with recurrent disease. AFP and HCG are useful in the management of nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors. Like CEA, they cannot be used for screening. They are more likely to be increased with advancing stage, and after therapy rising levels almost always mean recurrent disease. Some markers are valuable in specific circumstances, such as calcitonin in screening for familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In multiple myeloma, immunoglobulins are useful in determining the tumor mass and response to therapy. In neuroblastoma, catecholamine metabolites are useful primarily in making the diagnosis. In some malignancies, the absence of effective therapy lowers the value of the marker, as for AFP in hepatoma. The remaining markers are too unreliable or too little studied to be useful in the management of an individual patient with cancer. The purpose of this paper is to provide the clinician with an understanding of the limitations of the present tumor markers that will lead to wiser use of the tests, and to provide standards to which future tumor markers should be measured.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha-Fetoproteins; Breast Neoplasms; Calcitonin; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Catecholamines; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Immunoglobulins; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Parathyroid Hormone; Placental Lactogen; Polyamines; Pregnancy; Trophoblastic Neoplasms; Uterine Neoplasms; Vasopressins

Recent research has indicated that separate populations of macrophages are associated with differing outcomes in cancer survival. In our study, we examine macrophage expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and its effect on survival in colon cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis on colorectal adenocarcinomas confirmed macrophage expression of TRAP. Co-localization of TRAP with CD68, a pan-macrophage marker, revealed that TRAP is present in some but not all sub-populations of macrophages. Further co-localization of TRAP with CD163, an M2 marker, revealed that TRAP is expressed by both M2 and non-M2 macrophages. TRAP expression was then measured using the AQUA method of quantitative immunofluorescence in a tissue microarray consisting of 233 colorectal cancer patients seen at Yale-New Haven Hospital. Survival analysis revealed that patients with high TRAP expression have a 22 % increase in 5-year survival (uncorrected log-rank p = 0.025) and a 47 % risk reduction in disease-specific death (p = 0.02). This finding was validated in a second cohort of older cases consisting of 505 colorectal cancer patients. Patients with high TRAP expression in the validation set had a 19 % increase in 5-year survival (log-rank p = 0.0041) and a 52 % risk reduction in death (p = 0.0019). These results provide evidence that macrophage expression of TRAP is associated with improved outcome and implicates TRAP as a potential biomarker in colon cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biomarkers, Tumor; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Receptors, Cell Surface; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tissue Array Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

Protein-protein interactions and protein complex/aggregate formation play an essential role in almost all biological functions and activities. Through a nanoparticle aggregation immunoassay, we discovered that some proteins are substantially more complexed/aggregated in cancer tissues than normal tissues. This study examined four biomarkers proteins, CA125, CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), CA19-9 and PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase) in ovarian, colon and prostate tissue lysates. The most exciting results were observed from the PAP assay of prostate tissues: prostate cancer can be clearly distinguished from normal prostate and prostate with benign conditions such as BPH (benign prostate hyperplasia) based on the complex/aggregation level of PAP in prostate tissue lysates. The complex/aggregate level of a protein can be potential biomarkers for cancer detection and diagnosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies; Biomarkers, Tumor; CA-125 Antigen; CA-19-9 Antigen; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colonic Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gold; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Membrane Proteins; Metal Nanoparticles; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity

Cell-based assays are more complex than cell-free test systems but still reflect a highly artificial cellular environment. Incorporation of organotypic 3-dimensional (3-D) culture systems into mainstream drug development processes is increasingly discussed but severely limited by complex methodological requirements. The objective of this study was to explore a panel of standard assays to provide an easy-handling, standardized protocol for rapid routine analysis of cell survival in multicellular tumor spheroid-based antitumor drug testing. Spheroids of 2 colon carcinoma cell lines were characterized for evaluation. One of the assay systems tested could reliably be used to determine cell viability in spheroids. The authors verified that the acid phosphatase assay (APH) is applicable for single spheroids in 96-well plates, does not require spheroid dissociation, and is linear and highly sensitive for HT29 and HCT-116 spheroids up to diameters of 650 microm and 900 microm, consisting of 40,000 and 80,000 cells, respectively. Treatment of HT29 and HCT-116 cells with 5-fluorouracil, Irinotecan, and C-1311 revealed critically reduced drug efficacies in 3-D versus monolayer culture, which is discussed in light of literature data. The experimental protocol presented herein is a small but substantial contribution to the establishment of sophisticated 3-D in vitro systems in the antitumor drug screening scenario.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Colonic Neoplasms; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Reproducibility of Results

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has been localized in human colon cancer tissue and cell lines. Tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins plays a major role in the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, and is mediated via integrin subunits. The LoVo human colon cancer cell line was used as a model system to study the effects of PTHrP on cell proliferation and adhesion to ECM proteins found in normal liver. Clones of LoVo cells engineered to overexpress PTHrP by stable transfection with a PTHrP cDNA showed enhanced cell proliferation vs. control (empty vector-transfected) cells. PTHrP-overexpressing cells also showed significantly higher adhesion to collagen type I, fibronectin, and laminin, and enhanced expression of the [symbol: see text] integrin subunits. These results indicate that PTHrP may play a role in colon cancer invasion and metastasis by increasing cell proliferation and adhesion to the ECM via upregulation of proinvasive integrin expression.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blotting, Northern; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Colonic Neoplasms; Cyclic AMP; DNA, Complementary; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extracellular Matrix; Fibronectins; Flow Cytometry; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Immunoassay; Integrin alpha2; Integrin alpha5; Integrin alpha6; Integrin beta1; Integrin beta4; Integrins; Laminin; Liver; Neoplasm Metastasis; Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; Plasmids; Time Factors; Transfection

C1311 is a novel therapeutic agent with potent activity against experimental colorectal cancer that has been selected for entry into clinical trial. The compound has previously been shown to have DNA-binding properties and to inhibit the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II. In this study, cellular uptake and mechanisms by which C1311 interacts with DNA and exerts cytotoxic effects in intact colon carcinoma cells were investigated. The HT29 colon cancer cell line was chosen to follow cellular distribution of C1311 over a time course of 24 h at drug concentrations that just inhibited cell proliferation by 50% or 100%. Nuclear uptake of C1311 and co-localization with lysosomal or mitochondrial dyes was examined by fluorescence microscopy and effects on these cellular compartments were determined by measurement of acid phosphatase levels, rhodamine 123 release or DNA-binding behaviour. The strength and mode of DNA binding was established by thermal melting stabilization, direct titration and viscometric studies of host duplex length. The onset of apoptosis was followed using a TUNEL assay and DNA-fragmentation to determine a causal relationship of cell death. Growth inhibition of HT29 cells by C1311 was concomitant with rapid drug accumulation in nuclei and in this context we showed that the compound binds to duplex DNA by intercalation, with likely A/T sequence-preferential binding. Drug uptake was also seen in lysosomes, leading to lysosomal rupture and a marked increase of acid phosphatase activity 8 h after exposure to C1311 concentrations that effect total growth inhibition. Moreover, at these concentrations lysosomal swelling and breakdown preceded apoptosis, which was not evident up to 24 h after exposure to drug. Thus, the lysosomotropic effect of C1311 appears to be a novel feature of this anticancer agent. As it is unlikely that C1311-induced DNA damage alone would be sufficient for cytotoxic activity, lysosomal rupture may be a critical component for therapeutic efficacy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminoacridines; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Division; Cell Nucleus; Colonic Neoplasms; DNA; DNA Fragmentation; HT29 Cells; Humans; Microscopy, Fluorescence

The effect of a high vitamin E diet on the early stages of colon carcinogenesis and on the proliferative indexes in the colon and in the prostate glands was investigated in rats. F344 male rats were injected with azoxymethane (AOM, 15 mg/kg sc). One week later, animals were randomly allocated into two dietary groups (n = 8 rats/group): normal vitamin E (50 IU/kg diet) and high vitamin E (200 IU/kg diet). The basal diet was the AIN-76 diet modified to contain high corn oil (23% wt/wt). After eight weeks of feeding, concentrations of vitamin E in plasma, liver, and prostate were analyzed. Enumeration of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in colons and proliferative indexes of colons and prostate glands were determined. The total number of ACF and the average number of aberrant crypts (AC) per focus were similar in both dietary groups. ACF were classified as small (1-3 crypts/focus), medium (4-6 crypts/focus), or large (> or = 7 crypts/focus). Only the ACF in the small category showed a significant treatment effect, with values being lower in the high vitamin E group than in the control group (p < or = 0.05). No significant difference was observed in colonic proliferative indexes assessed by enumeration of metaphase cells, S phase cells, or cells exhibiting proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The PCNA labeling index in the prostate glands and the activity of prostatic acid phosphatase in plasma were higher in high vitamin E-fed rats (p < or = 0.05) than in control animals. The present study demonstrates that additional vitamin E does not inhibit the induction and growth of ACF; also it enhances the proliferative status of the prostate glands.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Azoxymethane; Cell Division; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Male; Precancerous Conditions; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Vitamin E

The human intestinal epithelial cell line T84 is widely used as a model for studies of Cl- secretion and crypt cell biology. We report a fractionation approach that permits separation of purified apical and basolateral T84 plasma membrane domains. T84 cellular membranes were isolated by nitrogen cavitation and differential centrifugation from monolayers grown on permeable supports. Membranes were then fractionated by isopycnic sucrose density gradient sedimentation, and fractions were assessed, using enzymatic and Western blot techniques, for apical (alkaline phosphatase) and basolateral (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase) plasma membrane markers and for cytosolic, lysosomal, Golgi, and mitochondrial markers. Buffer conditions were defined that permitted separation of enriched apical and basolateral markers. The validity of the selected markers for the apical and basolateral domains was verified by selective apical and basolateral surface labeling studies using trace iodinated wheat germ agglutinin or biotinylation. This approach allows for separation of apical and basolateral plasma membranes of T84 cells for biochemical analyses and should thus be of broad utility in studies of this model polarized and transporting epithelium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Cell Fractionation; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Colonic Neoplasms; Epithelium; Galactosyltransferases; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Membrane Proteins; Mitochondria; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Subcellular Fractions

The continuous cell lines T 24 and HT-29, derived from human bladder and colon carcinomas, produce term-placental and intestinal alkaline phosphatase, respectively. Growth in hyperosmolar medium or exposure to prednisolone or sodium butyrate induces increased enzyme levels, and combinations of inducers elicit synergistic activity increases. The effect of the inducing agents is strikingly diminished when cells are grown in the presence of high concentrations of human serum, and the synergistic increases are essentially abolished. Major human serum protein fractions do not affect alkaline phosphatase induction.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood; Butyrates; Butyric Acid; Colonic Neoplasms; Enzyme Induction; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Osmolar Concentration; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

We report four cases of primary clear-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the large intestine. The neoplasms grossly resembled ordinary colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas but microscopically were composed of uniform cells with optically clear cytoplasm. Mucin stains were negative, and the clear nature of the cytoplasm was due to glycogen accumulation. Areas of transition between normal colonic epithelial constituents and the clear-cell lesion were observed. Three of the four cases stained strongly positively for carcinoembryonic antigen. These lesions are apt to give rise to considerable diagnostic confusion and, in particular, resemble metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The usual strong positive carcinoembryonic antigen reaction is helpful in establishing this diagnosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma; Adult; Aged; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Mucin-1

The sequential histochemical changes during colon carcinogenesis were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats given 16 weekly subcutaneous injections of 15 mg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine per kg body wt and serially killed at regular intervals. Cryostat sections were used to study the mucus content of the colonic mucosa with the periodic acid Schiff's reaction, and enzyme histochemical methods were applied to investigate the activity of some key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism at different stages of carcinogenesis. Enlarged mucus-rich crypts with a marked hypercellularity (149% of control as determined morphometrically) appearing very early during carcinogenic treatment revealed almost normal activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Hyperbasophilic crypts lacking mucus production were observed later and showed a loss of G6Pase, but marked increase of G6PDH and GAPDH activity. Mucus-rich signet ring cell carcinomas showed the same enzymatic pattern as the mucus-rich crypts, whereas mucus-free adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated carcinomas revealed a loss of G6Pase and highly increased G6PDH and GAPDH activities. The results showed that focal changes in polysaccharide content and in the activity of some enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, as observed in various organs, also accompany the carcinogenic process in the colon. This supports the concept that aberrations in carbohydrate metabolism play an important role during the process of carcinogenesis.

Topics: 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Colonic Neoplasms; Dimethylhydrazines; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; Glycogen Synthase; Glycolysis; Histocytochemistry; Male; Methylhydrazines; Pentose Phosphate Pathway; Phosphorylases; Precancerous Conditions; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; alpha-Fetoproteins; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Rectal Neoplasms

We have developed a simple in vitro method of evaluating the relative binding properties of anti-tumor antibodies to human tumor and normal tissues. Cryopreserved surgical explants of tissues as 1 mm cubes are incubated in microtiter plate wells containing media and radiolabeled antibody. We show that the accumulation of antibody in tumor tissue is a specific process which may be reduced by preincubation with saturating levels of unlabeled specific antibody. Evaluation of 7 anti-breast and 4 anti-colorectal tumor antibodies against their respective tumor tissues showed good reproducibility of repeat measurements and up to a 100-fold difference in accumulation among different antibodies to the same tissue. Equivalent results were obtained with the same tissues employed fresh and after cryopreservation. Because of the simplicity of the assay, panels of antibodies may be screened against the large numbers of tumor and normal tissues required to identify superior antibodies for human trials.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Neoplasm; Antibody Specificity; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Diffusion; Humans; Liver; Rectal Neoplasms

Previously, we reported that high concentrations of eosinophils in human colonic carcinomas are associated with better prognoses, that sections taken 1 cm remote from (deep to) the margin of tumor (SRM) and sections contiguous to the margin (SCM) of tumor and adjacent uninvolved colon contain significantly different concentrations of eosinophils, and that concentrations of eosinophils in SCM and SRM are both useful and complementary for the prediction of prognosis. As a first step towards studying the ecology of the eosinophil in colonic carcinoma and with the goal of identifying other kinds of cells that might be useful for the prediction of prognosis, we counted cells in SCM and SRM that expressed histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthylbutyrate esterase, and peroxidase. The tumors of patients with and without metastases at the time of resection of the primary tumor contained different (P = 0.0314) concentrations of cells with histochemically demonstrable alpha-naphthylbutyrate esterase in SCM but not in SRM. In contiguous 1- to 2-micron sections, morphologically macrophage-like cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase and cells with histochemically demonstrable alpha-naphthylbutyrate esterase were found to be present in different concentrations both in SCM (P less than 0.01) and in SRM (P less than 0.01); i.e., these phenotypic markers appear to identify different subpopulations of macrophages in tumors. In contrast to our previous study of human pulmonary alveolar macrophages, examination of sections stained sequentially for these phenotypic markers that are commonly used for the identification of macrophages in tumors revealed numerous cells in the same sections that expressed histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase (red) but not alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (brown) and vice versa. Several of these markers promise to be useful and complementary for the prediction of prognosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Macrophages; Peroxidases; Prognosis; Receptors, Fc

In 132 patients suffering from various malignancies, including uterine carcinoma, breast cancer, gastric carcinoma, cancer of the colon, and additionally, patients with uterine myomas and endometriosis an increased activity of AP within the peripheral blood neutrophils could be stated by using a histochemical method. According to the author's opinion an increased activity of that enzyme reflects a response against local inflammatory processes frequently accompanying malignant tumours.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Breast Neoplasms; Colonic Neoplasms; Endometriosis; Female; Humans; Leiomyoma; Male; Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Stomach Neoplasms; Uterine Neoplasms

Twenty prostatic adenocarcinomas, 20 transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder, and 20 colorectal adenocarcinomas were stained for epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, and prostatic acid phosphatase. Polyclonal affinity purified first and second antibodies and an indirect immunoperoxidase technique were used. All of the colorectal and bladder tumours and 16/20 prostatic tumours were positive for epithelial membrane antigen. All 20 colorectal, 7/20 bladder, and 5/20 prostatic tumours stained for carcinoembryonic antigen. All of the prostatic adenocarcinomas and none of the colorectal or bladder tumours were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase. These markers may be used to discriminate between tumours arising from these sites.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens, Surface; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mucin-1; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

A prospective study compared five different assays for serum prostatic acid phosphatase in the detection of carcinoma of the prostate gland. The assays included two radioimmunoassay procedures, one counterimmunoelectrophoresis procedure, and an enzymatic procedure using alpha-naphthol phosphate substrate with and without sodium tartrate inhibition. The patients' hospital records were reviewed, as were all available surgical histology slides. The patients were divided into four groups: prostatic carcinoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, other carcinomas (besides prostatic carcinoma), and no related disease states (that would be expected to give elevated acid phosphatase levels). The results were analyzed with respect to sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of a positive result, predictive value of a negative result, and efficiency of the assays.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Stomach Neoplasms

Activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase was investigated cytochemically in neutrophils from peripheral blood of 22 untreated patients with gastric cancer, 8 patients with cancer of large intestine and in 40 healthy individuals. Differences in the activity of enzymes studied were demonstrated between patients at different clinical stages of cancer advancement, as well as between cancer patients and healthy subjects. Most significant changes were observed in patients with initial (1st stage) cancer, as compared with the control group, including decrease of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity, accompanied by an enhanced N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity. The possible mechanism of these changes is discussed.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Glucuronidase; Humans; Lysosomes; Male; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Stomach Neoplasms

Ten weekly doses of dimethylhydrazine (30 mg/kg) were given to rats to induce colonic tumors. Histochemical and electron cytochemical studies revealed a distinct pattern of lysosomal acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity in macrophages in the stroma of these neoplasms. A dramatic increase in the number of acid phosphatase-rich macrophages was present in adenomas when compared to that in normal colonic mucosa. Fewer numbers of these cells were seen in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and they were barely detectable in highly invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas. It is postulated that these macrophages may play a role in preventing the invasion of adenomatous neoplasms into the submucosa. Application of histochemical techniques to study macrophage lysosomal enzymes may prove a useful diagnostic tool in differentiation of human colonic tumors for prognostic evaluation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adenoma; Animals; Colonic Neoplasms; Dimethylhydrazines; Glucuronidase; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Male; Methylhydrazines; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats

Activities of sulphatases A/B, sulphatase C, beta glucuronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were measured in 38 cases of colorectal cancer. A wide variation in the levels of individual enzymes was observed, suggesting that certain patients might benefit from therapy with tailor made enzyme activated anti-tumour agent. The activity of sulphatase C was correlated with the other lour, but the enzyme profile could not predict the evofution of the disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Arylsulfatases; Colonic Neoplasms; Glucuronidase; Humans; Hydrolases; Rectal Neoplasms

Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in bone marrow and in cubital vein serum were compared. For patients without cancer, marrow serum LDH attained levels four times as high, and GOT and alkaline phosphatase, levels twice as high as those normal for cubital vein serum; levels of acid phosphatase were the same for both sources. For patients with cancer, significant increase of enzyme levels over reference levels depends on the tumor origin and on the presence and localization of metastases. Marrow enzyme levels may become elevated with or without concurrent elevation in cubital vein serum. Concurrent elevations were found with colonic carcinoma and lymphoid leukemia, and noncurrent elevations, with prostatic cancer, myeloid leukemia, and myeloma. A nonconcurrent elevation of marrow enzymes indicates that the origin of the enzyme is in the marrow, whereas with concurrent elevation, the source of the enzyme may be another organ.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bone Marrow; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Differentiation; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Epithelium; Esterases; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrolases; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Middle Aged; Naphthaleneacetic Acids; Nucleotidases; Rectal Neoplasms; Rectum

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Arylsulfatases; Breast Neoplasms; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Colonic Neoplasms; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Humans; Hydrolases; Lysosomes; Sulfatases

Elevated levels of glycoprotein:sialyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.99.1; CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: D-galactosyl-glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminyltransferase) were found in human malignant neoplastic tissues compared to normal, benign, and "preneoplastic" tissues. This increase was not due to the cell density of the tissue. Elevated levels of certain proteases and glycosidases were also found. The increase in transferase activity may be associated with altered membrane synthesis in the neoplastic state; changes in the activity of degradative enzymes may be associated with tumor invasiveness and maintenance of the neoplastic state. Measurements on human tumors are possibly more directly relevant to cancer than those described for transformed fibroblastic cells in vitro.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Fucose; Galactosamine; Galactosidases; Glycoproteins; Glycoside Hydrolases; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Mannose; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuraminic Acids; Neuraminidase; Peptide Hydrolases; Teratoma; Transferases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carrageenan; Cecum; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Histocytochemistry; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestinal Polyps; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Macrophages; Male; Metaplasia; Rats; Rectal Diseases; Rectum; Water Supply

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Intestinal Mucosa

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acridines; Adenocarcinoma; Argon; Cell Line; Cell Nucleus; Colonic Neoplasms; Culture Techniques; Cytoplasm; Female; Fibroma; Histocytochemistry; Hot Temperature; Lasers; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Neoplasms; Photosensitivity Disorders; Radiation Effects; Staining and Labeling; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bilirubin; Colonic Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Leukemia, Myeloid; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Male; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphatidylinositols; Phospholipids; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Sphingolipids; Stomach Neoplasms; Thyroid Neoplasms; Triglycerides; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Coloring Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Histological Techniques; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Male; Melanoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Pathology; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Sarcoma; Staining and Labeling; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Breast Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Colonic Neoplasms; D-Alanine Transaminase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lipase; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Testicular Neoplasms