acid-phosphatase and Cell-Transformation--Neoplastic

The methods are reviewed for obtaining monolayer epithelium cultures both in normal and hyperplastic or malignant prostate glands. Preparation of pure epithelial tissue cultures is dealt with in detail. The major prostate cell lines are described. Special attention is paid to the markers of differentiation and sensitivity to hormones in normal and tumour prostatic cells in vitro. Prospects for the use of prostatic cell cultures as models in oncology are outlined.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Androgens; Antigens; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Cytological Techniques; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Recent advances in analysis of leukemic cell phenotypes using cell surface markers have provided important insights into leukocyte differentiation and the cellular origin of leukemia. In addition to the traditional cell surface markers, i.e., surface membrane immunoglobulin and receptors for sheep erythrocytes that define B and T lymphocytes, highly specific monoclonal antibodies have been developed that discriminate various stages of human lymphocyte and granulocyte differentiation. Explorations of the detailed phenotypes of leukemic cells in relation to normal hemopoietic differentiation reveal that consistent, composite phenotypes of different subclasses of lymphoid malignancies closely mimic those of corresponding normal cells at equivalent levels of maturation. This is exemplified in lymphoma cells (chronic lymphocytic leukemia of B or T type, Sezary Syndrome, immunocytoma) that resemble mature and immunocompetent T and B cells, in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) (equivalent to thymus cells) and in non-T ALL (corresponding to lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow). The major phenotypes documented in different leukemias represent the level of maturation arrest imposed on the dominant subclone; this is determined by, but not necessarily synonymous with, the target cell and associated clonogenic cell population in the leukemia. The clinical significance of immunodiagnosis of leukemia cell types becomes best evidenced in acute leukemias. Besides the improvement of diagnosis by using objective criteria, clinically useful subclassifications became evident: five major subtypes of ALL are now recognized, including unclassified or null ALL, common ALL, pre-B-ALL, B-ALL and pre-T/T-ALL. In addition to disclosing that ALL is an heterogeneous disease, such classifications have proved to be prognostically significant. This is exemplified in 248 children and 145 adults with ALL which were analysed for cell type and clinical data. In addition to their utility in leukemia classification, monoclonal antibodies that identify leukemia associated antigens are becoming used therapeutically, e.g., to lyse residual leukemia cells from remission bone marrows removed from leukemia patients before reinfusion. New approaches to the treatment of leukemia in which the objective is to encourage maturation of leukemia cells rather than to achieve leukemia eradication, can be monitored by phenotyping the alterations of the cell surface, and cell markers may hopef

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Deaminase; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aneuploidy; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antigens, Surface; Blood Platelets; Cell Differentiation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Erythrocytes; Female; Granulocytes; Histocytochemistry; HLA Antigens; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Indoles; Infant; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Lymphoma; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Neprilysin; Nucleotidases; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Phenotype; Prognosis; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; Receptors, Complement; Receptors, Fc; Rosette Formation; Sex Factors; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Androgens; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Culture Techniques; Humans; Male; Organ Culture Techniques; Prostate; Zinc

The molecular mechanisms underlying prostate carcinogenesis are poorly understood. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), a prostatic epithelial secretion marker, has been linked to prostate cancer since the 1930's. However, the contribution of PAP to the disease remains controversial. We have previously cloned and described two isoforms of this protein, a secretory (sPAP) and a transmembrane type-I (TMPAP). The goal in this work was to understand the physiological function of TMPAP in the prostate. We conducted histological, ultra-structural and genome-wide analyses of the prostate of our PAP-deficient mouse model (PAP(-/-)) with C57BL/6J background. The PAP(-/-) mouse prostate showed the development of slow-growing non-metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. In order to find out the mechanism behind, we identified PAP-interacting proteins byyeast two-hybrid assays and a clear result was obtained for the interaction of PAP with snapin, a SNARE-associated protein which binds Snap25 facilitating the vesicular membrane fusion process. We confirmed this interaction by co-localization studies in TMPAP-transfected LNCaP cells (TMPAP/LNCaP cells) and in vivo FRET analyses in transient transfected LNCaP cells. The differential gene expression analyses revealed the dysregulation of the same genes known to be related to synaptic vesicular traffic. Both TMPAP and snapin were detected in isolated exosomes. Our results suggest that TMPAP is involved in endo-/exocytosis and disturbed vesicular traffic is a hallmark of prostate adenocarcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Models, Biological; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Binding; Protein Transport; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Pseudopodia; Vesicular Transport Proteins

Abnormal differentiation in epithelial stem cells or their immediate proliferative progeny, the transiently amplifying population (TAP), may explain malignant pathogenesis in the human prostate. These models are of particular importance as differing sensitivities to androgen among epithelial cell subpopulations during differentiation are recognised and may account for progression to androgen independent prostate cancer. Androgens are crucial in driving terminal differentiation and their indirect effects via growth factors from adjacent androgen responsive stroma are becoming better characterised. However, direct effects of androgen on immature cells in the context of a prostate stem cell model have not been investigated in detail and are studied in this work. In alpha2beta1hi stem cell enriched basal cells, androgen analogue R1881 directly promoted differentiation by the induction of differentiation-specific markers CK18, androgen receptor (AR), PSA and PAP. Furthermore, treatment with androgen down-regulated alpha2beta1 integrin expression, which is implicated in the maintenance of the immature basal cell phenotype. The alpha2beta1hi cells were previously demonstrated to lack AR expression and the direct effects of androgen were confirmed by inhibition using the anti-androgen bicalutamide. AR protein expression in alpha2beta1hi cells became detectable when its degradation was repressed by the proteosomal inhibitor MG132. Stratifying the alpha2beta1hi cells into stem (CD133(+)) and transient amplifying population (TAP) (CD133(-)) subpopulations, AR mRNA expression was found to be restricted to the CD133(-) (TAP) cells. The presence of a functional AR in the TAP, an androgen independent subpopulation for survival, may have particular clinical significance in hormone resistant prostate cancer, where both the selection of immature cells and functioning AR regulated pathways are involved.

Topics: AC133 Antigen; Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Androgen Antagonists; Anilides; Antigens, CD; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epithelial Cells; Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; Glycoproteins; Humans; Integrin alpha2beta1; Keratin-18; Leupeptins; Male; Metribolone; Middle Aged; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Nitriles; Peptides; Phenotype; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Proteasome Inhibitors; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Receptors, Androgen; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Testosterone Congeners; Tosyl Compounds

Only sporadic cases of prostate carcinomas with squamous differentiation have been reported.. The files of two institutions were reviewed for prostate cancers with squamous differentiation.. A total of 33 cases were studied. The average age at diagnosis was 68 years (range 49-86 years). The most common presenting symptoms included bladder outlet obstruction and dysuria. Thirteen men had a positive digital rectal examination. Diagnosis was made by needle biopsy (n = 23); transurethral resection of the prostate (n = 5); needle and transurethral resection of the prostate (n = 1); transurethral resection of the bladder (n = 1); or biopsy of metastases (n = 3). In 21 of 33 cases, there was a prior diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate; 8 patients were treated with hormones, 4 were treated with radiation, and 1 received both radiation and hormone therapy. Of the 12 men without a prior diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, 2 patients had received hormonal therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eight of 33 cases were pure squamous carcinomas. The remaining cases were adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 16), adenosquamous and urothelial carcinoma (n = 3), and adenosquamous carcinoma and sarcoma (n = 6). The squamous carcinoma component of these mixed cases averaged 40% of the tumor volume (range 5%-95%) and had a range of cytologic atypia (mild [n = 6], moderate [n = 17], severe [n = 10]). In the 25 cases with adenocarcinoma, the glandular component tended to be high-grade (Gleason grade >6 in 19 cases). Immunohistochemistry for prostate specific acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen was positive in a large percentage of the adenocarcinomas (85% and 75%, respectively) and only very focally positive in 12% of the squamous carcinomas. 34 beta E12 was diffusely positive in >95% of the squamous carcinomas and only focally positive in <10% of the adenocarcinomas. Cytokeratins 7 and 20 did not differentiate the squamous and adenocarcinoma components. Follow-up was available on 25 of 33 cases, with the average survival being 24 months (range 0-63 months).. Squamous differentiation in prostate cancer is uncommon, often but not necessarily arising in the setting of prior hormone or radiation therapy, and is associated with a poor prognosis. In addition to pure squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cancer, other patterns may be seen. Whereas the adenocarcinoma component is typically high grade, the squamous component has a wide range of differentiation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Survival Rate

The exact pathogenesis for prostate cancer is not known. Progress made in prostate cancer research has been slow, largely due to the lack of suitable in vitro models. Here, we report our work on the immortalization of a human prostate epithelial cell line and show that it can be used as a model to study prostate tumorigenesis.. Replication-defective retrovirus harboring the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E6 and E7 open reading frames was used to infect primary human prostate epithelial cells. Polymerase chain reaction, followed by Southern hybridization for the HPV 16 E6/E7, Western blot for prostatic acid phosphatase, telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay for telomerase activity, two-dimensional gels for cytokeratins, and cytogenetic analysis were undertaken to characterized the infected cells.. The retrovirus-infected cell line, HPr-1, continued to grow in culture for more than 80 successive passages. Normal primary cells failed to proliferate after passage 6. HPr-1 cells bore close resemblance to normal primary prostate epithelial cells, both morphologically and biochemically. However, they possessed telomerase activity and proliferated indefinitely. Cytogenetic analysis of HPr-1 cells revealed a human male karyotype with clonal abnormalities and the appearance of multiple double minutes.. The HPr-1 cells expressed prostatic acid phosphatase and cytokeratins K8 and K18, proving that they were prostate epithelial cells. They were benign in nude mice tumor formation and soft agar colony formation assay. The HPr-1 cell line is an in vitro representation of early prostate neoplastic progression.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Animals; Cell Division; Cell Line, Transformed; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chromosome Aberrations; Epithelial Cells; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Karyotyping; Keratins; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Open Reading Frames; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; Prostate; Repressor Proteins; Retroviridae; Telomerase; Transplantation, Heterologous; X Chromosome; Y Chromosome

The case history of a 70-year-old man with myelodysplastic syndrome terminated into acute leukemia in 22 months is presented. The leukemic cells exhibited multifocal acid phosphatase positivity and expressed TdT, CD45, CD34 and HLA-DR but not myeloid, monocytic or megakaryocytic differentiation antigenes. The genotypic analysis revealed clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. These phenotypic and genotypic analyses of the blastic cell population suggest that myelodysplastic syndrome may transform to pure acute lymphoblastic leukemia of B-cell origin.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Amino Acid Sequence; Antigens, CD34; B-Lymphocytes; Base Sequence; Cell Differentiation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte; Genes, Immunoglobulin; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Leukemia, B-Cell; Leukocyte Common Antigens; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Cytoplasmic clarity is a histological feature of normal prostatic secretory cells, but in this study, tissue fixation in strong (>2.5%) glutaraldehyde dramatically altered cytological staining. Secretory cytoplasm appeared red and granular on routine stains because of myriad intensely staining eosinophilic granules (PSG). Immunostaining for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) showed their exclusive localization to the PSG. Electron microscopy confirmed these findings and also showed that after fixation in many agents, including formaldehyde, PSG appeared empty, accounting for the artefactual "clear cell" appearance on light microscopy. PSG were most densely concentrated apically in a bud-shaped luminal compartment in which cytokeratin was selectively absent. Normal exocrine secretion was visualized as detachment of apocrine buds or their in situ disintegration. Distinctively in dysplasia and almost all carcinomas, PSG were rare to absent, and proteases were free in the cytoplasm, often concentrated beneath the apical membrane. The apocrine compartment was absent, with no observed secretory mechanism. Tumor cells had dark amphiphilic cytoplasm after all fixatives. This provided a reliable method of distinguishing malignant from benign glands in tissues fixed in strong glutaraldehyde. Clear cell carcinomas, whose cytoplasm mimicked routinely fixed normal secretory cells, surprisingly had almost no PSG. Instead, their "granules" were lipid-filled vacuoles reflecting a secretory pathway not seen in normal cells, dysplasia, or the common "dark cell" carcinomas. These observations may define two distinctive biological pathways of prostate cancer evolution and may facilitate diagnostic decisions on needle biopsy samples.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cytoplasmic Granules; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Precancerous Conditions; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

To study the effects of anti-hepatitis drug, DDB, on leukemia cell line HL-60.. Cytobiological methods were used.. DDB was inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 cells. About 50% of HL-60 cells treated with DDB (10(-4)mol/L) for 6 days exhibited NBT reduction, and phagocytosis activity was also enhanced by DDB (10(-4)mol/L) for 4 days. The HL-60 cells treated with DDB turned out to be mature granulocytes morphologically.. The activity of acid phosphatase in DDB-treated HL-60 cells was significantly increased. DDB can induce HL-60 cells to differentiate along granulocyte lineage.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Dioxoles; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Phagocytosis

Osteoclasts are terminally differentiated cells that express tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) at a higher level than other normal cells. Therefore, in an attempt to develop immortalized osteoclasts, we produced two lines of transgenic mice in which expression of the simian virus 40 T antigen oncogene was targeted to osteoclasts using the TRAP gene promoter. Osteoclasts were increased in number in bones from both lines. More than 50% of them appeared morphologically transformed, 2-5% were mitotic, but, unexpectedly, 5% were apoptotic. Osteoclast tumors were observed occasionally in one line of mice (line 4), and sheets of TRAP-positive cells (tumorlets) developed in most mice in both lines. Although cells isolated from these tumorlets formed multinucleated TRAP-positive cells that resorbed bone in vitro, to date we have been unable to develop an immortalized osteoclast cell line from them. Osteoclasts from one line (line 5) had reduced ruffled border formation and a higher level of T-antigen expression than osteoclasts in the other line (line 4), and these features were associated with the presence of osteopetrosis. However, osteoclasts from these osteopetrotic mice and from line 4 mice resorbed bone normally when the mice were treated with interleukin-1. These findings indicate that T antigen can be targeted to osteoclasts in transgenic mice and causes osteoclast transformation, tumors, mitosis, and apoptosis. When T antigen is expressed at high levels, functional impairment of osteoclasts can be detected. Furthermore, these results suggest that T antigen is insufficient on its own to immortalize cells in the osteoclast lineage.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; Apoptosis; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Osteoclasts; Osteopetrosis; Simian virus 40

The loss of a functional copy of a heterozygous tumor suppressor gene represents an important step during neoplastic transformation. In order to learn more about the genetic events that lead to spontaneous and drug-induced loss of heterozygosity, a diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was constructed that allows the detection of the loss of a heterozygous gene by means of direct selection. The strain contains a single functional URA3 gene copy inserted at the ADE2 locus located on the right arm of chromosome 15. In addition, the chromosome contains two other phenotypic marker genes, HIS3 which is located distal from URA3, and PHO80 which is closely linked to the centromere. The homologous chromosome lacks all three marker genes. Loss of the heterozygous copy of URA3 can easily be detected by 5-fluoro-orotic acid resistance of the resulting clones. Simple phenotypic tests of the resistant clones further allows one to distinguish whether the loss of the URA3 gene copy occurred by crossing over, chromosomal loss, or point mutation and gene conversion. Loss of heterozygosity was found to be induced in a dose-dependent fashion by UV radiation and by several chemical agents. All the tested mutagens induced loss of heterozygosity predominantly by crossing over.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blotting, Southern; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Escherichia coli; Genes, Tumor Suppressor; Heterozygote; Mitosis; Mutagenesis; Mutagens; Point Mutation; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Ultraviolet Rays

Transformation of cells in culture by polyomavirus is mediated by one of its early gene products, middle-sized tumor antigen (MTAg). This protein forms multiple complexes with cellular enzymes such as tyrosine kinases (pp60c-src), a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and phosphatase 2A. Association with MTAg leads to the activation of pp60c-src through interference with phosphorylation at Tyr-527, a site negatively regulating src kinase activity. MTAg abrogates mitosis-specific activation of pp60c-src, resulting in constitutive high kinase activity of the enzyme throughout all phases of the cell cycle. Here we report that MTAg is transiently modified during mitosis, resulting in an increase in its apparent molecular size on SDS/acrylamide gels. Similarly, MTAg isolated from interphase cells and phosphorylated by the cell cycle-regulated serine/threonine kinase p34cdc2 in vitro has increased molecular mass. The large molecular mass form of the protein can be converted to the authentic 56-kDa form upon dephosphorylation by potato acid phosphatase. Two putative phosphorylation sites for a cdc2-like kinase were identified as Thr-160 and -291, respectively. Conversion of Thr-160 to Ala resulted in a transformation-defective mutant protein that was still capable of associating with pp60c-src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and phosphatase 2A, while the corresponding mutant in position 291 was wild type with respect to all parameters measured so far. These data suggest that phosphorylation by p34cdc2 or a related cell cycle-regulated kinase modulates the interaction of MTAg with cellular targets that are crucial for cell transformation.

Topics: 3T3 Cells; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; CDC2 Protein Kinase; Cell Division; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Mice; Mitosis; Moloney murine leukemia virus; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; Phosphorylation; Phosphotransferases; Polyomavirus; Protein Phosphatase 2; Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src); Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Simian virus 40; Transfection

Paneth cell-like change (PCLC) of the prostatic glandular epithelium was focally observed in one case of normal glandular epithelium, two cases of glandular and stromal hyperplasia, one case of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and four cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The distinctive cells were characterized by bright, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained material. The cytoplasmic granules in the benign prostatic epithelium were periodate-Schiff's procedure (PAS)-positive and diastase resistant and immunohistochemically negative for lysozyme, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, and serotonin. The eosinophilic granules in the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma cases were immunohistochemically positive for chromogranin, serotonin, and neuron-specific enolase, and negative for lysozyme. By electron microscopy the eosinophilic granules represented exocrine-like or lysosomal-like vesicles in the benign epithelium and neuro-endocrine granules in the malignant epithelium. The lesion represents a prostatic epithelial PCLC rather than a Paneth cell metaplasia. PCLC is the common histological manifestation of two different phenomena: (a) a PAS-positive and diastase-resistant eosinophilic cytoplasmic granular change in benign prostatic epithelium, and (b) endocrine differentiation with neuroendocrine granules in dysplastic and malignant prostatic epithelia. The importance of recognizing PCLC lies in its differentiation from other possible prostatic cytoplasmic inclusions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma in Situ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chromogranins; Cytoplasmic Granules; Epithelium; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Serotonin

We discuss a 63-year-old man who presented with a metastatic tumor in an inguinal lymph node. By light microscopy, the tumor cells were characterized by a finely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. A diagnosis of metastatic oncocytic carcinoma was made based on the results of an ultrastructural examination, which showed the cytoplasm of the tumor cells to be filled with mitochondria. Results of immunocytochemical studies showed positive reactivity for prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen. A transurethral resection of the prostate showed an oncocytic adenocarcinoma of the prostate, apparently the first of its kind, which was demonstrated to be the site of origin of the inguinal lymph node metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Diagnosis, Differential; Eosinophilia; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunohistochemistry; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Mitochondria; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

The effects of prolonged exposure to ammonia vapour on the histological pattern and enzymatic activity of the respiratory nasal mucosa of 75 adult male mice were investigated and compared with a control group. In the exposed animals, the nasal epithelial cells showed patches of squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, and even malignant changes in the nose of 2 animals. As regards the histochemical changes, the apical border of epithelial cells showed increased succinic dehydrogenase activity denoting increased energy production. The acid phosphatase activity was also higher, and this seemed to be a constant feature in metaplastic and neoplastic transformation. The alkaline phosphatase activity was detected only in the basal parts of epithelial and goblet cells, which was attributed to an increased activity of basal cells to form a thicker basement membrane. The periodic acid Schiff's reaction was weak in the cilia due to their partial degeneration. Prolonged exposure to ammonia interfered with the normal physiological mucociliary action resulting in accumulation of particulate matter initiating or promoting a neoplastic process.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Alkaline Phosphatase; Ammonia; Animals; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Energy Metabolism; Epithelium; Hyperplasia; Male; Mice; Nasal Mucosa; Succinate Dehydrogenase

We present the case of a 7-year-old boy who had a solitary mass within Meckel's cave that recurred 6 weeks after the initial resection. The histological, immunohistochemical, electron-microscopical, and molecular genetical features established the lesion's histiocytic nature. Our findings showed that it was closely related to juvenile xanthogranuloma, a benign lesion that usually occurs in the skin but has not yet been histologically confirmed in the brain. The present tumor is different from other intracranial histiocytic and xanthogranulomatous lesions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actins; Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Antigens, CD; Blotting, Southern; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Child; Cranial Nerve Neoplasms; DNA, Neoplasm; Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Skin Diseases; Trigeminal Ganglion; Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile

Fresh leukaemia cells from the peripheral blood of 6 patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were cultured in the continuous presence of the phorbolester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) for in vitro induction of differentiation. Upon treatment with TPA the cells showed distinct morphological changes consisting of cytoplasmic and nuclear enlargement, vacuolisation and protrusion of cytoplasm, eccentric location of nuclei with perinuclear clear zones, and oval to elongated cell forms. Isoenzyme profiles of the enzymes carboxylic esterase, acid phosphatase, hexosaminidase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were analysed by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. An increase in the number and in the staining intensity of isoenzymes were observed for all 4 enzymes in the TPA-exposed cells indicating a maturation along the B cell pathway. TPA triggered the new expression of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme, a marker of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) cells, and of the hexosaminidase I isoenzyme, a marker of multiple myeloma cells. The induced phenotypic changes are suggestive of differentiation to stages corresponding to those of HCL cells or 'pre-plasma cells'.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Antigens, Surface; B-Lymphocytes; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cell Survival; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Hexosaminidases; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Isoelectric Focusing; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Male; Middle Aged; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

The effects of retinoic acid (RA) on cell proliferation, activity of acid phosphatase, protein synthesis and methionine uptake were studied in transformed murine LPA cells. Early inhibition of protein synthesis was demonstrated under experimental conditions in which the rate of cell proliferation was diminished and non-specific effects of vitamin action could be excluded. Measurements of L-methionine uptake revealed a decrease to approximately one-half of that in control cultures after treatment with RA at the concentrations of 5 X 10(-5) M and 10(-4) M.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biological Transport; Cell Division; Cell Survival; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Kinetics; L Cells; Methionine; Mice; Protein Biosynthesis; Tretinoin

39 patients suffering from different subtypes of monocytic (M 5) and myelomonocytic (M 4) leukemia were analyzed retrospectively. In 8 cases a 'transitional myelomonocytic variant' was diagnosed; the leukemic cell in these patients is marked by morphological and cytochemical signs of monocytic and granulocytic precursors. As the correct diagnosis of this special subtype may be difficult, its place within the French-American-British (FAB) classification will be discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Sodium Fluoride

Correlations between morphological and cytochemical classification and treatment results in 200 children with ALL (diagnosed from 1964 to 1980) resulted in small, insignificant differences: FAB-L2 morphology, and undifferentiated cytochemistry resulted in slightly worse remission or survival duration. A significant difference emerged between the best group (FAB-L2 and PAS-positivity) and the worst (FAB-L2 and undifferentiated cytochemistry). All immunologically examined blasts with strong acid phosphatase positivity showed T-cell markers, but not all those with T-cell markers were phosphatase positive. On the whole, the morphologic/cytochemical classification used here is not satisfactory and has declined significantly in importance due to the much improved treatment results since 1970.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Child; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Male; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Prognosis

We have examined a human thymoma, round-oval epithelial-type cell with moderate lymphocytic infiltration, whose major lymphocytic component (67%), unlike the minor one (33%), did not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (E rosettes). However, these cells were of T-cell nature as indicated by the positive staining for both acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase, two well-accepted cytochemical markers for T cells. The non-E-rosetting lymphocytes expressed T 10, but not T 3 and T 6 antigens. Moreover, they lacked both peanut agglutinin and Fc-IgG receptors. On the contrary, 71 and 19% of the E-rosetting cells were PNA- and Fc-IgM-receptor positive, respectively. Furthermore, the non-E-rosetting cells were phytohemagglutinin unresponsive. The non-E-rosetting lymphocytes were larger (greater than 7 micron) than the E-rosetting cells and showed a different nuclear chromatin pattern. These immunological, cytochemical, and morphological features strikingly resemble those exhibited by cells (prothymocytes) normally found only in fetal thymus. On the basis of these findings we hypothesize the existence in this thymoma of a prothymocyte-like infiltration.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Differentiation; Cell Membrane; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Glucuronidase; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Infant; Lymphocyte Activation; Middle Aged; T-Lymphocytes; Thymoma; Thymus Neoplasms

Acid phosphatase (AcP) in neoplastic cells from various lymphoid leukemias was examined. In the cytochemical studies, tartrate-resistant AcP (T-rAcP) activity was observed in the neoplastic cells from well-differentiated lymphoid leukemias such as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL), and hairy-cell leukemia (HCL). T-rAcP activity was also detected in a small number of leukemic cells obtained from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), while it was not detected in the neoplastic cells from null-ALL, macroglobulinemia, and multiple myeloma (MM). In the electrophoretical studies, fraction 1 (F-1), F-3, F-3b, and F-4 were completely tartrate-sensitive, while F-2 was partially resistant and F-5 was completely resistant. T-rAcP activity (F-5) was observed in ATL cells, B-CLL cells, and HCL cells, while it was not detected in ALL cells, macroglobulinemia cells, and MM cells. The present study indicates that T-rAcP activity is observed not only in HCL cells but also in the well-differentiated lymphoid cells such as ATL cells, B-CLL and T-CLL cells except the most highly differentiated forms of B-cells of MM and macroglobulinemia.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Multiple Myeloma; T-Lymphocytes; Tartrates; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Malignant lymphocytes from 30 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients were studied for the cytochemical localization of two acid hydrolases, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and acid phosphatase (AT). The large majority of the cells stained for both ANAE and AP in 7 cases, for AP only in 18 cases, and were negative for both the enzymes in 5 cases. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the cells that displayed more mature morphological features, such as well developed smooth and rough membrane compartments, were those positive for acid hydrolases. That ANAE and AP are expressed by B cells at late stage of maturation was confirmed by the finding that some lymphocytes and all of the plasmacytoid lymphocytes and plasma cells from Walderström's macroglobulinemia, from mixed cryoglobulinemia, and from multiple myeloma patients stained strongly for both ANAE and AP. Using the expression of acid hydrolases and certain ultrastructural features as markers of cell differentiation, it was possible to demonstrate a process of maturation within the single B-CLL clones with accumulation of the cells at stages that differed in the various cases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cryoglobulinemia; Cytoplasm; Humans; Hydrolases; Immunoglobulin G; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

The cytomorphology and lysosomal enzyme activity of the haemopoietic and reticuloendothelial system (RES) of SJL/J mice, which develop a spontaneous reticulum cell neoplasm type B (RCN-B), were studied. The cytological findings during development of the disease were a predominance of medium-sized lymphocytes and an increase in the number of hyperbasophilic cells and plasma cells in the RES. These pathological findings were compared to the changes due to ageing in control groups of healthy C3H/eB mice. Acid phosphatase activity increased in the RES, whereas that of beta-D-glucuronidase remained unchanged during development of the disease. These findings indicate that the RCN-B of the SJL/J mice bear a certain resemblance to Hodgkin disease in man.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Marrow; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Female; Glucuronidase; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Leukopenia; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lysosomes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Spleen; Thymus Gland

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Concanavalin A; Macrophages; Mice; Mycobacterium bovis; Nucleotidases; Phagocytosis; Propionibacterium acnes; Receptors, Complement; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Thioglycolates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Esterases; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymphoma; T-Lymphocytes

It is shown that human embryonic cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (stable cell line 23) and those transformed by polyoma virus (stable cell line P-2) are morphologically distinguished from the normal human embryonic cells. The mitotic activity of P-2 cells was 51% and the mitotic activity of 23 cells was 48%. While the mitosis activity of human embryo fibroblast was 28%. The duration of the mitosis of P-2 cells was 20 hours and that of 23 cells was 18 hr. The duration of the mitotic cycle of human embryo fibroblast was 18 hr. The G1 periods lasted 6 hours for both the cell lines; the S period of P-2 cells lasted 8 hr and the S period of 23 cells was 6 hr. Both the cell lines had a high content of RNA, DNA, protein bound SH-groups, and a high activity of acid phosphatase, acid RNAase and glucose-6-phosphatase. The content of glycogen, and acidic mucopolysaccharides, the activity of NADPH-tetrazolium reductase, succinic dehydrogenase of both the lines were the same as in normal human cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Cell Cycle; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Transformation, Viral; DNA, Neoplasm; Glycogen; Humans; Polyomavirus; RNA, Neoplasm

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cricetinae; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Fibrinolysis; Gangliosides; Karyotyping; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Pregnancy; X-Rays

In a review of histologic sections of regional lymph nodes removed during surgery in the course of invasive cancer of the uterine cervix from 84 patients there have been distinguished four basic stages of immunologic response. Active immune response (I and II stage) was detected in all patients with non-metastatic cancer and minimal stromal invasion and 41% of patients with advanced invasion. The regional lymph nodes, in these cases, exhibited increased number of small primary or secondary lymph follicles, proliferative sinus histiocytosis and expanded thymus--dependent inner cortex. In 59% of the patients with invasive cancer but without metastases the regional lymph nodes showed weak reactive capacities (III stage). In cases with minimal metastases the immune response was dissociated (IV stage). One group of lymph nodes showed an unstimulated pattern and others a high stimulated pattern.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Female; Glucuronidase; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Normal, benign, and malignant human prostatic tissue was cultivated in vitro. Cytopathic effects in derived epithelial cells were examined. Light microscopy revealed polykaryocyte formation, vacuolation, cytoplasmic bridges and processes, nuclear inclusions, increased acid phosphatase activity at the cell membrane of polykaryocytes as compared to mononuclear cells, and cell rounding and clumping. Electron microscopy of the polykaryocytes showed nuclear membrane proliferation and protrusion, scarlike nuclear inclusions containing microfibrils, and virus-like particles similiar to viral nucleoids and nucleocapsids. The latter were also observed in the cytoplasm. The above alterations are similar to those induced by known herpesviruses. The significance of these changes, the possibility of the presence of a latent herpesvirus in the prostate, and its role in neoplastic disease are postulated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Fusion; Cell Nucleus; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Culture Techniques; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Cytoplasm; DNA, Viral; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Humans; Inclusion Bodies, Viral; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Simplexvirus

Axenic cultures of normal, habituated and crown gall teratoma were grown under varying conditions to examine the effects of environment on the expression of neoplastic character. Acid phosphatase patterns on polyacrylamide gels did not vary greatly among tissues although there were differences in acid phosphatase activity between various strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the bacteria which cause crown gall. Certain esterase isoenzymes were found only in tissues grown on specific media, while others were tissue-specific but independent of the nature of the medium. Comparisons of liquid and solid grown cultures revealed that culture conditions also influence esterase expression. Both sunflower and tobacco crown gall tissue contained an esterase not found in habituated or normal tissues, and similar in electrophoretic mobility to an esterase found in extracts of the bacteria that had induced the tumors. The basic difference between the three tissue types studied is the manner in which they respond to a given environment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Culture Techniques; Esterases; Isoenzymes; Nicotiana; Plant Tumors; Plants, Toxic; Rhizobium

Human diploid fibroblasts, WI-38, were infected with various agents and the levels of lysosomal enzymes determined by immunochemical quantitation. Esterase levels were raised by mumps virus and Toxoplasma gondii infection. The concentration of beta-D-glucuronidase was reduced by these same agents. Beta-D-N-acetyl glucosaminidase was greatly increased in cultures infected with T. gondii and decreased by mycoplasma infection. Two cultures transformed by SV40 showed reduced levels of esterase compared with WI-38, as did one of two transformed amnion cultures. A second amnion culture and a culture of transformed Detroit 551 fibroblasts were unchanged. The levels of acid phosphatase were sharply reduced in three of the four SV40 transformed cultures tested.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amnion; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Culture Techniques; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Esterases; Female; Fibroblasts; Glucuronidase; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Isoenzymes; Lung; Mumps; Mumps virus; Mycoplasma; Simian virus 40; Skin; Staining and Labeling; Toxoplasma

The formation of cellular aggregates (foci) in CV-1 cells following infection with Yaba tumor poxvirus is dependent upon cell passage level, temperatue of incubation, and calcium concentration in the medium. Resistance of older cells can be reversed by maintaining calcium at 0.1 mM or by adding cortisone acetate (1 mug/ml), hydrocortisone, or estradiol-17beta to the cultures. In susceptible cells, foci formation was inhibited slightly by methyltestosterone and inhibited completely by dexamethasone, aldosterone and progesterone. Activities and patterns of enzymes associated with cytoplasmic membranes (alkaline phosphatase, mononucleotidase, and Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase) and lysosomes (beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase) of the younger susceptible and the older resistant CV-1 cells differed. These differences apparently occurred in concert with phenotypic changes in the membranes that reduced the mobility of older resistant cells. In susceptible culture, unifected cells migrated to the infected cell and participated in foci formation. Reduction of the calcium content to 0.1 mM apparently removed some of the constraints on mobility of the resistant cells. Although the hormones may have had a similar effect, the changes in enzyme patterns indicated basic alterations in protein synthesis. The development of resistance to foci formation occurred between the 45th and 50th passage level. Hormonal reversal of this resistance resulted in enzyme profiles that reflected the pattern of young susceptible cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Aldosterone; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Calcium; Cell Fractionation; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Cell Movement; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cortisone; Dexamethasone; Electrophoresis; Esterases; Estradiol; Glucuronidase; Haplorhini; Hydrocortisone; Kidney; Lysosomes; Methyltestosterone; Nucleotidases; Progesterone; Temperature; Yaba monkey tumor virus

The distribution of acid phosphatase has been investigated in normal and virus-transformed cultured hamster and mouse fibroblasts. The enzyme was found to be present in lysosomes, autophagic vacuoles and elements of the Golgi apparatus. It was also found to be associated with a surface coat in some virus-transformed mouse cells and in the cytoplasm of both normal and transformed hamster cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cricetinae; Fibroblasts; Golgi Apparatus; Histocytochemistry; Kidney; Lysosomes; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Polyomavirus; Subcellular Fractions

In cells of human embryo skin--muscle tissue transformed by the Rouse sarcoma virus (23rd cell line) and polyoma virus (P-2 cell line), the mitotic activity was 48 0/00 for 23rd line, 51 0/00 for P-2 line as against 28 0/00 in the control cells. The transformed cells possessed greater amounts of RNA and DNA and protein--bound SH-groups, different forms of glycogen deposits, as well as higher acid phosphatase enzyme activities; there was practically no difference in acid mucopolysaccharide content or NAD-H2-diaphorase and succinate dehydrogenase activities.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Chromosomes; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; DNA; DNA, Neoplasm; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Mitosis; Polyomavirus; Polyploidy; RNA; RNA, Neoplasm; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Sulfhydryl Compounds

The method of visual quantitative estimation was employed to determine the index of enzymes activity in embryonal cells cultures infected with Rous virus. In early terms (1-7 days after infection) a moderate production of diformazane was noted in the presence of glucoso-6-phosphatiosomerase, phosphoglucomutase, pyruvatoxidase, NAD. H2- and NADP. H-2-diaphorase, other enzymes showing no distinquishable deviations in the activity, as compared with the normal culture. In later terms (13-27 days) during the proliferation of the transformed cells there was found an increased level of the glycolysis enzymes activity, pentose cycle, hydrolysis of ortho-phosphoric acid monoethers and reduced lemon acid cycle and tissue respiration. Cytoplasmatic vacuoles formed in the transformed cells seem to represent hypertrophic lysosomes and phagolysosomes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Hexokinase; Hydrolases; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lysosomes; NADPH Dehydrogenase; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; Oxidoreductases; Phosphoglucomutase; Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase; Pyruvate Kinase; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Time Factors; Transferases; Vacuoles

Ultrastructural changes in the prepubertal human prostatic epithelium maintained in vitro are described and are compared with the ultrastructure of the same tissue before culture. In cultured cells, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex are poorly represented and the latter also loses its polarity. Increase in cytoplasmic microfilaments is discussed in relation to possible vitamin A deficiency. Primary and secondary lysosomes, arising from autophagy and endocytosis, occur in large numbers as autophagosomes, myelin figures, residual bodies, and multivesicular bodies. Prostatic acid phosphatase activity, an important secondary sex characteristic, is influenced by sex hormones and malignancy; since this enzyme is lysosome-associated, special emphasis is placed on lysosomal changes. Some ultrastructural changes in rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and the lysosomal system are similar to those observed after castration. This study presents ultrastructure of cultured cells which form the basis for studies involving neoplastic transformation, aging, and hormonal manipulation using an in vitro model. This is necessitated by the absence of an in vivo animal model for prostatic neoplasia; hence studies on prostatic oncogenesis, and age-related phenomenon, must be done on cells in vitro. Significance of this study is enhanced by the fact that normal human prepubertal prostate has not been studied before and normal viable prostate is generally not available for investigations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Cell Nucleus; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Cytoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; Desmosomes; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Lysosomes; Male; Microbodies; Microtubules; Mitochondria; Prostate; Vitamin A Deficiency

In our attempts at establishing a cancer cell line from various ascites of cancer bearing patients, a cell line was successfully established from the ascites of a 63-year-old female with primary ovarian tumor (embryonal carcinoma). Histological findings of the peritoneum, due to metastasis, appeared to be cystadenocarcinoma, revealing the differentiation to non-epithelial cells which formed coarse networks and fibers, and morphologic changes of tissue cultures also reflected such histologic findings. At present the subculture has reached the 95th population doubling level, and cultured cells have assumed the morphology of mesothelial cells or fibroblasts with about 50 chromosomes. As a human malignant cell line, it is useful for the study of human malignant tumor cell.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Ascites; Autopsy; Basophils; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chromosomes; Culture Techniques; Cytoplasm; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Ovarian Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Phagocytosis; Teratoma

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cricetinae; Culture Media; Glycoside Hydrolases; Hot Temperature; Kidney; Lysosomes; Peptide Hydrolases; Plasma

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipose Tissue; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Benz(a)Anthracenes; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Connective Tissue; Female; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Injections, Intravenous; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Skin; Staining and Labeling; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Connective Tissue; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Gastric Mucosa; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Metaplasia; Microscopy, Electron; Nucleic Acids; Rats; Regeneration; Stomach Neoplasms; Time Factors

Topics: Acetamides; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Cathepsins; Cell Membrane; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Fibroblasts; Fucose; Galactosidases; Glycoside Hydrolases; Hexosaminidases; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mannose; Mutation; Peptide Hydrolases; Surface Properties; Temperature; Trypsin

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Electron Transport Complex IV; Erythrocytes; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia; Neutrophils; Periodic Acid; Precancerous Conditions; Schiff Bases; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; DNA; Electron Transport Complex IV; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucuronidase; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Lung; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Electron; Myocardium; Nucleotidases; Phosphorylases; Proteins; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Tongue

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cricetinae; Cross Reactions; Female; Fetal Proteins; Fetus; Male; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostate; Radiation Effects

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Agglutination Tests; Amnion; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chromosomes; Esterases; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucuronidase; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Isoenzymes; Karyotyping; Mycoplasma Infections

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Humans; Macrophages; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Mitosis; Organoids; Phagocytosis; Simian virus 40; Species Specificity; Time Factors

Topics: Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Cathepsins; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Fibroblasts; Galactosidases; Gammaretrovirus; Glucosidases; Glucuronidase; Glycoside Hydrolases; Hexosaminidases; Mice; Trypsin

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Complement Fixation Tests; Cricetinae; DNA, Neoplasm; Electron Transport Complex IV; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Neoplasms, Experimental; Phenotype; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA, Neoplasm; Simian virus 40; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Chromosomes; Cytogenetics; Cytoplasm; Embryo, Mammalian; Haploidy; Histocytochemistry; In Vitro Techniques; Karyotyping; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Carbon Isotopes; Carcinogens; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cricetinae; Embryo, Mammalian; Galactosamine; Genetics; Glucosamine; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nitrosamines; Nucleotides; Phosphoric Acids; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Polyomavirus; Pyrophosphatases; Simian virus 40; Time Factors; Uridine Diphosphate Sugars

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Division; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Hyperplasia; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Nasal Mucosa; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitroso Compounds; Nose Neoplasms; Papilloma; Piperidines; Rats; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Age Factors; Alkaline Phosphatase; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Cell Nucleus; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cytoplasm

The stimulation of DNA synthesis in mouse (C57BL) macrophages explanted in vitro was demonstrated after treatment with conditioned medium or infection with SV40. In the latter case, induction of SV40 T antigen was detected before TdR-(3)H incorporation. Even though all macrophages were infected (T antigen-positive), they exhibited considerable pleomorphism, accompanied by functional differences. Permanent lines of SV40-transformed macrophages were eventually established, and one clone was isolated which replicates indefinitely and has many properties of primary macrophages: high acid phosphatase and phagocytic activity, lysozyme production, and specific antigenic determinants. These cells differ from normal macrophages in that they contain the SV40 genome, can be trypsinized, and do not require conditioned medium for continued replication.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antigens, Viral; Ascitic Fluid; Autoradiography; Carbon Isotopes; Cell Division; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Culture Media; DNA; DNA, Neoplasm; DNA, Viral; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immune Sera; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Simian virus 40; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Central Nervous System; Chromosomes; Culture Media; Cytogenetics; DNA; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Karyotyping; Male; Morphogenesis; NAD; Neoplasm Transplantation; Oxidoreductases; Rats; Sarcoma, Experimental; Tetrazolium Salts

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Embryo, Mammalian; Esterases; Female; Histocytochemistry; Hydrolases; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; NAD; NADP; Neoplasms, Experimental; Ovary; Oxidoreductases; Teratoma; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Wall; Esterases; Eubacterium; Glycerophosphates; Histocytochemistry; Plant Tumors; Time Factors; Vegetables

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Membrane; Cell Nucleus; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Child; Clone Cells; Cytoplasm; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Child; Chromosome Aberrations; Cytogenetics; Erythrocytes; Esterases; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Mitosis; Peroxidases

Studies were undertaken to prove that simian virus 40 (SV40) can transform the mouse macrophage, a cell type naturally restricted from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication. Balb/C macrophages infected with SV40 demonstrated T-antigen production and induced DNA synthesis simultaneously. In the absence of apparent division, these cells remained T antigen-positive for at least 45 days. SV40 could be rescued from nondividing, unaltered macrophages during the T antigen-producing period. Proliferating transformants appeared at an average of 66 days post-SV40 infection. Established cell lines were T antigen-positive and were negative for infectious virus, but yielded SV40 after fusion with African green monkey kidney cells. Their identity as transformed macrophages was substantiated by evaluation of cellular morphology, phagocytosis, acid phosphatase, beta(1c) synthesis, and aminoacridine incorporation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Culture Techniques; DNA; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Haplorhini; Immunoelectrophoresis; Kidney; Macrophages; Mice; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Peritoneum; Phagocytosis; Simian virus 40; Thymidine; Time Factors; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Arginase; Blood; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chromosomes; Culture Media; Culture Techniques; Embryo, Mammalian; Germ-Free Life; Glycolysis; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasms, Experimental; Ribosomes; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amides; Animals; Carcinogens; Carcinoma; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Female; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Histocytochemistry; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitrosamines; Rats; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Castration; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cricetinae; Culture Techniques; Diethylstilbestrol; Estradiol; Male; Models, Biological; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteins; Radiation Effects; Simian virus 40

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Carcinogens; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Histocytochemistry; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitrosamines; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Culture Techniques; Electrophoresis, Disc; Fibrosarcoma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mice; Molybdenum; Muscles; Myocardium; Neoplasms, Experimental; Plants; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sarcoma 180; Skin Neoplasms; Tartrates

The effect of type 5 adenovirus infection on the synthesis of host-cell proteins by suspension cultures of KB cells was investigated. Although total protein synthesis continued at a constant rate for approximately 36 hr, net synthesis of five host enzymes (lactic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, deoxyribonuclease, fumarase, and phosphoglucose isomerase) was found to stop 16 to 20 hr after infection. The synthesis of alkaline phosphatase stopped 9 to 12 hr after infection. The inhibition of host protein synthesis occurred shortly after the synthesis of viral antigens had begun, accounting for the continued synthesis of total protein. An investigation of the relationship between synthesis of viral antigens and inhibition of host protein synthesis yielded results which suggest that the two processes are in some way coupled.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenoviridae; Antigens; Carcinoma; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Complement System Proteins; Culture Techniques; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Deoxyribonucleases; DNA Viruses; Floxuridine; Humans; Hydro-Lyases; Isomerases; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Mouth Neoplasms; Protein Biosynthesis; Viral Proteins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Culture Techniques; Diploidy; Fetus; Fibroblasts; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung; Lysosomes; Simian virus 40