acid-phosphatase and Body-Weight

Categories of objective response to chemotherapy for 460 advanced relapsing prostate cancer patients evaluated in the initial first four randomized clinical trials of the National Prostatic Cancer Project were compared by survival and other patient and disease characteristics. The response criteria for stable were shown to delineate patients with markedly improved survival and other disease conditions relative to those designated as progression. Survival was similar for stable and partial regression patients despite more frequent reduction of primary tumor and subjective improvement in performance status, pain, and body weight in the partial regression patients. Consequently, we feel that in these studies the stable category is valid and useful for determining efficacy of treatment in patients with advancing prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Agents; Body Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Pain; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Research Design; Risk

Eighty-eight patients with metastatic and hormonally unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate gland were treated with a multiagent chemotherapy protocol. Because of the difficulty in evaluating the response of patients to therapy, data were collected in a prospective fashion and analyzed for clinical or laboratory changes that correlated with improved survivorship. Decrease of initially abnormal values of either acid or alkaline phosphotase into the normal range was associated with prolonged survival; weight gain of more than 10% was also associated with improved survival. Thirty-three patients demonstrated a fall of acid or alkaline phosphatase into the normal range or they increased their weight by at least 10%. The median survival time for this group of patients was 76.1 weeks as compared to 28.2 weeks for patients who failed to exhibit these changes. In future studies of the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, these changes might be used as criteria of response to therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Agents; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Castration; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Estradiol Congeners; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Blood Coagulation; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Tolerance; Electrocardiography; Fluoxymesterone; Humans; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Placebos; Prostate; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Calcium; Cholesterol; Female; Glycerides; Hematocrit; Humans; Lipids; Liver Function Tests; Male; Oscillometry; Oxandrolone; Placebos; Potassium; Sodium; Triglycerides

This work aims to analyze the immunomodulatory effect of pomegranate peel polysaccharides (PPP) on the immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). All the mice were divided into 6 groups randomly and the immunoprophylaxis mice were administrated with PPP [100, 200, 400 mg/(kg·d)] by gavage for consecutive 28 days. The results showed that PPP can slow down the decline of body weight and increase the immune organ index of the immunosuppressed mice. Compared to the model mice, the enzymatic activity of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and ACP (acid phosphatase) of the mice spleen administrated with PPP by gavage was enhanced significantly. PPP stimulated proliferation and secretion of splenic lymphocytes and markedly increased the immunoglobulin (Ig-A, Ig-G and Ig-M) expression and the release of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2 and INF-γ) in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Hepatic antioxidant enzymatic activities of T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity), T-SOD (total superoxide dismutase), GSH-PX (glutathione peroxidase) and CAT (catalase) were markedly increased when the mice were administrated with high dosage of PPP. So it can be concluded that PPP could be used as an efficacious adjacent immunopotentiating therapy or an alternative means in lessening chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and also can be utilized as immunostimulants for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Catalase; Chemical Phenomena; Glutathione; Immunologic Factors; Immunosuppression Therapy; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Polysaccharides; Pomegranate; Superoxide Dismutase; T-Lymphocytes

Aging may be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in the elderly. Dietary intervention can affect glucose tolerance in adults, which may be due to body composition and islet cell autophagy. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of various dietary interventions on islet cell autophagy. Pancreatic tissue and blood samples were collected from Sprague Dawley rats (14-16 months old, n = 15 for each group) that received a normal diet (ND), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a calorie-restricted diet (CRD). The body weight (BW), visceral fat, serum lipid levels, fasting serum glucose, insulin levels, and β/α cell area were determined in 14-16-(0-w), 16-18-(8-w), and 18-20(16-w)-month-old rats. Pancreatic islet autophagy (LC3B and LAMP2), AP (Acid Phosphatase) and apoptosis (apoptosis index, AI (TUNEL assay) and cleaved caspase-3) were detected using immunohistochemistry, ELISA and western blot. At 16 weeks, the expressions of LC3B, LAMP2 and AP markedly increased in both the HFD (P<0.01) and CRD (P<0.05) groups; however, an increase in the AI (P<0.05), cleaved caspase-3 and Beclin1 expression and a decrease in the expressions of BCL2 and BCLXL (P<0.05) were observed in only the HFD group. FFA, triglyceride levels, HOMA-IR, insulin levels and glucagon levels were significantly increased in the HFD group but decreased in the CRD group at 16 weeks (P<0.05). The degree of islet cell autophagy was potentially regulated by the levels of FFA and islet cell insulin and glucagon, which may have been due to the effects of Beclin1/BCL2.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Autophagy; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Caloric Restriction; Cellular Senescence; Diet, High-Fat; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Islets of Langerhans; Lipid Metabolism; Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2; Male; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Random Allocation; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Risk Factors

The roles of different immune cell populations and cytokines in bone metabolism have been extensively investigated. However, the influence of whole immune organ removal on osteopathology remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the effects of splenectomy on bone metabolism and microarchitecture in rats with or without concurrent ovariectomy. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were used as osteoporosis model. Sixty 12-week-old female rats were randomized into 4 groups (n = 15): sham, splenectomized (SP), ovariectomized, as well as ovariectomized and splenectomized (OVX + SP). Bone microarchitecture was assessed by micro CT analysis at 4 week and 12 week post-operation, respectively. Bone pathology and metabolism were evaluated via immunohistochemical staining. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (Tracp5b), and C-terminal telopeptide (CTx) were analyzed at 4 and 12 weeks post-operation. Removal of the spleen led to alterations in the homeostasis of bone metabolism and increased bone formation in rats. In this study, our findings indicate that the spleen is involved in skeletal metabolism.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Collagen Type I; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Ovariectomy; Peptides; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Splenectomy; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; X-Ray Microtomography

Both osteoporosis and tooth loss are health concerns that affect many older people. Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease of the elderly, characterized by low bone mass and microstructural deterioration of bone tissue. Chronic mild stress is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Many studies showed that tooth loss induced neurological alterations through activation of a stress hormone, corticosterone, in mice. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that tooth loss early in life may accelerate age-related bone deterioration using a mouse model. Male senescence-accelerated mouse strain P8 (SAMP8) mice were randomly divided into control and toothless groups. Removal of the upper molar teeth was performed at one month of age. Bone response was evaluated at 2, 5 and 9 months of age. Tooth loss early in life caused a significant increase in circulating corticosterone level with age. Osteoblast bone formation was suppressed and osteoclast bone resorption was activated in the toothless mice. Trabecular bone volume fraction of the vertebra and femur was decreased in the toothless mice with age. The bone quality was reduced in the toothless mice at 5 and 9 months of age, compared with the age-matched control mice. These findings indicate that tooth loss early in life impairs the dynamic homeostasis of the bone formation and bone resorption, leading to reduced bone strength with age. Long-term tooth loss may have a cumulative detrimental effect on bone health. It is important to take appropriate measures to treat tooth loss in older people for preventing and/or treating senile osteoporosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Cell Count; Corticosterone; Femur; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Isoenzymes; Lumbar Vertebrae; Mice; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tooth Loss; Weight-Bearing; X-Ray Microtomography

Atorvastatin (ATV) has bone anabolic properties, and alendronate (ALD) is an important antiresorptive drug. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the combination of ALD and ATV on ligature-induced alveolar bone loss in rats.. Periodontitis was induced by ligature in 78 Wistar rats. Groups of six rats prophylactically received 0.9% saline (SAL), ALD (0.01 or 0.25 mg/kg subcutaneously) or ATV (0.3 or 27 mg/kg by gavage). Then, groups of six rats received the combination of ALD+ATV (0.25 mg/kg + 27 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg or 0.01 mg/kg + 27 mg/kg) prophylactically. An extra group of six rats received therapeutic SAL or a lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) therapeutically. Three extra groups of six rats each received SAL or a lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) prophylactically or therapeutically for histometric and immunohistochemical analyses. The rats were killed on day 11 after ligature placement, and the maxillae were removed and processed for macroscopic, histomorphometric and TRAP immunohistochemical analyses. Gingival samples were collected to evaluate myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Blood samples were collected to measure serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and transaminase levels and for hematological studies. Rats were weighed daily.. All combined therapies prevented alveolar bone loss when compared with SAL or low doses of monotherapy (ALD or ATV) (p < 0.05). The lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively), administered either prophylactically (39.0%) or therapeutically (53.5%), prevented alveolar bone loss. Decreases in bone and cementum resorption, in leukocyte infiltration and in immunostaining for TRAP and MPO activity corroborated the morphometric findings. The lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) prevented BALP reduction (p < 0.05) and did not alter the level of serum transaminases. Moreover, the lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) also reduced neutrophilia and lymphomonocytosis and did not cause weight loss when compared with administration of SAL.. The lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) demonstrated a protective effect on alveolar bone loss.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Alendronate; Alkaline Phosphatase; Alveolar Bone Loss; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Atorvastatin; Body Weight; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Dental Cementum; Gingiva; Heptanoic Acids; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Infusions, Parenteral; Injections, Subcutaneous; Isoenzymes; Leukocyte Disorders; Leukocytes; Leukocytosis; Male; Monocytes; Neutrophils; Peroxidase; Pyrroles; Rats, Wistar; Root Resorption; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

To explore the effect of low-dose Cryptocaryon irritans infection on growth, feeding and antiparasitic immunity of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), this study utilized C. irritans at concentrations of 5500 theronts/fish (Group I, 1/10 of 96 h LC50) or 11,000 theronts/fish (Group II) to infect E. coioides weighing 38 g on average at week 0, 2 and 4, respectively. Food consumption was recorded daily; the fish were weighed weekly; serum immobilizing titer (SIT), and acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LZM) activity were recorded every 2 weeks; the fish were treated with lethal dose (70,000 theronts/fish) of C. irritans in the 8th week and death number were recorded. The result shows that in the 1st week after the first infection, the fish's weight gain (WG), length gain (LG), and specific growth rate (SGR) dropped as parasite dose increased, and WG, SGR values were negative; while, after the 2nd and the 3rd infection, no significant differences were detected among the three groups. These results indicated that the 1st infection affected the fish most, while the following infections were protected by some immunity. In the 3rd, 7th, and 8th week, condition factor (CF) increased with the increased infectious dose, indicating that the parasite affected body length more than body weight. As the experiment went on, accumulated food consumption (AFC) of all three groups steadily grew (control > Group I > Group II). But on the 2nd day after the first infection, daily food consumption (DFC) of Group I and II significantly dropped, the decline of Group II was greater than that of Group I, DFC recovered in the following week, with Group I earlier than Group II. After the 2nd infection, DFC of Group I and II dropped again, Group II still dropped more than Group I, and both groups recovered on the 3rd day after infection. The 3rd infection caused no significant difference in week food consumption (WFC). These results indicated that a higher dose of infection causes a greater drop in FC and a slower recovery. Weekly feed conversion ratio (WFCR) values of Group I and II in the 1st week was negative; in the 2nd week, WFCR was lower in the group infected by a higher dose of parasite; while in the 3rd and following weeks, no significant pattern was observed. Accumulate feed conversion ratio (AFCR) dropped as the infectious dose increased (control > Group I > Group II), AFCR of Group I and II reached above 0 i

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Ciliophora Infections; Eating; Fish Diseases; Hymenostomatida; Muramidase; Perciformes; Superoxide Dismutase

Recent studies have shown that Er-Zhi-Wan (EZW), a traditional Chinese medicine consisting of Herba Ecliptae (HE) and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL), had a definite antiosteoporotic effect on osteoporotic femur, but its effect on osteoporosis of alveolar bone remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Er-Zhi-Wan (EZW) on the microarchitecture and the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the alveolar bone of ovariectomized rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group (sham, n=10), ovariectomy (OVX) group (n=10), and OVX with EZW treatment group (EZW group, n=10). From one week after ovariectomy, EZW (100 mg/mL) or vehicle (distilled water) was fed (1 mL/100 g) once per day for 12 weeks until the sacrifice of the rats. The body weights were measured weekly. After sacrifice, the sera and mandible were collected and routinely prepared for the measurement of alveolar trabecular microarchitecture, serum levels of E2, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b), as well as mandibular mRNA expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway molecules wnt3a, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), β-catenin and dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK1). The results showed that EZW treatment significantly prevented the body weight gain, degradation of alveolar trabecular microarchitecture and alveolar bone loss in the OVX rats. Furthermore, we observed that EZW could increase the serum levels of E2 and BALP, and decrease levels of serum TRAP5b in EZW group compared with vehicle group. In addition, RT-PCR results revealed that EZW upregulated the expression levels of wnt3a, LRP5 and β-catenin, and reduced the expression of DKK1 in OVX rats. Taken together, our results suggested that EZW may have potential anti-osteoporotic effects on osteoporotic alveolar bone by stimulating Wnt/LRP5/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Alveolar Process; Animals; beta Catenin; Body Weight; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Estradiol; Female; Gene Expression; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Isoenzymes; Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5; Mandible; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Organ Size; Ovariectomy; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Time Factors; Up-Regulation; Uterus; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Wnt3A Protein

To compare the ability of osthole (OST) and genistein (GEN) in enhancing bone peak bone mass of rats to prevent osteoporosis.. Thirty-six female one-month-old SD rats of (125 +/- 3) g body weight were randomly divided into three groups, 12 rats in each group, one group was orally administered osthole at 9 mg x kg(-1) d(-1), one group was given genistein at 10 mg x kg(-1) d(-1) and another was given equal quantity of distilled water as the control. The body weight was monitored weekly and the bone mineral density (BMD) of total body was measured every month. All rats were sacrificed after three months, the femoral bone mineral density, the serum levels of osteocalcin (OC) and anti-tartaric acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) were measured by Elisa. The bone microarchitectures were analyzed with micro-CT and the bone biomechanics properties were tested with universal material machine.. No significant differences were observed between O-treated or GEN group and the control for the food-intake and body weight during three months. However, the rats treated with OST had significant higher BMD for both total body and femur than the control and GEN group. The O-treated rats also had higher level of serum OC and lower level of TRACP 5b. Besides, they owned bigger bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular number but smaller trabecular spacing. In the three point bending tests of femurs,they were found to have larger maximum load, the young's modulus and structural model index (SMI).. Orally administered osthole could efficiently increase the peak bone mass of rats,which provide new ideas for preventing osteoporosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Density; Coumarins; Female; Femur; Genistein; Isoenzymes; Osteocalcin; Radiography; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Mature and healthy male lesser bandicoot rats, Bandicota bengalensis (n = 40) were fed on bait (mixture of cracked wheat and powdered sugar in 98:2) containing different concentrations of triptolide (0, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25% w/w) for 15 days in two-choice trials. Results revealed no significant effect of triptolide treatment on weights of vital organs after 30 and 60 days of treatment withdrawal. A significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in plasma levels of TP, ALP, ACP, ALT and AST in response to stress induced in groups of rats treated with 0.20 and 0.25% triptolide was observed after 30 days of treatment withdrawal. No significant effect of treatment was observed on histomorphology of liver. A significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect of triptolide treatment was, however, observed on testicular function in the form of reduced diameter of seminiferous tubules and number of various spermatogenic cells indicating effect on spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. The cell stages affected did not recover fully within 60 days period following treatment withdrawal. The present study suggests the potential of triptolide in the reproductive management of B. bengalensis by way of affecting testicular function.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antispermatogenic Agents; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Body Weight; Diterpenes; Epoxy Compounds; Liver; Male; Murinae; Phenanthrenes; Spermatogenesis; Testis

Clinical and experimental studies suggest that prenatal exposure to stress can impact the growth and development of offspring. The effect of prenatal exposure to constant light, applied as a chronic stressor, on endochondral ossification of the tibiae of 3-day-old and 15-day-old pups was histomorphometrically evaluated. Pregnant rats were divided into 2 groups: mothers chronically exposed to a 12:12-hour light/light cycle (LL) and control mothers maintained on a 12:12-hour light/dark cycle on days 10-20 of pregnancy. On postnatal days 3 and 15, the pups were weighed and euthanized. The tibiae were resected and histologically processed to obtain sections for hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histochemistry, in order to perform histomorphometric determinations. The data were statistically analyzed. A significant decrease in hypertrophic cartilage thickness was observed in the tibiae of the 3-day-old (LL: 0.134 ± 0.02 vs.. 0.209 ± 0.023 mm; p < 0.01) and 15-day-old (LL: 23.32 ± 3.98 vs.. 22.96 ± 1.93 mm; p < 0.05) prenatally stressed pups. The subchondral bone volume was significantly lower in the tibiae of the 3-day-old LL pups (38.83 ± 6.14%) than in the controls (62.83 ± 10.67%; p < 0.01). The decrease in subchondral bone volume and hypertrophic cartilage thickness shows that the normal growth process of the tibia is impaired in prenatally stressed pups.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cartilage; Female; Hypertrophy; Isoenzymes; Light; Organ Size; Osteogenesis; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia

There is an age-long claim that the Musa paradisiaca root is used to manage reproductive dysfunction, most especially sexual dysfunction (as an aphrodisiac), but there are no data in the open scientific literature that have refuted or supported this claim and the effects of M. paradisiaca root on the testes. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the effect of oral administration of the aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca root on the testicular function parameters of male rat testes.. Sexually matured male albino rats (138.67±5.29 g) were randomly assigned into four groups, A, B, C, and D, that respectively received 0.5 mL (3.6 mL/kg body weight) of distilled water and 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract, orally, once daily, for 14 days.. The extract significantly increased (p<0.05) the testes-body weight ratio, total protein, sialic acid, glycogen, cholesterol, activities of alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, acid phosphatase, and the concentration of testicular testosterone. In contrast, the extract decreased the concentrations of both luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones in the serum of the animals. The results revealed that oral administration of M. paradisiaca root extract at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight enhanced the testosterone-dependent normal functioning of the testes.. Overall, the aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca stimulated the normal functioning of the testes and exhibited both androgenic and anabolic properties. The results may explain the rationale behind the folkloric beneficial effect of the plant in the management of reproductive dysfunction.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glycogen; In Vitro Techniques; Indicators and Reagents; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Musa; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Sialic Acids; Testis; Testosterone

Gastrectomy (GX) is thought to result in osteomalacia due to deficiencies in Vitamin D and Ca. Using a GX rat model, we showed that GX induced high turnover of bone with hyperosteoidosis, prominent increase of mineralization and increased mRNA expression of both osteoclast-derived tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b and osteocalcin. The increased 1, 25(OH)2D3 level and unchanged PTH and calcitonin levels suggested that conventional bone and Ca metabolic pathways were not involved or changed in compensation. Thus, GX-induced bone pathology was different from a typical osteomalacia. Gene expression profiles through microarray analysis and data mining using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis indicated that 612 genes were up-regulated and 1,097 genes were down-regulated in the GX bone. These genes were related functionally to connective tissue development, skeletal and muscular system development and function, Ca signaling and the role of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes. Network analysis indicated 9 genes (Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1; Aquaporin 9; Interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein; Very low density lipoprotein receptor; Periostin, osteoblast specific factor; Aggrecan; Gremlin 1; Angiopoietin-like 4; Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 10B) were hubs connected with tissue development and immunological diseases. These results suggest that chronic systemic inflammation might underlie the GX-induced pathological changes in bone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Calcification, Physiologic; Chondrocytes; Gastrectomy; Isoenzymes; Male; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Osteoblasts; Osteocalcin; Osteomalacia; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vitamin D

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing the level of dietary supplementation of vitamin E (VE) on production performance and biochemical characteristics of cloacal foam in male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A total of 225 male Japanese quail chicks (day old) were randomly distributed to three dietary treatments for a period of 30 weeks. Each treatment comprised of three replicates, each containing 25 chicks. The basal diet (T1) contained 12.30IUVEkg(-1) and the two experimental diets were supplemented with 150 and 300IUVEkg(-1) (diets T2 and T3, respectively). dl-α-Tocopherol acetate was used as the source of VE. All chicks were provided feed and water ad libitum. Mean body weights, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality of the birds in the different treatment groups showed no significant differences (P>0.05), whereas a significant (P<0.05) increase (29.81 and 50.83%) in average foam weight was evident in the VE-treated groups (T2) compared with control (T1) and T3 groups. The biochemical characteristics of foam, in terms of quantities of protein and nitric oxide (NO), did not differ significantly (P>0.05), whereas the quantities of glucose (60.01%) and acid phosphatase (ACP, 32.46%) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the T3 group. By contrast, the quantities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were significantly (P<0.05) lower (48.84%, 10.38% and 22.08%, respectively) in the T3 group and higher in the T1 (control) and T2 groups. From this study, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of VE to the basal diet has no effect on the production performance but supplementation of a higher level of VE (300IUkg(-1)diet) improved the biochemical characteristics of the foam and moderate levels of VE (150IUkg(-1)diet) improved the foam production of male Japanese quail.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Body Weight; Cloaca; Coturnix; Dietary Supplements; Eating; Glucose; Male; Nitric Oxide; Random Allocation; Vitamin E

The present study investigated the effects of curcumin on bone microstructure in non-tumor-bearing and Lewis lung carcinoma-(LLC)-bearing female C57BL/6 mice. Morphometric analysis showed that dietary supplementation with curcumin (2% or 4%) significantly reduced the bone volume to total volume ratio, connectivity density and trabecular number, and significantly increased the structure model index (an indicator of the plate- and rod-like geometry of trabecular structure) and trabecular separation in vertebral bodies compared to controls in both non-tumor-bearing and LLC-bearing mice. Similar changes in trabecular bone were observed in the femoral bone in curcumin-fed mice. Curcumin significantly reduced the cortical bone area to total area ratio and cortical thickness in femoral mid-shaft, but not in vertebral bodies, in both non-tumor-bearing and LLC-bearing mice. Curcumin feeding reduced plasma concentrations of osteocalcin and increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphate 5b in mice regardless of the presence of LLC, indicating that curcumin disrupts the balance of bone remodeling. Our results demonstrated that curcumin reduced the trabecular bone volume and cortical bone density. The skeleton is a favored site of metastasis for many types of cancers, and curcumin has been investigated in clinical trials in patients with cancer for its chemopreventive effects. Our results suggest the possibility of a combined effect of cancer-induced osteolysis and curcumin-stimulated bone loss in patients using curcumin. The assessment of bone structural changes should be considered for those who participate in curcumin clinical trials to determine its effects on skeleton health, particularly for those with advanced malignancies.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Carcinoma, Lewis Lung; Curcumin; Dietary Supplements; Energy Intake; Female; Femur; Isoenzymes; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Osteocalcin; Spine; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Low level of cadmium (Cd) exposure may enhance osteoclasts formation in vitro. The aim of the study was to observe the effects of Cd on osteoclasts formation in vivo. Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups which were given Cd via drinking water at concentrations of 0, 2, 10 and 50 mg/L for 12 weeks. At the 12th week, urine samples were collected from all of the rats. All rats were then sacrificed and the blood was collected for biomarkers assay. Bone tissues were dissected for mineral density determinations, histological investigation, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining and immunohistochemical staining. The bone mineral density and bone microstructure index of rats treated with 50mg Cd/L were obviously lower than in control rats. Histochemical investigation showed that Cd could induce osteoclasts formation in a dose-dependent manner. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels in rats treated with Cd were higher than the control. Immunohistochemical investigation showed that Cd could enhance receptor-activated nuclear factor kappa B ligand expression (RANKL) and inhibit osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression. Our study evidences in vivo that excessive bone resorption mediated via osteoclasts is an important way for Cd toxic effects on bone and OPG/RANKL may play an important role.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Resorption; Cadmium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gene Expression; Isoenzymes; Male; NF-kappa B; Osteoclasts; Osteoprotegerin; RANK Ligand; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

To explore the effect of combination of Epimedii Folium and Ligustri Lucidi Fructus on osteoporosis rats induced by retinoic acid.. Sixty three-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, the model group, the Epimedii Folium group, the Ligustri Lucidi Fructus group, the combination group of Epimedii Folium and Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and the raloxifene group. The osteoporosis model was established through oral administration with retinoic acid for two weeks. Meanwhile, all of treatment groups were administered with corresponding drugs for three weeks. The contents of serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (StrACP) were detected, and the pathomorphological changes of femurs were observed.. The model control group showed much lower contents of serum Ca and P than the normal control group, but with significantly higher AKP and StrACP activity than the normal control group. The femoral head area showed reduced, narrow and sparse trabecular bones, with typical osteoporosis-like changes. Compared with the model control group, all of treated groups showed significant increase in Ca and P contents in serum, and down-regulate AKP and StrACP levels, while trabecular bones became more and wider, and densely interweaved as a reticular formation. Among them, the combination group showed the most significant effect.. Epimedii Folium and Ligustri Lucidi Fructus could effectively correct the abnormal bone metabolism and improve pathological conditions of bone tissues, so as to show the anti-osteoporosis effect. The combined application of the two drugs showed a better efficacy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Drug Interactions; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Epimedium; Femur; Isoenzymes; Ligustrum; Male; Osteoporosis; Phosphorus; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tretinoin

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic bone dysplasia characterized by osteopenia and easy susceptibility to fracture. Symptoms are most prominent during childhood. Although antiresorptive bisphosphonates have been widely used to treat pediatric OI, controlled trials show improved vertebral parameters but equivocal effects on long-bone fracture rates. New treatments for OI are needed to increase bone mass throughout the skeleton. Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) therapy is potently anabolic in the skeleton by stimulating osteoblasts via the canonical wnt signaling pathway, and may be beneficial for treating OI. In this study, Scl-Ab therapy was investigated in mice heterozygous for a typical OI-causing Gly→Cys substitution in col1a1. Two weeks of Scl-Ab successfully stimulated osteoblast bone formation in a knock-in model for moderately severe OI (Brtl/+) and in WT mice, leading to improved bone mass and reduced long-bone fragility. Image-guided nanoindentation revealed no alteration in local tissue mineralization dynamics with Scl-Ab. These results contrast with previous findings of antiresorptive efficacy in OI both in mechanism and potency of effects on fragility. In conclusion, short-term Scl-Ab was successfully anabolic in osteoblasts harboring a typical OI-causing collagen mutation and represents a potential new therapy to improve bone mass and reduce fractures in pediatric OI.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Animals; Antibodies; Biomarkers; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Calcification, Physiologic; Disease Models, Animal; Femur; Fluoresceins; Glycoproteins; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Mutant Strains; Nanotechnology; Organ Size; Osteocalcin; Osteogenesis; Osteogenesis Imperfecta; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; X-Ray Microtomography

Diabetes mellitus (DM) involves metabolic changes that can negatively influence periodontal tissues, resulting in impaired periodontal repair. There is a lack of information about the outcomes of regenerative approaches under the influence of DM. Enamel matrix derivatives (EMDs) have been used in periodontal regenerative procedures, resulting in improvement of clinical parameters. Thus, the aim of this histomorphometric study is to evaluate the healing of periodontal defects after treatment with EMD under the influence of DM.. Twenty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups: group 1 (G1): DM was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (n = 10); group 2 (G2): rats were not exposed to STZ (n = 10). Seven days after DM induction, bilateral fenestration defects were created at the buccal aspect of the first mandibular molar. After the surgeries, the defects of each animal were randomly assigned to two subgroups: non-treated (control) and treated with EMD. The animals were euthanized 21 days later, and the percentage of defect fill (DF), newly formed bone density (BD), and new cementum formation (NCF) were histometrically assessed. The number of osteoclasts was determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Weight and blood glucose were also analyzed. Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison among groups and Wilcoxon test for comparison between the start and end times (weight and blood glucose) and between treatments (NCF and number of osteoclasts). One-way analysis of variance was used to assess DF and BD. Tukey test was used when the analysis of variance test detected significant differences (α = 5%).. G1 (DM) showed less DF and BD compared with G2. EMD provided an increased DF in both groups and enhanced BD and NCF only in G2. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was significantly higher in EMD-treated sites of G1.. DM may produce a significant detrimental effect on BD. EMD may provide greater DF under diabetic or normal conditions; however, it may not significantly increase NCF in animals with DM.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alveolar Bone Loss; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Bone Density; Cementogenesis; Dental Cementum; Dental Enamel Proteins; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal; Isoenzymes; Male; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Placebos; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Streptozocin; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Wound Healing

To evaluate the roles or effects of oviductus ranae (OR) or oviductus ranae eggs (ORE) in preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis.. In vivo experiment: Sixty female adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 12. To provide an osteoporosis model 4 groups of rats were ovariectomized (OVX), with the 5th being sham operated. Medication commenced 7 days after the operation and lasted continuously for 12 weeks. Sham operated and OVX groups were given equivalent volumes of 5% Tween-80. The other three groups intragastrically received conjugated estrogens (CE), OR or ORE of the corresponding doses. At the 12th week, serum estrogen, bone gla protein (BGP), serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assayed; bone mineral densities (BMD) were measured and bone scanning was conducted; uteri were weighed, and weight, volume and length of the femoral bones were determined; and cortical thickness of femoral heads and area of bone trabecula were measured by image analyzer. In vitro experiment: Eighty 10-month old SD rats, with equal numbers of males and females, were randomly divided into 8 groups. Osteoblasts were isolated from neonatal rat calvariae, and the cells were exposed to various concentrations of serum from OR and ORE groups to study the impact of these sera on osteoblastic proliferation, ALP activity and mineralization. Osteoclastic numbers were determined using tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP).. In vivo experiment: The body weight of the four OVX groups increased significantly (P<0.01). Uterine weight of the CE group was the highest (P<0.01); Compared with the model group, estrogen level, BMD, bone scanning/bone imaging index weight of the femoral bones, cortical thickness of femoral heads in the OR and ORE groups increased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01); femoral volume in the ORE group increased significantly (P<0.05); and the content of osteocalcin, phosphorus, and ALP in serum decreased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01). In vitro experiment: Sera from OR and ORE groups had notable effects on the proliferation of osteoblasts (P<0.05 and P<0.01, repsectively) and stimulated the formation of calcium nodes (P<0.05, P<0.01), while the enhancement of ALP activity in osteoblasts was significant (P<0.05, P<0.01). The number of TRAP-positive cells was significantly reduced as well (P<0.01).. OR and its eggs could effectively suppress OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats, and increase bone turnover possibly by both an increase in osteoblastic activity and a decrease in osteoclastic activity. The present study provides evidence that OR and its eggs could be considered a complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Calcification, Physiologic; Cell Count; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Female; Femur; Isoenzymes; Male; Materia Medica; Organ Size; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteoporosis; Ovariectomy; Ovum; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Uterus

To assess the ability of α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) to prevent bone loss in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis, α-ZAL was administered intragastrically to rats. After 35 days, the total body bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed in all rats. All sections were processed for immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin and eosin staining. One-way ANOVA and an LSD multiple-range test were used to determine the significant differences between groups. BMD was lower in the OVX and OVX + α-ZAL high-dose (OVX + High) groups compared to the sham-operated (Sham), OVX + 17β-ethinylestradiol (OVX + E(2)), OVX + α-ZAL medium-dose (OVX + Medium) and OVX + α-ZAL low-dose (OVX + Low) groups (P < 0.05). Clear bone trabeculae arrangements were observed in the OVX + E(2,) OVX + Medium and OVX + Low groups. The expressions of bone morphogenetic proteins and basic fibroblast growth factor were up-regulated in the OVX + E(2), OVX + Medium and OVX + Low groups compared to the OVX and OVX + High groups (P < 0.05). The OVX + E(2), OVX + Medium and OVX + Low groups showed lower levels of bone Gla protein, bone alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and tumor necrosis factor α expressions than the OVX and OVX + High groups (P < 0.05). The administration of α-ZAL to ovariectomized rats reverses bone loss and prevents osteoporosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Density; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Bone Resorption; Estrogens; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; Isoenzymes; Osteocalcin; Ovariectomy; Ovary; Progesterone; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Zeranol

A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, consisting of 52 hens per treatment, was conducted to determine the effects of pullet BW, dietary nonphytate phosphorus (NPP), and feeding regimen on performance, progeny quality, and bone remodeling. Cobb 500 broiler breeder pullets were reared to 3 different growth curves: 20% under, Cobb standard, and 20% over. Body weights were recorded weekly and feed adjustments made accordingly. At 21 wk, 624 hens were fed one of 2 breeder diets differing only in the amount of dietary NPP: 0.15 or 0.40%. A normal feeding regimen was appropriate for the particular growth curve; an alternative regimen considered the 3 growth curves together as a flock. At 24, 26, and 29 wk, blood was collected from 5 hens per treatment every 4 h over a 24-h period. Plasma samples were analyzed for total alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, Ca, and inorganic P. Eggs per hen housed were diminished in hens fed the low dietary NPP and by low pullet target weight. Hens fed low dietary NPP also had lower egg weights but better eggshell quality. Mortality was significantly higher in hens fed low dietary NPP. Breeder tibia relative strength and ash were also significantly lower in hens fed low dietary NPP, regardless of the quantitative amount. Progeny tibia ash was not affected by any treatment. Total alkaline phosphatase responded to pullet BW, however by wk 29, total alkaline phosphatase also became sensitive to dietary NPP. The NPP by pullet BW interaction for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels became significant by 29 wk, and pullet BW was significant at wk 24. The NPP by pullet growth curve interaction was also critical for plasma inorganic P levels throughout the sampling period. In summary, both 0.15% dietary NPP and reared pullets 20% under standard BW negatively affect egg production but do not impair progeny productivity. Body composition appears to be a main contributor in bone remodeling mechanisms, especially during the transition into egg production.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Bone Remodeling; Calcium; Chickens; Diet; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Isoenzymes; Ovum; Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; Phosphorus; Phosphorus, Dietary; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Weight Gain

Deterioration of the immune and skeletal systems, each of which parallel obesity, reflects a fragile interrelationship between adiposity and osteoimmunology. Using a murine model of diet-induced obesity, this study investigated the ability of mechanical signals to protect the skeletal-immune systems at the tissue, cellular, and molecular level. A long-term (7 mo) high-fat diet increased total adiposity (+62%), accelerated age-related loss of trabecular bone (-61%), and markedly reduced B-cell number in the marrow (-52%) and blood (-36%) compared to mice fed a regular diet. In the final 4 mo of the protocol, the application of low-magnitude mechanical signals (0.2 g at 90 Hz, 15 min/d, 5 d/wk) restored both bone structure and B cells to those levels measured in control mice fed a regular diet. These phenotypic outcomes were achieved, in part, by reductions in osteoclastic activity and a biasing of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation toward the lymphoid B-cell lineage and away from a myeloid fate. These results emphasize that obesity undermines both the skeletal and immune systems, yet brief exposure to mechanical signals, perhaps as a surrogate to the salutary influence of exercise, diminishes the consequences of diabetes and obesity, restoring bone structure and normalizing B-cell populations by biasing of the fate of stem cells through mechanosensitive pathways.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipose Tissue; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Resorption; Diet, High-Fat; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Flow Cytometry; Gene Expression; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NFATC Transcription Factors; Obesity; PAX5 Transcription Factor; Physical Conditioning, Animal; PPAR gamma; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; X-Ray Microtomography

Lithium (Li) was given to female Swiss-Webster strain mice at the doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight in their drinking water. Treatment started from the first day of pregnancy until the postnatal day fifteen of delivery. Thereafter, the dams were switched to plain tap water. All offspring were subjected to various tests. The rate of body weight gain was relatively slower in Li exposed pups. Furthermore, the opening of eyes and appearance of body hairs in Li exposed pups were also slower as compared to the controls. The sensory motor reflexes in Li exposed pups were found to be affected in a dose-dependent manner. Significant relative changes were also noticed in the levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the liver, and acetylcholinesterase in the brain tissues of the Li exposed developing offspring in a dose-dependent manner. 'Locomotor Activity Test' was performed in the male offspring only which showed a significant suppressive effect on most of the elements of this test due to Li exposure. The present Li effects in the offspring are possibly via in utero action and/or via mother's milk.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Brain; Female; Lithium; Liver; Male; Mice; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Reflex; Weight Gain

Despite the clinical adoption of distraction osteogenesis (DO), studies examining the bone healing process at the distraction gap in osteoporotic bone are limited. We examined the effect of osteoporosis in the ovariectomized rat on DO.. Mid-diaphyseal osteotomies were performed on the femurs of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. External distractors were placed on these rats and also on sham-ovariectomized rats. After a 7-day latency period, distraction was carried out at a rate of 0.5mm/day for 10 days. The bone volume (BV) of the distraction gap was measured by Micro-focused X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) at 0, 2, and 4 weeks after completion of the distraction, and the distraction gap was examined histologically.. The BV of the distraction gap in the OVX group was significantly lower than that in the sham group at 2 and 4 weeks after completion of distraction (p<0.01). On histological examination, the distraction gap in the OVX group was filled with scattered smaller bone trabeculae than those seen in the sham group at 4 weeks after completion of distraction. Osteoclast numbers at the distraction gap in the OVX group were significantly increased when compared to the sham group (p<0.01).. Bone turnover with osteoclast predominance in ovariectomized rats is likely to be the cause of a reduction in new bone formation at the distraction gap.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Bone Density; Bone Marrow; Bone Matrix; Cartilage; Connective Tissue; Diaphyses; Disease Models, Animal; External Fixators; Female; Femur; Isoenzymes; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Osteogenesis, Distraction; Osteoporosis; Ovariectomy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Time Factors; Wound Healing; X-Ray Microtomography

Zinc is an important micronutrient involved in structural and regulatory functions in mammalian cells. It inhibits proliferation of both androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer in vitro. However, no report is available on the chemopreventive role of zinc on prostate cancer initiation in in vivo model. The main purpose of this study was to assess the chemopreventive effects of zinc on prostate carcinogenesis induced by a single dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and continuous testosterone administration in Sprague-Dawley rats.. In this study, prostate cancer was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using MNU+ testosterone (MNU + T). Rats were simultaneously treated with zinc (100 ppm) thrice a week. Serum and tissue activity of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) was measured using biochemical analysis. Serum and tissue zinc levels were assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The ventral prostatic citrate level, phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450, cytochrome b(5), cytochrome b(5) reductase, cytochrome C reductase, phase II enzyme like glutathione-S-transferase, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and reduced glutathione were also analyzed by biochemical assays. Protein expressions of p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma protein-X(L) (Bcl-X(L)) were detected by Western blot analysis. Histopathological evaluation of ventral prostate was studied using hematoxylin and eosin staining method.. MNU + T-treated rats showed 60, 50, and 30% of hyperplastic, dysplastic, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplastic changes, respectively, in ventral prostate, whereas MNU + T along with zinc-treated rats showed an incidence of each 10% of hyperplasia, dysplasia, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the ventral prostate. Serum zinc level and PAcP activity were significantly increased in MNU + T-treated rats, whereas these were decreased in zinc-treated rats. The ventral prostatic PAcP and glutathione-S-transferase activities, zinc, citrate, reduced glutathione levels, and protein levels of p53, caspase-3 were significantly decreased in MNU + T-treated rats, whereas increased in zinc-treated rats. Phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, H(2)O(2) levels, PCNA, and Bcl-X(L) levels were increased in MNU + T-treated rats, whereas these levels were restored to within normal limits in zinc-treated rats.. This study suggests that zinc may have a beneficial effect against MNU and testosterone-induced prostate carcinogenesis. Thus, it may act as a potential chemopreventive agent in targeting the prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; bcl-X Protein; Body Weight; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Methylnitrosourea; Organ Size; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Testosterone; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; Zinc

The present study investigates the bone maturity of suckling rats whose mothers were treated with gibberellic acid (GA(3)). Female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: group I that served as controls and group II that received orally GA(3) (200 ppm) from the 14th day of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery. In the GA(3) group, an increase in body and femur weights as well as in femur length of pups was noted when compared to controls. Lipid peroxidation was demonstrated by high femur malondialdehyde levels, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, glutathione and vitamin C levels in femur decreased. GA(3) caused a decrease in calcium and phosphorus levels in bone. The calcium concentration in plasma increased and the phosphorus concentration decreased, while urinary levels of calcium decreased and those of phosphate increased. Moreover, plasma total tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and total alkaline phosphatase increased. Bone disorders were confirmed by femur histological changes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Calcium; Catalase; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Femur; Gibberellins; Glutathione; Glutathione Peroxidase; Glutathione Reductase; Isoenzymes; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative Stress; Phosphorus; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superoxide Dismutase; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Several attempts to decrease sugar demand by introducing stevioside as a sugar substitute in children's food products have been made, but safety issues were concerned. This exploratory study investigated the effects of stevioside low dose (SL), high dose (SH) and low dose with inulin (SL + I) for 12 weeks on the body weight, organ relative weight, hematological and biochemical parameters and enzyme activities of young male rats. The SL dose used in this study was 15 mg kg(-1) per day and the SH dose was 100-fold the low dose. Enormous similarities in most parameters were observed with no significant differences between SL, SL + I and control except in the lipid profile. Total lipid reduction in SL and SL + I and significant high-density lipoprotein increase in SL + I were observed, which may be considered as clinically beneficial. Significant decreases in serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity were also observed in all treatments. Treatment with SH caused significant changes in all investigated toxicological parameters. The results indicated that, although the SL dose was higher than the stevioside temporary accepted daily intake (5.0 mg kg(-1) body weight), no toxicological effects were observed in SL or SL + I on body weight, organ relative weight, hematological and biochemical parameters or enzyme activities investigated in this study, whereas stevioside high dose (1500 mg kg(-1) per day) may be considered as a toxic dose for the same biological parameters in young male rats. However, the effects of SL, SH and SL + I on serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity need more investigation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Clinical Chemistry Tests; Diterpenes, Kaurane; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glucosides; Hematologic Tests; Isoenzymes; Lipids; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sweetening Agents; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Toxicity Tests, Chronic

High consumption of alcohol is one of the risk factors for osteoporosis. Approximately 45% of Chinese and Japanese individuals have the inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) phenotype. The absence of the ALDH2*2 allele is found to adversely influence the risk of osteoporosis. The aim of this study is to clarify the effects of alcohol consumption on osteoblast differentiation in bone marrow and trabecular bone formation in Aldh2-disrupted mice.. Seven-week-old male Aldh2 knockout mice (Aldh2(-/-)) and wild-type (Aldh2(+/+)) mice were fed with water (groups Aldh2(-/-)/Wa and Aldh2(+/+)/Wa) or with 5% ethanol (groups Aldh2(-/-)/Al and Aldh2(+/+)/Al) for 4 weeks. At the age of 12 weeks, bone histomorphometry was performed at the secondary spongiosa of the tibias. Bone marrow cells from the bilateral femurs and tibias were used for mRNA expression analysis.. Histomorphometrical study revealed that trabecular bone was significantly reduced in the Aldh2(-/-)/Al group compared with that in the Aldh2(-/-)/Wa and Aldh2(+/+)/Wa groups. Bone formation rate was significantly decreased in Aldh2(-/-)/Al compared with the other three groups. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed a significant decrease in type I collagen, osterix, osteopontin, and osteocalcin mRNA expressions in Aldh2(-/-)/Al compared with Aldh2(-/-)/Wa. In bone marrow cell cultures, mineralized nodule formation in Aldh2(-/-)/Al was significantly decreased compared with that in Aldh2(+/+)/Wa and Aldh2(-/-)/Wa, while PAK18, a p21-activated kinase inhibitor, recovered the decreased mineralized nodule formation in Aldh2(-/-)/Al.. Alcohol consumption suppressed the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts and then reduced trabecular bone formation and bone volume in association with the elevated p21 expression in bone marrow cells, especially in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2-disrupted mice.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alcohols; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Remodeling; Cell Adhesion; Cell Cycle; Colony-Forming Units Assay; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; Gene Expression Regulation; Giant Cells; Isoenzymes; Liver Function Tests; Male; Mice; Organ Size; Osteocalcin; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; RNA, Messenger; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and gingival oxidative stress in obese rats fed a high-fat diet.. Rats were divided into three groups (n = 14/group): one control group (fed a regular diet) and two experimental groups (fed a high-fat diet with and without exercise training [treadmill: 5 days/week]). The rats were sacrificed at 4 or 8 weeks. The level of serum reactive oxidative metabolites (ROM) was measured as an indicator of circulating ROS. The level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and reduced-form glutathione (GSH)/oxidised-form glutathione (GSSG) ratio were determined to evaluate gingival oxidative stress.. The obese rats fed a high-fat diet without exercise training showed higher serum ROM levels [Carratelli Units (CARR U)] (mean ± SD; 413 ± 64) than the control (333 ± 12) at 4 weeks (p = 0.023). Such a condition resulted in higher 8-OHdG levels (ng/mg mtDNA) (0.97 ± 0.18) (p < 0.05) and a lower GSH/GSSG ratio (17.0 ± 3.1) (p < 0.05) in gingival tissues, compared to the control (0.55 ± 0.13 for 8-OHdG and 23.6 ± 5.8 for GSH/GSSG ratio) at 8 weeks. In addition, the obese rats fed a high-fat diet with exercise training showed lower serum ROM (623 ± 103) (p < 0.001) and gingival 8-OHdG levels (0.69 ± 0.17) (p = 0.012) than those without exercise training (1105 ± 95 for ROM and 0.55 ± 0.13 for 8-OHdG) at 8 weeks.. Obesity prevention by exercise training may effectively suppress gingival oxidative stress by decreasing serum ROS in rats.

Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Acid Phosphatase; Alveolar Bone Loss; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; C-Reactive Protein; Connective Tissue; Deoxyguanosine; Dietary Fats; Gingiva; Glutathione; Glutathione Disulfide; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Isoenzymes; Male; Neutrophils; Obesity; Osteoclasts; Oxidative Stress; Periodontal Ligament; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reactive Oxygen Species; Subcutaneous Fat; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expressed by adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) induces mice obesity and human adipocyte differentiation in vitro. This study aimed to investigate whether TRAP was secreted differently from human obese versus lean adipose tissues and to identify the cellular source of adipose tissue TRAP.. Subcutaneous adipose tissues obtained from healthy subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for total (5a+5b) and cleaved TRAP (5b) were used. TRAP secretion was determined in adipose tissue biopsies, and mRNA expression was studied in cell types isolated from the same.. Results of 24 lean and 24 obese women (in vitro) and 8 subjects (in vivo) were compared. The main outcome measurements were TRAP expression and secretion in vitro and in vivo.. In-house total TRAP ELISA showed high sensitivity and a coefficient of variance of 11%. Adipose secretion of total TRAP was linear in vitro with time and was evident in vivo. Total TRAP secretion in vitro was similar in lean and obese women expressed per unit weight of the adipose tissue but correlated positively with the number/size of adipocytes (P ≤ 0.01) and with adipose secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (P<0.01). TRAP 5b was not secreted from the adipose tissue. ATMs displayed highest cellular expression of TRAP mRNA in adipose tissue cells derived from lean or obese women.. TRAP is a novel human adipokine produced by macrophages and secreted from the subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Secretion is linked to the size and number of adipocytes, as well as to concomitant secretion of inflammatory mediators, suggesting that TRAP is involved in fat accumulation and adipose inflammation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipokines; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-6; Isoenzymes; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Obese; Middle Aged; Obesity; RNA, Messenger; Subcutaneous Fat; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Thinness; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of simulated resistance training (SRT) exercise combined with alendronate (ALEN) in mitigating or preventing disuse-associated losses in cancellous bone microarchitecture and formation. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 months old) were randomly assigned to either cage control (CC), hind limb unloading (HU), HU plus either ALEN (HU + ALEN), SRT (HU + SRT), or a combination of ALEN and SRT (HU + SRT/ALEN) for 28 days. HU + SRT and HU + SRT/ALEN rats were anesthetized and subjected to muscle contractions once every 3 days during HU (four sets of five repetitions, 1000 ms isometric + 1000 ms eccentric). Additionally, HU + ALEN and HU + SRT/ALEN rats received 10 µg/kg of body weight of ALEN three times per week. HU reduced cancellous bone-formation rate (BFR) by 80%, with no effect of ALEN treatment (-85% versus CC). SRT during HU significantly increased cancellous BFR by 123% versus CC, whereas HU + SRT/ALEN inhibited the anabolic effect of SRT (-70% versus HU + SRT). SRT increased bone volume and trabecular thickness by 19% and 9%, respectively, compared with CC. Additionally, osteoid surface (OS/BS) was significantly greater in HU + SRT rats versus CC (+32%). Adding ALEN to SRT during HU reduced Oc.S/BS (-75%), Ob.S/BS (-72%), OS/BS (-61%), and serum TRACP5b (-36%) versus CC. SRT and ALEN each independently suppressed a nearly twofold increase in adipocyte number evidenced with HU and inhibited increases in osteocyte apoptosis. These results demonstrate the anabolic effect of a low volume of high-intensity muscle contractions during disuse and suggest that both bone resorption and bone formation are suppressed when SRT is combined with bisphosphonate treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipocytes; Alendronate; Animals; Apoptosis; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Cell Count; Hindlimb Suspension; Isoenzymes; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscular Disorders, Atrophic; Organ Size; Osteocytes; Osteogenesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Resistance Training; Tarsus, Animal; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Exposure to hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) compounds is of concern in many Cr-related industries and their surrounding environments. K(2)Cr(2)O(7) is widely recognized as an animal and human carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen. The present study investigated the bone maturity of suckling rats whose mothers were treated with K(2)Cr(2)O(7). Experiments were carried out on female Wistar rats given 700 ppm of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) in their drinking water from the 14th day of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery. Exposing dams to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) caused disorders in the bone of their progeny. As corollary to this, malondialdehyde levels increased, while glutathione, a non-protein thiol and vitamin C decreased. Alteration of the antioxidant system in the treated group was also confirmed by the significant decline of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Furthermore, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) induced changes in bone mineralization, especially calcium and phosphorus levels, which decreased. Whereas, in plasma and urine, they increased and decreased inversely. These results suggest that K(2)Cr(2)O(7) accelerated bone resorption activity. In fact, in treated pups, total tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, which reflected bone resorption, was enhanced while total alkaline phosphatase, which reflected bone formation, was reduced. The impairment of bone function was corresponded histologically.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Body Weight; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Female; Femur; Isoenzymes; Maternal Exposure; Oxidative Stress; Phosphorus; Potassium Dichromate; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

The toxic effect of Pb ion (lead acetate) was investigated using male albino rats, which was ingested at 1/20, 1/40, and 1/60 sublethal doses. Relative to normal control, the ingestion of Pb(2+) induced significant stimulation in ALT and AST activity. In addition, total soluble protein and albumin contents of plasma were decreased, while the content of globulin was changed by the Pb(2+) treatments. The cholinesterase activity was inhibited, but the activities of alkaline and acid phosphates as well as lactate dehydrogenase were stimulated as a result of lead acetate intoxication. These observations were gradually paralleled across the experiment dose of the three doses of intoxicated Pb(2+). In the case of blood picture, Pb(2+) ingestion significantly reduced the contents of hemoglobin and RBC count of intoxicated rat's blood, while the plasma levels of T3 and T4 and blood WBC count were insignificantly decreased or unchanged. All results of the present study showed that the Pb(2+) ingestion was more effective in the case of the high dose (1/20 LD(50)) than that of the low dose (1/60 LD(50)) ingestion relative to the normal healthy control. The results of the present work advice the need to avoid exposure of humans to the lead compound to avoid injurious hazard risk.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Cholinesterases; Eating; Kidney Function Tests; Lead Poisoning; Lethal Dose 50; Liver Function Tests; Male; Organometallic Compounds; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thyroid Gland; Weight Gain

The present study aimed at defining the testicular toxicity of propetamphos. Mature male albino rats (5-6 months old) were treated with propetamphos orally at doses of 0, 0.18, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5 and 3mg/kg/day for 60 consecutive days. Propetamphos at a dose of 0.38 mg/kg/day significantly reduced the sperm motility only. At 0.75 mg/kg/day sperm count, sperm motility, plasma testosterone level and activity of sorbiol dehydrogenase (SDH) were significantly reduced and sperm morphological abnormalities were significantly increased. At 1.5mg/kg/day weight of testes, seminal vesicle and epididymis were reduced dose dependently whereas, at 3mg/kg/day, weight of prostate gland and activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were decreased significantly. On histopathological examination indicated toxicity of propetamphos on testes depending on dose and observed at doses higher than 0.38 mg/kg/day. These results indicate testicular toxicity of propetamphos at dose of 0.38 mg/kg/day or higher in male albino rats.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Genitalia, Male; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Insecticides; L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase; Male; Organ Size; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Rats; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa

Glucocorticoids and β(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists are the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of asthma. Both therapies are potentially dangerous to the skeletal system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fenoterol, a β(2)-receptor agonist, on the development of bone changes induced by glucocorticoid (prednisolone) administration in mature male rats. The experiments were carried out on 24-week-old male Wistar rats. The effects of prednisolone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt (7 mg/kg s.c. daily) or/and fenoterol hydrobromide (1.4 mg/kg i.p. daily), administered for 4 weeks, on the skeletal system were studied. Bone turnover markers, geometric parameters, mass, mass of bone mineral in the tibia, femur and L-4 vertebra, bone histomorphometric parameters and mechanical properties of tibial metaphysis, femoral diaphysis and femoral neck were determined. Both prednisolone and fenoterol had damaging effects on the skeletal system of mature male rats. However, concurrent administration of fenoterol and prednisolone did not result in the intensification of the deleterious skeletal effect of either drug administered separately.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcification, Physiologic; Diaphyses; Drug Interactions; Femur; Fenoterol; Glucocorticoids; Isoenzymes; Male; Prednisolone; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia

The effect of aqueous extract of Securidaca longepedunculata root on redox homeostasis in male rat liver and kidney was investigated. Rats were grouped into four: A, B, C and D, where A (the control) received orally 1 mL of distilled water; B, C and D (test groups) received orally 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively, for 28 days. Extract administration significantly reduced (p < .05) alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver and kidney with corresponding increases in the serum. Acid phosphatase activity increased significantly (p < .05) in the liver and kidney, while there was no significant change (p > .05) in the serum acid phosphatase activity. There was also significant decrease (p < .05) in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the liver and kidney. Liver and kidney levels of GSH, vitamins C and E were also significantly reduced (p < .05). Serum malonidialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxide increased significantly (p < .05) in all the extract-treated groups. The available data from this study revealed that aqueous extract of S. longepedunculata root exerted its toxicity in the animals by depleting the antioxidant systems. This may consequently expose the cells and cellular macromolecules to oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species generated either from the metabolism of the extract or other in vivo means.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Homeostasis; Kidney; Liver; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Securidaca

Bone metabolism has recently been revealed to be under nerve regulation. In this study, the integrity of the sensory innervation contributing to bone metabolism was examined by capsaicin-induced sensory neuron lesions. Eight-week-old male Wistar strain rats in a modeling phase of skeletal growth were divided into four groups (8 rats per group) and treated with capsaicin at one of three different doses (37.5, 75, 150 mg/kg) or vehicle, subcutaneously. Five weeks later, high-dose (150 mg/kg) capsaicin treatment had reduced trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) due to increased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) in the proximal tibia and the modification of mechanical properties such as strength, ductility, and toughness toward increasing bone fragility in the trunk of the sixth lumbar vertebrae (L6). Moderate-dose (75 mg/kg) capsaicin treatment had no significant effect on trabecular BV/TV or bone mechanical properties but increased Tb.Sp as seen high-dose capsaicin treatment. Bone histomorphometry showed osteoclast number (Oc.N/BS) and surface (Oc.S/BS) were increased in both the moderate-dose and high-dose capsaicin treatment groups. High-dose capsaicin significantly increased the level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase form 5b (TRAP 5b) in plasma, a systemic bone resorption marker, but had no influence on plasma osteocalcin concentration, a bone formation marker, suggesting that capsaicin-induced sensory nerve denervation increased bone resorption but had no influence on bone formation. Low-dose (37.5mg/kg) capsaicin had no influence on bone remodeling. These results suggest that sensory nerve innervation contributes to the maintenance of trabecular bone mass and its mechanical properties by inhibiting bone resorption.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Capsaicin; Femur; Isoenzymes; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Osteocalcin; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sensory System Agents; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia

This study investigated the effect of vibration on bone healing and muscle in intact and ovariectomized rats. Thirty ovariectomized (at 3 months of age) and 30 intact 5-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral metaphyseal osteotomy of tibia. Five days later, half of the ovariectomized and of the intact rats were exposed to whole-body vertical vibration (90 Hz, 0.5 mm, 4 x g acceleration) for 15 min twice a day during 30 days. The other animals did not undergo vibration. After decapitation of rats, one tibia was used for computed tomographic, biomechanical, and histological analyses; the other was used for gene expression analyses of alkaline phosphatase (Alp), osteocalcin (Oc), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 1, and insulinlike growth factor 1. Serum Alp and Oc were measured. Mitochondrial activity, fiber area and distribution, and capillary densities were analyzed in M. gastrocnemius and M. longissimus. We found that vibration had no effect on body weight and food intake, but it improved cortical and callus densities (97 vs. 99%, 72 vs. 81%), trabecular structure (9 vs. 14 trabecular nodes), blood supply (1.7 vs. 2.1 capillaries/fiber), and oxidative metabolism (17 vs. 23 pmol O(2)/s/mg) in ovariectomized rats. Vibration generally increased muscle fiber size. Tibia biomechanical properties were diminished after vibration. Oc gene expression was higher in vibrated rats. Serum Alp was increased in ovariectomized rats. In ovariectomized rats, vibration resulted in an earlier bridging; in intact rats, callus bridging occurred later after vibration. The chosen vibration regimen (90 Hz, 0.5 mm, 4 x g acceleration, 15 min twice a day) was effective in improving musculoskeletal tissues in ovariectomized rats but was not optimal for fracture healing.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bony Callus; Female; Fracture Healing; Isoenzymes; Muscle, Skeletal; Osteocalcin; Ovariectomy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia; Vibration

The purpose of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism in favorable prognosis following pediatric condylar fractures managed by closed procedures. Seventy-five 1-month-old male Wistar rats were used in this experiment. Unilateral medially rotated condyle fracture in growing rats was adopted as the condyle fracture model to investigate the mechanism in favorable healing of pediatric condylar fractures. The entire fracture healing process was investigated. The rotated subcondylar fractures in young rats healed by means of callus formation, with simultaneous and prompt repositioning of the condyle. The positive outcome in these condyle fractures was also associated with active cell proliferation potential in the condyle, as well as the condyle's remodeling capability. The growth potential and remodeling capability of the condyle during the growing period might be the intrinsic factor for favorable healing following pediatric condylar fractures managed by closed procedures.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Azo Compounds; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Bone Remodeling; Bony Callus; Cartilage, Articular; Cell Proliferation; Chondrocytes; Coloring Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Eosine Yellowish-(YS); Fracture Healing; Isoenzymes; Joint Dislocations; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures; Methyl Green; Osteogenesis; Phenazines; Prognosis; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Treatment Outcome

Periodontal disease is characterised by alveolar bone loss. Some studies have suggested the involvement of sympathetic nervous system in the deterioration of periodontal disease. Noradrenaline, released from sympathetic nerve terminals due to various stimuli, binds to specific adrenergic receptors on immune cells. Recently, we reported that restraint stress augmented the alveolar bone loss induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. In this study, we investigated the effects of the beta-blocker (propranolol) on alveolar bone loss induced by P. gingivalis infection to examine the involvement of sympathetic nerves in periodontal breakdown.. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated as follows: saline injection (Group A), propranolol injection (Group B), saline injection and oral challenge with P. gingivalis (Group C), and propranolol injection and oral challenge with P. gingivalis (Group D). Horizontal alveolar bone loss was evaluated by measuring the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest. Specimens from periodontal tissue were evaluated by staining with hematoxylin-eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.. Blockade of beta-receptors in periodontal tissue by propranolol inhibited osteoclast differentiation and prevented alveolar bone loss induced by P. gingivalis infection. Histological study revealed that the number of osteoclasts detected was proportional to the level of bone loss.. These results indicate that the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the development of periodontitis and suggest that sympathetic signal modulation with beta-blockers enables the control of alveolar bone mass metabolism.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Alveolar Bone Loss; Alveolar Process; Animals; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Cell Differentiation; Coloring Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Fluorescent Dyes; Isoenzymes; Male; Organ Size; Osteoclasts; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Propranolol; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spleen; Sympathetic Nervous System; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Thymus Gland

Due to their unique physical properties, carbon nanotubes are becoming promising novel materials in diverse areas like information technology, ultrastiff materials, biomedicine etc. The toxicological study of these materials is very imperative for the safety assessment in respect to their wide applications. The objective of the toxicity study was to find out whether water soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubes (S-MWNTs) would impair the phagocytic activity of macrophages, which play an important role in defenses against invading microbioles. The results showed that S-MWNTs did not impair the phagocytosis of macrophages; to our surprise, S-MWNT significantly enhanced this function. Increased activity of enzymes in lysosome also showed that S-MWNTs enhanced the lysosome function of macrophages. However, S-MWNTs can not influence nitric oxide secretion in macrophages and induce inflammation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginase; Body Weight; Chickens; Erythrocytes; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nanotubes, Carbon; Nitric Oxide; Phagocytosis; Solubility; Toxicity Tests

The present study was performed to investigate the influence of unloading on the regeneration of atrophied and injured skeletal muscle.. Male mice (C57BL/6J), aged 8 weeks, were used. Cardiotoxin (CTX) was injected into soleus muscles bilaterally. Gravitational unloading on soleus muscle was performed by hind limb suspension for 2 weeks before and additionally 6 weeks after CTX injection in one group. Soleus muscles in the remaining groups were loaded keeping the mice in the cages and were dissected 14, 28 and 42 days after the injection.. Recovery of the wet weight and protein content of soleus in the CTX-injected group was inhibited by unloading. Increase in satellite cell number, induced by CTX injection and loading, was also inhibited by unloading. Disappearance of infiltration of mononucleated cells into the necrotic area was also delayed. This phenomenon suggests that regeneration, which is indicated by the appearance of fibres with central nuclei, was inhibited by unloading.. Results suggested that loading plays an important role in the activation of the regenerating potential of injured skeletal muscle.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cardiotoxins; Cell Count; Cell Movement; Cell Nucleus; Hindlimb Suspension; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle Proteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Atrophy; Organ Size; PAX7 Transcription Factor; Phagocytes; Regeneration; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Weight-Bearing

Body mass has a positive effect on bone health. Whether mass derived from an obesity condition or excessive fat accumulation is beneficial to bone has not been established; neither have the mechanisms by which obesity affects bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of obesity on bone structure and osteoblastic expression of key markers involved in bone formation and resorption in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. Six-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice (n=21) were assigned to two groups and fed either a control (10 kcal% energy as fat) or high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% energy as fat) for 14 weeks. Bone marrow stromal/osteoblastic cells (BMSC) were cultured. Osteoprogenitor activity [alkaline phosphatase (ALP) positive colonies] and mineralization (calcium nodule formation) were determined. Gene expression was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Bone structure of proximal and midshaft tibia was evaluated by micro-computed tomography. Mice fed the HFD were 31% heavier (P<0.01) than those fed the control diet. There were more ALP positive colony forming units at d 14 and calcium nodules at d 28 of culture by BMSC from HFD mice than from control mice (P<0.01). Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) mRNA levels and the ratio of RANKL to osteoprotegerin expression in HFD animals was higher (P<0.01) than in control diet animals. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels were higher in HFD fed mice when compared to control diet fed mice (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in tibial fat-free weight, length, and cortical parameters of midshaft between the two groups. Compared with control mice, tibial trabecular bone volume was reduced, and trabecular separation was increased in HFD mice. Trabecular number was lower (P<0.05) and connectivity density tended to be less (P=0.07) in HFD mice than in control mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that obesity induced by a high-fat diet decreases cancellous bone mass but has no effect on cortical bone mass in the tibia in mice.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Density; Bone Marrow Cells; Cells, Cultured; Dietary Fats; Femur; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Osteoblasts; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RANK Ligand; Stromal Cells; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia; X-Ray Microtomography

The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effects of ethanol extract from the root of Morinda Officinalis (RMO) on ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Administration of RMO extract increased trabecular bone mineral content and bone mineral density of tibia, improved the levels of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and OPG, decreased the levels of DPD/Cr, TRAP, ACTH and corticosterone, but did not reverse the levels of ALP, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in serum of ovariectomized rats. These findings demonstrated that RMO extract reduced bone loss in ovariectomized rats, probably via the inhibition of bone resorption, but was not involved with bone formation. Anthraquinones and polysaccharides from Morinda officinals could be responsible for their antiosteoporotic activity, and the action mechanism of these constituents needs to be further studied. Therefore, RMO has the potential to develop a clinically useful antiosteoporotic agent.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Density; Calcium; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Corticosterone; Female; Interleukin-6; Isoenzymes; Molecular Structure; Morinda; Organ Size; Osteoprotegerin; Ovariectomy; Phosphorus; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Curcumin is a potent inhibitor of the transcription factor activator protein-1 which plays an essential role in osteoclastogenesis. However, the effects of curcumin on bone metabolism have not been clarified in vivo. We reported herein the inhibitory effects of curcumin on the stimulated osteoclastic activity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus using rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. A dietary supplement of curcumin reversed the increase in levels of activity and mRNA of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K to control values. A histochemical analysis showed that the increase in TRAP-positive cells in the distal femur of the diabetic rats was reduced to the control level by the supplement. These results suggested that curcumin reduced diabetes-stimulated bone resorptive activity and the number of osteoclasts. When bone marrow cells were cultured with macrophage colony stimulating factor and receptor activator NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), the increased activity to form TRAP-positive multinucleated cells and the increased levels of mRNA and protein of c-fos and c-jun in the cultured cells from diabetic rats decreased to control levels in the curcumin-supplemented rats. Similarly, the increased expression of c-fos and c-jun in the distal femur of the diabetic rats was significantly reduced by the supplement. These results suggested that curcumin suppressed the increased bone resorptive activity through the prevention of osteoclastogenesis associated with inhibition of the expression of c-fos and c-jun in the diabetic rats.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Cathepsin K; Cell Differentiation; Curcumin; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Dietary Supplements; Eating; Female; Femur; Glycosuria; Hydroxyproline; Isoenzymes; Osteocalcin; Osteoclasts; Rats; RNA, Messenger; Staining and Labeling; Stem Cells; Streptozocin; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Running exercise is an effective therapy for the prevention of osteoporosis; however, appropriate duration of exercise has not been determined. We therefore investigated the effect of exercise duration on bone mineral density (BMD) and systemic bone metabolism using young growing rats. Fifteen 8-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into three groups according to running load: control group (no running), short duration (30 min/day) and long duration (180 min/day), and animals ran on a treadmill 5 days per week over an 8-week period. BMD of the tibia was measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and serum levels of tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a bone resorption marker and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a bone formation marker were measured to know whether the treadmill exercise would affect systemic bone metabolism. Short-duration running exercise (30 min/day) caused a significant increase in BMD of the metaphyseal trabecula (p < 0.05) with a reduction of serum TRAP levels (p < 0.01) and an increase in serum levels of calcium (p < 0.05) and phosphorus (p < 0.01). Conversely, long-duration exercise (180 min/day) significantly reduced BMD of the diaphyseal and metaphyseal cortex and that of the diaphyseal trabecula with a significant reduction of serum ALP levels and a significant increase in serum phosphorus. These findings suggest that short-duration exercise may increase BMD through suppression of bone resorption, whereas long-duration exercise may reduce BMD through suppression of bone formation. Exercising for short duration but not prolonged exercise is recommended to increase BMD of loaded long bones.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Density; Calcium; Female; Isoenzymes; Phosphorus; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia; Time Factors; Weight Gain; Weight-Bearing

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in bone metabolism during the early phase of type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats and to evaluate whether a 10% dietary xylitol supplementation is able to protect against these changes. Arthritis was induced in female dark agouti rats by injections of type II homologous rat collagen emulsified with an equal volume of incomplete Freund adjuvant. In one group, the diet was supplemented with 10% xylitol. After 17 days, the rats were killed. Serum osteocalcin, as a marker of bone formation, and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, as a marker of bone resorption, were measured. Histologic measurements were made from Masson-Goldner trichrome-stained sections of distal tibiae. All the collagen-injected rats had arthritic symptoms at the end of the experiment. Serum osteocalcin was significantly higher in the collagen-injected rats fed a xylitol-supplemented diet (CI-X) than in the collagen-injected rats not fed xylitol (CI) and in the controls. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was significantly higher in the CI and CI-X groups than in the controls. Trabecular bone volume was significantly lower in the CI group as compared with the CI-X and control groups. These results suggest that, at the time of the appearance of arthritic symptoms, bone resorption activity is high, but bone formation is not severely affected. Furthermore, dietary xylitol seems to protect against the imbalance of bone metabolism during the early phase of collagen type II-induced arthritis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Remodeling; Eating; Female; Histocytochemistry; Osteocalcin; Rats; Tibia; Xylitol

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of knockout of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and Se-glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) on murine bone biomechanical properties. Femora samples were collected from wild-type (WT), SOD1-knockout [SOD1(-/-)] and GPX1-knockout [GPX1(-/-)] female mice (9-wk old, n = 7-8 per genotype) to assay for bone enzyme activities and mechanical properties in three point bending. Prior to testing, all mice were fed a torula yeast diet supplemented with 0.4 mg Se/kg as sodium selenite. Compared with the WT mice, SOD1(-/-) mice displayed a series of reductions (p < 0.05): 24% in body mass, 8% in femoral length, 43% in femoral structural strength, and 32% in bending stiffness. When differences in body size were accounted for, femoral failure moment in SOD1(-/-) mice remained lower (p < 0.05) than that of WT. Femoral tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity in SOD1(-/-) was 47% greater (p < 0.05) than the WT. In contrast, GPX1(-/-) mice showed no significant differences in femoral mechanical properties from those of WT mice. In conclusion, knockout of SOD1 exerted a greater impact on femoral mechanical characteristics than that of GPX1 in growing mice.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Female; Femur; Genotype; Glutathione Peroxidase; Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Stress, Mechanical; Superoxide Dismutase; Tensile Strength

To observe the effect of acupuncture (Acu) on bone metabolism and serum estradiol (E2) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats for studying its underlying mechanism in treating osteoporosis.. Forty female SD rats of six months were randomized into sham operation (sham), model, Acu and Diethylstibestrol (DES) groups, with 10 cases in each. Postmenopausal osteoporosis model was established by removing ovaries under anesthesia. In Acu group, bilateral "Dazhu" (BL 11), "Shenshu" (BL 23) and "Pishu" (BL 20) were punctured and stimulated for 30 minutes, once daily for 60 days. Rats of DES group were drenched with saline+DES (22.5 microg/ml) 1 ml/100 g, once daily for 60 days. At the end of experiments, blood samples were collected from femoral artery for assaying serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) contents by using biochemistry, and serum bone gla protein (BGP) and E2 levels by immunoradioassay.. Compared with sham group, uterus wet weight, serum E2 content in model group decreased significantly (P < 0.01) while body weight, serum ALP, BGP and TRAP levels in model group increased significantly (P < 0.01, 0.05). Compared with model group, uterus wet weight and serum Ez content in Acu and DES groups increased significantly (P < 0.01); while body weight, serum ALP, BGP and TRAP levels decreased considerably (P < 0.01). No significant differences were found between Acu and DES groups in serum E2, ALP, BGP and TRAP levels (P > 0.05).. Acupuncture can suppress abnormal increase of body weight and decrease of serum E2 level, and significantly downregulate serum ALP, BGP and TRAP levels in OVX rats, which may contribute to its effect in relieving osteoporosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acupuncture Therapy; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Estradiol; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Osteocalcin; Osteoporosis; Ovariectomy; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

The effects of administration of aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis (Schweinf. Ex Hiern) stem on some testicular function indices of male rats (Rattus norvegicus) and their recovery potentials for 10 days were investigated.. Rats were grouped into four: A, B, C and D where A (the control) received orally 1 ml of distilled water (the vehicle), B, C and D (the test groups) received orally on daily basis graded doses of 18, 50 and 100mg/kg body weight of the plant extract, respectively, for 28 days.. Compared with the control, extract administration for 28 days at all the doses resulted in significant increase (P<0.05) in percentage testes-body weight ratio, testicular cholesterol, sialic acid, glycogen, acid phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities while there was significant decrease (P<0.05) in the activities of testicular alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase and concentrations of protein. Recoveries were made by the animals on some of the testicular function indices mainly at 18 mg/kg body weight.. The alterations brought about by the aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem are indications of adverse effects on the male rat testicular function and this may adversely affect the functional capacities of the testes. The recovery made at the dose of 18 mg/kg body weight as used in folklore medicine suggests that it does not exhibit permanent toxicity at this dose.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Oral; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Male; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Nigeria; Plant Extracts; Proteins; Rats; Rubiaceae; Testis

Obesity is associated with macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue, which may link adipose inflammation to insulin resistance. However, the impact of inflammatory cells in the pathophysiology of obesity remains unclear. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is an enzyme expressed by subsets of macrophages and osteoclasts that exists either as an enzymatically inactive monomer or as an active, proteolytically processed dimer.. Using mice over expressing TRAP, we show that over-expression of monomeric, but not the dimeric form in adipose tissue leads to early onset spontaneous hyperplastic obesity i.e. many small fat cells. In vitro, recombinant monomeric, but not proteolytically processed TRAP induced proliferation and differentiation of mouse and human adipocyte precursor cells. In humans, monomeric TRAP was highly expressed in the adipose tissue of obese individuals. In both the mouse model and in the obese humans the source of TRAP in adipose tissue was macrophages. In addition, the obese TRAP over expressing mice exhibited signs of a low-grade inflammatory reaction in adipose tissue without evidence of abnormal adipocyte lipolysis, lipogenesis or insulin sensitivity.. Monomeric TRAP, most likely secreted from adipose tissue macrophages, induces hyperplastic obesity with normal adipocyte lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipose Tissue; Adult; Animals; Biomarkers; Blotting, Western; Body Weight; Dimerization; DNA Primers; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Insulin Resistance; Isoenzymes; Lipogenesis; Lipolysis; Macrophages; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Mice, Obese; Mice, Transgenic; Obesity; Organ Size; Recombinant Proteins; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Using osteoprotegerin (OPG)-knockout mice, we demonstrated that in vivo the effects of both genistein and 17beta-estradiol (E2) on bone metabolism were completely abolished. In contrast, zoledronic acid could effectively suppress bone resorption and prevent bone loss.. The anti-resorptive effects of E2 on bone metabolism are considered to be mediated via modulation of the osteoblast-derived paracrine factor OPG. Recently, the phytoestrogen genistein was found to suppress bone resorption by enhancing osteoblastic production of OPG. However, the mechanism underlying the in vivo effects of E2 and genistein on bone is not entirely understood, and a central question in this regard is whether E2 regulates bone metabolism via an OPG-dependent pathway.. After mating heterozygous (OPG+/-) mice, homozygous (OPG-/-) and wild-type (WT) with a mixed C57BL/6J x 129/SV background were obtained. The study involved 6-week-old female OPG-/- (n=40) and WT mice (n=8). The OPG-/- mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=8 per group) as follows: (1) genistein-treated mice (Gen) that were subcutaneously injected with genistein at a maximal dose (0.8 mg/day); (2) E2-treated mice (E2) that were subcutaneously injected with E2 at a dose (0.03 microg/day); (3) DMSO control mice (DMSO) that were subcutaneously injected with a mixture of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and polyethyleneglycol-300; (4) zoledronic acid-treated mice (Zol) that were subcutaneously injected with zoledronic acid at a dose of (150 microg/kg) twice per week; and (5) H2O control mice that were subcutaneously injected with sterilized water twice per week. The doses of genistein, estrogen and zoledronic acid were selected based on the results of dose-response effect of agents on bone versus uterus in OPG-/- mice. The mice were sacrificed 6 weeks after this intervention. The microarchitecture of the trabecular and cortical bone was assessed by performing microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) for the right proximal tibia. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the left femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The biomechanical parameters of the right femur were determined by a three-point bend testing. Serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP), tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) were determined by performing ELISA.. DXA analysis revealed that the total BMD of the femur was not significantly altered in the Gen, E2, H2O, and DMSO groups. The three-point bending test revealed no significant differences in the biomechanical parameters, including ultimate loading, ultimate stress, stiff index, and elastic modulus, and micro-CT analysis revealed that the microarchitectural parameters of the trabecular bone (vBMD, tBMD, BVF, BSF, SMI, Tb.N, Conn.D, Tb.Sp, and Tb.Th) and cortical bone (Ct.Th, Mm, In.Pm, Ot.Pm, Ma.Ar, Ct.Ar, Tt.Ar, Ct.BMD, and Ct.BMC) did not differ among the groups. Genistein and E2 treatment did not alter the serum TRACP-5b, B-ALP, or RANKL levels. However, in addition to increasing the bone mass, zoledronic acid could effectively improve biomechanical parameters and could completely prevent deterioration of the bone architecture in the OPG-/- mice.. The effects of genistein and E2 on bone metabolism in vivo were lost completely in OPG-deficient mice, suggesting that the effect of these agents on bone metabolism seems to be entirely dependent on OPG. In contrast, zoledronic acid could effectively suppress bone resorption and completely prevent the bone loss in the OPG-/- mice--an effect that is likely to be independent of the OPG pathway.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Bone Resorption; Diphosphonates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endometrium; Estradiol; Female; Femur; Genistein; Genotype; Imidazoles; Isoenzymes; Liver; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mice, Knockout; Osteoprotegerin; RANK Ligand; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia; Uterus; Zoledronic Acid

Rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressant with antitumoral properties widely used in the field of renal transplantation. To test the hypothesis that the antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activity of rapamycin interferes with the normal structure and function of growth plate and impairs longitudinal growth, 4-week-old male rats (n = 10/group) receiving 2 mg/kg per day of intraperitoneal rapamycin (RAPA) or vehicle (C) for 14 days were compared. Rapamycin markedly decreased bone longitudinal growth rate (94 +/- 3 vs. 182 +/- 3 microm/day), body weight gain (60.2 +/- 1.4 vs. 113.6 +/- 1.9 g), food intake (227.8 +/- 2.6 vs. 287.5 +/- 3.4 g), and food efficiency (0.26 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.40 +/- 0.01 g/g). Signs of altered cartilage formation such as reduced chondrocyte proliferation (bromodeoxiuridine-labeled cells 32.9 +/- 1.4 vs. 45.2 +/- 1.1%), disturbed maturation and hypertrophy (height of terminal chondrocytes 26 +/- 0 vs. 29 +/- 0 microm), and decreased cartilage resorption (18.7 +/- 0.5 vs. 31.0 +/- 0.8 tartrate-resistant phosphatase alkaline reactive cells per 100 terminal chondrocytes), together with morphological evidence of altered vascular invasion, were seen in the growth plate of RAPA animals. This study indicates that rapamycin can severely impair body growth in fast-growing rats and distort growth-plate structure and dynamics. These undesirable effects must be kept in mind when rapamycin is administered to children.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Proliferation; Chondrocytes; Eating; Growth; Growth Plate; Immunohistochemistry; Immunosuppressive Agents; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Isoenzymes; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sirolimus; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

The effects of chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd) on some selected biochemical parameters, as well as the possible protective role of aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L petal were studied in 12-wk-old male Wistar albino rats. Exposure to Cd caused a significant increase in plasma Lalanine aminotransferases (ALT) only but with a corresponding decrease in liver L-alanine and L-aspartate aminotransferases (L-ALT, L-AST) when compared to the Cd-free control. Total superoxide dismutase activity was decreased in the liver, testis, and prostate of Cd-exposed rats, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were increased relative to the Cd-free control. The metal significantly increased prostatic acid phosphatase activity in the prostate, but decreased the body weight gain of the rats and organ/body weight ratio for prostate and testis compared to the Cd-free control. Pretreatment of rats with aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa resulted in significantly less hepatotoxicity than with Cd alone as measured by plasma ALT and liver ALT and AST activities. The extract also protected the rats against Cd-induced liver, prostate, and testis lipoperoxidation as evidenced by significantly reduced MDA values in these organs, as well as reduced prostatic acid phosphatase activity in the prostate, when compared to the Cd-only exposed rats. Also, when compared to the organ/body weight ratios obtained from rats exposed to Cd alone the prostate and testis were protected by the extract as shown by enhanced prostate/body weight and testis/body weight ratios of Cd- and extract-treated rats. These data suggest that H. sabdarrifa L might be protective in Cd toxicity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cadmium; Flowers; Hibiscus; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superoxide Dismutase; Transaminases

Environmental pollutants that disrupt endocrine system might also affect the modeling and remodeling of bone. Environmental factors, irrespective of age and sex contribute for the development of secondary osteoporosis. Polychlorinated biphenyls have adverse effects on various organs including bone. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of PCB (Aroclor 1254) on femur bone and the ameliorative role of vitamin C or E. In this regard, four groups of adult male albino rats were used as control, PCB (2mg/kgb.wt.), PCB+vitamin C (100mg/kgb.wt.) and PCB+vitamin E (50mg/kgb.wt.). The bone formation markers (ALP, Collagen), bone resorption marker (TRAP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and GST) and lipid peroxidation in the femur were studied. Aroclor 1254 treatment decreased the ALP activity and collagen, but increased the TRAP activity and lipid peroxidation. While it decreased the SOD and GPX activity, GST was unaltered. Interestingly, simultaneous administration of vitamin C or E prevented the adverse effects of Aroclor 1254 in the femur. In conclusion, the present investigation suggests that Aroclor 1254 induced oxidative stress affects femoral bone metabolism. However, vitamin C or vitamin E protected the femur from the oxidative stress.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Bone Remodeling; Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine); Collagen; Endocrine Disruptors; Femur; Isoenzymes; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Organ Size; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Vitamin E

The effect of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) on bone metabolism was evaluated using the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat 1 week after the induction of diabetes. The urinary excretion of cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx) and deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) in diabetic rats increased to 3.6-fold and 1.2-fold the control level, respectively. The amount of hydroxyproline and calcium in the distal femur of diabetic rats significantly decreased to 76% and 90% of the control, respectively. The levels of serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the distal femur of the diabetic rats were significantly reduced to about 40% and 70% of the control levels, respectively. The decrease in the expression osteocalcin was observed in distal femur of the diabetic rats, although the level of ALP mRNA was unchanged. The activity and the mRNA level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) increased to 1.5- and 2.3-fold the control level, respectively, in distal femur of the diabetic rats. The activity, protein, and mRNA levels of cathepsin K of diabetic rats also elevated to about 2-, 2.3-, and 2-fold the control levels, respectively. These results suggest that IDDM contributes to bone loss through changes in gene expression of TRAP and cathepsin K in osteoclasts as well as osteocalcin in osteoblasts resulting in increased bone resorptive activity and decreased bone formation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Calcium; Cathepsin K; Cathepsins; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Activation; Female; Femur; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Glucose; Hydroxyproline; Isoenzymes; Osteocalcin; Rats; Rats, Wistar; RNA, Messenger; Streptozocin; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

The antiandrogenic effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of Chromolaena odoratum leaves (250 and 500 mg kg(-1) body weight) for 14 days in male albino rats was investigated. Forty-two white albino rats were randomly divided into three groups: A, B and C. Group A which served as the control received 1 ml of distilled water (the vehicle) twice daily for 14 days, whereas groups B and C were treated in the same way like the control except that the animals received 250 and 500 mg kg(-1) body weight of the plant extract respectively. Compared with the control, extract administration at 250 and 500 mg kg(-1) body weight revealed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in testicular body weight ratio, acid phosphatase activities, protein, cholesterol, glycogen, sialic acid and testosterone concentrations with a significant increase (P<0.05) in lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities. There was no significant change (P>0.05) in serum concentrations of follicle stimulating and luteinising hormones. Histological examination revealed disruption in the arrangement of seminiferous tubules with no distinct basement membrane. These changes were accompanied by reduction in the number of spermatozoa. All these results indicated that aqueous extract of C. odoratum leaves possesses antiandrogenic property by interfering with steroidogenesis at the testicular level and this will adversely affect the functional capacity of the testes and the fertility of the animal.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Androgen Antagonists; Animals; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Chromolaena; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glycogen; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seminiferous Tubules; Spermatozoa; Testis; Testosterone

Chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)) is a biologically active oxidized state of chromium. It is involved in the redox cycle, with the production of reactive oxygen species. Free radical scavenging properties and possible antioxidant activity of folic acid (FA) have been reported; therefore, the present study examined possible protective effects of FA on the reproductive toxicity of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in male New Zealand white rabbits. We monitored reproductive performance, lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters in seminal plasma. Six rabbits per treatment group (and a control group) were exposed: 8.3 microg/kg FA; 5 mg/kg potassium dichromate (contains 3.6 mg chromium(VI)) and 5 mg/kg potassium dichromate+8.3 microg/kg FA. Results showed that semen quality deteriorated following potassium dichromate exposure. Testosterone levels, body weight (BW), relative weights of testes (RTW) and epididymis (REW) all decreased. Levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances increased, whereas the activities of glutathione S-transferase, transaminases and phosphatases decreased in the seminal plasma. FA alone significantly increased BW, RTW, REW, semen characteristics and seminal plasma enzymes, and decreased the levels of free radicals. Furthermore, FA can be effective in the protection of chromium-induced reproductive toxicity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Body Weight; Chromium; Epididymis; Folic Acid; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione Transferase; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Organ Size; Potassium Dichromate; Rabbits; Reproduction; Semen; Spermatozoa; Testis; Testosterone

Methyl parathion (MP) is a well-known organophosphorus pesticide, to which humans are exposed in fruit and vegetables as residues of 0-2 mg/kg, children being at higher risk of exposure. The present study was planned to investigate the effects on the adult male reproductive functions of MP following neonatal exposure. New born male Wistar rat pups were treated orally with either 0 or 0.5 mg/kg MP from postnatal day (PND) 3 to PND 28 and sacrificed on PND 98 for the purpose of examination of the reproductive system. Methyl parathion lowered the body weights from days 10 to 24 (p < 0.01), the weights of the reproductive organs (p < 0.05-0.01), the epididymal sperm count (p < 0.01) and the homogenisation-resistant testicular spermatid head count (p < 0.01) and also decreased acid phosphatase (ACP), cholesterol, uric acid, protein, ascorbic acid, and lactate dehydrogenase (p < 0.01) levels in the testis but only ACP and cholesterol in the epididymis. The levels of abnormal sperm and testosterone in the testis were increased (p < 0.01), whereas the leutinising hormone level and total number of seminiferous tubules decreased in the testes of treated rats (p < 0.01). A few tubules showed exfoliation of epithelium and vacuoles. The incidence of stage XIV tubules and ratios of meiotic figures and elongating spermatids to Sertoli cell nucleoli decreased (p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test). The present results indicate that MP acts as an endocrine disruptor and consequently affects the postnatal development and growth of the male reproductive organs in the rat. These findings are important to the general public, as there is a chance of children being exposed to this pesticide.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Oral; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cell Survival; Genitalia, Male; Insecticides; Male; Methyl Parathion; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sperm Count; Spermatozoa; Testis

The harmful effects of nicotine on male genital system fertility have been reported in experimental and clinical studies. However, its effects on prostatic cells and glandular pathogenesis remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to analyse the histological, histochemical and ultrastructural alterations, in addition to stereology, of the ventral lobe of the prostate of rats, submitted to chronic nicotine administration, as well as to establish the relationship between these changes and prostate diseases. Twelve male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into two experimental groups: group I (nicotine) and group II (control). Samples of the ventral prostate were collected, processed and submitted to histological analysis, acid phosphatase histochemistry and ultrastructural analysis by transmission and scanning electron microscopies. The results showed that in the nicotine group, the secretory epithelial cells of the ventral lobe of the prostate were atrophied, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia occurred and reduced the expression of acid phosphatase. The disorganisation of organelles involved in the glandular secretory process, accompanied by biomembrane destructuring, was also observed. In conclusion, nicotine causes drastic alterations in the secretory epithelium of the ventral prostate, compromising its function. Furthermore, nicotine also induces premalignant lesions in the prostate gland, thus representing a risk factor in the development of prostate diseases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nicotine; Organ Size; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Testis

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary pyridoxine (PN) on the immune responses of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Purified diets supplemented with 0, 40, 800 mg PN kg(-1) or 80 mg kg(-1) of 4-deoxypyridoxine (PN antagonist) were fed to adult abalone (initial weight 45.77 +/- 0.25 g; initial shell length 68.02 +/- 0.78 mm) for 90 days. The air-dried brown kelp, Laminaria japonica, was used as a control diet. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of abalone in a recirculation system using a completely randomised design. The results showed that weight gain ratio (WGR) of the abalone generally increased with the level of dietary PN supplementation though no significant differences were found among the treatments (P > 0.05). Phagocytic and phenoloxidase activities were significantly higher in abalone fed diets supplemented with 800 mg PN kg(-1) than those fed the PN-free diet or the one with 4-deoxypyridoxine (P < 0.05). Agglutination titre and respiratory burst activity were significantly higher in abalone fed diets supplemented with 40 mg PN kg(-1) than those fed the PN-free diet or the one with 4-deoxypyridoxine (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in immunological characteristics between the abalone fed the diet containing 40 mg PN kg(-1) and those fed the diet containing 800 mg PN kg(-1) (P > 0.05). L. japonica resulted in significantly lower agglutination titre, respiratory burst and phagocytic activities than the artificial diets supplemented with 40 or 800 mg PN kg(-1) (P < 0.05). Total haemocyte count (THC), serum protein concentration, and the activities of lysozyme and acid phosphatase were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that dietary deficiency of pyridoxine suppresses the immune functions in H. discus hannai, and further investigations are needed to optimise the dietary level of this vitamin for maintaining the best immune responses in abalone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Agglutination; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antibody Formation; Blood Cell Count; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; China; Diet; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Immunity, Cellular; Mollusca; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Phagocytosis; Pyridoxine; Respiratory Burst

Studies were undertaken to find out the effects of low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) in adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) in rats, a widely used model for screening potential therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). AIA was induced by an intradermal injection of a suspension of heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (500 mug/0.1 ml) into the right hind paw of male Wistar rats. This resulted in swelling, loss of body weight, increase in paw volume as well as the activity of lysosomal enzymes viz., acid phosphatase, cathepsin D, and beta-glucuronidase and significant radiological and histological changes. PEMF therapy for arthritis involved optimization of three significant factors, viz., frequency, intensity, and duration; and the waveform used is sinusoidal. The use of factorial design in lieu of conventional method resulted in the development of an ideal combination of these factors. PEMF was applied using a Fransleau-Braunbeck coil system. A magnetic field of 5 Hz x 4 muT x 90 min was found to be optimal in lowering the paw edema volume and decreasing the activity of lysosomal enzymes. Soft tissue swelling was shown to be reduced as evidenced by radiology. Histological studies confirmed reduction in inflammatory cells infiltration, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of cells lining synovial membrane. PEMF was also shown to have a membrane stabilizing action by significantly inhibiting the rate of release of beta-glucuronidase from lysosomal rich and sub-cellular fractions. The results indicated that PEMF could be developed as a potential therapy in the treatment of arthritis in humans.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Body Weight; Cathepsin D; Diclofenac; Edema; Electromagnetic Fields; Foot; Glucuronidase; Hindlimb; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Lysosomes; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synovial Membrane

The present study evaluates the effects of methotrexate (MTX) and chloroquine (CQ), and of combined MTX + CQ treatment, on the inflammatory response and on plasma and liver phosphatase and transaminase activities, employing an adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats. Arthritis was induced by the intradermal injection of a suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mineral oil into the plantar surface of the hind paws. Development of the inflammatory response was assessed over a 21-day period. Animal groups received either: (i) MTX, administered i.p., weekly, in 0.15, 1.5, 3, 6 or 12 mg/kg doses; (ii) CQ, given intragastrically, in daily 25 or 50 mg/kg doses; or (iii) MTX + CQ, administered in two combinations (MTX1.5 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg, or MTX6 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg). At the end of the experimental period, the animals were anesthetized and killed, blood and liver samples were collected and prepared for measurement of acid and alkaline phosphatase (AP, ALP), and aspartate (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. MTX at 6 and 12 mg/kg reduced the inflammatory response while CQ had no effect. MTX6 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg reduced the inflammatory response similar to MTX12 mg/kg, without affecting the bone marrow. Plasma AP and liver ALP activities were very elevated in the arthritic rats. While MTX treatment partially reduced both plasma AP and liver ALP activities at all doses used in the arthritic rats, CQ treatment reduced plasma AP, but increased liver AP activity. MTX + CQ treatment decreased plasma AP and liver ALP activities in the arthritic rats to control values. Plasma and liver AST activities were unaltered in the arthritic rats, and were unaffected by treatment. However, plasma and liver ALT activities were significantly reduced in the arthritic rats. While MTX or CQ treatment did not alter plasma transaminase activity in the arthritic rats, after MTX + CQ treatment, plasma ALT activity returned to normal values. In conclusion, the present data suggest that MTX + CQ treatment provides more effective anti-inflammatory protection against adjuvant-induced arthritis than does MTX alone, reverting the alterations in enzyme activities induced by this inflammatory disease in rats.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Body Weight; Chloroquine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Liver; Male; Methotrexate; Rats

Castration of male rats leads to increased bone turnover and osteopenia. This study was conducted to examine the effects of the aminobisphosphonate alendronate on castration-induced bone changes. Bisphosphonates are drugs that inhibit bone turnover by decreasing the resorption. Since they suppress bone remodeling, they may also prevent the repair of microdamage and decrease bone strength. Although the mechanical properties of bones are directly related to the determination of fracture risk, bisphosphonate effects on the related variables have scarcely been investigated. Twenty-four male Wistar rats at two months of age were castrated or sham-operated to evaluate the effects of long-term administration (six months) of sodium alendronate at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day. The bones were tested mechanically by a three-point bending test in a Mini Bionix (MTS) testing system. High bone remodeling seen in castrated rats expressed by increased TrACP and B-ALP was suppressed by alendronate administration. Bone from castrated rats was characterized by a reduction in bone density as well as ash, calcium and phosphate content. Castration significantly altered mechanical properties of bone and femoral cortical thickness. When castrated rats were treated with high dose of alendronate, the changes in bone density resulting from castration were entirely prevented, and mechanical analysis revealed preserved mechanical strength of femur and cortical thickness. We conclude that castration induces cortical bone loss associated with high bone turnover in the male rat, and this bone loss can be prevented by alendronate through the inhibition of osteoclastic activity, while preserving the mechanical properties of bone. These results document the efficacy of alendronate, even at high doses, in preventing bone loss, loss of bone mechanical strength, and the rise in biochemical bone turnover indicators due to castration in rats, and raises the possibility that a alendronate could be equally effective in humans.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alendronate; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Isoenzymes; Male; Orchiectomy; Organ Size; Osteoclasts; Rats; Seminal Vesicles; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia

This study investigated whether soy isoflavone intake, with or without estrogen treatment, can reduce postmenopausal bone loss, and whether soy isoflavones can be an alternative for estrogen replacement therapy using a postmenopausal osteoporotic rat model in which ovariectomized female rats were fed a low calcium, high fat diet. Nine-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and then fed low (0.1%) calcium diets with or without soy isoflavone supplementation (80 or 160 ppm) for 6 weeks. Some ovariectomized rats were fed the same diets but also injected with estrogen (10 microg/kg of body weight) subcutaneously. Serum calcium and phosphate levels were normal in all rats. Serum alkaline phosphatase activities were not affected by the treatments. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities and urinary hydroxyproline levels were not different between experimental groups. Bone mineral (calcium and phosphorus) contents were increased in the rats supplemented with 80 ppm soy isoflavone or the rats treated with only estrogen without soy isoflavone. Therefore, the effect of 80 ppm soy isoflavone supplementation was the same as estrogen injection, but there was no beneficial effect from combining soy isoflavones and estrogen injections. When 160 ppm soy isoflavone was used, the benefits were lessened or disappeared altogether. These results suggest that appropriate soy isoflavone supplementation prevents postmenopausal bone loss without estrogen injection and may have efficacy as an alternative to estrogen therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Creatinine; Eating; Estrogens; Female; Femur; Glycine max; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Isoflavones; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Ovariectomy; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Although it is well accepted that bone architecture adapts to withstand the loads placed on it, the manner in which this occurs in the immature growing skeleton is not fully understood. To investigate the possible mechanisms, we have compared morphometric differences between tibiae from chickens with fast and those with slow growth potential and also distinguished between the effects of genetic potential and growth rate on their impact on bone quality. Two different fast-growing (ad lib modern) strains, one additionally feed-restricted and one slow-growing (control) strain of chicken, were compared at 15 and 42 days of age. The ad lib modern strains had similar final body weights and were approximately twice the weight of the control and restricted-fed birds. Tibiae from the control and restricted birds had a higher ash content and lower porosity than the ad lib modern strain at 42 days. The porosity was a result of rapid primary osteon formation at the periosteal surface and incomplete infilling of the resultant canal by osteoblasts. When adjusted to average body weight of contemporaries, bones from the control strain and the restricted-fed modern birds were stiffer and at least as strong as those from the fast growing ad lib-fed birds. In conclusion, rapid bone deposition at the periosteal surface was associated with decreased mineralization, increased cortical porosity, and altered biomechanical properties. Our results also indicate that growth rate, and not genetic potential, of the fast growing birds was responsible for the rapid periosteal bone deposition.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Chickens; Food Deprivation; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes; Male; Species Specificity; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of exercise on bone mass, bone metabolism, and calciotropic hormones in young growing rats. Twenty 6-week-old female Wistar rats were randomized into the following four groups with 5 animals each: 7 weeks of exercise, 7 weeks of sedentary control, 11 weeks of exercise, and 11 weeks of sedentary control. The exercise regimen consisted of running on a treadmill at 25 m/min for 1 h each day on 5 days a week. After each period of exercise, the bone mineral content (BMC) of the tibia and fifth lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, using a Lunar DPX-L instrument. The femoral length and levels of bone markers and calciotropic hormones were also assessed. Seven and 11 weeks of exercise increased the serum osteocalcin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) levels, and decreased the serum parathyroid level. Seven weeks of exercise decreased the urinary deoxypyridinoline level, and 11 weeks of exercise increased the serum alkaline phosphatase level and decreased the serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase level. As a result, 7 and 11 weeks of exercise increased the femoral length and tibial BMC, but did not alter the lumbar BMC. The present study demonstrates that treadmill exercise stimulates bone formation and suppresses bone resorption, increases the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) level, and decreases the serum parathyroid hormone level, resulting in an increase in bone mass with stimulation of longitudinal bone growth, especially at weight-bearing sites, in young growing rats. Further studies with long-term exercise may be needed to obtain a positive effect on the lumbar BMC.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Development; Calcitriol; Calcium; Female; Femur; Hormones; Isoenzymes; Lumbar Vertebrae; Muscle, Skeletal; Osteocalcin; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphorus; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia

Dietary fibre and fat affect colonic tumourigenesis and inflammation. Sphingomyelin metabolism may have implications for the pathogenesis of colonic tumours and ulcerative colitis. The present study examined the effects of psyllium and fat on the enzymes responsible for sphingomyelin metabolism and apoptosis in the colon. Mice were fed control, psyllium-containing (100 g/kg), high-fat (313 g/kg, 53 % energy as fat) or high-fat plus psyllium diets for 4 weeks. The activities of acid, neutral and alkaline sphingomyelinase (SMase), neutral ceramidase, and caspase 3, 8 and 9 in colonic mucosa were determined. The expressions of alkaline SMase and caspase 3 were examined. The psyllium-containing diet was found to increase significantly the activities of alkaline SMase and caspase 3 and decreased those of acid SMase and neutral ceramidase. The high-fat diet had opposite effects on these enzymes and attenuated the effects of psyllium. Western blotting showed that psyllium increased and high-fat decreased the levels of alkaline SMase and caspase 3 in colonic mucosa. The change in caspase 3 activity was positively correlated with that of alkaline SMase and negatively with acid SMase. No similar changes of acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in the colon or acid and neutral SMase activity in the liver were identified. In conclusion, colonic sphingomyelin metabolism and apoptosis were affected by psyllium and fat in an opposite manner. The results may have implications for colorectal tumourigenesis and inflammation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amidohydrolases; Animals; Body Weight; Caspase 3; Caspase 8; Caspase 9; Caspases; Ceramidases; Colon; Diet; Dietary Fats; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Liver; Mice; Neutral Ceramidase; Psyllium; Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; Sphingomyelins

Adrenocortical responses to diverse stressful situations (dehydration, formaldehyde treatment and salt loading) were studied in the adult female soft-shelled turtle, Lissenmys p. punctata. Dehydration, formaldehyde treatment (formalin, 1%: 0.1 ml/100 g body weight daily) or salt loading (NaCl, 1%: 0.1 ml/100 g body weight daily) treatments consecutively for 7 days caused hypertrophy of the adrenocortical cells with their nuclear diameter increased, and depletions of adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations followed by decreased acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities in turtles. Corticosterone levels were elevated in both the adrenal gland and serum of turtles after dehydration and formalin stress, but the hormone level remained unaltered after salt loading in turtles. The results suggest active involvement of adrenal cortex in stress for homeostasis in Lissemys turtles.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Cortex; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Corticosterone; Dehydration; Female; Formaldehyde; Homeostasis; Salts; Stress, Physiological; Turtles

It is well accepted that mechanical loading inhibits bone resorption and increases in vivo bone formation. It is also known that cyclic mechanical loading, in particular, can enhance bone formation significantly. These findings suggest a significant role for mechanical stimuli in bone remodelling mediated by various local growth factors including insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Earlier studies showed that the nasal bone length and premaxillary bone width were significantly greater in mice fed a solid diet rather than a granulated diet, and that these dimensions increased significantly in a solid-diet group treated with IGF-I. The present study sought to examine the effect of IGF-I on the expression of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in the nasopremaxillary suture subjected to different masticatory loadings. For the solid-diet groups, the numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclastic cells and osteoblasts were significantly greater in the group injected with IGF-I than in the animals injected with physiological saline. In the groups fed a granulated diet, no significant differences in the numbers of TRAP-positive osteoclastic cells and osteoblasts were found over the entire experimental period between mice injected with either IGF-I or physiological saline. It is shown that IGF-I significantly induces the expression of osteoclasts and osteoblasts and the subsequent bone remodelling, and that the effect may be additive as compared to that of mechanical masticatory loading, which seems to be more important in bone remodelling in terms of the numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Remodeling; Diet; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Isoenzymes; Mastication; Maxilla; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nose; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Stress, Mechanical; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

The effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on bone metabolism was evaluated using the ascorbate-requiring Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) rat model. Ascorbic acid (Asc)-deficient rats gained body weight in a manner similar to Asc-supplemented rats (control) during 3 weeks, but began to lose weight during the 4th week of Asc deficiency. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in serum increased to about 2-fold the control value in the rats fed the Asc-free diet for 2, 3, and 4 weeks (AscD2, AscD3, and AscD4), while a decrease in the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was observed only in AscD4 rats. The serum pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) level significantly increased to 1.3-, 1.4-, and 1.9-fold of that in the controls in AscD2, D3, and D4, respectively. The ALP activity in the distal femur was unchanged in AscD1, D2, and D3, but decreased to 50% of the control level in AscD4 rats. The TRAP activity in the distal femur increased to about 2-fold of that in the controls in the AscD2 and D3 and decreased to the control level in the AscD4 rats. The amount of hydroxyproline in the distal femur significantly decreased to about 80%, 70%, and 60% of the control in AscD2, D3, and D4 rats, respectively. These decreases were associated with a similar reduction in the calcium content of the distal femur. Histochemical analysis of the distal femur showed an increase in TRAP-positive cells in AscD2 and AscD3 rats and a decrease in the trabecular bone in AscD2, D3, and D4 rats. These results suggested that a deficiency of Asc stimulated bone resorption at an early stage, followed by a decrease in bone formation in mature ODS rats which already had a well-developed collagen matrix and fully differentiated osteoblasts.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Body Weight; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Collagen Type I; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Femur; Hydroxyproline; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes; Oligopeptides; Peptide Fragments; Peptides; Procollagen; Rats; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Time Factors

The pathophysiological processes underlying the development of diabetic osteopenia has not hitherto been elucidated. Induction of streptozotocin diabetes leads in our experiments to decrease of bone density, ash, mineral content and to thinner cortical width compared to control male rats. In order to investigate the pathogenetic role of bone resorption by osteoclasts in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, we determined the circulating levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a biochemical marker for bone resorption. Plasma TRAP values in diabetic rats did not differ from their corresponding controls. Streptozotocin diabetes by itself did not have any effect on the weight of seminal vesicles which are highly testosterone-dependent. Low doses of nitric oxide cause bone resorption, but higher doses of NO inhibit bone resorbing activity. We examined the effect of L-NAME (inhibitor of nitric oxide production) after six weeks of administration to diabetic rats. There was no further significant loss of bone mineral density, ash and mineral content or tibia weight in diabetic rats treated with L-NAME. L-NAME itself did not decrease bone metabolism. In our study no evidence of an increased bone resorption was found. Our results have indicated that a predominance of bone resorption over bone formation is not involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated osteopenia. Inhibition of NO neither increased osteoclastic activity (TRAP) nor induced osteopenia in L-NAME-treated rats. This suggests a possibility that NO is not involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic osteopenia.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Enzyme Inhibitors; Femur; Glycated Hemoglobin; Insulin; Isoenzymes; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seminal Vesicles; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia; Treatment Outcome

Acute and subacute effects of diplodiatoxin were monitored with special reference to biochemical target enzymes like acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (AkP), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in male and female rats. For acute toxicity study the rats were treated with single oral dose of 5.7 mg/kg of diplodiatoxin, whereas for subacute toxicity study the rats were orally treated with 0.27 mg/kg/day for 21 days. Diplodiatoxin caused loss in body weight and feed intake with other clinical symptoms. Due to the acute and subacute treatment of diplodiatoxin significant decreases were observed in serum AcP and AkP and also in liver AkP, whereas liver AcP increased in both male and female treated rats. Further, significant inhibition of brain AChE was observed in acute and subacute treated animals, indicating its effect on nerve synapsis. Sexual dimorphism was recorded when the activity of male rats was compared with female rats. The values were near those of controls on Day 7 (posttreatment), indicating recovery in the altered enzymes once the treatment was ceased. These results suggest that diplodiatoxin is toxic and has potential to affect the normal functioning of individuals and can cause changes in vital tissues such as liver.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Chromones; Eating; Female; Fungi; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Zea mays

Oral administration (80 mg/kg body wt/day for 30 days) of solasodine (extracted and isolated from the berries of the Solanum xanthocarpum) to intact dogs significantly decreased the epithelial cell height of cauda epididymides. The cells became atrophic and the lumen was devoid of spermatozoa. Castration followed by the adminstration of solasodine further reduced the epithelial cell height in comparison to castrated controls. Concurrent treatment of solasodine along with testosterone propionate was unable to restore the normal epithelial lumen parameters. Total protein, sialic acid, glycogen and acid phosphatase activities were significantly reduced in solasodine treated cauda epididymides. These result suggest antiandrogenic potency of solasodine.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Dogs; Epididymis; Epithelial Cells; Glycogen; Male; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Plant Extracts; Solanaceous Alkaloids; Testosterone; Time Factors

We reported previously that Ca and Pi levels are elevated and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 levels are reduced in chlorpromazine (CPZ)-challenged rats. In the present study, we determined the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and acid phosphatase (ACP) in CPZ-challenged rats, in addition to levels of ALP protein. ALP mRNA and coccyx morphology were examined in CPZ-challenged rats as well as the effect of CPZ on 1alpha(OH)D3 production in vivo. Although Ca, Pi, IL-6, and ACP activity levels in CPZ-challenged rats were markedly increased on day 30, the elevated serum levels were restored to within normal ranges by the in vivo addition of 1alpha(OH)D3 to CPZ administration. The gain in body weight in CPZ-treated rats was significantly improved by the addition of 1alpha(OH)D3. Reduced levels of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in CPZ-treated rats were restored to normal levels by the administration of 1alpha(OH)D3. Moreover, the decreased ALP activity and ALP mRNA levels in the rat coccyx marrow in CPZ-treated rats were also restored by the administration of 1alpha(OH)D3 with CPZ. However, the molecular sizes of rat ALP molecules and ALP mRNA were the same for each group. Furthermore, bone morphometry showed that trabecular bone in the rat coccyx was decreased in CPZ-treated rats. However, the reduced volume of trabecular bone in CPZ-treated rats was restored by the addition of 1alpha(OH)D3 to CPZ administration. Taken together, altered bone metabolism in CPZ-treated rats can be improved by the addition of 1alpha(OH)D3.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Blotting, Western; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Bone Remodeling; Calcitriol; Calcium; Chlorpromazine; Dopamine Antagonists; Drug Interactions; Interleukin-6; Male; Phosphates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Soluble colony-stimulating factor-1 (sCSF-1) and membrane bound CSF-1 are synthesized by osteoblasts and stromal cells. However, the precise role of each form in osteoclastogenesis is unclear. In the op/op mouse, absence of osteoblast-derived CSF-1 leads to decreased osteoclasts and osteopetrosis. To determine whether sCSF-1 gene replacement can cure the osteopetrotic defect, we took advantage of the osteoblast specificity of the osteocalcin promoter to selectively express sCSF-1 in the bone of op/op mice. Transgenic mice harboring the human sCSF-1 cDNA under the control of the osteocalcin promoter were generated and cross-bred with heterozygous op/wt mice to establish op/op mutants expressing the transgene (op/opT). The op/op genotype and transgene expression were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis, respectively. High levels of human sCSF-1 protein were selectively expressed in bone. At 2(1/2) wk, op/opT mice showed normal growth and tooth eruption. Femurs removed at 5 and 14 wk were analyzed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and histomorphometry. The abnormal bone mineral density, cancellous bone volume, and growth plate width observed in op/op mice was completely reversed in op/opT mice by 5 wk, and this effect persisted at 14 wk, with measurements comparable with wt/wt mice at each time point. Correction of the skeletal abnormalities in the 5-wk-old op/opT mice correlated with a marked increase in the total osteoclast number, and their number per millimeter of bone surface compared with that of op/op mutants. Osteoclast number was maintained at 14 wk in op/opT mice and morphologically resembled wt/wt osteoclasts. These results indicate that sCSF-1 is sufficient to drive normal osteoclast development and that the osteocalcin promoter provides an efficient tool for delivery of exogenous genes to the bone. Moreover, targeting sCSF-1 to osteoblasts in the bone microenvironment may be a potentially useful therapeutic modality for treating bone disorders.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Density; Femur; Genetic Therapy; Humans; Isoenzymes; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Osteoblasts; Osteocalcin; Osteopetrosis; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Transgenes

Male rats, 30 d old, were treated with the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (3-150 d) to determine sequences of events leading to testicular atrophy and infertility. Plasma testosterone and LH concentrations were unchanged. ICI 182,780 induced dilation of efferent ductules as early as 3 d post treatment, and the dilation increased over time, resulting in an overall increase of 200% in tubule diameter. A gradual reduction in height of the ductule epithelium was observed; however, the microvilli height increased up to d 73 but subsequently decreased. A transient increase in lysosomes in nonciliated cells was seen from d 15 to d 100. Testicular weight increased by d 45 and seminiferous tubules were dilated by d 52. These effects on testes persisted until d 100, but on d 150 the weight decreased and severe atrophy was observed. These testicular effects were probably owing to accumulation of fluid following inhibition of reabsorption in the efferent ductules, similar to the ER-alpha knockout mouse. In agreement with this conclusion, there was a decrease in Na+-H+ exchanger-3 mRNA and protein, which is consistent with previous studies showing that ER is required for expression of Na+-H+ exchanger-3 and ultimately fluid reabsorption in the efferent ductules.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Blotting, Northern; Body Weight; Ejaculatory Ducts; Estradiol; Estrogen Antagonists; Fulvestrant; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Estrogen; Seminiferous Tubules; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; Testis; Testosterone

Weight and gonadal status are the main determinants of bone mass in women. Because of this it is important to study which influences it more. The effect of weight (expressed as body mass index, BMI) and gonadal status of women on total-body bone mineral content (TBBMC) and regional bone mineral content (BMC) was investigated. A total of 373 normal women (mean age 48.9 +/- 13.4 years) were studied: 171 postmenopausal women (mean age 59.3 +/- 9.5 years; years since menopause 11.3 +/- 6.7 years); 76 perimenopausal women (mean age 48.9 +/- 2.2 years); and 126 premenopausal women (mean age 34.7 +/- 7.4 years). In all the women, TBBMC and regional BMC were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Also biochemical markers of bone metabolism (total alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) and serum estrone and estradiol were determined. When the women were stratified by gonadal status and BMI, thin women (BMI <20 kg/m2) had significantly lower TBBMC and regional BMC, lower gonadal steroid concentration and higher levels of biochemical markers than overweight (BMI 25-30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) women, regardless of gonadal status. Overweight and obese women had findings suggestive of increased parathyroid activity, but greater bone mass. Weight rather than gonadal steroid concentration is the main determinant of bone mass in women regardless of gonadal status.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Age Factors; Alkaline Phosphatase; Analysis of Variance; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Menopause; Middle Aged; Postmenopause; Premenopause; Regression Analysis; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Weight-Bearing

The effects of differing durations of daily exercise on macrophage functions in mice were studied. Male ICR mice aged 4 wk were divided into five groups: a nonexercise group (control) and four exercise groups with differing daily exercise durations of 15--120 min (Exr groups). The exercise applied was 5 days/wk treadmill running at 13 m/min for 12 wk. The potentiation of the phagocytosis function of the reticuloendothelial system and the glucose consumption of peritoneal macrophages in the Exr 30, 60, and 120 groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. Superoxide anion production of peritoneal macrophages in both the absence and the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in the Exr 60 and 120 groups was significantly higher than that in the control group. The acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities of peritoneal macrophages in the Exr 30, 60, and 120 groups were significantly increased. These results suggest that treadmill running exercise for at least 30 min/day (30--120 min) effectively enhances macrophage functions in mice. These data provide preliminary evidence indicating that chronic exercise-induced increases in phagocytic activity exhibit a dose-dependent relationship with exercise duration.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Carbon; Cells, Cultured; Glucose; Glucuronidase; Glycolysis; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Organ Size; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Physical Exertion; Superoxides; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Time Factors; Weight Gain

1,1-Dichloroethane (DCE) is a solvent that is often found as a contaminant of drinking water and a pollutant at hazardous waste sites. Information on its short- and long-term toxicity is so limited that the U.S. EPA and ATSDR have not established oral reference doses or minimal risk levels for the volatile organic chemical (VOC). The acute oral LD(50) in male Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats was estimated in the present study to be 8.2 g/kg of body weight (bw). Deaths appeared to be due to CNS depression and respiratory failure. In an acute/subacute experiment, male S-D rats were given 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 g DCE/kg in corn oil by gavage for 1, 5, or 10 consecutive days. The animals were housed in metabolism cages for collection of urine and sacrificed for blood and tissue sampling 24 h after their last dose. There were decreases in body weight gain and relative liver weight at all dosage levels, as well as increased renal nonprotein sulfhydryl levels at 2 and 4 g/kg after 5 and 10 days. Elevated serum enzyme levels, histopathological changes, and abnormal urinalyses were not manifest. For the subchronic study, adult male S-D rats were gavaged with 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 g DCE/kg 5 times weekly for up to 13 weeks. Animals receiving 4 g/kg exhibited pronounced CNS depression, with more than one-half dying by week 11. The 2-g/kg rats exhibited moderate CNS depression. One 2-g/kg rat died during week 6. There were very few manifestations of organ damage in animals that succumbed or in survivors at any dosage level. Decreases in bw gain and transient increases in enzymuria were noted at 2 and 4 g/kg. Serum enzyme levels and blood urea nitrogen were not elevated, nor were glycosuria or proteinuria present. Chemically induced histological changes were not seen in the liver, kidney, lung, brain, adrenal, spleen, stomach, epididymis, or testis. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 experiments revealed that single, high oral doses of DCE did not alter total P450 levels, but did induce CYP2E1 levels and activity and inhibit CYP1A1 activity. These effects were reversible and regressed with repeated DCE exposure. There was no apparent progression of organ damage during the 13-week subchronic study, nor appearance of adverse effects not seen in the short-term exposures. One g/kg orally (po) was found to be the acute, subacute, and subchronic LOAEL for DCE, under the conditions of this investigation. In each instance, 0.5 g/kg was the NOAEL.

Topics: Acetylglucosamine; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; Dichloroethylenes; Environmental Pollutants; Ethyl Chloride; Female; Isoenzymes; Kidney; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Risk Assessment; Time Factors; Toxicity Tests; Toxicity Tests, Acute

The influence of 15-day treatments with the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (120 micrograms/kg/d) or the antagonist propranolol (1.00 mg/kg/d) on acid phosphatase and zinc levels in the ventral prostate was examined in intact rats, rats simultaneously injected with dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg/d) and animals chemically castrated with a single dose of ethane dimethanesulphonate (75 mg/kg). Isoproterenol-treatment significantly increased acid phosphatase concentration in the ventral prostate of intact rats, whereas propranolol prevented a glandular zinc loss induced by dexamethasone administration. These results demonstrate that the levels of both biochemical parameters in the prostate can be altered by beta-adrenergic receptor manipulation. The responsiveness of the two secretory processes is different and depends on the functional status of the ventral prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Body Weight; Dexamethasone; Isoproterenol; Male; Orchiectomy; Organ Size; Propranolol; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Zinc

The available laboratory parameters reflecting bone metabolism are not adequate for reliable diagnosis of osteoporosis. They display a marked biological variation and are inaccurate in individual cases. Therefore precise knowledge of these variations, as upon aging in healthy people is important.. The purpose was to examine the age- and weight-related variation of some blood constituents relating to mineral metabolism and commonly used in hospital laboratories in healthy women aged over 40, and to estimate their mutual correlations and normal values in different age groups.. The study series consisted of 238 healthy Caucasian women without any diseases related to bone metabolism and aged 40-86 years, who were divided into the following age categories: 40-45, 50-55, 60-65, 70-75 and over 80 years.. Markers of bone formation, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and osteocalcin, and marker of bone resorption, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TrAcP), as well as parathyroid hormone, phosphorus and creatinine increased with age, whereas 25-hydroxyvitamin D and oestradiol decreased. All these parameters except calcium showed a significant age relation. Only the relation of weight versus osteocalcin and weight versus TrAcP remained significant when the effect of age was included in the multiple regression analysis or the partial correlation coefficients were examined. There was a significant correlation between serum osteocalcin and serum AP. Serum TrAcP had a significant positive correlation with serum osteocalcin and serum AP. Percentage fat mass correlated significantly with AP and TrAcP.. Our observations may be useful when these markers of bone metabolism having inadequate sensitivity and specificity, are used as a battery in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases and in the assessment of normality in population studies.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Osteocalcin; Parathyroid Hormone

Mature male albino Wistar rats (180-220 g) were given by gastric intubation Hibiscus macranthus Hochst A ex Rich (Malvaceae) and Basella alba L. (Basellaceae) aqueous extract from both fresh and dry leaves, at a dose equivalent to 0.720 or 0.108 g of plant, respectively per kg body weight. This was to evaluate their effects on male reproductive function. Control groups were treated equally, but given water instead of the extract. After the treatment periods, animals were killed, their blood collected, the testes and some annex glands removed for histological and biochemical analysis. Results showed that the extract from fresh leaves significantly increased the body weight of rats by 17% from day 7 as compared to controls, whereas the increase was less pronounced (4%) when the rats were given dry leaf extract. The weight of seminal vesicles of rats given the extracts also increased after 15 days. The histological analysis of testis showed abundant spermatozoa in the lumen of the seminiferous tubulus from day 7 in rats fed with the extract when compared to the controls. The serum level of testosterone was significantly increased on the 15th day by 80% in rats given both types of extracts compared to the controls. Testis of treated rats showed high testosterone production in vitro (136 and 62%, respectively for treated and control after 15 days, compared to those of 3 days). Activity of prostatic acid phosphatase was high in prostate, testis and serum of treated rats in all experimental period. From these findings and observation, it was concluded that the aqueous extract of H. macranthus and B. alba had anabolizing and virilizing effects.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Male; Malvaceae; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seminal Vesicles; Spermatozoa; Testis; Testosterone

Effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on the activity of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) on liver, kidney and serum in cyclophosphamide-treated female virgin rats were investigated. Oral administration of cyclophosphamide at the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight/day for 12 days resulted in a significant elevation in ACP and ALP activities in liver, kidney and serum. Ascorbic acid supplementation at the dose of 25 mg/kg body weight/day showed a significant protection in the activity of ACP in liver, kidney and serum, but only in ALP activity in kidney. ALP activities in liver and serum were not restored to control level by ascorbic acid supplementation. Activities of GOT and GPT were elevated significantly in liver, kidney and serum after cyclophosphamide treatment, and were protected and restored to control level by ascorbic acid supplementation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Ascorbic Acid; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Body Weight; Cyclophosphamide; Diet; Female; Kidney; Liver; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Wistar

We immobilised the right hindlimbs of six-month-old female Wistar rats for four weeks using a biplanar external fixation bridging the knee. The untreated left limbs served as a control group. An additional group of rats was allowed to recover for four weeks after removal of the frame. Immobilisation caused reduction in the wet weights of approximately 50% in the gastrocnemius, quadriceps, soleus and plantaris muscles; this was not restored completely after remobilisation. There was an increase in the activity of acid phosphatase of approximately 85% in the gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles whereas that of creatine phosphokinase was reduced by about 40%. These values returned to nearly normal after remobilisation. Histological and ultrastructural examination showed a marked myopathy of the gastrocnemius muscle after immobilisation although the morphology was largely restored after remobilisation. We conclude that after four weeks of remobilisation, hind-limb muscles do not return to preimmobilisation weights, although biochemical activities and ultrastructural appearance are largely restored.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipocytes; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Nucleus; Creatine Kinase; External Fixators; Female; Immobilization; Lipid Peroxidation; Muscle, Skeletal; Myofibrils; Organ Size; Postoperative Period; Rats; Rats, Wistar

The aim of this study was to establish and quantify changes in the activities of the some lysosomal enzymes and to determine the type of changes in the ultrastructure of the submandibular gland in rabbits caused during progression of diabetes. The experiment was conducted on 89 New Zealand rabbit males. Diabetes was induced by the intravenous administration of 10% alloxan solution at a dose of 10-mg/kg-body weight. On the seventh day after alloxan administration, the level of glucose in blood was determined. Rabbits were divided into five groups: intact (n=18), 21-day diabetes (n=18), 42-day diabetes (n=17), 90-day diabetes (n=19) and 180-day diabetes (n=17). From killed animals in each group, the submandibular glands were removed and fixed or stored. Enzyme activities were assayed by spectrophotometric methods using substrates (Sigma) which release 4-methyloumbeliferol when they react with the proteases. Fixation procedure was done according to standard methods. Semi-thin and ultra-thin specimens were prepared by use of clearly visible after 42 days of diabetes. Mitochondria were damaged, accumulation of large amounts of lipids in the intracellular spaces was observed. After 90 days the presence of vacuoli and swollen lysosomes were observed, some cells also contained myelin figures. After 180 days the greatest changes were observed in the blood vessels, which had thickened walls and were often occluded. We concluded that the total activity of acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase in the submandibular gland was correlated with the level of glucose but there was no correlation between total beta-galactosidase activity and the serum concentration level of glucose has been detected during course of diabetes. The activities of the free fractions of acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase and beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase in the submandibular gland were higher than the bound fractions in all groups of rabbits. The changes in the ultrastructure of the submandibular gland were correlated with changes in serum glucose level and with lysosomal enzymes activities during progression of experimental diabetes in rabbits.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; beta-Galactosidase; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Disease Progression; Lysosomes; Male; Mannosyl-Glycoprotein Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase; Rabbits; Submandibular Gland

LY-117018 HCl is a recently developed, selective estrogen receptor modulator and an analog of raloxifene. Its mode of action on the skeleton is similar to that of estrogens, although it does not have the same side effects. The aim of the current study was to compare the effects produced by the administration of 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol (0.1 mg/kg/day) and LY-117018 HCl (1 mg/kg/day) on bone remodeling, bone mineral density, and body and uterus weight in sham-operated and oophorectomized rats (experimental model of postmenopausal osteoporosis).. Twelve-week-old female Wistar rats were used. Treatment was given for 3 months after oophorectomy or sham operation. Bone mineral density was determined in the lumbar spine (L2, L3, and L4) and in the left femur with use of a Hologic QDR 1000 (S/N 277) densitometer. Bone remodeling was estimated with use of the formation markers osteocalcin (bone gla protein) and alkaline phosphatase and the resorption markers type I collagen carboxyterminal telopeptide and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.. The newly developed derivative of raloxifene, LY-117018 HCl, offsets the reduction in bone mineral density and the accompanying increase in bone remodeling markers observed in oophorectomized rats compared with control animals. 17Alpha-ethinyl estradiol also prevents the loss of bone mass attributed to oophorectomy, but this is accompanied by an increase in body mass and a greater increase in uterus weight than that observed after treatment with LY-117018 HCl.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Calcium; Collagen; Collagen Type I; Creatinine; Estrogen Antagonists; Ethinyl Estradiol; Female; Organ Size; Osteocalcin; Ovariectomy; Peptides; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrates; Thiophenes; Uterus

The present work examines how increases in spontaneous motor capabilities during postnatal development are reflected in enzymatic activity and the histology of hindlimb muscles of the dormouse (Eliomys melanurus), the jird (Meriones tristrami), the vole (Microtus socialis), and the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). The precocial neonate of the spiny mouse had the most advanced developmental state of young myofibers with striations as early as 1 week after delivery. At the same age, the altricial neonate vole had less developed muscles compared to the spiny mouse, but was more mature compared to other altricial species. The dormouse was the least developed, with numerous myoblasts and few myotubes at 1 week after delivery. These differences in myogenic development were conspicuous throughout postnatal development. Similar differences between the species were also evident at the biochemical level, as measured in the kinetics of activity of the enzyme creatine-phosphokinase immediately after delivery. On postnatal day 7, the creatine-phosphokinase level in the spiny mouse was fourfold higher than in the dormouse or vole. The enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase decreased during the first week postdelivery in the spiny mouse while peaking in the first, second, and third week in the jird, vole, and dormouse, respectively. These results support the notion that precocial species undergo certain developmental stages in utero, whereas, the same stages commence in altricials only postnatally. For the tested altricial species, the results illustrate that limb muscles in the vole, which displays more basic gaits, mature before limb muscles of the jird and dormouse, which display more specialized gaits.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Arvicolinae; Body Weight; Creatine Kinase; Extremities; Female; Gerbillinae; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Rodentia; Species Specificity

Female Sprague-Dawley rats, 9 weeks of age, were assigned to four groups: Group 0 (n = 8) was dissected for base-line control, and the other three groups were fed for 3 mo: Group 1 (n = 9), sedentary controls; Group 2 (n = 6), running rats housed in a cage with a treadmill and pair-fed with Group 1; and Group 3 (n = 7), running rats, pair-fed and allowed free access to additional glucose. The distances of voluntary running did not significantly differ between Groups 2 and 3. Menstrual cycles in these rats were apparently maintained as observed from daily running distances. The amount of glucose taken by rats in Group 3 was 3.5 +/- 0.4 (mean and SE) g/d. Body weight (BW) at the end of the experiment for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 295.0 +/- 7.9, 211.7 +/- 5.4 (p < 0.001 vs. Group 1), and 259.0 +/- 3.5 g (p < 0.01 vs. Group 2), respectively. The parameters of bone mass such as ash weights of the femur and bone mineral content of the lumbar spine and the tibia in Groups 1 and 2 did not differ, but the values were significantly greater in Group 3 than in Group 2. However, these parameter values corrected for BW were significantly greater in Group 2 than in Group 1 and did not significantly differ between Groups 2 and 3. The parameters of bone formation, such as serum bone alkaline phosphatase activity levels and trabecular bone formation rates corrected for BW, were significantly greater in Group 2 than in Group 1 but did not differ between Group 2 and 3. However, the parameters of bone resorption, such as serum tartrate resistant acid-phosphatase levels, were significantly less in Group 3 than in Group 2. These results suggest that voluntary running augments the age-dependent increase in bone mass by modulating the bone turnover when an adequate energy source is supplied under conditions of normal menstruation, and an adequate supply of energy could be necessary to enhance the age-dependent increase in bone mass.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Calcium; Female; Femur; Glucose; Humerus; Isoenzymes; Phosphorus; Physical Exertion; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spine; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tibia; Weight-Bearing

The purpose of this study was to examine whether soybean protein isolate prevents bone loss induced by ovarian hormone deficiency. Thirty-two 95-d-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four treatment groups [sham-operated (sham); ovariectomized (ovx); ovx+soybean; ovx + 17 beta-estradiol (E2)] and killed after 30 d. Rats in the sham, ovx and ovx + 17 beta-estradiol groups were fed a casein-based diet, and the soybean group was fed soybean protein isolate instead of casein; the diets were otherwise comparable. Rats in the ovx group had significantly lower densities of the right femur (P < 0.001) and the fourth lumbar vertebra (P < 0.05) than rats in the sham group. These lower bone densities were not observed in animals receiving 17 beta-estradiol or fed soybean. The ovx group also had significantly (P < 0.01) greater serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol than the other three groups. Our findings suggest that dietary soybean protein is effective in preventing bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency. Because serum activities of both alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were significantly greater in the ovx group and in the ovx + soybean group but not in the group receiving 17 beta-estradiol, compared with sham animals, this confirms that ovariectomy enhances and 17 beta-estradiol suppresses the rate of bone turnover. Despite the higher rate of bone turnover in the soybean-fed animals, the vertebral and femoral bone densities of these rats were significantly greater than those of rats in the ovx group, suggesting that formation exceeded resorption. Further studies are needed to clarify whether this protective effect on bone is due to the protein itself or to the presence of isoflavones in soybean protein.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Resorption; Calcitriol; Calcium; Diet; Eating; Estradiol; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Ovariectomy; Phosphorus; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Soybean Proteins; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Vitamin D

Comparative studies of the effects of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, cholesterol, and megestrol on juvenile chickens were carried out to determine their effects on bone and other physiological parameters. The chickens were implanted at 6 wk of age with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers containing steroids equivalent to a weekly dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for 3 consecutive wk. Estradiol caused a gain in body weight and relative liver weight but suppressed the growth of comb and testis. It also increased several serum variables, including triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, and iron, and reduced testosterone levels. Testosterone produced an increase in comb weight and decreased both testicular and bursal weights. Growths of testis and comb were suppressed in progesterone-implanted chickens, as was the level of serum testosterone. Megestrol stimulated liver growth and increased serum testosterone levels. The lengths, relative weights, diaphyseal diameters, and ash percentages of both femur and tibia did not change significantly due to any treatment except that estradiol reduced tibial weight. Both progesterone and megestrol increased fibular growth plate alkaline and tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase activities. Other steroids did not affect these or the levels of calcium and of phosphorus of the fibular growth plate. Only testosterone caused a marked increase in the breaking strengths of both femur and tibia in all three parameters, i.e. load at yield, Young's modulus, and stress at yield responses. These findings suggest that the effects of steroids on bone in juvenile chickens may be limited.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Chickens; Cholesterol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Implants; Estradiol; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Growth Plate; Iron; Liver; Male; Megestrol; Organ Size; Phosphorus; Progesterone; Progesterone Congeners; Testis; Testosterone

To determine how bone recovers from immobilization-induced bone loss and to specify whether its recovering capacity is improved by physical exercise, 5-week-old male Wistar rats (287.07 g +/- 10.65 SD) were tail suspended for 14 days, then returned to either normal weight-bearing (R) or controlled physical exercise for 28 days (R + E). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in three parts of the femur. Using histomorphometric analysis, bone mass and architecture were estimated in the primary (1 degree sp) and secondary spongiosa (2 degrees sp) of the proximal tibial metaphysis. Bone cellular parameters were measured in the 2 degrees sp of the tibia. Tail suspension induced a significant decrease in BMD, 2 degrees sp bone mass, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate and marked alterations of the trabecular network. In R rats, BMD was still significantly decreased, except in the distal part of the femur. Long-bone lengthening was significantly altered. The 2 degrees sp bone mass returned to the age-matched control values; however, the trabeculae were still significantly thinner and bone resorption was significantly higher. R + E rats had a normal long bone lengthening and a significant increase in 2 degrees sp bone mass and trabecular thickness when compared with R rats. Bone resorption was significantly depressed, and osteoid surfaces and thickness were significantly increased. Thus, although bone mass returns to normal values in the R group, trabecular alterations persist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Density; Bone Development; Bone Resorption; Femur; Fluorescent Dyes; Immobilization; Male; Osteoclasts; Osteoporosis; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tail; Tissue Fixation; Weight-Bearing

The effects of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) on alveolar bone resorptive activity in rats were examined. Continuous administration of rhIL-1 beta or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was given via osmotic pumps for 3, 7 and 14 days to rats with silk ligatures around second maxillary molars. Other animals without ligatures received insertion of pumps containing rhIL-1 beta or remained untreated. Sections were subject to three different stains:--hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) for histology, acid phosphatase (ACPase) activity for osteoclast detection, and immunohistochemistry using anti-rat monocyte/macrophage monoclonal antibody (ED 1). In addition, body weight, plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were monitored. The mean body weight of rats receiving rhIL-1 beta was significantly lower (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) compared with untreated rats throughout the experimental period. On Day 7, plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were significantly lower in rats receiving rhIL-1 beta than in rats receiving PBS only (P < 0.05). Sections revealed a moderate inflammatory cell infiltrate reaching near the alveolar crest in both groups with ligatures on Day 3. Only rats receiving rhIL-1 beta exhibited enhancement of inflammatory cell invasion on Days 7 and 14. In rats receiving rhIL-1 beta with ligatures, numerous resorption lacunae containing ACPase-positive multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), coinciding with ED1-positive cells, were located on the mesial side of the septum where extensive bone resorption had occurred throughout the experimental period. In animals receiving rhIL-1 beta without ligatures, compared with untreated rats, increased ACPase-positive cells were observed on the mesial side of the septum on Day 3. In animals receiving PBS only, a few ACPase-positive cells were observed confined to the mesial regions where slight bone resorption occurred on Days 7 and 14. These results indicate that the administration of rhIL-1 beta accelerated alveolar bone destruction in ligature-induced periodontal tissue inflammation over a two-week period.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alveolar Bone Loss; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Body Weight; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Coloring Agents; Giant Cells; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Infusion Pumps; Insect Proteins; Interleukin-1; Ligation; Macrophages; Male; Maxillary Diseases; Molar; Monocytes; Osteoclasts; Periodontitis; Phosphorus; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recombinant Proteins; Silk; Sutures

Effects of SL-probiotic preparation on the body weight and the phagocytic functions in white mice were studied. Bioassay of its toxicity showed SL-P was non-toxic. Body weight of the treated mice increased significantly as compared with that of controls 10 days after treatment with SL-probiotic preparation. Phagocytic activity, acid phosphatase activity, lysozyme activity of the peritoneal macrophages of the tested mice were enhanced significantly as compared with those of normal controls. The same results were obtained with respect to serum lysozyme activity. These observations showed that SL-probiotic preparation could activate macrophage function in mice and hence enhancement of non-specific immunity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Lactococcus lactis; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Male; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

The hypothesis that distinct populations of macrophages are associated with muscle necrosis and regeneration was examined in Wistar rat soleus muscle after 10 days of hindlimb suspension and 2, 4, and 7 days after the resumption of weight bearing. Necrosis was identified using histological features, such as muscle fiber infiltration, and regeneration was identified using immunohistochemical techniques for developmental myosin heavy chain (dMHC). Light-microscopic observations show that necrotic fibers in 2-day reloaded soleus muscle were invaded by ED1+ and Ia+ macrophages. The number of invaded fibers in muscles reloaded for 2 days increased to 2.8/mm2 compared with 0.2/mm2 in age-matched normal muscle but returned to control values by the 4th day of resumed weight bearing. In the interstitial spaces of 2-day recovery muscle, ED1+ and Ia+ macrophages numbered 369 and 332/mm2, respectively, compared with 12 and 72/mm2, respectively, in control soleus. After 7 days of reloading, the number of ED1+ cells was similar to that of control. Ia+ macrophages decreased to 240/mm2 at 4 days but after 7 days rose above control values to 429/mm2. ED2+ macrophages in 4- and 7-day reloaded soleus increased 70-80% in the interstitial spaces compared with control but were not observed to infiltrate necrotic muscle fibers at any time points. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblots using a monoclonal anti-dMHC antibody demonstrate a greater proportion of myofibers expressing dMHC isoforms after 4 and 7 days of reloading. These findings indicate that macrophage subpopulations are associated with distinct stages during the recovery process from hindlimb suspension: ED1+ macrophages are associated with muscle necrosis, whereas ED2+ cells are associated with muscle regeneration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Female; Gravity, Altered; Hindlimb; Immunoblotting; Immunohistochemistry; Macrophages; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Myosin Subfragments; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Immobilization of limbs of aged animals is associated with swift muscular damage and atrophy. We investigated the effect of rat growth hormone (rGH) on immobilized hindlimb muscles of 26-mo-old rats. Administration of rGH significantly reduced muscle weight loss and muscle protein oxidation caused by immobilization. Capillary blood volume, measured by photoplethysmography of the hindlimb, showed a 34% reduction in immobilized animals, which was eliminated by rGH. The activity of creatine phosphokinase in immobilized gastrocnemius muscle was significantly reduced by immobilization. This damage was diminished by rGH administration. Similarly, the increase in acid phosphatase activity in immobilized muscle was reduced after rGH treatment. Morphologically, marked muscle atrophy and fiber disorientation were observed in immobilized limbs. Therapy with rGH prevented some of these changes. These results indicate that administration of rGH may provide a useful means to attenuate the degenerative effects of limb immobilization of aged rats, as evident from physiological, biochemical, and morphological parameters.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Blood Volume; Body Weight; Creatine Kinase; Energy Metabolism; Female; Growth Hormone; Immobilization; Muscle Proteins; Muscles; Organ Size; Oxidation-Reduction; Photoplethysmography; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recombinant Proteins

The effects of thinner and its main components, toluene, xylene, methanol, and ethyl acetate, on reproductive and accessory reproductive organs in male rats were studied. The vapour from these organic solvents was inhaled twice a day for 7 d. Following inhalation of thinner vapour for 7 d, the weights of the testes and prostate fell and acid phosphatase activity in the prostate and plasma testosterone levels were significantly decreased compared with the control group. Both ethyl acetate and xylene caused a decrease in the weight of the testes and accessory reproductive organs, as well as reducing acid phosphatase activity in the prostate and plasma testosterone levels. In contrast, toluene and methanol had no effect on organ weights, circulating testosterone levels, or on enzyme activity. Body weight was decreased by inhalation of thinner or ethyl acetate vapour. Spermatozoa levels in the epididymis were decreased by inhalation of ethyl acetate and xylene vapour. These results suggest that thinner, particularly the components ethyl acetate and xylene, interfere with the functions of the testes and accessory reproductive organ; toluene has no effect on these functions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Body Weight; Epididymis; Genitalia, Male; Male; Organ Size; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solvents; Sperm Count; Testis; Testosterone

A study was carried out to examine the effects of forced running exercise in the growing stage in male ICR mice and of Astragalus membranaceus (As) on their immune functions. The mice were divided at 4 weeks of age into 4 groups. The first group of mice received forced running exercise (E-group), the second group was given As (As-group), the third group received the forced running exercise and was given As (E+As-group) and the fourth group was a control receiving no treatment. The exercise received was forced running at 15 m/min on a flat floor without any slope for 60min a day. The mice of groups E and E+As were exercised 5 times a week for 12 weeks. The mice of groups As and E+As were given As p. o. at 200 mg/kg per day (5 days/week) for 12 weeks. The results obtained were as follows: 1. After 12 weeks of forced running exercise, the weight of the anterior tibialis muscle and succinate dehydrogenase activity in the anterior tibialis muscle increased significantly in groups E and E+As compared with the control group. Thymus weight showed a tendency to increase in groups E and E+As as compared with the control group. 2. The potentiation of the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system examined by the carbon clearance method was seen in groups E, As and E+As. 3. Superoxide anion production of peritoneal macrophages significantly increased in groups As and E+As, but not in group E. 4. The acid phosphatase activity of peritoneal macrophages in groups E, As and E+As significantly increased compared with the control group. 5. Interleukin 1 production by macrophages remained in all groups. 6. The proliferation of splenocytes induced by Con A in groups E, As and E+As significantly increased compared with the control group. These results suggested that forced running exercise in the growing stage in mice and the administration of As enhanced immune functions and that they might also intensify the functioning of the host defense system.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Animals; Astragalus propinquus; Body Weight; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Interleukin-1; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Motor Activity; Muscles; Organ Size; Phagocytosis; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Superoxides

In an attempt to clarify the role of lysosomal enzymes in the developmental mechanisms of cerebral lesions under chronic hypertensive conditions, we biochemically investigated the activities of acid phosphatase (AcPase), N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and cathepsin B (CathB) in the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). We also investigated enzyme-histochemically the activities of AcPase and NAGase, and immunohistochemically the distribution of CathB. The activities of all enzymes tended to increase with advancing age. The enzyme activities in the aged SHRSPs were in general higher than those in normotensive rats, the differences being significant at 24 weeks of age. Histochemical investigation showed that SHRSPs had an increased number of cells with positive reaction to these enzymes in the edematous cortex with and without vascular changes, and degenerated subcortical white matter. These cells with positive reaction were made up of reactively increased astrocytes and microglia. Neurons in the edematous area also showed slightly intensified enzyme activities. The present studies suggest that chronic hypertension or chronic edema due to hypertension causes increased activities of lysosomal enzymes in the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter and, thus, that activated lysosomal enzymes may take part in the developmental mechanisms of cystic formation as well as the diffuse degeneration of the white matter.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Brain; Cathepsin B; Cerebral Cortex; DNA; Histocytochemistry; Hypertension; Lysosomes; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY

Changes in bone mineral content induced by GnRH agonists were investigated by measuring total body bone mineral content (TBBM) and regional bone mineral content (BMC) (arms, legs, trunk, pelvis) and densities with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 25 premenopausal women before and after a 6-month treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. Biological markers of bone remodeling, estrogens, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were also measured. Weight and body mass index increased significantly after treatment (P < 0.05), and TBBM, corrected for weight (TBBM/W), decreased (P < 0.001). The changes in BMC that we observed ranged from +2.5% to -6.9%. The greatest decrease in regional BMC occurred in the trunk (4.4%, P < 0.001), with TBBM decreasing by 2.1% (P < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the limbs. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) increased significantly after treatment (P < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation between TRAP and TBBM (P < 0.001) and between TRAP and estradiol (P < 0.001) were observed before treatment. The lack of changes observed in the BMC of the limbs indicate that GnRH agonists cause a preferential loss of BMC in trunk osseous structures, a situation similar to that of the first years of menopause.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Triptorelin Pamoate

Both sexes of F344 rats were gavaged with maximal tolerated doses of mercuric chloride for periods from 2 wk to up to 2 yr to investigate chronic nephrotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity. The toxicity of mercuric chloride was excessive after 2 wk of exposure to doses ranging from 1.25 to 20 mg/kg, compromising renal function by selectively destroying cells of the proximal tubules, and eliciting marked elevations in urinary biomarker enzymes diagnostic for acute renal tubule necrosis. In the 2-wk studies, urinary alkaline phosphatase and aspartate amino-transferase were most sensitive to renal mercury toxicity among a panel of six enzymes, exhibiting twofold increases above controls at the 5.0 mg/kg dose, before changes in the other enzymes occurred. Urinary lactate dehydrogenase was the most responsive enzyme, with up to 11-fold increases in activity above controls. In response to mercuric chloride exposure of 5.0 mg/kg for 2-6 mo, the greatest and most persistent increases in elevation of urinary enzyme activities were exhibited by alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase, which increased two-to threefold above controls. At this interval, the maximal severity of the renal lesions in both sexes of rats was graded as minimal to mild. Beyond 6 mo none of the urinary enzymes measured in this study was adequate as biomarkers of nephrotoxicity, although the severity of the renal lesions had progressed. Mercury accumulated in a dose-related fashion primarily in the kidney, and to a lesser extent in the liver. The severity of the renal lesions was increased by continued exposure to mercuric chloride, as tissue concentrations of mercury rose in proportion to dose. Mercuric chloride treatment for 2 yr clearly exacerbated the severity of the spontaneous nephrotoxicity prevalent in aging F344 rats. The excessive mortality that occurred in the male rats was probably due to a combination of these factors. No renal tumors were detected in rats, possibly because the potential for their development was reduced; however, direct tissue contact with mercury induced squamous-cell papillomas of the forestomach in both sexes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Body Weight; Brain Chemistry; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Routes; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Hyperparathyroidism; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Liver; Male; Mercuric Chloride; Mercury; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution

The alterations of haematological parameters in albino rats were studied after oral administration of an aqueous extract of silken styles of corn (Zea maize Linn.) at 50, 100 and 150 mg kg-1 daily for 21 days. The following haematological values were significantly reduced on the 7th and 21st day following extract administration: haemoglobin (Hb), red blood corpuscles (RBC), clotting time (CT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), haematocrit (Ht), serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), calcium, total protein, total albumin and total acid phosphatase; and white blood corpuscles (WBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), alkaline phosphatase and creatinine increased. The remaining parameters were not significantly affected, except body weight parameters at the two highest doses. The results emphasize that the biochemical changes caused through aqueous extract of silken styles of corn (Zea maize Linn.) are not significantly toxic at low and medium doses (50 and 100 mg kg-1).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Coagulation; Blood Glucose; Blood Proteins; Blood Sedimentation; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Blood Volume; Body Weight; Calcium; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cholesterol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hematocrit; Hematologic Diseases; Hemoglobins; Leukocytes; Male; Plant Extracts; Rats; Serum Albumin; Zea mays

General and histochemical observations of the thymus were carried out in guinea pigs after injection of cyclophosphamide (280 mg/kg). Acute involution of the thymus induced by cyclophosphamide was accompanied by marked enlargement of Hassall's corpuscles in the first week after injection. However, the markedly enlarged Hassall's corpuscles disappeared entirely by the fourth week. Large cells characterized by pale nuclei with one or two prominent nucleoli became aggregated in the enlarged Hassall's corpuscles by the second week. Their cytoplasm frequently was foamy or vesicular in appearance. Histochemical observations revealed strong activities of nonspecific esterase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in these cells. Staining for these lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes was evident not only intracellularly but also extracellularly, indicating the dissolution of Hassall's corpuscles by intensive extracellular enzyme release.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cyclophosphamide; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Guinea Pigs; Male; Organ Size; Thymus Gland

Chronic intermittent treatment of LH-RH superagonist Buserelin alone or in combination with testosterone enanthate were given to adult male langurs for 90 days to evaluate antispermatogenic activity of alone and combination therapy, maintenance of normal androgenicity, possible toxic effects of agonist treatment, related side effects of testosterone supplementation and complete reversibility of the procedure. A gradual decrease in sperm count was recorded in both treatment groups, along with reduced motility and vitality of the spermatozoa. In the combination group, oligospermia was achieved in 4 out of 5 animals, whereas, only 2 animals became oligospermic in the agonist alone group. Significant decrease in serum testosterone levels along with impaired libido and other testosterone withdrawal symptoms were observed in the Buserelin alone group, conversely normal testosterone levels and libido were observed in the combination group. An elevation in haematological variables and serum total protein concomitant with a slight gain in body weight of the animals were recorded in the combination group; these changes were not encountered in the agonist alone group. Reversibility of all the altered parameters to control range was observed in both treatment groups following 75 to 90 days of treatment withdrawal.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antispermatogenic Agents; Body Weight; Buserelin; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Fructose; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Haplorhini; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Libido; Magnesium; Male; Oligospermia; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatogenesis; Testis; Testosterone

Tolnidamine (50 mg/kg body weight; twice a week; oral) was administered for 90 days to adult male langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne) to assess its contraceptive potential. Semen weight, volume, seminal fluid volume, colour, pH and libido remained unchanged. Sperm motility, vitality and morphology were impaired with the advancement of treatment. Sperm density reduced to severe oligospermia following 75-90 days of treatment. Increased number of immature germ cells were also noticed. Resumption of changes to pretreatment range was observed following 90 days of cessation of treatment. However, sperm density remained low all through the recovery period of 150 days. Seminal fructose, ACP, LDH and citric acid concentrations did not change markedly. A significant depletion in GPC and magnesium levels was recorded during treatment and early recovery periods. Alterations in germ cells and Sertoli cells were also observed. A progressive but reversible rise in serum creatinine was evident. Other clinical parameters and body weight response revealed no drug-related alterations. In conclusion, tolnidamine medication induced irreversible inhibition of spermatogenesis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antispermatogenic Agents; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Cercopithecidae; Fructose; Glycerylphosphorylcholine; Indazoles; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leydig Cells; Libido; Magnesium; Male; Semen; Seminiferous Tubules; Sertoli Cells; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Testosterone

An active immunization study using semisynthetic anti-luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) vaccine was undertaken in adult male bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). Four male bonnet monkeys were immunized with LHRH-DT vaccine (100 micrograms/monkey). When the elevation of serum anti-LHRH titers reached an effective concentration, a remarkable decrease in serum testosterone level was observed. The sperm counts at 12 and 20 weeks following immunization in all immunized monkeys were reduced markedly. One representative animal with high antibody titer along with an age-matched control animal was sacrificed 20 weeks following primary immunization. The prostate weight of the immunized monkey was reduced to one-third (0.027) of the control (0.085). A reduction was also observed in other reproductive organs. Remaining animals are being studied for a reversible effect of immunization. Thus the study demonstrates that the size of the prostate can be reduced significantly by inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis using this anti-LHRH vaccine.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antibodies; Body Weight; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Macaca radiata; Male; Organ Size; Prostate; Sperm Count; Testosterone; Vaccination

The therapeutic value of three calcium absorption promoting carbohydrates, lactose, gluconate and xylitol, in bone calcification was evaluated in 7-week-old male rats which were fed on a semisynthetic Ca-deficient diet for 3 weeks. Lactose + CaCO3, xylitol + CaCO3, Ca-gluconate, or CaCO3 alone were administered to the Ca-deficient rats for 2 weeks; the carbohydrate and Ca contents of the diets were 5% and 0.5%, respectively. The Ca-deficient rats showed a decrease in serum total Ca and ionized Ca2+ and in tibial Ca, Mg, P and density, with a concomitant increase in bone hydroxyproline concentration. Bone and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities were increased 2-fold and the serum 1,25(OH)2D3 level 5-fold. Smaller increases were found in serum calcitonin, PTH, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels. These changes (except calcitonin) were reversed by the administration of Ca and the carbohydrates. It was observed that all three agents improved the recalcification of bones compared with the effect of CaCO3 alone. The effect of lactose and xylitol was superior to that of gluconate. These results suggest advantages in the use of xylitol in Ca-supplements.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcitonin; Calcitriol; Calcium; Diet; Gluconates; Hydroxyproline; Lactose; Magnesium; Male; Osteocalcin; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphates; Radiography; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Xylitol

Changes in the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase were observed in the testis, prostate and seminal vesicle after the injection of lithium chloride at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 micrograms/100 g body weight/day for 7, 14 and 21 days. The studies indicate that 200 and 400 micrograms/100 g body weight for 14 days and 21 days showed a significant inhibition in the activity of acid phosphatase in all the above reproductive organs. There is a significant stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity at the doses of 200 and 400 micrograms of lithium after 21 days of treatment in testis, prostate and seminal vesicle along with significant decrease in accessory sex organs weight in comparison to control animal. Therefore, it is evident that the effect of lithium on male reproductive organs mainly depends on the amount of the drug being injected and the duration of treatment to it.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Chlorides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Genitalia, Male; Lithium; Lithium Chloride; Male; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Seminal Vesicles; Testis

Oral administration of a 50% ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius seeds (250 mg/kg) in albino rats for 30 and 60 days induced an absolute infertility in males which was reversible. Suppression of sperm motility in the cauda epididymis was the most pronounced effect of the treatment. Such treatment may affect the oxidative/energy metabolism of the cauda epididymis. Histological and histocytometric observations in testis and parareproductive tissues appeared normal while the protein, sialic acid, acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase levels were significantly depleted.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Body Weight; Contraceptives, Oral; Epididymis; Epithelial Cells; Female; Fertility; Leydig Cells; Male; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Rats; Seeds; Sialic Acids; Sperm Count; Sperm Maturation; Sperm Motility; Spermatogenesis; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Testis

Bones of cardiomyopathic hamsters (UM-X7.1 Syrian hamsters), at 5, 10 and 20 weeks of age, were compared chemically and histomorphologically with those of normal Syrian hamsters. Femurs of UM-X7.1 hamsters were significantly shorter than those of normal hamsters, and the mean dry weight, mean volume, mean ash weight per unit bone volume and mean ash as a percentage of dry weight of femurs were all significantly less in UM-X7.1 hamsters. The bone disorder preceded the myocardial calcium precipitation and myocardial hypertrophy in the cardiomyopathic hamsters. In addition, the percentage of cortical area measured on the cross-section of tibia and the appositional rate of bone minerals, determined by a tetracycline labelling technique, were also lower in the UM-X7.1 hamsters. These findings suggest that the bone disorder was associated with decreased bone formation in the UM-X7.1 Syrian hamsters.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Calcium; Cardiomegaly; Cardiomyopathies; Cricetinae; Female; Femur; Mesocricetus; Myocardium; Radiography; Tibia

The enzyme activities which depended on the ascorbic acid (AsA) tissue levels were assayed to investigate the effect of erythorbic acid (ErA) administration on the AsA availability in the guinea pigs administered 5 mg of AsA/day or 1 mg of AsA/day. The guinea pigs were given 5 mg of AsA and 1, 5, 20, 100 mg of ErA/day, or 1 mg of AsA and 1 or 20 mg of ErA/day for 16 days. The animals were sacrificed, blood was collected, and their livers were removed. The activities of liver aniline hydroxylase, liver acid phosphatase, and serum alkaline phosphatase, as well as the liver cytochrome P-450 content were measured. These enzyme activities and the liver cytochrome P-450 content of animals administered 5 mg of AsA seemed to show no change regardless of ErA supplement. Animals administered 1 mg of AsA showed different activities of liver aniline hydroxylase and liver acid phosphatase compared with those of animals administered 5 mg of AsA; however, the enzyme activities in animals administered 20 mg of ErA together with 1 mg of AsA were similar to those of the animals administered only 5 mg of AsA. These results indicated that ErA administration had no effect on the enzyme activities and the liver cytochrome P-450 content in the 5 mg AsA-supplemented animals, but administration of 20 mg of ErA was effective to maintain at normal levels the activities of liver aniline hydroxylase and liver acid phosphatase in the 1 mg AsA-supplemented animals.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aniline Hydroxylase; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Guinea Pigs; Liver; Male

Semen characteristics were studied in 6 wild-born chimpanzees with dental ages ranging approximately from 6 to 12 years. The animals formed 2 groups, early pubertal (EP, N = 3, 6-9 years) and late pubertal (LP, N = 3, 11-12 years). Mean body weight, testicular volume and serum androgen concentration were significantly lower in Group EP (32.2 +/- 1.6 kg, 34.0 +/- 7.7 cm3, 2.1 +/- 0.1 ng/ml) than in Group LP (55.7 +/- 5.7 kg, P less than 0.01; 100.5 +/- 11.9 cm3, P less than 0.01; 3.6 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, P less than 0.05). Ejaculates were obtained by masturbation in all subjects. The mean ejaculate volume was lower in Group EP (0.56 +/- 0.20 ml) than in Group LP (3.77 +/- 0.73 ml, P less than 0.01). In Group EP, 2 animals were azoospermic while the third produced semen with means of 57.1 x 10(6) spermatozoa per ml, 20% motility and 40% vitality. These values were low when compared with the mean values of Group LP (376 x 10(6) spermatozoa per ml, 67% motility and 78% vitality). Mean total sperm count was correlated with testicular volume (r = 0.84) and serum androgen concentration (r = 0.96). The mean concentrations of L-carnitine, fructose, citrate and acid phosphatase for the two groups were not significantly different; but, related to the differences in ejaculate volumes, their total amounts in total ejaculate were lower in Group EP than in Group LP. These results suggest that, in chimpanzees, mechanisms of seminal plasma production and ejaculation are functional early in the reproductive life and that the emission of spermatozoa occurs later.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Carnitine; Citrates; Citric Acid; Fructose; Male; Pan troglodytes; Semen; Sexual Maturation; Sperm Count; Spermatozoa; Testis; Testosterone

In an attempt to clarify the role of lysosomal enzymes in the developmental mechanisms of the changes of cerebral microvessels under hypertensive conditions, the activities of acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and beta-glucuronidase in the isolated microvessels from the cerebral cortex of spontaneously and renal hypertensive rats were biochemically studied. The activities of all the enzymes were higher than those in normotensive control animals, although there was a variation in intensity according to the age and kind of enzymes. The enzyme activities in spontaneously hypertensive rats showed a tendency to increase with advancing age. Hypertension seems to increase activities of lysosomal enzymes in cerebral microvessels, and this activation may in turn play a role in the development of further hypertensive cerebrovascular and cerebral changes.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cerebral Cortex; Glucuronidase; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Lysosomes; Male; Microcirculation; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY

Oral administration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in doses of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg to adult rats for 15 days caused a significant dose dependent decrease in the sperm count of the epididymal spermatozoa. The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly increased in the animals of the treated groups. An increase in the activity of beta-glucuronidase and decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase was also observed at the highest dose of DEHP. The activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) was found to be decreased in the animals exposed to 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of DEHP. These results suggest that DEHP can affect spermatogenesis by altering the activities of the enzymes responsible for the maturation of sperms. The reduced number of sperms may be responsible for the antifertilic effects of DEHP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Diethylhexyl Phthalate; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glucuronidase; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lysosomes; Male; Organ Size; Phthalic Acids; Rats; Spermatogenesis; Testis

The pattern of pancreatic islet lysosomal enzyme activities was investigated in adult obese mice (aged 5-7 months), old obese mice (aged 9-17 months) and aged-matched old "obese" mice suffering from excessive weight loss. A series of lean NMRI mice of comparable age was included as controls. It was observed that the islet activity of the glucose producing glycogenolytic hydrolase, acid amyloglucosidase, was excessively high in the adult obese mouse, being about 10 times higher than in the adult lean mouse. This high activity was reduced by about 65% in the islets of old obese mice and by about 80% in old mice suffering from weight loss. When glycogen and maltose were compared as substrates for the alpha-1,4-glucoside splitting activity, the ratio, glycogen splitting/maltose splitting activity in adult obese mice (1.68) showed amyloglucosidase predominance, whereas the ratio in old obese mice (0.67), and in old mice suffering from weight loss (0.79) revealed a significant change in this relation. The extremely elevated plasma insulin levels in the adult obese mice were reduced by about 65% in old obese mice and by about 95% in old mice with excessive weight loss and thus displaying the same pattern as islet amyloglucosidase activity. Further, in normoglycemic obese mice a highly significant correlation (r = 0.85; p less than 0.001) was found between islet acid amyloglucosidase activity and the actual insulin secretory rate as reflected by the plasma insulin concentrations. The activity of islet N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase showed an activity pattern opposite to that of acid amyloglucosidase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cathepsin D; Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase; Glucuronidase; Glycogen; Insulin; Islets of Langerhans; Liver; Lysosomes; Maltose; Mice; Mice, Obese; Substrate Specificity

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Body Weight; Cisplatin; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Developing homozygous (jj) and heterozygous (j+) Gunn rat cerebella were examined histologically from postnatal days 5 to 60. Sagittal sections of the cerebellar vermis of jj rats revealed that the anterior and medial lobes were significantly smaller in area than in j+ rats on and after postnatal day 10. However, the nodulus did not display significant differences in jj rats. Two classes of acid phosphatase (ACPase)-positive cells (L cells and S cells), and lipid granule-containing S cells were recognized exclusively in the jj rat cerebellum during the postnatal period studied. S cells, which are probably microglia, had an oval dark nucleus and contained many lysosomes, some of which contained lipid droplets. They appeared in all the lobules except the nodulus on day 5 and reached maximum in incidence by day 15. They were distributed all over the cerebellar layers including the white matter. Lipid granule-containing S cells appeared on postnatal day 10 and were most abundant in severely affected lobules, such as the declive and tuber, on day 30. Purkinje cells of jj rats showed vacuolation in their cytoplasm on and after postnatal day 5. After 20 days of life, the number of Purkinje cells in anterior- and medius-lobus were markedly decreased. Some severely damaged Purkinje cells became L cells with an extremely high ACPase activity. They appeared initially on postnatal day 15 and increased in number until day 30. No L cells were observed in the nodulus. These show that the severely damaged Purkinje cells and ACPase-positive and lipid granule-containing microglia cells are most abundant in the late- and intermediate-maturing regions of the vermis. Since they are either rare or absent in any earlier-maturing region, the nodulus, these data suggest toxic effects of bilirubin in the cerebellum are closely related to the ontogenic development of the individual cerebellar lobules.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cerebellum; Cytoplasmic Granules; Hyperbilirubinemia; Lipid Metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Gunn

The changes in brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid phosphatase (APase), and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP), and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities were investigated in hens treated with a single, dermal dose (100-1000 mg/kg) of S,S,S-tri-n-butyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). Three control groups consisted of hens left untreated, given a single, dermal dose of 500 mg/kg tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP, positive control for organophophorous compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity), or 10 mg/kg O,O-diethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (parathion, negative control). Brain AChE activity, determined 28 days after application, was significantly inhibited in hens given 500-1,000 mg/kg DEF and in TOCP- and parathion-treated hens. In contrast, brain APase and CNP activities were significantly higher in all treatments as compared with those of the untreated hens. Parathion, however, caused the least increase in these enzymatic activities as compared to DEF or TOCP. A single, dermal dose of DEF or TOCP also caused an initial decrease in plasma BuChE activity with maximum depression of enzymatic activity observed 1 to 7 days after administration. This decrease was dose dependent and the enzymatic activity showed partial recovery with time. Hens treated with single, dermal doses of DEF, ranging from 250 to 1000 mg/kg, developed ataxia which progressed to paralysis in some hens. Histopathologic examination revealed axon and myelin degeneration of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves of some hens. The severity and frequency of the neuropathologic lesions were dose dependent. Neurologic dysfunctions and neuropathologic lesions seen in DEF-treated hens were similar to those exhibited in TOCP-treated hens. While parathion produced acute cholinergic effects, it did not cause delayed neurotoxicity. The changes in brain and plasma enzymes are discussed in relation to their role in the pathogenesis of DEF-induced delayed neurotoxicity.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Topical; Animals; Ataxia; Body Weight; Brain; Butyrylcholinesterase; Chickens; Cholinesterases; Female; Organothiophosphates; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Paralysis; Parathion; Peripheral Nerves; Spinal Cord; Tritolyl Phosphates

Numerous amphiphilic cationic drugs cause generalized phospholipidosis in animals; one of these drugs is the Sandoz compound 200-125, a psychotropic agent. During a 6-month toxicity study in Charles River CD rats, a dramatic increase in foamy macrophages was seen in the lungs. A follow-up experiment was done to study the pathologic basis of these changes including a reversibility phase. Generalized phospholipidosis was induced after 4 weeks of 500 mg/kg/day of 200-125 by gavage. Characteristic pulmonary lesions consisted of extensive accumulations of large pale foamy macrophages as well as granular eosinophilic extracellular material. Lipid analyses of lungs showed marked increases in phospholipids (144%) and cholesterol esters (110%) in rats treated with 200-125. Drug metabolism studies employing 14C-labeled 200-125 showed an affinity for the drug to concentrate in the lungs and lymphoreticular system (spleen, lymph nodes) as well as in the adrenals, liver, and kidney. Reversibility of the phospholipidosis was nearly complete 4 weeks after drug withdrawal. The tissue changes were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The potential pulmonary toxicity in humans with the amphiphiles is discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Female; Leukocytes; Lipidoses; Lung; Male; Neutrophils; Organ Size; Phospholipids; Psychotropic Drugs; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Triglycerides

Adjuvant arthritis was induced in rats by the injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its severity was scored according to the macroscopic findings of the legs, tail, and ears. The average score so obtained was lower in SOD-injected rats than in the control group. The depression of albumin/globulin ratio was inhibited significantly in rats treated with 10.0 mg/kg of SOD. The levels of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were elevated after the administration of an adjuvant, and these lysosomal enzymes showed a remarkable increase in the control rats, while the elevation was inhibited in rats injected with 10.0 mg/kg of SOD. The levels of TBA-reactive substances in the sera and synovia were elevated at 2 weeks after the injection of adjuvant and decreased thereafter. In rats injected with 5.0 mg/kg or 10.0 mg/kg of SOD, the increase in both serum and synovial levels of TBA reactants was inhibited significantly. These observations suggest that the aggravation of adjuvant arthritis may be associated with lipid peroxidation due to superoxide, and that SOD may be beneficial for the treatment of arthritis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Arthritis; Arthritis, Experimental; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Female; Glucuronidase; Lipid Peroxides; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiobarbiturates

To elucidate the mechanism of action of (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (AHPrBP, formerly APD) on bone metabolism, we have studied the influence of low doses of AHPrBP on bone resorption and formation in the mouse. Thirty-five-day-old mice were given daily injections of 0.16, 1.6, or 16 mumol/kg BW per day of AHPrBP for 10 days. At sacrifice biochemical parameters were measured in serum and bone ash, and histomorphometric parameters of bone formation and resorption were determined on undecalcified sections of caudal vertebrae after double 3H-proline and double tetracycline labelings. Serum calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels remained normal at all dosage levels. Compared to controls, AHPrBP at doses of 1.6 and 16 mumol/kg per day increased the number of osteoclasts and the number of nuclei per osteoclast but markedly decreased the number of acid phosphatase-stained osteoclasts. Thus, AHPrBP appears to inhibit osteoclastic activity in vivo in part through reduction of acid phosphatase activity. At doses of 1.6 and 16 mumol/kg per day AHPrBP reduced serum alkaline phosphatase and the osteoblastic surface and decreased the endosteal osteoid surface and thickness. Both the matrix apposition rate and the mineral apposition rate were progressively reduced at the endosteal level, although they were not significantly changed at the periosteal level. Greater inhibition of bone resorption than bone formation resulted in increased endosteal bone density and bone mineral content. AHPrBP at a dose of 0.16 mumol/kg per day did not alter either the osteoclastic bone resorption or the mineral and matrix apposition rates.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Development; Bone Matrix; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Diphosphonates; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Pamidronate; Phosphates

Kidney tissues from Fischer 344 rats exposed by inhalation to either 5.48, 1.83, or 0.0 g/m3 of C10-C11 isoparaffinic solvent vapor for 5, 20 and 40 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week), followed by a 4-week recovery period, were examined by light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). At the LM level, an increased incidence of protein droplets was found in the cytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cells of the exposed male rats relative to controls. Other renal changes observed by LM in the exposed male rats included foci of regenerative epithelium and tubular dilatation with intratubular protein occurring between the inner and outer stripe of the medulla. By EM, the protein droplets were electron dense, angular, crystalline-like structures which were surrounded by acid phosphatase positive reaction product corresponding to remnants of membrane-bound phagolysosomes. After 20 and 40 days of exposure there was focal loss of the brush border, with degeneration and sloughing of necrotic cells. Following a 4-week recovery period reversal of the exposure-related tubular changes was indicated by EM. The kidney changes observed in male rats following exposure to light hydrocarbons have not been observed in female rats or other species and may be unique to the male rat.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aerosols; Alkanes; Animals; Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; Body Weight; Female; Kidney; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Sex Factors; Solvents; Staining and Labeling

Computerized bone scanning (CBS), a technique used to measure quantitative changes in bone scans, is described. Ten patients with histologically proven metastatic carcinoma of the prostate had sequential CBS performed. Good correlation was found between marked improvement in CBS (more than 50% average decrease in counts) and objective responses. Two patients had partial remission with more than 50% average decrease in uptake by prostatic cancer project criteria; both of them had good pain control. Three patients had worsening of their disease by CBS, which correlated with other parameters of disease progression (new lesions in bone survey, loss of weight and poor survival). In those patients with less than 50% average change the correlation is not so clear cut. An increase in percentage of uptake occurs in the first month after beginning of therapy, and no significant change is observed until 3 months. CBS is a technique that allows for objective measurement of quantitative changes in bone uptake, which is potentially useful for the evaluation of response to treatment in patients with metastatic bone disease from carcinoma of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Diphosphonates; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate

When administered to intact adult male rats, cyproterone acetate (10 mg/day), flutamide (15 mg/day), or Compound I (1 mg/day) caused a significant decrease in the organ weight to body weight ratios, with a concomitant rise in the specific activity of prostatic acid phosphatase. These compounds do not affect two other markers of androgen activity in the prostate. Neither the percentage inhibition of acid phosphatase activity by tartrate nor the appearance of the secretory band of acid phosphatase on polyacrylamide gels was altered by the administration of anti-androgens. When administered to castrated rats given doses of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (250-750 micrograms/day), flutamide (15 mg/day) was unable to alter the percentage inhibition of acid phosphatase activity by tartrate, or the pattern of activity on polyacrylamide gels. These results suggest that these anti-androgens affect only some of the androgen-dependent functions of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Dihydrotestosterone; Male; Organ Size; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

The effect of 50 ppm F as sodium fluoride in the drinking water for 15 weeks on bone, plasma, and urinary cAMP levels, and on bone alkaline and acid phosphatase activities have been investigated in rats stressed with calcium deficiency and/or lactation, as well as in normal rats. Lactation and calcium deficiency (0.1% calcium in diet) was found to cause an increase in urinary cAMP excretion but did not cause any significant alteration in plasma and bone cAMP levels. Bone alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were lower in lactating rats furnished the 1.0% calcium diet when compared to the nonlactating controls. Fluoride had no effect on all parameters studied.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Cyclic AMP; Female; Fluorides; Lactation; Pregnancy; Rats

Adjuvant arthritis was induced in rats fed a diet deficient in or supplemented with vitamin E, and its severity was scored according to the macroscopic findings of their legs, tails, and ears. The average score so obtained was higher in the vitamin E-deficient diet group than in the group of rats supplemented with vitamin E. Whereas the A/G ratio remained depressed in vitamin E-deficient rats, rats on a vitamin E-supplemented diet showed a fast recovery from A/G-ratio depression. The serum levels of beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase were elevated after administration of an adjuvant. The serum levels of these lysosomal enzymes showed a remarkable increase in rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet, while the elevation in lysosomal enzyme levels in rats fed a vitamin E-supplemented diet was inhibited. The levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactants in the synovia were elevated at 2 weeks after exposure to the adjuvant and were decreased thereafter. In rats maintained on a diet supplemented with vitamin E, on the other hand, the increase in synovial level of TBA reactive substances was inhibited. These observations suggest that the aggravation of adjuvant arthritis may be associated with lipid peroxidation and that antioxidants, such as vitamin E, may be beneficial for arthritis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Arthritis; Arthritis, Experimental; Body Weight; Female; Glucuronidase; Lipid Peroxides; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synovial Fluid; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

By treating larvae of Musca domestica L. with 4 x 10(-4%) procaine HCl we could shorten larval development, decrease larval mortality and increase number of adult offspring. A high concentration of procaine HCl (0.4%) caused a prolongation of the larval development, a lower pupal weight and a decreased number of adult offspring, which are, in our opinion, indications of a toxic effect. The effects of procaine HCl on ageing and acid phosphatase activity are not so clear. The distribution of subpopulations in a population and the correlation with acid phosphatase activity during adult lifespan are discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Houseflies; Larva; Male; Procaine; Sex Factors

Growing rats were fed a calcium-deficient diet for 12 days to induce bone loss and were subsequently placed on a calcium-replacement diet for 1 to 3 days to evoke bone repletion. Control animals were fed the calcium-replacement diet continuously. Twelve days of calcium deprivation resulted in a 21-fold increase in the number of endosteal osteoclasts in the tibial diaphysis as compared with controls. These osteoclasts, however, rapidly disappeared from the endosteum after restoration of dietary calcium. Only 14% of these endosteal osteoclasts remained after 1 day, and no osteoclasts were present after 3 days of calcium replenishment. During this time, plump osteoblasts replaced osteoclasts on the endosteal surface. The number of osteoclasts in the marrow space also changed strikingly. An 11-fold increase in the number of osteoclasts in the marrow space occurred during the calcium-deprivation phase. However, the greatest increase (39-fold) was observed during the first day of calcium replenishment. Thereafter, the number of osteoclasts in the marrow space declined and, after 3 days of calcium replenishment, returned to the control level. During calcium replenishment, acid phosphatase-positive fragments in the marrow space appeared concomitantly with osteoclast disintegration and fragmentation. The kinetic changes and acid phosphatase staining of these fragments suggest that the fragments are the products of disintegrating osteoclasts, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that the fate of some osteoclasts in vivo is cell death. At the end of calcium deprivation, serum iPTH levels and the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were significantly increased compared to controls. After 3 days of calcium replenishment, serum iPTH had decreased to control levels, but the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was still elevated. Changes in serum iPTH and the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 cannot, therefore, be totally responsible for the observed decrease in osteoclast number during bone repletion. Bone repair after calcium deprivation may be a locally controlled phenomenon.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Regeneration; Calcifediol; Calcitriol; Cell Count; Osteoclasts; Parathyroid Hormone; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Male; Models, Biological; Obesity; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thyroid Gland

In an attempt to obtain information about the arterial lysosomal enzymes in hypertension, we biochemically investigated acid phosphatase (Ac-Pase) activity in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the effects of various antihypertensive drugs. Ac-Pase activity in SHR was always higher than that in age-matched control rats. The enzyme activity tended to increase progressively with advancing age, a tendency which was more pronounced in SHR than in control rats. The aging process expressed by the Ac-Pase activity seems to be accelerated under hypertensive conditions. Antihypertensive drugs such as reserpine, hydrochlorothiazide, hydralazine and propranolol significantly suppressed the rise of blood pressure and decreased the aortic Ac-Pase activity in SHR. In particular reserpine and propranolol lowered Ac-Pase activity more effectively than it did blood pressure. Hypertension as well as catecholamine seem to be involved in the increase in the aortic lysosomal enzyme activity in SHR.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Aorta; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Hypertension; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

The effect of a low protein (4%) diet on the activity of the hydrolytic enzymes ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, acid and alkaline phosphatases, beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme has been studied in the spleen and thymus of weanling Wistar rats. Experimentation was carried out over 20 and 30 days, and comparisons were made with well-nourished (12% protein) controls. Body weight decreased during the terminal period in protein-deficient animals (P less than 0.001). Spleen and thymus absolute net weights also dropped significantly (P less than 0.001). In terms of organ weight relative to body weight, there was a clear decrease in thymus compared with controls (P less than 0.001). Enzyme activities expressed per total organ fell significantly. Thus, in spleen at 20 days the decrease was maximum in ribonuclease activity (91.15%) and minimum in acid phosphatase activity (44.09%). Thymus decreases ranged from 83.60% activity in beta-glucuronidase and 93.56% in ribonuclease. At 30 days decreases were accentuated; the maximum value in spleen was 92.34% lysozyme and, in thymus, 97.09% acid phosphatase. A large increase in hydrolytic activity expressed per milligram of protein was registered, especially at 30 days. This increase reached a maximum of 78.08% beta-glucuronidase in thymus and a minimum of 56.1% alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase and ribonuclease activities were not modified. In spleen, however, acid phosphatase (34.00%), alkaline phosphatase (62.50%), deoxyribonuclease (39.25%), and beta-glucuronidase (36.01%) increased, but lysozyme and ribonuclease enzymes decreased. We concluded that a low protein diet increases catabolism in spleen and thymus through an enhancement of lysosomal hydrolase activities.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Deoxyribonucleases; Glucuronidase; Lysosomes; Male; Muramidase; Organ Size; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Ribonucleases; Spleen; Thymus Gland; Weaning

beta-D-Glucosidase, beta-D-glucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and beta-D-galactosidase were monitored in the human foetal brain at different gestational periods. Glucosidase specific activity in all brain regions exhibits two peaks, at 8 g and 32 g foetal weights. Acid phosphatase exhibits very high specific activity in all brain regions at 5 g, but the cerebellar activity forms a peak at 220 g foetal weight, the midbrain at 135 g, and the spinal activity at 760 g. beta-D-Glucosaminidase has a peak at 220 g and 660 g in the midbrain, and beta-D-galactosidase specific activity is highest in the cortex and cerebellum in late gestation (neuronal differentiation phase). The midbrain medulla and the spinal cord show peak activity at 8 g and 220 g foetal weight. The results suggest an inter- and intraregional heterogeneity of acquisition for these enzymes in human brain ontogeny.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; beta-Galactosidase; beta-Glucosidase; Body Weight; Brain; Female; Fetus; Galactosidases; Gestational Age; Glucosidases; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Lysosomes; Pregnancy; Tissue Distribution

The administration of calcitonin (4 MRC units injected intraperitoneally daily for 42 days) caused hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia and a decrease in the serum acid phosphatase level in adult Indian palm squirrels, Funambulus pennanti. Hypocalcaemia and the decrease in the serum acid phosphatase level persisted up to 21 days but the hypophosphataemic effect continued throughout the experiment. The serum calcium level increased from day 28 up to day 35 and the serum acid phosphatase level reached the control level at 28 days. At the close of the experiment (42 days), both serum calcium and acid phosphatase levels were again decreased. Calcitonin-induced hypocalcaemia resulted in hypertrophy of calcitonin cells which were densely packed with secretory granules up to day 21 of the treatment. Thereafter they displayed both hypertrophy and hyperplasia till the end of the experiment. Some calcitonin cells showed degranulation after 35 and 42 days of treatment. Few lead-haematoxylin-positive calcitonin cells with collapsed membranes and pyknotic nuclei were also seen in the lumina of the thyroid follicles toweards the close of the experiment. Parathyroid chief cells showed hypertrophy from 21 to 35 days of the treatment. From day 28 to the close of the experiment they released their secretory product. After 42 days of experimental treatment a growth-promoting effect of calcitonin was observed (increase in body weight and femur weight.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcitonin; Calcium; Femur; Male; Parathyroid Glands; Phosphates; Sciuridae; Thyroid Gland

Changes in aortic lipolytic enzyme activities (cholesterol esterase and lipoprotein lipase) and acid phosphatase activity during aging were investigated in three strains of rats with different blood pressures; stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKR). The blood pressures of male, 7 month old animals, was 234 (SHRSP), 173 (SHR) and 128 (WKR) mmHg. The cholesterol esterase activity markedly decreased with age in the aortas of SHRSP, SHR and normotensive WKR rats, while acid phosphatase activity decreased only slightly, if at all, and lipoprotein lipase activity remained unchanged. This effect was enhanced by increasing blood pressure in SHRSP, SHR and WKR. The total aortic cholesterol content increased significantly with hypertension in a inverse relation with cholesterol esterase activity. These results suggest that cholesterol deposition in aged arteries is, at least partialy, ascribable to an age-related decrease in cholesterol esterase, and that hypertension aggravates the deposition of arterial cholesterol by accelerating the age-related decrease in aortic cholesterol esterase activity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Aorta; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Cholesterol; Female; Hypertension; Male; Phospholipids; Rats; Sterol Esterase; Triglycerides

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Histocytochemistry; Male; Mice; Nandrolone; Organ Size; Submandibular Gland; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Testosterone; Tryptophan

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Arylsulfatases; Body Weight; Cachexia; Cathepsins; Female; Glucuronidase; Liver; Lysosomes; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

Daily administration of Vinca rosea Linn. extract orally and embelin s.c. to male albino rats caused significant rise in levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases of testis and prostate indicating altered metabolic function.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Male; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Prostate; Quinones; Rats; Testis

Starvation overnight and starvation for 48 h reduced the weight and the protein content of mucosal scrapings, but only minimally reduced the DNA content of the mucosal scrapings. The activity of sucrase and maltase was reduced by both periods of starvation. The activity of lactase and of acid and alkaline phosphatase, however, was less subject to starvation. There were striking differences in the response to starvation between the proximal, mid and distal third of the small intestine. The importance of the proper reference system was discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; beta-Galactosidase; Body Weight; Disaccharidases; DNA; Germ-Free Life; Hydrolases; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Male; Organ Size; Proteins; Rats; Starvation; Sucrase; Time Factors

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Aorta; Arteries; Body Weight; Collagen; Desoxycorticosterone; Elastin; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Hexosaminidases; Hypertension; Male; Nucleotidases; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in the distal part of the small intestine of pantothenic acid deficient neonatal rats, while acid phosphatase activity was slightly increased and protein concentration was decreased throughout the small intestine. The growth and maturation of the distal part of the small intestine were retarded more severely than in the proximal part.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Female; Intestines; Organ Size; Pantothenic Acid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Rats

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cardiomegaly; Cathepsins; Creatine Kinase; Desoxycorticosterone; Hexosaminidases; Hypertension; Lysosomes; Male; Myocardium; Organ Size; Rats; Sodium Chloride

Aortic medial calcification was investigated in rats in which the progeria-like syndrome (PLS) was evoked by administering dihydrotachysterol. In 35 experimental rats and 15 controls, calcification was studied morphologically by light and electron microscopy, and by enzyme histochemistry. Body weight, food intake and serum calcium levels were also determined. Calcification occurred along and on the elastic lamellae in association with the accumulation of ground substance. In the smooth-muscle cells surrounding the calcified foci, the activities of various lysosomal enzymes increased concomitantly with a tendency toward transformation of smooth-muscle cells to a modified form. From these observations, the role of ground-substance formation by smooth-muscle cells is postulated, and participation in the catabolism of ground substance by the lysosomal enzymes of these cells is suggested. It appears the increased activity of adenosine monophosphatase should be linked to the calcification. The etiology of weight loss, skin manifestations and aortic calcification in PLS rats seems to be different from that in human progeric diseases. Therefore, the PLS rat should not be readily accepted as an animal model for the study of progeric diseases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Aorta; Aortic Diseases; Apyrase; Body Weight; Calcinosis; Calcium; Dihydrotachysterol; Female; Glucuronidase; Hexosaminidases; Histocytochemistry; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Rats; Werner Syndrome

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Ascitic Fluid; Body Weight; Cadmium; Cells, Cultured; Diet; Erythrocytes; Kidney; Lead; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Phagocytosis; Sheep

A number of 2,8-dibenzylcyclooctanone analogues inhibited the HMG-CoA reductases activity of Holtzman male rat liver, whereas only 2-octanone, 2-hexadecanone, 2,8-dibenzylcyclooctanone derivatives, and 2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-4-pyrone inhibited fatty acid synthetase activity. 2-Octanone significantly lowered serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycerol levels in Holtzman male rats and serlm cholesterol in male CF1 mice. Serum lipase activity was significantly elevated in rats administered 20 mg/kg/day of 2-octanone for 16 days. The activity of liver HMG-CoA reductase was inhibited in mice administered 10 mg/kg/day of 2-octanone for 10 days and in mouse and rat liver in vitro by 10 mg of 2-octanone. In mice, fecal excretion of [14C]cholesterol and tripalmitin was accelerated whereas palmitic acid and cholesteryl oleate were not affected by 10 mg/kg/day of 2-octanone. The LD50 in male mice for 2-octanone was 1.6g/kg.

Topics: Acetate-CoA Ligase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Cycloparaffins; Eating; Fatty Acids; Glycerol; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; In Vitro Techniques; Lipase; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Mice; Microsomes, Liver; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship; Triglycerides

After 12 days of intramuscular administration of 6-azauridine (500 mg/kg b.w.) rats displayed a significant decrease in plasma calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and total hydroxyproline levels and alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The biological method employed revealed no changes in calcitonin activity. 6-Azauridine reduced the citric acid concentration in the kidneys, liver, heart and bones. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the kidneys, heart and liver was unaffected. The results indicate that 6-azauridine inhibits calcium resorption from the bones and interferes with collagen synthesis. It cannot be ruled out that the described changes are elicited by the antimetabolic effect of this cytostatic drug.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Azauridine; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcitonin; Calcium; Citrates; Hydroxyproline; Kidney; Liver; Male; Myocardium; Phosphorus; Rats

Adrenal glands of eight Indian species of birds, namely Columba livia, Passer domesticus, Corvus splendens, Acridotheres tristis, Acridotheres ginginianus, Milvus migrans, Francolinus pondicerianus and Bubulcus ibis were examined during the sexually active and inactive phases of their annual reproductive cycles. Excepting A ginginianus and M. migrans, among members of either sex of the remaining six species the weight of the adrenal gland increases during the period of sexual activity. Histologically, the interrenal tissue of these birds could be divided into a peripheral subcapsular zone and a central zone. The cytochemical content of these two zones varies between sexual activity and inactivity. In sexually active birds of both sexes, interrenal cells of the central zone exhibit an increased concentration of alkaline phosphatase, glycogen, acid mucopolysaccharides and gross lipids, while in the subcapsular interrenal cells there is a prominent increase of ascorbic acid content. Cytochemical contents of chromaffin cells remain unchanged except acid phosphatase, which increases during the sexually active phase.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Glands; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Birds; Body Weight; Female; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Organ Size; Reproduction; Seasons; Species Specificity

Heavy water caused marked gradual decrease in the weight of the body as well as the testes throughout the treatment interval ranging from 1 to 6 weeks. Following D2O oral administration, an overall significant fall in the activity of acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase was registered. On the other hand, the activity of lactic and succinic dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase increases following D2O treatment. These changes in the enzyme activity are suggestive of an altered metabolism of the testes in response to D2O administration. Our data corroborate the view that biological systems do discriminate between H2 and D2.. Oral heavy water (D20) administration and enzymatic changes were studied in rat testis. D20 caused marked gradual decrease in the weight of the body as well as the testes throughout the treatment interval ranging from 1 to 6 weeks. Following D20 oral administration, an overall marked fall in the activity of acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase was seen. However,, the activity of lactic and succinic dehydrogenases, alkaline posphatase, and adenosine triphosphatase increased following treatment. These results suggest on altered metabolism of the testes in response to D20 administration and corroborate the view that biological systems do discriminate between hydrogen and deuterium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Administration, Oral; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Deuterium; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Male; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Testis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Arylsulfatases; Aspirin; Body Weight; Cerebral Cortex; Chlorpromazine; Corpus Striatum; Galactosidases; Lysosomes; Male; Occipital Lobe; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Arylsulfatases; Atrophy; Body Weight; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glucuronidase; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Lysosomes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Liver; Nutrition Disorders; Rats; Starvation; Time Factors

The effect of feeding stable strontium (Sr) on the tissue alkaline and acid phosphatase activities was studied in young rats. These activities were reduced in liver and small intestine by 10% to 15% at 2 weeks, 20% to 30% at 4 weeks and in kidney by 20% at 6 weeks only in rats fed 2% Sr diet; bone alkaliine phosphatase activity was, however, increased by 80% to 100% (2-6 weeks) in these rats. Gross lesions like paralysis, hemorrhage, rickets and high mortality were observed after 4 to 6 weeks. Although no such lesions were seen, appreciable changes in enzyme activities as mentioned above were discernible in rats fed 1% Sr diet for 6 weeks. Feeding of a 0.5% Sr diet for a period up to 6 weeks had no deleterious effect. Recovery following consumption of a normal diet for 2 weeks was almost complete in liver and small intestine but not in kidney. The elevated tissue Sr levels do not explain the pronounced losses seen in this investigation as compared to those in the earlier in vitro experiments. This study depicts the possible damage due to prolonged therapeutic use of large amounts of stable Sr for the removal of radiostrontium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hemorrhage; Intestine, Small; Kidney; Liver; Male; Paralysis; Rats; Strontium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acrolein; Adaptation, Biological; Aldehydes; Animals; Body Weight; Environmental Exposure; Female; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; BCG Vaccine; Body Weight; Histocytochemistry; Liver; Lung; Male; Mice; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Organ Size; Spleen

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Line; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Estrogens; Golgi Apparatus; Growth Hormone; Hormones, Ectopic; Inclusion Bodies; Leydig Cells; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Organ Size; Pituitary Neoplasms; Prolactin; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Inbred WF; Testis; Testosterone

Anthropological studies were done on 1276 Libyans from the Mediterranean cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, and from Sabha southward in The Sahara. The incidences of hemoglobin (Hb)-S and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency were low in the coastal areas and significantly high in Sabha. Hb-C occurred sporadically in Tripoli and Sabha, and was absent from Benghazi in the east. One case of Hb-J Benghazi was noted. There were no sigificant differences in the ABO blood group and Rh0 (D) type distributions in the three localities. G-6-PD gene GdAfrequency was significantly high in Sabha. The lowest value of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) gene PGDA frequency and highest value of the gene PGDC were in Sabha. Adenylate kinase (AK) gene AK2 was only detectable in Tripoli. Acid phosphatase (AP) gene Pa frequency in Sabha was more than twice that in Tripoli and Benghazi, while pc was distinctly lower in Sabha than in the northern cities. Haptoglobin gene Hp1 frequency was almost identical in all areas. Anthropometric measurements revealed overall homogeneity of the three samples, closer similarity in the coastal region to adjacent North African populations, and Negroid influence in the Sahara Libyans. Anthropometry substantiated findings from blood markers.

Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Acid Phosphatase; Adenylate Kinase; Anthropometry; Black People; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Egypt; Favism; Female; Gene Frequency; Genetics, Population; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Haptoglobins; Hemoglobin H; Hemoglobins; Humans; Libya; Male; Phenotype; Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase; Racial Groups; Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; Thalassemia

A case of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia occurring in association with a carcinoma of prostate is described. Although only palliative treatment to the primary tumour was possible, worthwhile remission of bone symptoms, due to osteomalacia, was achieved with pharmacological doses of vitamin D. The presence of extensive skeletal metastases modified the radiological features of osteomalacia. Major alterations in the distribution of calcium within the skeleton were observed during a period when total body calcium remained unaltered. This observation may be of relevance to other cases in which osteosclerotic metastases develop.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Carcinoma; Ergocalciferols; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteomalacia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Vitamin D

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Brain; Dogs; Female; Gases; Heart; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Kidney; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Phenyl Ethers; Rabbits; Rats

Experiments were carried out to determine the effectiveness of steroid therapy in vitamin E-deficiency, as measured by autohemolysis of isolated RBC's body weight gain, serum creatine phosphokinase activity, and stabilization or labilization of isolated hepatic lysosomes. Results of such experiments would indicate whether triamcinolone acetonide could supplant vitamin E in vitamin E-deficiency states via its ability to stablize various membranes. Autohemolysis induced by vitamin E-deficiency could not be prevented by daily administration of triamcinolone. Daily dosages of 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg (ip) triamcinolone given concomitantly with replacement vitamin E (at sufficient dosages to reverse the autohemolysis) resulted in an increased autohemolysis. No changes in lysosomal membrane fragility were noted when hepatic lysosomes were obtained from vitamin E-deficient rats with triamcinolone resulted in a greater attenuation of body-weight gain. Creatine phosphokinase levels were not augmented in vitamin E-deficient rats. Vitamin E-deficient rats supplemented with vitamin E and treated with triamcinolone, manifested an increase in creatine, phosphokinase. It was therefore concluded that although triamcinolone and vitamin E possess a common ability to stablize membranes and proteins, their mechanisms must be different since triamcinolone could not substitute for vitamin E in a deficiency state. Indeed, triamcinolone was found to be more toxic in the absence of vitamin E.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Creatine Kinase; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Eating; Glucuronidase; Hemolysis; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Lysosomes; Male; Rats; Triamcinolone Acetonide; Vitamin E Deficiency

Adult male rats were treated daily for 18 days with endoxan in doses of 4 mg/kg of body weight or testosterone in doses 2.5 mg per rat. For the last 5 days of the experiment some of the rats received gonadotrophin injections in doses of 50 I.U. Karyometric and stereologic studies were undertaken on paraffin sections of the testes stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Endoxan treatment decrease the nuclear volume of the Leydig cells and lowers the volume fraction occupied by the interstitial gland in the testis. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of reaction for acid phosphatase, non-specific esterases and 3-beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase. Testosterone injected alone or jointly with endoxan resulted in more pronounced changes than following treatment with endoxan alone. As expected, gonadotrophin injections into intact rats resulted in a marked increase in nuclear volume of the Leydig cells and in the volume fraction of the interstitial gland. This effect of gonadotrophin on the interstitial gland of the rat testis was partially inhibited by endoxan treatment. It follows from these experiments that endoxan impairs the functional activity of the interstitial gland of the rat testes by lowering the endogenous gonadotrophin levels, as well as by direct action on the Leydig cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Nucleus; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Cyclophosphamide; Esterases; Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; Karyometry; Leydig Cells; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Testis; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminopyrine N-Demethylase; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Weight; Coumarins; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Hepatomegaly; Histocytochemistry; Liver; Lysosomes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Organ Size; Rats; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Body Weight; Butyrates; Coenzyme A; Female; Histocytochemistry; Islets of Langerhans; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cardiomegaly; Cathepsins; Creatine Kinase; Disease Models, Animal; Heart Ventricles; Hexosaminidases; Hyperthyroidism; Lysosomes; Male; Myocardium; Organ Size; Proteins; Rats; Remission, Spontaneous; Thyroxine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Basement Membrane; Body Weight; Cell Differentiation; Cytoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Regional Blood Flow

Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Acid Phosphatase; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Child; Egypt; Ethnicity; Female; Gene Frequency; Genetics, Population; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Haptoglobins; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase; Phosphotransferases; Rh-Hr Blood-Group System

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Cell Fractionation; Cell Nucleus; Centrifugation; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Electron Transport Complex IV; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Kidney; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Male; Mitochondria; Nephrocalcinosis; Parathyroid Hormone; Proteins; Rats; Tissue Extracts

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Cathepsins; Diet; DNA; Leg; Liver; Lysosomes; Muscles; Nitrophenols; Protein Deficiency; Proteins; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Biometry; Body Weight; Dilatation; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethral Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Environmental Exposure; Histocytochemistry; Liver; Nitrogen; Plants, Edible; Rats; Thyroid Gland

Cytotoxicity and hemolysis were studied in chrysotile and quartz. The biological activity of the surface seemed to be different between chrysotile and quartz. Quartz lost its cytotoxicity on heating over about 500 degrees C. However chrysotile showed remarkable toxicity and induced hemolysis on heating between 650 and 800 degrees C, compared with the original unheated specimens. The mice injected intraperitoneally with minerals heated in this temperature range generally died within 48 hr after injection, while those injected with untreated chrysotile or chrysotile heated in the other heat ranges did not. The products in this range were highly disorded materials. It was assumed that the change of biological effects resulting from heat treatment may be related to the disordered state of chrysotile in the process of transformation into forsterite. The relationship between chemical character and cytotoxicity of the heated chrysotile specimens was also studied.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkalies; Animals; Asbestos; Body Weight; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactates; Macrophages; Mice; Quartz; Serum Albumin, Bovine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Anuria; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gentamicins; Guinea Pigs; Kidney; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Lysosomes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Necrosis; Osmolar Concentration; Polyuria; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcitonin; Calcium; Hyperparathyroidism; Male; Phosphorus; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Activities of Daily Living; Age Factors; Aged; Biometry; Body Weight; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Male; Mathematics; Models, Theoretical; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ureteral Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Cathepsins; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Edetic Acid; Glycerophosphates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isoproterenol; Lysosomes; Male; Nitrophenols; Organ Size; Organophosphorus Compounds; Parotid Gland; Rats; Subcellular Fractions; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Ethanol; Feeding Behavior; Glucuronidase; Growth; Liver; Lysosomes; Male; Milk Proteins; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Central Nervous System; Dialysis; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Guinea Pigs; Mitochondria; Proteins; Rats; Spinal Cord; Subcellular Fractions; Sulfatases; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Cathepsins; Cell Membrane; Cytosine Nucleotides; Glucosidases; Glycoproteins; Hydrolases; Kidney; Lead Poisoning; Neuraminic Acids; Neuraminidase; Nucleotidyltransferases; Organ Size; Peptide Hydrolases; Proteins; Rats; Transferases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cadmium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Injections, Subcutaneous; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Osmotic Pressure; Proteinuria; Rabbits; Time Factors; Transaminases

Topics: Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Body Weight; Chlormadinone Acetate; Colorimetry; Dieldrin; Dogs; Male; Prostate; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Avitaminosis; Biotin; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Cell Nucleus; Chickens; Coenzyme A; Cytoplasm; Dietary Fats; Electron Transport Complex IV; Fatty Acid Synthases; Fatty Acids; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Ligases; Liver; Lysosomes; Microsomes, Liver; Mitochondria, Liver; Organ Size; Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Ceruloplasmin; Copper; Diet; Drug Antagonism; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycolysis; Lactates; Liver; Molybdenum; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Transferases; Xanthine Oxidase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Glands; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Atrophy; Body Weight; Deoxyribonucleases; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolases; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Testicular Diseases; Testis; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Cathepsins; Diet; Enzyme Induction; Enzyme Repression; Fetus; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Hydrolases; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Intestines; Lysosomes; Milk; Organ Size; Proteins; Rats; Sulfatases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Body Weight; Castration; Cathepsins; Centrifugation; Cycloheximide; DNA; Male; Organ Size; Prostate; Proteins; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Diet; Esterases; Hypertension; Isoenzymes; Kidney; Liver; Organ Size; Pedigree; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rodent Diseases; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amines; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Body Weight; Castration; Chlorides; Dogs; Estriol; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Organometallic Compounds; Osmolar Concentration; Platinum; Prostate; Protein Binding; Testosterone; Time Factors

Previously published data from our laboratories led us to postulate that alterations in lysosomes may play a cardinal pathogenic role in the fatal renal necrosis of choline-deficient weanling rats. To explore this hypothesis further a series of five different experiments were carried out. In the first two experiments the effect of a "stabilizer" of the lysosomes, hydrocortisone, was studied; conversely, in the third and fourth experiments, the effect of a "labilizer," vitamin A, was studied. Finally, in the fifth experiment, the renal levels of a lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, were evaluated biochemically. Results of the first two experiments revealed a protective effect of hydrocortisone while those of the third and fourth an aggravating effect of vitamin A. Results of the fifth experiment indicated lysosomal changes in the prenecrotic and early necrotic stages. These results along with those from our previous studies, support the concept that lysosomal alterations play an important pathogenic role in renal changes of choline-deficient weanling rats.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Hydrocortisone; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Lysosomes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Necrosis; Rats; Vitamin A

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Caseins; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Feces; Female; Glycosides; Histocytochemistry; Liver; Male; Nitrogen; Organ Size; Rats; Seeds; Sex Factors; Sulfur; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cathepsins; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucuronates; Glucuronidase; Hexosyltransferases; Liver; Lysosomes; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars; Organ Size; Phenobarbital; Rats; Uracil Nucleotides

The concentration of horseradish peroxidase in total particulate fractions from the kidney cortex did not change much during the first few hours after injection, as long as most of the injected protein was not yet cleared from the blood. It decreased at a rate of 6-8% per hr afterwards. The concentration of peroxidase in total particulate fractions increased in proportion to the load (dose) over a wide range, suggesting that a constant fraction of the protein was reabsorbed by micropinocytic vesicles into the tubule cells from the glomerular filtrate. The amount of peroxidase excreted in the urine also increased in proportion to the injected dose. The proportion of peroxidase taken up by the liver, however, decreased several times when the dose was increased. A marked decrease of protein uptake into the kidney cortex and an increase of urinary excretion were observed when rats received a second, equal dose of peroxidase 4 hr after the first injection, and the rate of clearance of peroxidase from the blood was decreased after the second injection. The liver, on the other hand, took up almost twice as much peroxidase after two injections as after one. The uptake of peroxidase by the kidney cortex increased with age. Cytochemical observations on the preferential absorption of peroxidase by certain cell types and segments of the renal tubules in relation to dose are reported.

Topics: Absorption; Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Cathepsins; Cytoplasmic Granules; Histocytochemistry; Histological Techniques; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Liver; Lysosomes; Male; Peroxidases; Proteins; Rats; Ribonucleases; Spectrophotometry; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alcohols; Animals; Body Weight; Caseins; Cell Fractionation; Colon; Esterases; Esters; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Iodoproteins; Liver; Lysosomes; Male; Oxidoreductases; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Spectrophotometry; Sulfatases; Thiourea; Thyroid Gland; Ultraviolet Rays; Vitamin A

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biological Assay; Body Weight; Deoxyribonucleases; DNA; Enzyme Induction; Kidney; Male; Methods; Organ Size; Proteins; Radiation Effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors; Triethylenemelamine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Guinea Pigs; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Lysosomes; Male; Organ Size; Testis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Body Weight; Dyspepsia; Electrophoresis; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Erythrocyte Aging; Erythrocytes; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Female; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Pneumonia; Pregnancy

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Cathepsins; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Female; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Hydrolases; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Lysosomes; Organ Size; Rats; Starvation; Sulfatases; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cricetinae; Detergents; Female; Kidney; Liver; Lymphoma; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Organ Size; Surface-Active Agents

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; DNA; Guinea Pigs; Lysosomes; Male; Muscles; Organ Size; RNA; Scurvy; Testis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Calcium; Calcium Isotopes; Diet; Feces; Femur; Fluorides; Kidney; Liver; Phosphorus; Rats; Tibia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycosuria; Islets of Langerhans; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Langerhans Cells; Liver; Male; Microscopy; Muscles; Organ Size; Prediabetic State; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Diet; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Histocytochemistry; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Lysosomes; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microsomes; Mitochondria; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Deficiency Diseases; Deoxyribonucleases; Diet; Female; Histocytochemistry; Lactation; Liver; Microscopy, Electron; Oxygenases; Phenylalanine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rats; Tyrosine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Liver; Lysosomes; Male; Rats; Sulfonamides; Surface-Active Agents

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Anura; Body Weight; Carbamates; Depression, Chemical; Enzyme Induction; Ligases; Liver; Metamorphosis, Biological; Phosphates; Prolactin; Tail; Thyroxine; Urea

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Androgen Antagonists; Animals; Binding Sites; Body Weight; Depression, Chemical; DNA; Liver; Male; Muscles; Organ Size; Pregnanes; Prostate; Rats; RNA; Testosterone; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antioxidants; Body Weight; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Depression, Chemical; Diet; DNA; Female; Hypertrophy; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Phenols; Rats; Reproduction; RNA; Sex Factors; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Body Weight; Cathepsins; Diet; Female; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Hydrolases; Kidney; Liver; Lysosomes; Organ Size; Proteins; Rats; Starvation; Sulfatases; Time Factors

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Acute Disease; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Desoxycorticosterone; Ganglia, Autonomic; Histocytochemistry; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Monoamine Oxidase; Neck; Neurons; Organ Size; Rats; Renal Artery

1. The effect of bilateral lesions in the anterior hypothalamus on the histology and content of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) of the pars intermedia has been studied in the adult male rat.2. By 7-15 days striking histological changes, suggestive of hyperactivity, were evident. These changes were accompanied by an elevated MSH content, which was particularly noticeable at 7 days.3. By 7 days there was an increase in the acid phosphatase activity of pars intermedia cells, as demonstrated histochemically.4. It was concluded that a hypothalamic control system exists for the mammalian pars intermedia and may involve both inhibitory and excitatory components.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Electric Injuries; Hypothalamus; Male; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones; Oxytocin; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Vasopressins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenal Glands; Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; Lipids; Male; Methods; NAD; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Sex Factors; Staining and Labeling; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Acid Phosphatase; Anemia; Body Weight; Electrophoresis; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Erythrocytes; Female; Germany, East; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Nitrophenols; Phosphates; Pneumonia; Pregnancy; Starch; Umbilical Cord

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Division; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Fats; Electron Transport Complex IV; Fatty Acids; Female; Histocytochemistry; Linoleic Acids; Male; Mice; Skin; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cell Nucleus; Desoxycorticosterone; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Hypertension; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Male; NAD; Neurosecretion; Rats; Renal Artery

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucosyltransferases; Glycogen; Glycosuria; Guinea Pigs; Histocytochemistry; Hydrocortisone; Islets of Langerhans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Time Factors

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Androgen Antagonists; Body Weight; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Gynecomastia; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Azo Compounds; Body Weight; Brain; Erythrocyte Count; Feeding Behavior; Food Additives; Gonads; Heart; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Histocytochemistry; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Leukocyte Count; Liver; Lysosomes; Myocardium; Organ Size; Pigments, Biological; Rats; Spleen; Swine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Body Weight; Castration; Diethylstilbestrol; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Wall; Histocytochemistry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lung; Lysosomes; Male; Mice; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phagocytosis; Sodium Hydroxide; Surface-Active Agents; Tissue Extracts; Trypsin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cervical Plexus; Ganglia, Autonomic; Histocytochemistry; Hypertension; Male; Monoamine Oxidase; Rats

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Adrenalectomy; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Body Weight; Cortisone; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Hypertension; Hypothalamus; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Methylthiouracil; Monoamine Oxidase; NAD; Organ Size; Rats; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroidectomy

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antimetabolites; Appetite; Blood Pressure; Blood-Brain Barrier; Body Weight; Bradykinin; Capillary Permeability; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Hypertension, Renal; Locomotion; Male; Rabbits

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Glands; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Organ Size; Ovary; Progesterone; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Uterus

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Body Weight; Castration; Cell Division; Glycolysis; Humans; Male; Orchiectomy; Organ Size; Pharmacology; Prostate; Rats; Research; Testis; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Birds; Body Weight; Castration; Estradiol; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Male; Metabolism; Orchiectomy; Pharmacology; Research; Seasons; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Body Weight; Heart; Histocompatibility Antigens; Immune Sera; Kidney; Liver; Mice; Mycobacterium bovis; Proteins; Spleen; Toxicology