acid-phosphatase and Atrophy

A new small animal model of bone atrophic nonunion was established for investigating the process of bone regeneration by performing cauterization of the periosteum, removal of the local bone marrow, and stabilization with external fixation. The model allows the creation of an atrophic nonunion without the need for a critical size defect. Furthermore, it provides reproducible, well-defined mechanical conditions and minimized physical interference of the implant with the biological processes in the healing zone. Eighty adult Sprague-Dawley rats received an osteotomy of the left femur, stabilized with an external fixator. In half of the animals, the periosteum proximal and distal to the osteotomy was destroyed by cauterization and the adjacent bone marrow was removed (nonunion group). At 2 and 8 weeks after surgery, radiological, biomechanical, histological, and histomorphometrical analyses showed a typical physiological healing in the control group, while the nonunion group was characterized by resorption of the bone ends with some callus formation distant to the osteotomy. At both time points, the callus was composed of significantly less bone and significantly more connective tissue (p < 0.001). In addition, the torsional strength of the osteotomized femur was significantly less in the nonunion group than in the control group, which was comparable to that of the intact femur (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the present model allows the induction of an atrophic nonunion without the need of a critical size defect. It is reproducible, provides standardized biomechanical conditions, and allows minimized interaction of the implant with the healing zone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cautery; External Fixators; Femoral Fractures; Femur; Fracture Fixation; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Malunited; Isoenzymes; Male; Models, Animal; Osteoclasts; Osteotomy; Postoperative Care; Radiography; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Male rats, 30 d old, were treated with the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (3-150 d) to determine sequences of events leading to testicular atrophy and infertility. Plasma testosterone and LH concentrations were unchanged. ICI 182,780 induced dilation of efferent ductules as early as 3 d post treatment, and the dilation increased over time, resulting in an overall increase of 200% in tubule diameter. A gradual reduction in height of the ductule epithelium was observed; however, the microvilli height increased up to d 73 but subsequently decreased. A transient increase in lysosomes in nonciliated cells was seen from d 15 to d 100. Testicular weight increased by d 45 and seminiferous tubules were dilated by d 52. These effects on testes persisted until d 100, but on d 150 the weight decreased and severe atrophy was observed. These testicular effects were probably owing to accumulation of fluid following inhibition of reabsorption in the efferent ductules, similar to the ER-alpha knockout mouse. In agreement with this conclusion, there was a decrease in Na+-H+ exchanger-3 mRNA and protein, which is consistent with previous studies showing that ER is required for expression of Na+-H+ exchanger-3 and ultimately fluid reabsorption in the efferent ductules.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Blotting, Northern; Body Weight; Ejaculatory Ducts; Estradiol; Estrogen Antagonists; Fulvestrant; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Estrogen; Seminiferous Tubules; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; Testis; Testosterone

Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity was demonstrated in human endometrium by a histochemical method using phosphotyrosine as substrate. For comparative purposes, non-specific acid phosphatase (AcP) activity was also examined. Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity was very low in proliferative and atrophic endometrium, but its activity was increased 9-fold in glandular epithelium during the secretory phase, and 48-fold in predecidual endometrium, induced by a progestagen-releasing intrauterine device, compared with the proliferative endometrium. Thus, PTP activity appeared to be progesterone-induced. Endometrial PTP appeared to be cellular rather than secretory in origin; its activity was inhibited by vanadate, and its histochemical properties were different from those of lysosomal AcP, but similar to those of prostatic-type AcP. Endometrial PTP may functionally counteract the effects of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) associated with growth factor receptors and cellular oncoproteins. Cyclic endometrial proliferation and differentiation are thought to be regulated by the autocrine and paracrine pathways by growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I and platelet-derived growth factors, and their receptors. However, cessation of proliferation could not be explained by the amounts of these growth factors present or their receptors, in that no constant changes at the interface of the late proliferative and early secretory phases were found. Down-regulation of stimulatory-signalling pathways of PTKs by endometrial PTP induced by progesterone may explain the decrease observed in proliferative activity of glandular cells in cyclic endometrium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Atrophy; Cell Membrane; Cytoplasm; Endometrium; Epithelial Cells; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lysosomes; Menstrual Cycle; Phosphotyrosine; Progesterone; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Stromal Cells

To study molecular mechanism of epristeride in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and discuss the possibility of using prostate acid phosphatase (ACP) as a marker of the atrophy of prostatic gland in vivo.. Morphological changes in cells were observed by light microscope. TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed to detect the nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The activity of pACP was also assayed.. Apoptosis occurred in both castration- and epristeride- treatment group. Both the degree and extent of apoptosis are much larger in the group of castration than that of epristeride-treated group. Both epristeride and castration decreased the prostate wet weight and DNA content but increased the prostate DNA concentration. Maximal or near maximal decreases were seen by d 10 in both groups. The activity of ACP was decreased by both castration and epristeride treatment. Changes in the ACP activity during treatment were coincide with other changes such as the prostate wet weight and DNA content.. Apoptosis induced by epristeride was one of mechanisms in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the activity of ACP could be used as a marker of prostate atrophy.

Topics: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; Acid Phosphatase; Androstadienes; Animals; Apoptosis; Atrophy; Biomarkers; Male; Organ Size; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The inability to separate irreversible lesions of tubular epithelia from reversible tubular atrophy constitutes a major problem in histopathology and in decisions for revascularization of shrunken kidneys with renal artery stenosis. In order to characterize reversible tubular atrophy ('kidney hibernation') we studied the physiological and biochemical parameters and morphology including histochemistry in rat kidneys made atrophic by renal artery stenosis and treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril. Renal artery stenosis was induced by a 0.2-mm clip around the left renal artery. Following 7 weeks of clipping and 2 concomitant weeks of enalapril treatment, the kidney length decreased from 17.8 +/- 0.3 to 13.7 +/- 0.7 mm (mean +/- SEM). Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate decreased to 39 +/- 3% and to approximately 3% of control values, respectively. The activities of the intracellular proteolytic enzymes cathepsin B and L and of Na-K-ATPase in microdissected proximal tubular segments decreased to values below 50 and 10%, respectively. All changes were significant (p < 0.05). Histochemical staining for ATPase activity in the distal tubule segments remained unchanged. Tubular cells were atrophic but not necrotic. Histochemical staining of alkaline phosphatase in the tubular brush border and of acid phosphatase and peroxidase in lysosomes was greatly reduced. All observed changes were reversible within 2-3 weeks following removal of the clip and withdrawal of enalapril either with or without contralateral nephrectomy. Thus, a form of kidney hibernation with readily reversible tubular atrophy has been described. Based on this description it may be possible in consecutive experiments to differentiate between reversible and irreversible tubular atrophy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Atrophy; Cathepsins; Enalapril; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Hemodynamics; Hibernation; Hypertension, Renovascular; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Renal Artery Obstruction; Renal Circulation; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase

Previous studies have implicated androgens and one or more as yet unknown pituitary or pituitary-dependent factors in the regulation of certain lacrimal gland functions. Many observations suggest that prolactin (PRL) might well be one of these factors. This study was designed to determine the effect of hypophysectomy on biochemical markers of exorbital lacrimal gland secretory capacity and to determine the extent to which dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and prolactin reverse these changes.. Female rats were hypophysectomized and, 5 days later, were treated for 2 days with DHT (0.25 or 1 mg/kg), PRL (1 or 5 mg/kg), combinations of the low or high doses of DHT and PRL, or vehicle only. The animals were killed, and crude membrane fractions were isolated from their lacrimal glands. An untreated group served as control.. Lacrimal glands atrophied rapidly after hypophysectomy, losing 40% of their total and membrane-associated protein and 50% of their total DNA within 5 days. Total Na+,K(+)-ATPase and acid phosphatase activities and beta-adrenergic receptor number were decreased by half, whereas alkaline phosphatase activity and muscarinic cholinergic receptor number were reduced by 25% to 30%. DHT treatment increased total DNA above control values; it partially restored the amount of protein in the gland, the Na+,K(+)-ATPase and acid phosphatase activities, and the beta-adrenergic receptor number; and it fully restored the alkaline phosphatase activity. Prolactin treatment partially restored the amount of protein in the gland and the Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity; it fully restored the alkaline phosphatase activity and cholinergic receptor number; but it had no effect on the acid phosphatase activity or the beta-adrenergic receptor number. The high dose of DHT reduced the increase in cholinergic receptor number elicited by PRL. The high dose of PRL reduced the increases of total Na+,K(+)-ATPase and acid phosphatase elicited by DHT.. These findings suggest that DHT and PRL exert general trophic actions on the lacrimal gland and specifically on lacrimal Na+,K(+)-ATPase, acid phosphatase, and neurotransmitter receptors. They also suggest that excessive levels of either hormone may be deleterious to secretory function. Because sex hormone levels are prone to wide fluctuations in women, our results also suggest a plausible hypothesis to account for the greater incidence in women of lacrimal insufficiency.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Dihydrotestosterone; DNA; Drug Combinations; Eye Proteins; Female; Hypophysectomy; Lacrimal Apparatus; Pituitary Gland; Prolactin; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; Receptors, Muscarinic; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase

Twenty-day administration of ochratoxin A (OA) at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w. to one-day-old male chickens caused degenerative lesions in the epithelial cells of renal tubules and an advanced atrophy of bursal follicles which led to a marked reduction in the size of both bursal plicae and the whole organ. Moreover, a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in the brush border and an increase in acid phosphatase activity in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of renal tubules were found histochemically. An increase in acid phosphatase reaction in the cytoplasm of liver cells and in the hepatic intracellular spaces along with glycogen degeneration of hepatocytes was observed. However, a long-term (20 weeks) administration of 0.2 mg of OA/kg in feed caused no histopathological lesions indicating mycotoxin intoxication. In addition, no detectable (> 0.0005 mg/kg) ochratoxin residues were found in the kidneys, liver, and thigh and pectoral muscles.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Administration, Oral; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Bursa of Fabricius; Chickens; Epithelium; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Liver; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Mycotoxicosis; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Time Factors; Weight Gain

The prostate gland normally secretes neutral mucosubstances that can be detected within the lumina of acini and ducts; adenocarcinomas often produce both acidic and neutral mucins, a feature that has been suggested to be of some diagnostic use. The presence of mucin-filled cells is not, however, a feature of the normal prostate. Over the last few years, we have observed tall, columnar, mucin-secreting cells in a variety of conditions in 12 benign prostates. All cases were stained histochemically for mucin with Mayers' mucicarmine, alcian blue (pH 2.7), and periodic-acid-Schiff with diastase digestion. In four cases, immunoperoxidase stains for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were performed. Mucin-secreting cells were found in the foci of sclerotic atrophy (n = 5), transitional cell metaplasia (n = 3), basal cell hyperplasia (n = 2), prostatrophic hyperplasia (n = 1), and nodular hyperplasia (n = 1). In all examples, the cells stained intensely with PAS, mucicarmine, and alcian blue. The cells were nonreactive for PSA and PAP in the cases studied. To our knowledge, the presence of tall, columnar, mucin-secreting cells has not been previously described in atrophy or basal cell hyperplasia. These observations expand our appreciation of the histologies that may be seen in the prostate gland; in addition, the recognition of acidic mucin-secreting cells in benign lesions points to the nonspecificity of this finding in the diagnosis of malignancy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Atrophy; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Metaplasia; Mucins; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Diseases

To study the in vivo response of conchal (turbinate) osteoclasts to Pasteurella multocida toxin, four gnotobiotic pigs (7 days of age) were inoculated subcutaneously with 0.2 microgram/kg of purified toxin. One toxin-treated pig along with one control pig were necropsied at 2, 5, 9, and 14 days postinoculation. The entire length of nasal concha from the nasal planum toi ethmoid region was removed, blocked by transverse cuts into five areas, decalcified, sectioned, and then stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) to identify osteoclasts. In each section, total area of concha, total osteoclast cytoplasmic area, and number of osteoclasts were determined using an image analysis morphometric unit. Also collected from pigs were blood and serum for complete blood counts, electrolyte levels, liver enzymes, and TRAP levels. Conchal atrophy increased in severity with time after 2 days postinoculation. In general, the ventral conchae from toxin-treated pigs at 9 and 14 days postinoculation had decreased surface area, osteoclast cytoplasmic area, and numbers of osteoclasts. Serum levels of TRAP were mildly elevated when compared with age-matched controls. No other significant alterations in blood cells or chemistries occurred and no lesions were present histologically in tissues (liver, kidney, lung, heart, and spleen) other than concha. This study shows that the P. multocida toxin induces rapid bone resorption and increases serum levels of acid phosphatase but leads to diminished acid phosphatase expression and presumably, numbers of osteoclasts.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Bacterial Toxins; Cell Count; Female; Germ-Free Life; Male; Osteoclasts; Pasteurella multocida; Swine; Turbinates

Pasteurella multocida type D toxin is a peptide shown to induce severe atrophic rhinitis in the pig as the result of an increased osteoclastic resorption of the ventral nasal turbinates. In the present study, the effects of the toxin on the histological, cytochemical and ultrastructural features of the osteoclast population of the rat were examined. Pasteurella multocida toxin induced atrophy of the ventral and dorsal nasal turbinates and thinning of the nasal bones. The number and size of the long bone metaphyseal osteoclasts were significantly increased, but not the number of nuclei per cell. Osteoclasts of toxin-treated rats had more developed clear zones and ruffled borders than those of the controls and their cytoplasmic vacuoles were more abundant and larger. We concluded that P. multocida toxin stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts in the rat by increasing resorption activity and by increasing their number. Its action is not limited to the nasal turbinates but occurs also in the other bones, such as the long bones.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Bone Resorption; Cell Count; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nasal Bone; Osteoclasts; Pasteurella multocida; Rats

1-(2-[4-Pridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl]-ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea (CGP15'720A) is an experimental antineoplastic agent with marked activity against carcinogen-induced lung tumors in Syrian hamsters and human lung tumor xenografts in nude mice. A preclinical toxicity study of this agent was carried out in mice and dogs which demonstrated the relatively nontoxic nature of the agent. In mice, single intraperitoneal dosage of 12 g/m2 did not produce lethality; however, lethality (30% of treated mice) was seen during treatment with 6 g/m2 daily for 5 days. No hematological, serum-chemistry or histopathological changes were detected in mice after single or five consecutive treatments with 12 g/m2. Dogs were treated with doses ranging from 5 g/m2 to 80 g/m2, with deaths occurring in a non-dose-related fashion after 10, 20, and 40 g/m2. Acute neurological toxicity after infusion was the dose-limiting toxicity in dogs. There were no consistent hematological or serum-chemistry aberrations in the treated dogs. The most consistent histopathological finding was prostatic atrophy, which was detected in 5/12 dogs in this series.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Atrophy; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Phenylurea Compounds; Prostate

Young adult male Wistar rats received a single injection of nickel chloride (0.5 mmol per kg) and were killed 72 h later. Histological examination showed that numerous, large, vacuolated cells appeared in the thymic cortex, which was almost totally depleted of lymphocytes. Enzyme histochemistry revealed that these cells were strongly acid phosphatase-positive macrophages. They contained aldehyde fuchsin-positive granules of varying size. Histochemical tests showed that these macrophages contained products of lipid peroxidation. According to the enzyme and histochemical characteristics, the macrophages which appeared in the thymic cortex during nickel-induced acute involution were identical to the special type of macrophage found in the cortico-medullary zone of the normal rat thymus.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Histocytochemistry; Macrophages; Male; Nickel; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Thymus Gland

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Glucuronidase; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Electron; Muscle Denervation; Muscles; Ranidae

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gastric Mucosa; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Piroxicam; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Female; Ganglia; Male; Nerve Crush; Nerve Degeneration; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve

Alterations in the dorsal root potential (DRP) which was evoked by stimulation of the common peroneal nerve of the rat, have been studied in the course of transganglionic degenerative atrophy (TDA) of primary sensory terminals in the upper dorsal horn. TDA was induced by perineural application of Vinca alkaloids around the sciatic nerve. In 9 to 30 days after this treatment, latency of DRP increased, whereas its amplitude and duration decreased. In this period, no C fibre response could be elicited. As a possible mechanism underlying the alterations of DRP, the functional consequences of atrophic changes of primary central afferent terminals are being discussed in terms of the close correlation between structure and function and the possible inferences of the electrophysiological reaction to the therapeutic application of Vinca alkaloids in the iontophoretic treatment of chronic intractable pain.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Electrophysiology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Nerve Degeneration; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Diseases; Spinal Nerve Roots

Ectopic pregnancy specimens of 6 human Fallopian tube fimbrial epithelia were studied utilizing ultrastructural, cytochemical and morphometric methods. The observations were compared with those made on 12 intrauterine pregnancy specimens. The morphometric measurements indicate earlier onset of atrophic changes in ectopic pregnancy. Deciliation in Ectopic pregnancy preceded that observed in intrauterine pregnancy. Cell height also decreased earlier in ectopic pregnancy than in intrauterine pregnancy. In addition, during the 1st trimester, ultrastructural localization of calcium revealed that, in ectopic pregnancy, the mitochondrial calcium, which was observed in intrauterine specimens, was shifted into the cytoplasmic compartment of the ciliary cell. Consequently, cytoplasmic calcium was found in the ectopic specimens and was less evident in the intrauterine specimens. Thus, a local atrophic effect is evident in ectopic pregnancy, which appears earlier than the atrophic process found in intrauterine pregnancy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Atrophy; Calcium; Epithelium; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Humans; Ovary; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Ectopic; Pregnancy, Tubal

Latency to the hind-paw lick in the hot-plate test (54 degrees C) is significantly increased (P less than 0.001) in the course of transganglionic degenerative atrophy of central terminals of primary sensory neurons. This was induced by a 30 min perineural application of 10(-8) mol Formyl-Leurosin, which results in the blockade of retrograde axoplasmic transport without Wallerian degeneration of the peripheral nerve. Values of latency return to normal in the course of synaptoneogenetic restoration of neuronal connectivity in the upper dorsal horn. The results are compatible with the working hypothesis that the beneficial effect of chronic pain therapy with Vinca alkaloid iontophoresis might be due to the fact that transganglionic degenerative atrophy is followed by the establishment of a sound, normal wiring in the upper dorsal horn in the course of restorative synaptoneogenesis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Axonal Transport; Female; Ganglia, Spinal; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons, Afferent; Pain; Rats; Reaction Time; Sciatic Nerve; Spinal Cord; Substantia Gelatinosa; Vinblastine; Vinca Alkaloids; Vincristine

Microtubule inhibitor Vinca alkaloids applied around a peripheral nerve induce transganglionic degenerative atrophy of the central terminals of primary nociceptive neurons. This effect is reversible: 40-50 days later the original histochemical structure of the central terminals is restored. Restoration of fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activity (the marker enzyme of primary nociceptive neurons) in the Rolando substance is due to regenerative sprouting of the formerly atrophied central terminals. Since peripherally-applied Vinca alkaloids induce transganglionic degenerative atrophy of the central terminals without inducing Wallerian degeneration of the peripheral nerve, and since this effect (virtually a synaptic uncoupling) is only temporary, this approach may be used in the treatment of otherwise intractable neuralgias without inducing irreparable alterations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Axonal Transport; Axons; Female; Fluorides; Ganglia, Spinal; Interneurons; Male; Microtubules; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons; Nociceptors; Rats; Sciatic Nerve; Vinblastine; Vinca Alkaloids; Vincristine

Transcutaneous iontophoresis of microtubule inhibitors (Vinblastin, Vincristin, Formyl-Leurosin) in rats induces depletion of fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) and transganglionic degenerative atrophy (trggl. deg. atr.) of the central terminals of primary nociceptive neurons, probably via blockade of axoplasmic transport in the peripheral sensory nerves. Radiochemical experiments prove that about 0.2% of the microtubule inhibitors applied iontophoretically at the skin reach the level of nociceptive axon terminals. 40 out of 48 patients suffering from chronic intractable pain of diverse etiology (postherpetic, paresthetic, ischaemic and trigeminal neuralgia, alcoholic and diabetic polyneuropathy, meralgia, brachialgia, discopathia, arthropathia and terminal pain) were successfully treated with Vinblastin or Vincristin iontophoresis. Iontophoretically applied microtubule inhibitors do not affect the blood cell count, have no side-effects and do not impair the skin at the site of application.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Axonal Transport; Humans; Iontophoresis; Microtubules; Muridae; Nerve Degeneration; Nociceptors; Substantia Gelatinosa; Vinblastine; Vinca Alkaloids; Vincristine; Wallerian Degeneration

Following denervation, ultrastructural alterations were observed in the tonic, anterior (ALD) and phasic posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles of the chicken. In the ALD muscle these changes were characteristic of both degeneration and regeneration, while in the PLD muscle, the changes were characteristic only of degeneration. Acid phosphatase positive structures, which included dense bodies in the ALD and PLD as well as T-tubules in the PLD, were observed intact with no evidence of release of enzyme into the sarcoplasm. No evidence of an increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles was found. The morphological evidence presented in this communication does not support the hypothesis that lysosomes are involved in denervation atrophy through autophagy of muscle cell constituents.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Autophagy; Chickens; Microscopy, Electron; Muscle Denervation; Muscles; Regeneration; Vacuoles

Three different antisera against human prostatic acid phosphatase were used for direct and indirect immunohistochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase in paraffin sections of infantile and adult normal, hyperplastic and carcinomatous prostatic tissue. All antisera were prepared in rabbits. Antiserum A was prepared from highly purified acid phosphatase extracted from autopsy specimens. Antiserum B was a concentrate of a commercial antiserum used in radioimmunoassay and was prepared from purified extracts of human seminal fluid. Antiserum C was a peroxidase-conjugated antiserum prepared from purified extracts of human seminal fluid. The specificity of the three antisera was compared using different immunohistochemical methods and tissues. It was comparably high in all three antisera which gave only slightly different staining results in prostatic tissue. The staining results in prostatic carcinoma were only dependent on the titer of the respective antiserum. Carcinomas with a cribriform growth pattern showed variable staining, but always had a positive immunoreactions, provided the titer of the antiserum was sufficiently high. Striking differences were observed in metaplastic, atrophic and hyperplastic prostatic epithelium. The most intense reaction was observed in atrophic glands: it was much less intense in hyperplastic and normal epithelium and negative or slightly positive in metaplastic epithelium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunochemistry; Male; Metaplasia; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rabbits

To determine whether the increased activity of cathepsin D observed during starvation-induced cardiac atrophy results from activation of preexisting enzyme or synthesis of new enzyme, a solid phase double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed for measurement of immunoreactive cathepsin D in extracts of rabbit myocardium. Cathepsin D activity was significantly increased in the hearts of animals starved for 3, 7, and 14 days (82.6 +/- 0.8, 87.2 +/- 3.8, and 95.3 +/- 3.5 U/g wet wt, respectively) compared to controls (65.5 +/- 1.4 U/g wet wt; P less than 0.001). Immunoreactive cathepsin D was increased to a greater extent (168 +/- 7, 179 +/- 16, 200 +/- 17, and 104 +/- 5 micrograms/g wet wt for 3-, 7-, and 14-day starvation and controls, respectively; P less than 0.001) than that expected on the basis of the observed increase in enzyme activity. Sephadex G100 gel filtration of cardiac lysosomal extracts from starved and control animals revealed no evidence of high or low molecular weight forms of cathepsin D. The results suggest the observed increase in cathepsin D activity during starvation-induced cardiac atrophy is accompanied by an increased synthesis and/or decreased degradation of cathepsin D protein, rather than activation of preexisting enzyme. The lower activity levels observed during starvation possibly result from alterations in the concentrations of endogenous inhibitors or activators of cathepsin D.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Cathepsins; Male; Myocardium; Rabbits; Radioimmunoassay; Ribonucleases; Starvation; Time Factors

Early bud and palette limb regenerates of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, were compared with respect to the effect of denervation on the activities of some of their hydrolases in order to determine if these enzymes contribute to the atrophy of denervated regenerates. Results show that denervation increased total activities of acid protease and acid phosphatase by 77-89% and 41-45% respectively at both stages examined. Both membrane-bound and soluble enzymatic forms contributed to the observed increase in the total activity of each hydrolase. Furthermore, the actual levels of each enzyme attained at the two stages following denervation were quite similar to each other. Since each hydrolase responded to denervation in a similar way at both stages examined, it was concluded that resorption of denervated limb regenerates is not primarily due to the increased activity of hydrolases. Denervated early bud regenerates, which are almost completely resorbed following nerve withdrawal, would be expected to show greater levels of hydrolytic activity than denervated palette regenerates, which exhibit only a partial resorption following the same operation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; Atrophy; Denervation; Endopeptidases; Forelimb; Kinetics; Notophthalmus viridescens; Regeneration

The intracellular localization of non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase was investigated in human fibroblast cells from skeletal muscle atrophy. Non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase positive sites were visualized ultrastructurally in the fibroblast. Electron microscopy for the cytochemistry of these enzyme was performed in human atrophic skeletal muscle by using thiol acetate esterase method and GOMORI'S method. Lipofuscin pigment granules in fibroblast cells contain dense pigment, granular matrix and lipid droplet. Reaction products of non-specific esterase are seen in the pigment and granular matrix, and they may therefore be called residual bodies. Reaction products of acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase were found to be located in lysosomes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Atrophy; Esterases; Fibroblasts; Humans; Lysosomes; Muscles

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Glomerulonephritis; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Rabbits; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Trypanosomiasis, African

Orchiectomy leads to morphologic and functional alterations of the prostate in dogs within 120 days. The glandular epithelium of the acini under the light microscope shows an advanced atrophy with some remaining slit-like lumina. Ultrastructurally, castration results in loss of cell polarity with preserved epithelial compounds. The columnar epithelium is transformed into small polygonal cells with regressive alterations of nucleus, rough endoplasmatic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. These cells show depositions of lipoids and glycogen. Functionally, gonadectomy results in a loss of secretory activity correspondingly secretory granules that are normally present in large numbers are conspicuously absent, the reduction of rough endoplasmatic reticulum and Golgi apparatus too are expressions of the cessation of synthesis of secretion. This is also indicated by the activity of acid phosphatase that is barely demonstrable in the apical portion of the cytoplasm of atrophic glandular epithelium following castration. Only insignificant changes on the other hand are found in the activity of alkaline phosphatase following withdrawal of androgens, this enzyme does not mirror the atrophy due to castration.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Castration; Cell Nucleus; Dogs; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Golgi Apparatus; Histocytochemistry; Male; Mitochondria; Prostate

The testes of adult male Syrian hamsters underwent involution within six weeks after optic enucleation. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules was 39% less than controls. Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and primary spermatocytes were still present, but all steps of spermatids were completely absent from the involuted testes. Lipid droplets filled the Sertoli cell cytoplasm and often encroached upon the nucleus. Sertoli cells had sparse mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but Golgi cisternae were abundant. Typical Sertoli-Sertoli junctions attached contiguous Sertoli cells. With lanthanum tracers it was demonstrated that these junctions were impenetrable; therefore, the blood-testis barrier was deemed intact. Irregularly shaped protrusions often arose from the peritubular tissue and extended inward toward the seminiferous epithelium, often displacing the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. The core of these protrusions consisted of irregular extensions of myoid cell cytoplasm surrounded by the myoid cells' basal lamina. External to the myoid cell basal lamina were bundles of collagen filaments with the basal lamina of the seminiferous epithelium forming the outermost layer of these protrusions. The apices of the Sertoli cells gave rise to numerous leaf-like processes that extended into and obliterated the lumen of the tubules. The Sertoli cell basal cytoplasm often contained phagocytized degenerating germ cells that appeared to give rise to the lipid droplets that filled the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Acid phosphatase rich lysosome-like organelles were seen fusing with the degenerating germ cells and lipid droplets. The degenerating germ cells also were shown to contain acid phosphatase activity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Cricetinae; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Golgi Apparatus; Intercellular Junctions; Male; Mesocricetus; Mitochondria; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Phagocytosis; Seminiferous Tubules; Sertoli Cells; Spermatids; Spermatocytes; Spermatogonia; Testis; Time Factors

Histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of the prostate in baboons treated parenterally with saline revealed that the epithelial cells in the caudal prostatic lobe possess very high acid phosphatase activity, moderate nonspecific esterase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity, and little or no amino-peptidase or beta-glucuronidase activity. Only a few lipofuscin granules were found. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells had a characteristic polar appearance with a supranuclear zone dominated by large secretory vacuoles. Secretory granules were abundant in the apical zone. No clear difference was found between the cranial and the caudal prostate except that the acid phosphatase activity of the epithelial cells was much lower in the former. In baboons treated with estraumustine phosphate, diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, or with flutamide, i.e., drugs used in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma, the epithelial cells in the caudal prostatic lobe showed a varying degree of atrophy, which was least in the flutamide-treated animals. The histologic changes were accompanied by only minor changes in the enzyme activities, but the number of histochemically demonstrable lipofuscin granules were substantially increased, a finding confirmed by electron microscopy. The drugs did not notably affect the cranial prostate. The findings showed that the caudal, but not the cranial, lobe of the prostate of the baboon resembles the human prostate and can be affected by drugs known to have a desirable effect on the carcinomatous human prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Anilides; Animals; Atrophy; Diethylstilbestrol; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Estramustine; Flutamide; Glucuronidase; Haplorhini; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; Papio; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Arylsulfatases; Atrophy; Body Weight; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glucuronidase; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Lysosomes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Liver; Nutrition Disorders; Rats; Starvation; Time Factors

Topics: Abreaction; Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Aroclors; Atrophy; Chromosomes; Epididymis; Hypertrophy; Lysosomes; Male; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Rats; Spermatogenesis; Testis

The mononuclear cells in the endometrial stoma change in reactivity for lysosomal hydrolases during the menstrual cycle. Lymphoid follicles may occur in the stroma in any phase of the cycle and have been found in gestational endometrium. However, these cells have no significant lysosomal activity. Alterations in the endometrium are reflected in modified patterns of activity. Endometritis, association with an intrauterine contraceptive device, pregnancy, and adenocarcinoma result in increased numbers and staining intensity of mononuclear cells. In contrast, no consistent changes were apparent in foci of glandular hyperplasia, and decreased staining was seen in atrophic areas of endometrium. These data suggest that interstitial mononuclear cells are a sensitive monitor of morphologic changes in the endometrium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Atrophy; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Endometritis; Endometrium; Esterases; Female; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Hexosaminidases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrolases; Hyperplasia; In Vitro Techniques; Intrauterine Devices; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Lysosomes; Menstruation; Pregnancy; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Axons; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Endings; Nerve Regeneration; Rats; Sciatic Nerve; Spinal Cord

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Apicomplexa; Atrophy; Cell Membrane; Chickens; Duodenal Diseases; Duodenum; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Golgi Apparatus; Histocytochemistry; Intestinal Mucosa; Lysosomes; Microsomes; Mitochondria; Protozoan Infections; Pyrophosphatases; Regeneration; Staining and Labeling; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Thiamine; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Atrophy; Brain Stem; Cell Nucleolus; Cell Nucleus; Cerebral Cortex; DNA; Facial Nerve; Female; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hypoglossal Nerve; Hypothalamus; Motor Neurons; Myelin Sheath; Neuroglia; RNA; Spinal Cord; Trigeminal Nerve; Vagus Nerve

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Bone and Bones; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Centrifugation; Decalcification Technique; Female; Gravitation; Histocytochemistry; Jaw; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Microradiography; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Parathyroid Hormone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Autoimmune Diseases; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Hyperplasia; Infertility, Male; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Organ Size; Phagocytosis; Rats; Spermatozoa; Testis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Atrophy; Biopsy; Chronic Disease; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adrenal Glands; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminoglutethimide; Animals; Atrophy; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Hydrocortisone; Hypertrophy; Lipids; Male; Metyrapone; Nucleotidases; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Chickens; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Intestine, Small; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Starvation; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Atrophy; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Esterases; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Gastroscopy; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase; Hypertrophy; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Metaplasia; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Connective Tissue; Cytoplasmic Granules; Epithelium; Histocytochemistry; Ligation; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Rats; Regeneration; Sublingual Gland; Submandibular Gland; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Gland Diseases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminoglutethimide; Animals; Atrophy; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lipidoses; Lipids; Male; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Blood Proteins; Bursa of Fabricius; Capillary Fragility; Chickens; Cholesterol; Hemoglobins; Kidney; Lethal Dose 50; Liver; Muscles; Mycotoxins; Penicillium; Poultry Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adrenal Glands; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Atrophy; Body Weight; Deoxyribonucleases; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolases; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Testicular Diseases; Testis; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency

Topics: Acceleration; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Dogs; Histocytochemistry; Male; Peroxidases; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Histocytochemistry; Hypertrophy; Insecta; Microscopy, Electron; Microtubules; Mitochondria, Muscle; Motor Neurons; Muscle Denervation; Muscle Proteins; Muscles; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Body Weight; Castration; Cathepsins; Centrifugation; Cycloheximide; DNA; Male; Organ Size; Prostate; Proteins; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Histiocytes; Histocytochemistry; Ligation; Liver; Liver Circulation; Liver Diseases; Lysosomes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Liver; Necrosis; Organoids; Portal Vein; Rats; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Atrophy; Biopsy; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Epithelium; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Metaplasia; Methods; Middle Aged; NAD

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Atrophy; Biopsy; Carcinoma; DNA; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadotropins; Histological Techniques; Humans; Leydig Cells; Male; Middle Aged; Pituitary Gland; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spermatozoa; Testis; Testosterone; Thymidine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Cytoplasm; Disease Models, Animal; Histocytochemistry; Liver; Liver Diseases; Liver Glycogen; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Phagocytosis; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Atrophy; Ischemia; Liver Circulation; Liver Diseases; Liver Glycogen; Portal Vein; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Arteriosclerosis; Atrophy; Choroid; Diathermy; Drug Synergism; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Myopia

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Atrophy; Fructose; Glucuronidase; Humans; Male; Semen; Spermatozoa; Testicular Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Atrophy; Electron Transport Complex IV; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa; Oxidoreductases; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Tongue Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Atrophy; Brain; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Demyelinating Diseases; Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis of Schilder; Electron Transport Complex IV; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nitrogen; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Arsenicals; Atrophy; Bismuth; Blindness; Gonadotropins; Humans; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Optic Atrophy; Optic Nerve; Prognosis; Retinal Vessels; Syphilis; Syphilis, Congenital; Visual Fields

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Atrophy; Humans; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Optic Atrophy; Optic Nerve; Prognosis; Toxicology; Vasodilator Agents; Vision Tests; Visual Fields