acid-phosphatase and Adenocarcinoma

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is the most abundant phosphatase in human prostate tissue/secretions. It is a clinically important protein for its relevance as a biomarker of prostate carcinoma. Furthermore, it has a potential role in fertilization. We describe here most of the features of PAP including gene regulation, gene/protein structure, functions, its role in tumor progression and evolutionary features. PAP has phosphatase activity and is an extensively studied biomarker of prostate cancer. The major action of PAP is to dephosphorylate macromolecules with the help of catalytic residues (His(12) and Asp(258)) that are located in the cleft between two domains. This article will be of great interest to all those scientists who are working in the area of prostate pathophysiology.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Amino Acid Sequence; Androgens; Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Catalytic Domain; Enzyme Induction; Female; Fertilization; Humans; Male; Mammals; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Placenta; Pregnancy; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Conformation; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Semen; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Structure-Activity Relationship

Human prostatic acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) is a non-specific phosphomonoesterase, synthetized and secreted into seminal plasma under androgenic control. The enzyme is a dimer of molecular weight around 100 kDa. Gene coding this protein is localized on chromosome 3. Since many years prostatic phosphatase has been used as a marker of diagnosis and therapy control of cancer of the prostate gland. The biological role of this enzyme, however, remains unknown and needs further exploration.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Staging of prostatic adenocarcinoma is a systematic classification of the extent of disease based on clinical and pathologic criteria. This classification determines treatment and reflects ultimate expected clinical outcome. The technologic changes in diagnostic modalities need to be incorporated into the staging classification and a better assessment of biologic hazard of each individual tumor needs to be developed to further refine current treatment of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ultrasonography

PSA is a kallikrein-like, serine protease that is produced exclusively by the epithelial cells of all types of prostatic tissue, benign and malignant. Physiologically, it is present in the seminal fluid at high concentration and functions to cleave the high molecular weight protein responsible for the seminal coagulum into smaller polypeptides. This action results in liquefaction of the coagulum. PSA is also present in the serum and can be measured reliably by either a monoclonal immunoradiometric assay or a polyclonal radioimmunoassay. The calculated half-life of serum PSA ranges from 2.2 to 3.2 days and the metabolic clearance rate of this tumor marker follows first-order kinetics. Digital rectal examination, cystoscopic examination and prostate biopsy all can cause spurious elevations of the serum PSA concentration. Conditions such as bacterial prostatitis and acute urinary retention also can falsely elevate the serum PSA level. Because approximately 25% of the patients with BPH only will have an elevated serum PSA concentration and BPH tissue contributes to this PSA value in a variable manner from patient to patient, it is unlikely that PSA by itself will become an effective screening tool for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, if combined with digital rectal examination and/or transrectal ultrasound it may become a vital part of any early detection program. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia also may be associated with moderately elevated serum PSA levels. Although there is a direct correlation between the serum PSA concentration and clinical stage, PSA is not sufficiently reliable to determine the clinical stage on an individual basis. This finding also applies to pathological stage. As a result, the preoperative serum PSA concentration cannot be used to decide whether to recommend radical prostatectomy for potential cure. Low preoperative serum PSA concentrations in patients with previously untreated prostate cancers are predictive of a negative bone scan. Thus, in these select patients a staging bone scintigram may not be necessary. With respect to monitoring patients after definitive therapy, PSA is an exquisitely sensitive tumor marker. Irrespective of the treatment modality (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy or antiandrogen treatment), PSA reflects accurately the tumor status of the patient and is prognostic of eventual outcome; this tumor marker is capable of predicting tumor recurrence months before its detection by any

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Amino Acid Sequence; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Molecular Sequence Data; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

PSA is a 34-kd 240-amino acid glycoprotein produced by the prostatic epithelial cells. It is a member of the glandular kallikrein gene family and has a high sequence homology with human glandular kallikrein (hGK-1). PSA is a serine protease and has chymotrypsin-, trypsin-, and esterase-like activities. It is secreted into the seminal fluid where it degrades two seminal vesicle proteins that are important components of the semen coagulum, thus playing an important role in semen liquefaction. The production of PSA protein appears to be under the control of circulating androgens acting through the androgen receptor. Therefore, the significance of a low serum PSA value in a patient who has undergone previous antiandrogen therapy may not be the same as that for a patient who has not received endocrine treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Molecular Structure; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Immunodiagnosis of prostate cancer is at a more advanced stage than that of most other tumors. Two well-known markers, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen, have been used in the clinical management of patients. Prostate-specific antigen is a more sensitive and reliable marker than prostatic acid phosphatase. Serum prostate-specific antigen is effective in monitoring disease status, predicting recurrence, and detecting residual disease. Prostate-specific antigen is a tool for the histological differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas, especially in the identification of metastatic prostate tumor cells in distant organs and in the differentiation of primary prostate carcinoma from poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Few data on biological function are available. Prostatic acid phosphatase functions as a phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen as a protease. Physiological function in the prostate remains to be elucidated. Several of the prostate-specific and prostate-tumor-associated antigens, as well as a putative prostate tumor-specific antigen, as recognized by monoclonal antibodies are available. Clinical evaluation of these potential markers is not yet available.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Immunologic Tests; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Serum Globulins; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Bilateral breast mass was found in a 71-year-old male who had been placed on estrogen therapy for stage D2 prostatic adenocarcinoma. Microscopically the mass contained adenocarcinoma morphologically similar to that of the prostate, but the differential diagnosis was impossible between metastatic prostatic carcinoma and primary breast carcinoma. Formalin-paraffin sections of both tumors were stained positively by PSA (prostatic specific antigen) and PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase) using B-SA (biotin-streptavidin) system technique and prostatic origin of the breast mass was confirmed. Prostatic origin for metastatic carcinoma in the breast is are with only 30 reported cases in the literature including 5 Japanese cases. In most of them the diagnosis of the breast lesion as prostatic carcinoma has been made on morphologic and clinical grounds only. Accurate diagnosis is important for the prognosis of the patient, and immunohistochemical method is useful for he diagnosis of breast carcinoma metastasized from prostatic origin.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Breast Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Estrogens; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

At the close of each decade, we are reminded by medical statisticians that our longevity increases significantly. For the male, especially if he be of black race this statement has an ironic twist. Over age 70, prostatic "cancer" assumes the leadership list of "cancers" in general, supplanting lung and colo-rectal. One interesting point evolved by careful autopsy studies suggests that this incidence is found coincidentally and is not primarily responsible for the cause of death. This illustrates a different significance to other neoplasia, and offers useful opportunities to study the evolution of a neoplasm. In contrast to other "cancers" (for example pulmonary), the histological nature of the tumor is almost totally derived from the acinar lobules and designated adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia arising from the fibromuscular stroma (sarcoma) and metaplastic ductus (squamous cell carcinoma) constitute less than 1% of all prostate cancers. Histological appearances, however, are not as simple as hoped. As in many tumors the section may present a uniform well-differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the acinar structure is well maintained--yet at the opposing end of the spectrum show a fatally dedifferentiated picture whose organ origin is difficult to determine. Adding to the complication is the wide variation, far more commonly seen, of the mixed tumor with all variations presenting a composite panorama of histology. Indeed the pure type is rare. As with all neoplastic disease, early detection is critical, since opportunity for cure with the various forms of therapy from surgery through radiation to chemotherapy are increasing rapidly. The prostate gland is relatively accessible to the trained finger of the physician and later stages of the disease are palpable. However, the earliest Stage (I) is not discovered by rectal examination, hence provides an ideal opportunity for the serum tumor marker, to identify disease. Since 1938, disseminated prostatic adenocarcinoma has been associated with elevation of activity of an enzyme acid phosphatase. Although there are several isoenzymes the prostatic specific one has in the past been assayed by different spectrophotometric techniques using selective substrate and chemical inhibition. More recently various immunological methods have added a greater sensitivity and specificity to the early detection of prostatic adenocarcinoma. However is should be clearly stated that prostatic acid phosphatase is not cancer specific and ca

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Bone Marrow; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Creatine Kinase; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Ribonucleases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Testicular Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

A number of chemotherapeutic agents show moderate promise for the palliative treatment of metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Although patterns of metastatic disease make classic response rates difficult to obtain and interpret, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine (DTIC), and cisplatin have activity in patients who have failed conventional hormonal treatment. In most studies, a survival advantage is seen for responders to these and other chemotherapeutic agents, but no survival advantage has been seen for the treatment cohorts when compared to groups not receiving chemotherapy. Therefore, estimates of the usefulness of these agents must be considered tentative. Multiple drug therapy has not yet shown definite superiority to single agent treatment. The uses and limitations of acid phosphatase as a tumor marker, as well as particular difficulties in measuring tumor response in the disease, are detailed herein.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents; Cisplatin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclophosphamide; Doxorubicin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Estramustine; Fluorouracil; Humans; Lomustine; Male; Prednimustine; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Age Factors; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Ethnicity; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidoreductases; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aniline Compounds; Bone Neoplasms; Cyclophosphamide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Fluorouracil; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hypophysectomy; Male; Mechlorethamine; Neoplasm Metastasis; Plicamycin; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Cervix Uteri; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Esterases; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperplasia; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neoplasms; Nucleic Acids; Sex Chromatin; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biopsy; Bone Neoplasms; Citrates; Cytodiagnosis; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactates; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Strontium Isotopes; Urography

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is a prostate tumor antigen. We have previously demonstrated that a DNA vaccine encoding PAP can elicit antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in rodents. We report here the results of a phase I/IIa trial conducted with a DNA vaccine encoding human PAP in patients with stage D0 prostate cancer.. Twenty-two patients were treated in a dose-escalation trial with 100 microg, 500 microg, or 1,500 microg plasmid DNA, coadministered intradermally with 200 microg granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a vaccine adjuvant, six times at 14-day intervals. All patients were observed for 1 year after treatment.. No significant adverse events were observed. Three (14%) of 22 patients developed PAP-specific IFN gamma-secreting CD8+ T-cells immediately after the treatment course, as determined by enzyme-linked immunospot. Nine (41%) of 22 patients developed PAP-specific CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell proliferation. Antibody responses to PAP were not detected. Overall, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time was observed to increase from a median 6.5 months pretreatment to 8.5 months on-treatment (P = .033), and 9.3 months in the 1-year post-treatment period (P = .054).. The demonstration that a DNA vaccine encoding PAP is safe, elicits an antigen-specific T-cell response, and may be associated with an increased PSA doubling time suggests that a multi-institutional phase II trial designed to evaluate clinical efficacy is warranted.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adult; Aged; Cancer Vaccines; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Immunotherapy; Injections, Intradermal; Interferon-gamma; Male; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Recombinant Proteins; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines, DNA

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adjuvants, Immunologic; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Interferon-alpha; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines, DNA

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of atrasentan (ABT-627), an endothelin-A receptor antagonist, in the treatment of asymptomatic, hormone-refractory prostatic adenocarcinoma.. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPCa) patients was conducted in the United States and Europe. Two hundred eighty-eight asymptomatic patients with HRPCa and evidence of metastatic disease were randomly assigned to one of three study groups receiving a once-daily oral dose of placebo, 2.5 mg atrasentan, or 10 mg atrasentan, respectively. Primary end point was time to progression; secondary end points included time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression, bone scan changes, and changes in bone and tumor markers.. The three treatment groups were similar in all baseline characteristics. Median time to progression in intent-to-treat (ITT) patients (n = 288) was longer in the 10-mg atrasentan group compared with the placebo group: 183 v 137 days, respectively; (P =.13). Median time to progression in evaluable patients (n = 244) was significantly prolonged, from 129 days (placebo group) to 196 days (10-mg atrasentan group; P =.021). For both ITT and evaluable populations in the 10-mg atrasentan group, median time to PSA progression was twice that of the placebo group (155 v 71 days; P =.002). Patients who received placebo continued to have significant increases from baseline in serum (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), a marker of disease burden; elevations in LDH were uniformly attenuated by atrasentan in the ITT population. Headache, peripheral edema, and rhinitis were primary side effects, typically of mild to moderate severity. Quality of life was not adversely affected by atrasentan.. Atrasentan is an oral, targeted therapy with favorable tolerability and the potential to delay progression of HRPCa.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Atrasentan; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Pyrrolidines; Receptor, Endothelin A; Treatment Outcome

Provenge (Dendreon Corp, Seattle, WA) is an immunotherapy product consisting of autologous dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with a recombinant fusion protein consisting of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) linked to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Sequential phase I and phase II trials were performed to determine the safety and efficacy of Provenge and to assess its capacity to break immune tolerance to the normal tissue antigen PAP.. All patients had hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Dendritic-cell precursors were harvested by leukapheresis in weeks 0, 4, 8, and 24, loaded ex vivo with antigen for 2 days, and then infused intravenously over 30 minutes. Phase I patients received increasing doses of Provenge, and phase II patients received all the Provenge that could be prepared from a leukapheresis product.. Patients tolerated treatment well. Fever, the most common adverse event, occurred after 15 infusions (14.7%). All patients developed immune responses to the recombinant fusion protein used to prepare Provenge, and 38% developed immune responses to PAP. Three patients had a more than 50% decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and another three patients had 25% to 49% decreases in PSA. The time to disease progression correlated with development of an immune response to PAP and with the dose of dendritic cells received.. Provenge is a novel immunotherapy agent that is safe and breaks tolerance to the tissue antigen PAP. Preliminary evidence for clinical efficacy warrants further exploration.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Neoplasm; B-Lymphocytes; Cancer Vaccines; Dendritic Cells; Epitopes; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Immunotherapy, Active; Immunotherapy, Adoptive; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; T-Lymphocytes

An unblinded, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a long-acting depot formulation of leuprolide (30 mg injected intramuscularly every 16 weeks) was carried out in 49 patients with Stage D2 prostate cancer.. Clinical evaluations were performed every 16 weeks, and serum testosterone levels were monitored biweekly or weekly for 32 weeks.. The mean serum testosterone level for the 45 evaluable patients fell to the castrate range (50 ng/dL or less) by week 3 after the initial depot injection and remained at that level throughout the initial 32-week treatment period. The median time to the onset of castrate levels was 22 days (range 9 to 43). Onset of castrate levels of testosterone was achieved within 4 weeks of the initial depot injection in 96% of patients. One patient (2%) experienced a transient "escape" (testosterone levels greater than 50 ng/dL on two consecutive determinations). Delay of an injection by up to 3 weeks did not have an effect on testosterone suppression. Objective tumor response (no progression) occurred in 90% of patients at week 16 and in 80% at week 32. Prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase decreased by 50% or more at week 32 in 97% and 76% of patients, respectively. Assessment of local disease status and overall performance status showed improvement or stability in most patients. The most common adverse events were hot flashes (45%), back pain (16%), and arthralgia (14%).. The 30-mg depot formulation of leuprolide, which acts in a manner similar to the 7.5- and 22.5-mg depot formulations (given monthly and every 3 months, respectively) is effective in lowering serum testosterone to castrate levels in all patients and demonstrates a favorable response in 80% of the patients with advanced prostate cancer for the 32-week observation period. The drug was well tolerated in all patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease Progression; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Leuprolide; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Evaluation of the prognostic value of prostatic markers with regard to disease progression after endocrine therapy in patients with prostate carcinoma. A total of 51 patients (21 stage C, 5 stage D1 and 25 stage D2). Endocrine therapy consisted in complete hormonal blockade with flutamide and an LH-RH analog depot (leuprolide). PSA-PAP levels were determined both pre-treatment and during follow-up of patients using radioimmunometric techniques. Follow-up extended for 13 to 62 months (mean 30 months). Death due to progression happened in 24 of 51 patients. Previous PSA levels did not correlate to progression. Changes in PSA levels during treatment and time scope when they occurred were associated to subsequent evolution. Patients with PAP higher than 10 ng/ml at the beginning of therapy experienced higher progression rates (p < 0.05). Decrease of PSA levels by a percentage greater than 80% during the first quarter of treatment relative to initial figures was related to lower progression rates (p < 0.01). Maintenance of high levels in the first six months of treatment predicted a higher progression rate (p < 0.001). The study suggests a better prognosis for patients wit decreased serum PSA rates by a percentage of around 80% after one to three months treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Androgen Antagonists; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Flutamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Leuprolide; Male; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Androgen deprivation displays the mean therapy of advanced stage prostatic cancer. The development of hormone-resistant disease leads to a fatal tumor progression. High-dose fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol disphosphate) has been suggested to circumvent hormone resistance and to induce a direct cytotoxic effect. Twenty-one patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer were enrolled in a phase I trial of continuous infusion of high, daily escalating dose of fosfestrol. Fosfestrol was given in a 3.5 hr infusion in 0.9% normal saline at a starting dose of 1.5 g/d. The dose was increased daily in the same patient according to the following schedule: 1.5, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.6, 3.9, 4.5, 5.1 and 5.7 g/d. The duration of the infusion was prolonged to 7 or 10.5 hr, if a major side effect occurred. There was neither hematological nor cardiovascular toxicity. The main dose-limiting toxicities were nausea/vomiting in 17 patients, edema in 2 patients, and more than 5% weight gain in 3 patients. The planned maximal dose was reached in 10 patients during a 3.5 hr infusion, and in 3 additional patients, after infusion prolongation. Seven patients experienced a subjective improvement: Prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen decreased in 4 out of 11 and in 7 out of 12 patients, respectively. The suggested dose to phase II trial is 4 g/d in 3.5 hr infusion for a duration of up to 10 days.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Combined Modality Therapy; Diethylstilbestrol; Drug Resistance; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Orchiectomy; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

A retrospective analysis of the results of an aggressive multimodal approach combining radical prostatectomy with adjuvant radiation, chemotherapy, or androgen deprivation therapy for patients with pathologic Stage D1 prostate carcinoma was performed to assess the impact of these therapies on survival, recurrence, local control, and morbidity.. Case records of 76 patients with pathologic Stage D1 tumors were reviewed. All had radical retropubic prostatectomy and were recommended adjuvant therapy based on the pathologic extent of the primary tumor and the number of involved lymph nodes.. With a median follow-up of 7 years, overall survival was estimated to be 88% and 66% at 5 and 10 years, respectively, and equaled age- and race-matched controls. Prostate cancer-specific survival at 5 and 10 years was 88% and 74%, respectively. The probability of developing a clinically detectable recurrence (excluding prostate-specific antigen [PSA]) was 29% and 62% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. When PSA was added to the detection data, the probability of developing a recurrence increased to 58% and 78% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Recurrence and cause-specific survival correlated with Gleason sum. Univariate analysis of the adjuvant therapies demonstrated no effect on survival, but adjuvant radiation alone and in combination with androgen deprivation increased the time to recurrence. Local control was excellent, surgical morbidity was equivalent to that of all patients undergoing prostatectomy during the same time period, and the morbidity of adjuvant therapy was minimal.. Survival equivalent to age- and race-matched controls, with excellent control of the extensive primary tumor, can be achieved in patients with Stage D1 prostate carcinoma by a combination of radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy without the need for routine androgen deprivation therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Combined Modality Therapy; Diethylstilbestrol; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Orchiectomy; Postoperative Complications; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate

Hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer remains a therapeutic challenge. Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF), a drug combination that is active in solid tumors, was evaluated using specific response criteria.. Fifty-two eligible patients with measurable (19), evaluable (29), or bone scan only (4) metastatic prostate cancer were treated with cyclophosphamide, 100 mg/m2 every day by mouth, methotrexate, 15 mg/m2 intravenously weekly, and 5-fluorouracil, 300 mg/m2 intravenously weekly. Treatment was given continuously unless interrupted by toxicity or disease progression.. There were two partial responses (7%) among the evaluable patients. Six (32%) measurable patients and four (14%) evaluable patients had stable disease. Median time to progression was 3.2 months for measurable and 2.8 months for evaluable disease patients. Median survivals were 10.9 and 10.2 months, respectively. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to response rate or survival. Toxicity was acceptable and consisted primarily of myelosuppression.. CMF is minimally active in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Cyclophosphamide; Fluorouracil; Humans; Male; Methotrexate; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Remission Induction; Survival Rate

We report preliminary results for the first 164 patients enrolled in a multicenter study comparing the endocrine effects, efficacy, and safety of 3.6 mg of goserelin acetate (Zoladex) and orchiectomy in patients with Stage D2 prostate cancer. Eighty-one patients were randomly allocated to receive Zoladex and 83 to orchiectomy. The median follow-up time for all patients was two hundred ten days. Median serum levels of testosterone were reduced to castrate levels (less than 50 ng/dL) within four weeks in both groups and remained suppressed for up to sixty weeks. An objective response according to modified criteria of the National Prostatic Cancer Project was observed in 81 percent and 78 percent of patients in the Zoladex and orchiectomy groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in the distributions of time to treatment failure or time to disease progression. The most commonly reported adverse events in both treatment groups were hot flashes, cancer-related pain, unspecified pain, and urinary symptoms. These results suggest that Zoladex may offer an alternative to orchiectomy in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Buserelin; Follow-Up Studies; Goserelin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Orchiectomy; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Ketoconazole high dose (H.D.) effectively reduces the testosterone production in both adrenals and testes. Its use in the management of (metastatic) prostate cancer has been advocated. Even in relapsing patients, after previous hormonal therapy, ketoconazole H.D. could be of value. Twenty-eight relapsing patients, of whom 15 were evaluable at three months, have been treated with ketoconazole H.D. As could be expected, objective response was seen in only a small number of patients followed up till nine months. Subjective improvement, however, was noticed in the majority of symptomatic patients. The side effects and toxicity of the therapy remain a major limitation for the use of ketoconazole, be it as first line treatment or as therapy for relapsing patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Androgen Antagonists; Clinical Trials as Topic; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Ketoconazole; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Random Allocation; Testosterone

The serum levels of gamma-Seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were determined by enzyme immunoassay in 77 patients with prostatic cancer (30 untreated and 47 treated), 44 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and 12 patients with prostatitis. Serum levels of gamma-Sm in each disease were as follows; untreated prostatic cancer 23.2 +/- 18.3 ng/ml (positive rate 93%), treated prostatic cancer 4.7 +/- 8.3 (positive rate 25.5%), benign prostatic hypertrophy 3.6 +/- 3.3 (positive rate 23.7%), prostatitis 2.0 +/- 2.0 (positive rate 7.7%). Serum gamma-Sm levels in prostatic cancer were higher in advanced stage but relatively low in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. We consider that the level of serum gamma-Sm is a useful tumor marker as well as prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in diagnosis and follow-up of the patients with prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Japan; Male; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Prostatitis; Seminal Plasma Proteins

In a controlled, prospective, randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of leuprolide, a superactive analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, given in a single subcutaneous injection dose of 1 mg per day, versus diethylstilbestrol (DES) 3 mg per day by mouth in patients with previously untreated Stage D2 prostatic adenocarcinoma. Eleven leuprolide patients and 10 DES patients were evaluated for therapeutic response. Eighty per cent of patients in each group experienced subjective improvement in bone pain and urinary obstructive signs and symptoms. Although the pooled percentages of complete, partial, and stable objective responses were greater for the leuprolide group than the DES group, the sums of the percentages of complete and partial objective responses were comparable for both treatment groups during the first forty-eight and sixty weeks of the study, respectively. In addition, patients not responding to leuprolide generally experienced no benefit with crossover to DES, and vice versa. Serious adverse reactions were more common in the DES group and included fatal myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, deep venous thrombosis, and gynecomastia. Vasomotor flushing, disease flare, and injection site irritation occurred most often in leuprolide patients, but did not require modification or discontinuation of treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diethylstilbestrol; Dihydrotestosterone; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Leuprolide; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Random Allocation; Testosterone; Time Factors

Seventy-two patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma without previous endocrine therapy were treated with an oral nonsteroidal antiandrogen, flutamide. Sixty-three patients (87.5%) had a favorable response, and 9 patients showed no response. Flutamide appears to be a safe antiandrogen, usually effective in the management of patients with advanced prostatic cancer who have had no prior endocrine therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Anilides; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Trials as Topic; Flutamide; Humans; Hydronephrosis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Urination Disorders

Twenty-nine patients with advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma were evaluated clinically, biochemically and radiologically and randomly assigned either to orchiectomy or to medical treatment. The latter consisted of the chronic administration of an LHRH agonistic analogue by parenteral and/or intranasal routes. Plasma testosterone levels fell to castrate values and remained so for as long as the follow-up lasted (24 months); estrogen levels fell as well. No change in basal cortisol, thyroxine or prolactin levels was noticed. A decrease in prostate size and improvement in prostatism occurred in all. Bone pain and radiology conventionally or by isotopic scanning, did not parallel the improvement seen in the primary disease locus. Similarly, the changes in alkaline phosphatase were minimal when compared to that of prostatic acid phosphatase. Both enzymes increased prior to or concurrently with relapse of the disease. The longest remission and survival was seen in patients with low enzyme levels, non diffuse bone metastases and high degree of tumor differentiation. Chronic use of agonistic analogues of LHRH induces effective castration in men with prostatic carcinoma and can replace orchiectomy or estrogen administration. The quantitative analysis of androgen receptors (AR) in subcellular fractions of tumor cells; the use of techniques to enhance the number of AR in the cytosol; and the determination of the type II/I regulatory subunit of protein kinase may be used to identify hormone independent clones and spare patients of unnecessary procedures.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone and Bones; Buserelin; Hormones; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Orchiectomy; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Receptors, Androgen; Ultrasonography

In patients with metastatic hormone-relapsed adenocarcinoma of the prostate, adriamycin was compared to 5-fluorouracil in a randomized trial in 99 patients and adriamycin alone was studied in an open trial in 48 patients. Response to adriamycin was superior as judged by response of measurable disease (25 vs 8%; P less than 0.05) and survival (median 29 vs 24 weeks; Cox analysis, P less than 0.03), but comparable as judged by acid phosphatase response. Ambulatory status and site of metastases influenced rate of response to chemotherapy. Activity level, site of metastases, weight loss, and the symptom of protein aversion were prognostic factors for survival. Hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity were frequent but were tolerated satisfactorily. Adriamycin therapy may be beneficial in patients with prostatic cancer after hormone therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Clinical Trials as Topic; Doxorubicin; Fluorouracil; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

A controlled, randomized trial of estramustine phosphate versus stilbestrol has been conducted in patients with previously untreated adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Both drugs were equally effective in decreasing serum testosterone and acid phosphatase levels. No therapeutic advantage of estramustine over stilbestrol was noted. At 3 months, 50% of tumours treated with stilbestrol had regressed compared with 36% treated with estramustine, at 1 year the rates were 50% and 21% respectively and at 2 years 50% and 9%. However, there was no difference in objective stabilization and regression rates between the two groups or in therapeutic failure rates.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diethylstilbestrol; Double-Blind Method; Estramustine; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; Prolactin; Prostatic Neoplasms; Random Allocation; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Placebos; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Random Allocation

A number of chemotherapeutic agents show moderate promise for the palliative treatment of metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Although patterns of metastatic disease make classic response rates difficult to obtain and interpret, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine (DTIC), and cisplatin have activity in patients who have failed conventional hormonal treatment. In most studies, a survival advantage is seen for responders to these and other chemotherapeutic agents, but no survival advantage has been seen for the treatment cohorts when compared to groups not receiving chemotherapy. Therefore, estimates of the usefulness of these agents must be considered tentative. Multiple drug therapy has not yet shown definite superiority to single agent treatment. The uses and limitations of acid phosphatase as a tumor marker, as well as particular difficulties in measuring tumor response in the disease, are detailed herein.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents; Cisplatin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclophosphamide; Doxorubicin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Estramustine; Fluorouracil; Humans; Lomustine; Male; Prednimustine; Prostatic Neoplasms

The design and details of a prospective, randomized study protocol involving bipedal lymphography, and exploratory laparotomy with selective node biopsy in patients with apparently localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate are presented. The analysis includes the results of selected diagnostic tests, and an assessment of the accuracy of clinical vs. surgical staging in 50 unselected patients. Lymphatic metastases were found at the time of diagnostic laparotomy in 18 of the 50 patients (36%). Both increasing size (advanced T stage) and decreasing differentiation of the primary tumor were associated with an increased incidence of lymph node metastases. Of 25 patients with T1 and T2 tumors (Stage B), and 25 patients with T3 tumors (Stage C), lymphatic dissemination was found in 20 and 52%, respectively. Eleven of 20 patients (55%) with poorly differentiated tumors had lymph node metastasis, compared with only 2 or 11 patients (18%) with well-differentiated tumors. Twelve patients had a change in their clinical stage following exploratory laparotomy; in eight the stage was increased and in four it was decreased. Of 18 patients with lymphatic metastases, some of which were extensive and most of which were associated with increased serum acid phosphatase values, no evidence of concurrent bony or visceral dissemination was found. Although preliminary, this finding should stimulate the search for effective treatment in these patients who were previously thought to be incurable on the basis of probable vascular dissemination.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone and Bones; Bone Marrow; Humans; Laparotomy; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Administration, Oral; Castration; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diethylstilbestrol; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Placebos; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors; Ureteral Obstruction

Transcriptomic landscape of prostate cancer (PCa) shows multidimensional variability, potentially arising from the cell-of-origin, reflected in serum markers, and most importantly related to drug sensitivities. For example, Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancer (AVPC) presents low PSA per tumor burden, and characterized by de novo resistance to androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARIs). Understanding PCa transcriptomic complexity can provide biological insight and therapeutic guidance. However, unsupervised clustering analysis is hindered by potential confounding factors such as stromal contamination and stress-related material degradation.. To focus on prostate epithelial cell-relevant heterogeneity, we defined 1,629 genes expressed by prostate epithelial cells by analyzing publicly available bulk and single- cell RNA sequencing data. Consensus clustering and CIBERSORT deconvolution were used for class discovery and proportion estimate analysis. The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma dataset served as a training set. The resulting clusters were analyzed in association with clinical, pathologic, and genomic characteristics and impact on survival. Serum markers PSA and PAP was analyzed to predict response to docetaxel chemotherapy in metastatic setting.. We identified two luminal subtypes and two aggressive variant subtypes of PCa: luminal A (Adipogenic/AR-active/PSA-high) (30.0%); luminal S (Secretory/PAP-high) (26.0%); AVPC-I (Immune-infiltrative) (14.7%), AVPC-M (Myc-active) (4.2%), and mixed (25.0%). AVPC-I and AVPC-M subtypes predicted to be resistant to ARI and have low PSA per tumor burden. Luminal A and AVPC-M predicted to be resistant to docetaxel and have high PSA/PAP Ratio. Metastatic PCa patients with high PSA/PAP ratio (>20) had significantly shorter progression-free survival than those with low ratio (≤20) following docetaxel chemotherapy.. We propose four prostate adenocarcinoma subtypes with distinct transcriptomic, genomic, and pathologic characteristics. PSA/PAP ratio in advanced cancer may aid in determining which patients would benefit from maximized androgen receptor inhibition or early use of antimicrotubule agents.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Docetaxel; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Profiling; Genomics; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Grading; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Transcriptome

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Kallikreins; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sarcoma; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; Vimentin

Immunotherapy is one of the attractive treatment strategies for advanced prostate cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) previously approved the therapeutic vaccine, sipuleucel-T, which is composed of autologous antigen-presenting cells cultured with a fusion protein [prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF)]. Although sipuleucel-T has been shown to prolong the median survival of patients for 4.1 months, more robust therapeutic effects may be expected by modifying the vaccination protocol. In the present study, we aimed to develop and validate a novel vaccination strategy using multiple PAP-fused cytokines for prostate cancer treatment. Using a super gene expression (SGE) system that we previously established to amplify the production of a recombinant protein, significant amounts of PAP-fused cytokines [human GMCSF, interleukin-2 (IL2), IL4, IL7 and mouse GMCSF and IL4] were obtained. We examined the activity of the fusion proteins in vitro to validate their cytokine functions. A significant upregulation of dendritic cell differentiation from monocytes was achieved by PAP-GMCSF when used with the other PAP-fused cytokines. The PAP-fused human IL2 significantly increased the proliferation of lymphocytes, as determined by flow cytometry. We also investigated the in vivo therapeutic effects of multiple PAP-fused cytokines in a mouse prostate cancer model bearing prostate-specific antigen (PSA)- and PAP-expressing tumors. The simultaneous intraperitoneal administration of PAP-GMCSF, -IL2, -IL4 and -IL7 significantly prevented tumor induction and inhibited the tumor growth in the PAP-expressing tumors, yet not in the PSA-expressing tumors. The in vivo therapeutic effects with the multiple PAP-fused cytokines were superior to the effects of PAP-GMCSF alone. We thus demonstrated the advantages of the combined use of multiple PAP-fused cytokines including PAP-GMCSF, and propose a promising prostatic antigen-vaccination strategy to enhance the therapeutic effects.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cancer Vaccines; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Dendritic Cells; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Drug Synergism; Gene Expression; Genes, Synthetic; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Immunotherapy, Active; Interleukins; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Monocytes; Plasmids; Prostatic Neoplasms; Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Treatment options for patients with advanced prostate cancer remain limited and rarely curative. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is a prostate-specific protein overexpressed in 95% of prostate tumours. An FDA-approved vaccine for the treatment of advanced prostate disease, PROVENGE® (sipuleucel-T), has been shown to prolong survival, however the precise sequence of the PAP protein responsible for the outcome is unknown. As the PAP antigen is one of the very few prostate-specific antigens for which there is a rodent equivalent with high homology, preclinical studies using PAP have the potential to be directly relevant to clinical setting. Here, we show three PAP epitopes naturally processed and presented in the context of HHDII/DR1 (114-128, 299-313, and 230-244). The PAP-114-128 epitope elicits CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell-specific responses in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, when immunised in a DNA vector format (ImmunoBody®), PAP-114-128 prevents and reduces the growth of transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate-C1 prostate cancer cell-derived tumours in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. This anti-tumour effect is associated with infiltration of CD8(+) tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and the generation of high avidity T cells secreting elevated levels of IFN-γ. PAP-114-128 therefore appears to be a highly relevant peptide on which to base vaccines for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cancer Vaccines; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line, Tumor; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Peptides; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; T-Lymphocytes; Vaccination; Vaccines, Subunit

Recent research has indicated that separate populations of macrophages are associated with differing outcomes in cancer survival. In our study, we examine macrophage expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and its effect on survival in colon cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis on colorectal adenocarcinomas confirmed macrophage expression of TRAP. Co-localization of TRAP with CD68, a pan-macrophage marker, revealed that TRAP is present in some but not all sub-populations of macrophages. Further co-localization of TRAP with CD163, an M2 marker, revealed that TRAP is expressed by both M2 and non-M2 macrophages. TRAP expression was then measured using the AQUA method of quantitative immunofluorescence in a tissue microarray consisting of 233 colorectal cancer patients seen at Yale-New Haven Hospital. Survival analysis revealed that patients with high TRAP expression have a 22 % increase in 5-year survival (uncorrected log-rank p = 0.025) and a 47 % risk reduction in disease-specific death (p = 0.02). This finding was validated in a second cohort of older cases consisting of 505 colorectal cancer patients. Patients with high TRAP expression in the validation set had a 19 % increase in 5-year survival (log-rank p = 0.0041) and a 52 % risk reduction in death (p = 0.0019). These results provide evidence that macrophage expression of TRAP is associated with improved outcome and implicates TRAP as a potential biomarker in colon cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biomarkers, Tumor; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Receptors, Cell Surface; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tissue Array Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

We have previously reported that a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) could elicit PAP-specific T cells in patients with early recurrent prostate cancer. In the current pilot trial, we sought to evaluate whether prolonged immunization with regular booster immunizations, or "personalized" schedules of immunization determined using real-time immune monitoring, could elicit persistent, antigen-specific T cells, and whether treatment was associated with changes in PSA doubling time (PSA DT).. Sixteen patients with castration-resistant, nonmetastatic prostate cancer received six immunizations at 2-week intervals and then either quarterly (arm 1) or as determined by multiparameter immune monitoring (arm 2).. Patients were on study a median of 16 months; four received 24 vaccinations. Only one event associated with treatment >grade 2 was observed. Six of 16 (38%) remained metastasis-free at 2 years. PAP-specific T cells were elicited in 12 of 16 (75%), predominantly of a Th1 phenotype, which persisted in frequency and phenotype for at least 1 year. IFNγ-secreting T-cell responses measured by ELISPOT were detectable in 5 of 13 individuals at 1 year, and this was not statistically different between study arms. The overall median fold change in PSA DT from pretreatment to posttreatment was 1.6 (range, 0.6-7.0; P = 0.036).. Repetitive immunization with a plasmid DNA vaccine was safe and elicited Th1-biased antigen-specific T cells that persisted over time. Modifications in the immunization schedule based on real-time immune monitoring did not increase the frequency of patients developing effector and memory T-cell responses with this DNA vaccine.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cancer Vaccines; Humans; Immunization; Immunization Schedule; Male; Middle Aged; Plasmids; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines, DNA

The molecular mechanisms underlying prostate carcinogenesis are poorly understood. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), a prostatic epithelial secretion marker, has been linked to prostate cancer since the 1930's. However, the contribution of PAP to the disease remains controversial. We have previously cloned and described two isoforms of this protein, a secretory (sPAP) and a transmembrane type-I (TMPAP). The goal in this work was to understand the physiological function of TMPAP in the prostate. We conducted histological, ultra-structural and genome-wide analyses of the prostate of our PAP-deficient mouse model (PAP(-/-)) with C57BL/6J background. The PAP(-/-) mouse prostate showed the development of slow-growing non-metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. In order to find out the mechanism behind, we identified PAP-interacting proteins byyeast two-hybrid assays and a clear result was obtained for the interaction of PAP with snapin, a SNARE-associated protein which binds Snap25 facilitating the vesicular membrane fusion process. We confirmed this interaction by co-localization studies in TMPAP-transfected LNCaP cells (TMPAP/LNCaP cells) and in vivo FRET analyses in transient transfected LNCaP cells. The differential gene expression analyses revealed the dysregulation of the same genes known to be related to synaptic vesicular traffic. Both TMPAP and snapin were detected in isolated exosomes. Our results suggest that TMPAP is involved in endo-/exocytosis and disturbed vesicular traffic is a hallmark of prostate adenocarcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Models, Biological; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Binding; Protein Transport; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Pseudopodia; Vesicular Transport Proteins

To prospectively investigate the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) after pelvic radiation therapy in patients with uterine cervical cancer.. Of 52 cervical cancer patients who received pelvic RT in our university hospital between 2009 and 2011, 46 patients without recurrence and who were followed up for more than 12 months were included in the study. The BMD of the irradiated region and nonirradiated regions, serum estradiol, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b, and N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of collagen 1 were measured before, at 3 months after, and at 12 months after RT. The patient cohort was divided into 2 groups according to estradiol level before RT, and the groups were defined as postmenopausal (<40 pg/mL) and premenopausal (≥40 pg/mL).. The mean BMDs within the irradiation field (lumbar vertebra 5) in the postmenopausal and the premenopausal groups were 0.825 and 0.910 g/cm(2) before RT and 0.746 and 0.841 g/cm(2) 12 months after RT, respectively. Significant decreases were observed in both groups (P<.05 and P<.01, respectively). In addition, in the premenopausal group the mean BMDs of the nonirradiated regions at thoracic vertebrae 9-12 and lumbar vertebrae 2-4 were 0.753 and 0.958 g/cm(2) before RT and were significantly decreased to 0.706 and 0.921 g/cm(2) 12 months after RT (P<.01 and P<.05, respectively). Estradiol significantly decreased 3 months after RT, whereas tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b and N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of collagen 1 continued to increase over time in the premenopausal group.. A decrease in BMD in the irradiated region after RT was observed within 1 year, regardless of menopausal status. Furthermore, in premenopausal patients, pelvic RT caused a decrease in systemic BMD.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Brachytherapy; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Collagen Type I; Combined Modality Therapy; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Lumbar Vertebrae; Middle Aged; Pelvis; Peptides; Postmenopause; Premenopause; Prospective Studies; Radiotherapy Dosage; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Thoracic Vertebrae; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate is considered to be a rare variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma when compared to the more common acinar adenocarcinoma. We report here a case of ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate in a 68-year old man who presented with complaints of abdominal pain, retention of urine and hematuria of one month duration. Clinical examination showed prostatomegaly. The serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) value was raised to 79ng/mL. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of resected specimen of prostate revealed ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The patient was lost to follow up and presented four years after the initial diagnosis with metastasis to the bone and testis. Though prostatic cancers have the ability for wide spread dissemination, metastasis to testis is rare. Immunohistochemical staining with PSA and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) can help in establishing prostatic nature of the neoplasm. We are reporting this case because of the rarity of metastasis of prostatic carcinoma to testis and for stressing the need for keeping in mind the possibility of metastatic carcinoma also while dealing with testicular tumors.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Testicular Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cancer Vaccines; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Tissue Extracts

With the exception of skin cancer, prostatic adenocarcinoma represents the most common cancer among men in the United States and the second most common cause of cancer mortality. Mortality is often associated with metastatic disease, which in the case of prostatic adenocarcinoma typically involves bones and only rarely affects the skin. Although clinical history and examination, laboratory tests and routine pathology can suggest the prostate as a source of metastatic disease, immunohistochemistry - specifically, for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) - is often used to help establish the diagnosis. We report a case of cutaneous metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma presenting in the inguinal region of a 78-year-old man 5 years after his initial diagnosis. The case is unusual in that the clinical appearance mimicked a vascular proliferation and in that the metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma failed to express PSA. Rather, expression of prostatic acid phosphatase was observed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Skin Neoplasms; Transurethral Resection of Prostate

MVA-BN-PRO (BN ImmunoTherapeutics) is a candidate immunotherapy product for the treatment of prostate cancer. It encodes 2 tumor-associated antigens, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and is derived from the highly attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus stock known as MVA-BN. Past work has shown that the immunogenicity of antigens can be improved by targeting their localization to exosomes, which are small, 50- to 100-nm diameter vesicles secreted by most cell types. Exosome targeting is achieved by fusing the antigen to the C1C2 domain of the lactadherin protein. To test whether exosome targeting would improve the immunogenicity of PSA and PAP, 2 additional versions of MVA-BN-PRO were produced, targeting either PSA (MVA-BN-PSA-C1C2) or PAP (MVA-BN-PAP-C1C2) to exosomes, while leaving the second transgene untargeted. Treatment of mice with MVA-BN-PAP-C1C2 led to a striking increase in the immune response against PAP. Anti-PAP antibody titers developed more rapidly and reached levels that were 10- to 100-fold higher than those for mice treated with MVA-BN-PRO. Furthermore, treatment with MVA-BN-PAP-C1C2 increased the frequency of PAP-specific T cells 5-fold compared with mice treated with MVA-BN-PRO. These improvements translated into a greater frequency of tumor rejection in a PAP-expressing solid tumor model. Likewise, treatment with MVA-BN-PSA-C1C2 increased the antigenicity of PSA compared with treatment with MVA-BN-PRO and resulted in a trend of improved antitumor efficacy in a PSA-expressing tumor model. These experiments confirm that targeting antigen localization to exosomes is a viable approach for improving the therapeutic potential of MVA-BN-PRO in humans.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antibodies, Neoplasm; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antigens, Surface; Cancer Vaccines; Drug Delivery Systems; Exosomes; Humans; Immunotherapy, Active; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Milk Proteins; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Th1 Cells; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccinia virus; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

To investigate diagnostic values of the detection of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in metastatic prostate cancer.. A total of 32 fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens of metastatic prostate carcinomas were retrieved from the pathology files at MD Anderson Cancer Center. The metastatic sites included the pelvic and remote lymph nodes, liver, bone, and thyroid gland. Immunohistochemical staining for PSA, PAP, synaptophysin, chromogranin A was performed. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion was evaluated on sections of cell blocks by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using ERG gene break-apart probes.. The mean age of the patients was 67 years. Twenty-six patients had a previous history of prostatic adenocarcinoma, while 6 patients presented initially with metastasis. In 11 patients, the metastatic lesions showed characteristic features of small cell carcinoma (SCC) and were positive for synaptophysin (9/9), chromogranin A (7/8), but negative for prostatic specific antigen (7/7). FISH analysis demonstrated a rearrangement of ERG gene in 10 of 32 cases (31.3%), and the rearrangement was associated with deletion of the 5' ERG gene in 6 cases. In addition, the copy number of ERG rearrangement gene locus was increased in 8 cases. Among the 11 cases with SCC features, a rearrangement of ERG gene was present in 5 cases, of which a deletion of the 5' ERG gene and increased copy number were seen in 3 cases.. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion can be evaluated in FNA specimens of metastatic prostate cancer. Metastatic prostate cancers have a high prevalence of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion along with a frequent copy number increase of ERG gene. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion persists in metastatic prostate cancers and even in those with poorly differentiated SCC features. Therefore, an identification of the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion may be used to establish the prostatic origin of metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Chromogranin A; Follow-Up Studies; Gene Fusion; Gene Rearrangement; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Liver Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Synaptophysin

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of serum bone turnover markers for detection of bone metastasis in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and to assess the usefulness of these markers as predictors of mortality from PCa.. Serum total alkaline phosphatase, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, carboxy-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide parts of type-I collagen (1CTP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 b, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were measured in 222 patients (58 with bone metastasis, 57 with T2M0 PCa, 55 with T3M0 PCa, and 52 without PCa). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of bone metastasis. Correlation of serum marker levels with bone metastasis was assessed using receiver operating characteristics analysis. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to predict cause-specific survival in PCa patients with bone metastasis.. Serum total alkaline phosphatase, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, 1CTP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 b, and PSA levels were significantly elevated in patients with bone metastasis, and correlated significantly with the extent of disease on bone scintigraphy. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated that serum PSA and 1CTP were significant predictors of bone metastasis. Receiver operating characteristics analyses showed that serum 1CTP level was the most reliable predictor of bone metastasis (area under the curve = 0.85). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that only serum 1CTP was an independent prognostic factor for PCa-related death.. Serum 1CTP level was a more reliable marker than the others to detect bone metastatic spread and to predict survival probability in PCa patients with bone metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Analysis of Variance; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Cohort Studies; Collagen Type I; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Neoplasm Staging; Probability; Prognosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Survival Analysis; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

NKX3.1 is a prostatic tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 8p. Although most studies have shown that staining for NKX3.1 protein is positive in the majority of primary prostatic adenocarcinomas, it has been shown to be downregulated in many high-grade prostate cancers, and completely lost in the majority of metastatic prostate cancers (eg, in 65% to 78% of lesions). A recent study showed that NKX3.1 staining with a novel antibody was highly sensitive and specific for high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma when compared with high-grade urothelial carcinoma. This raised the question that this antibody may perform better than earlier used antibodies in metastatic prostate tumors. However, the sensitivity and specificity for prostate carcinomas for this antibody in metastatic lesions was not determined. Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) are excellent tissue markers of prostate cancer, at times they may be expressed at low levels, focally, or not at all in poorly differentiated primary and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of NKX3.1 as a marker of metastatic adenocarcinoma of prostatic origin. Immunohistochemical staining against NKX3.1, PSA, and PSAP was carried out on a tissue microarray (TMA) (0.6-mm tissue cores) of hormone naïve metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma specimens from lymph nodes, bone, and soft tissue. To determine the specificity of NKX3.1 for prostatic adenocarcinoma, we used TMAs that contained cancers from various sites including the urinary bladder, breast, colon, salivary gland, stomach, pancreas, thyroid, and central nervous system, and standard paraffin sections of cancers from other sites including the adrenal cortex, kidney, liver, lung, and testis. Overall 349 nonprostatic tumors were evaluated. Any nuclear staining for NKX3.1 was considered positive and the percentage of cells with nuclear staining and their mean intensity level were assessed visually. Sensitivity was calculated by considering a case positive if any TMA core was positive. The sensitivity for identifying metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas overall was 98.6% (68/69 cases positive) for NKX3.1, 94.2% (65/69 cores positive) for PSA, and 98.6% (68/69 cores positive) for PSAP. The specificity of NKX3.1 was 99.7% (1/349 nonprostatic tumors positive). The sole positive nonprostatic cancer case was an invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. NKX3.1 seems

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibody Specificity; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Differentiation; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lymph Nodes; Male; Neoplasms, Unknown Primary; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Sensitivity and Specificity; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Tissue Array Analysis; Transcription Factors

Epidemiological data indicate that intake of one form of vitamin E, gamma-tocopherol, may reduce prostate cancer risk, and several in vitro studies have demonstrated that gamma-tocopherol can inhibit prostate cancer cell growth. The purpose of the present study was to confirm effects of gamma-tocopherol on prostate cancer in the transgenic rat for adenocarcinoma of prostate (TRAP) model established in our laboratory.. In Experiment 1, heterozygous male TRAP rats 5 weeks of age received alpha-tocopherol at the concentration of 50 mg/kg in the diet, or gamma-tocopherol at 50 or 100 mg/kg for 10 weeks. In Experiment 2, TRAP rats of 3 weeks of age were given gamma-tocopherol at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg diet for 7 weeks.. gamma-Tocopherol did not affect body weight gain, organ weights or serum levels of either testosterone or estradiol. However, quantitative evaluation of prostatic lesions demonstrated significantly suppression of sequential progression from PIN to adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner, along with clear activation of caspases 3 and 7 in the ventral lobe in both experiments.. The present study clearly demonstrated that gamma-tocopherol suppresses prostate tumor progression in an in vivo TRAP model, and could be a candidate chemopreventive agent for human prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Antioxidants; Ceramides; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; gamma-Tocopherol; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tocopherols

Clinical management of incidental prostate cancer (IPC) remains challenging since its clinical course cannot be predicted by conventional histopathology. Aiming to define predictive factors in IPC, we correlated the immunohistochemically detected expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PSAP), alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR, p504s), and androgen receptor in transurethral resection specimens with Gleason scores and histologic staging on the corresponding radicals in a cohort of 54 patients (mean age, 65.9 years; range, 49-80 years). PSAP expression showed a significant correlation with tumor staging (rho = -0.37; p = 0.02) but not with Gleason scores (rho = -0.06; p = 0.69). K-statistics revealed a highly significant moderate interobserver agreement concerning the evaluation of PSAP staining (K = 0.47; p < 0.001). In contrast, the other markers assessed failed to correlate with conventional histopathology. Therefore, PSAP might be predictive of tumor stage in IPC and represent a valuable adjunct for clinical decisions in terms of individual therapeutic management.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Incidental Findings; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Racemases and Epimerases; Transurethral Resection of Prostate

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Cancer Vaccines; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Immunotherapy; Injections, Intradermal; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Recombinant Proteins; Time Factors; Tissue Extracts; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines, DNA

Adenocarcinomas of the bladder are rare, with the diagnosis dependent on exclusion of secondary involvement by direct extension or metastatic spread from other sites. The recent description of an unusual form of urothelial-type mucinous prostatic adenocarcinoma raises a novel differential diagnosis between adenocarcinomas of the prostate and bladder, and investigation into the utility of classic prostatic immunohistochemical antigens in bladder adenocarcinoma is warranted. We identified 37 primary infiltrating adenocarcinomas of the bladder, which included signet ring cell carcinomas (n=11), urachal adenocarcinomas (n=5), and enteric adenocarcinoma (n=21). Also included for comparison were 3 cases, each of bladder villous adenomas and bladder adenocarcinoma in situ. Tissue microarrays were constructed from each case, with each specimen represented by multiple 1.0-mm cores to assess for tumor protein heterogeneity. Immunohistochemistry for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific acid phosphatase (PSAP), P501S (prostein), and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) was performed, and moderate to strong immunoreactivity was considered a positive result. Of the 37 adenocarcinomas, all were negative for PSA and PSAP (0/37; 0%). In contrast, a minority of bladder adenocarcinomas was labeled with the prostate antigens P501S and PSMA. P501S showed moderate diffuse cytoplasmic staining in 4/37 cases (11%), including 3 enteric-type adenocarcinomas and 1 mucinous adenocarcinoma. Additionally, 1 case of adenocarcinoma in situ demonstrated diffuse cytoplasmic staining for P501S. The granular perinuclear staining pattern of P501S typically seen in prostatic adenocarcinoma was absent in all cases of bladder adenocarcinoma. PSMA showed diffuse cytoplasmic staining in 4/37 (11%) infiltrating adenocarcinomas (including 1 signet ring carcinoma and 3 enteric-type adenocarcinomas), and in 1 case of adenocarcinoma in situ. Membranous PSMA staining was evident in an additional 3 tumors, 1 urachal mucinous adenocarcinoma, 1 nonurachal mucinous and signet ring cell adenocarcinoma, and 1 nonurachal villous adenoma. In conclusion, although all cases of bladder adenocarcinoma examined were negative for PSA and PSAP, the surprising finding that a subset of invasive and in situ adenocarcinomas of the bladder demonstrated immunoreactivity for P501S and PSMA should warrant caution when using these markers in differentiating prostatic from bladder adenocarcinomas. The lack o

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Villous; Antigens, Neoplasm; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Proteins; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Tissue Array Analysis; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

During the normal turnover of prostate epithelium, stem cells in the basal cell layer produce an intermediate cell population that gives rise to fully differentiated secretory luminal cells. This process is extensively studied in relation to the development of prostate disease, in particular, to elucidate the origin and nature of prostate cancer. We previously showed that the mRNA of a poorly characterised intercellular adhesion molecule, cadherin-10, is strongly expressed in human prostate. Using anticadherin-10 antibodies, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy, we have examined the pattern of cadherin-10 expression in relation to human prostate epithelial differentiation markers (E-cadherin, CD44, and cytokeratins (CK) 14, 18 and 19) in archival paraffin-embedded and fixed-frozen histopathological specimens in individual and serial sections. In non-neoplastic prostate, E-cadherin is expressed by all basal and luminal epithelial cells, while cadherin-10 is variably expressed in luminal cells where it is colocalised with E-cadherin at basolateral plasma membranes. Cadherin-10 is absent in CK14- and/or CD44-positive basal cells, but is expressed in CK18-positive luminal cells (differentiated secretory cells), a subset of CK19-positive intermediate/luminal cells, but not CK19-positive basal cells. Small foci of prostate cancer express E-cadherin, CK19 and CK18, but cadherin-10 expression is low or undetectable. These findings suggest that the expression of cadherin-10 is associated with the later stages of differentiation of luminal secretory cells, indicating a specific role in secretory cell terminal differentiation. While prostate cancer cells express secretory cell markers (eg, CK18, prostate-specific antigen) and the more generally expressed E-cadherin, their failure to express cadherin-10 further emphasises a role for this cadherin in normal prostate organisation and function.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers; Cadherins; Cell Differentiation; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Hyaluronan Receptors; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

To perform a retrospective analysis to assess the utility of pretreatment serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) as a predictor of cause-specific survival (CSS) in patients with higher risk prostate cancer treated with palladium-103 (103Pd) brachytherapy and supplemental external beam radiotherapy (EBRT).. From 1992 to 1996, 193 patients with clinically localized prostate adenocarcinoma, a pretreatment PAP level, and Gleason score 7 or more, and/or a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 10 ng/mL or more were treated with 103Pd brachytherapy and supplemental EBRT. The patients underwent EBRT of 41.4 Gy to a limited pelvic field and 103Pd brachytherapy with a prescribed minimum 103Pd dose of 80 Gy. Multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the predictive value of PAP, PSA, and Gleason score on CSS.. The 10-year CSS rate for patients with a PAP level of less than 1.5, 1.5 to 2.4, and 2.5 U/L or more was 93%, 87%, and 75%, respectively (P = 0.013). The 10-year CSS rate for patients with a PSA level of less than 10, 10 to 20, and greater than 20 ng/mL was 92%, 76%, and 83%, respectively (P = 0.393). The 10-year CSS rate for patients with a Gleason score of 6, 7, 8, and 9 was 90%, 89%, 70%, and 68%, respectively (P = 0.002). On Cox multivariate regression analysis, PAP (hazard ratio 1.31, P <0.0001) and Gleason score (hazard ratio 2.37, P = 0.0007) were associated with CSS. PSA was not predictive of CSS (P = 0.393).. The results of this study demonstrated that PAP is a stronger predictor of CSS than PSA or Gleason score in men with higher risk prostate cancer treated with 103Pd brachytherapy and EBRT. Given the findings of this analysis, the use of PAP should be reconsidered in these patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brachytherapy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Palladium; Predictive Value of Tests; Proportional Hazards Models; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Radioisotopes; Radiotherapy Dosage; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Cervix Uteri; Choristoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Uterine Cervical Diseases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Prostatic urothelial-type adenocarcinoma arises through a process of glandular metaplasia of the prostatic urethral urothelium and subsequent in situ adenocarcinoma sometimes associated with villous adenoma. These prostatic adenocarcinomas are analogous to nonurachal adenocarcinomas arising in the bladder from cystitis glandularis. Only 2 cases of urothelial-type adenocarcinoma from an institution other than our own have been previously described. The distinction between adenocarcinoma from another organ secondarily involving the prostate, usual adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and prostatic urothelial-type adenocarcinoma can present a significant diagnostic challenge and has significant therapeutic implications. Fifteen cases of prostatic urothelial-type adenocarcinoma were retrieved from the consult files of one of the authors. Mean patient age at diagnosis was 72 years (range 58 to 93 y). All men had negative colonoscopies, clinically excluding a colonic primary. Bladder primaries were ruled out clinically or pathologically in radical resection specimens. Follow-up was available on all men with a mean of 50.3 months (range 2 to 161 mo). All men presented with urinary obstruction symptoms with 3 (20%) also having mucusuria and 2 (13.3%) also having hematuria. Four men (26.7%) developed metastatic disease and 8 (53.3%) died of disease. In 8/15 (53%) cases, glandular metaplasia of the prostatic urethra and contiguous transition to adenocarcinoma were identified. Multiple histologic patterns were observed including dissection of the stroma by mucin pools 15/15 (100%), villous features 7/15 (47%), necrosis 2/15 (13.3%), signet ring cells 3/15 (20%), perineural invasion 1/15 (6.7%), focal squamous differentiation 1/15 (6.7%), and a granulomatous inflammatory response 1/15 (6.7%). Immunohistochemical stains were negative for prostate specific antigen, prostate specific acid phosphatase, CDX2, and beta-catenin in all cases. Stains were positive for high molecular weight cytokeratin in 12/12 cases (100%), and CK7 and CK20 in 10/12 cases (83.3%). Prostatic urothelial-type adenocarcinoma is a rare aggressive cancer arising in the prostate. The differential diagnosis includes conventional prostatic mucinous adenocarcinoma and secondary infiltration from a colonic or bladder adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry for prostate specific antigen, prostate specific acid phosphatase, and high molecular weight cytokeratin along with morphology can help rule out conventional

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; beta Catenin; CDX2 Transcription Factor; Cell Differentiation; Diagnosis, Differential; Follow-Up Studies; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratin-20; Keratin-7; Male; Middle Aged; Mucins; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Time Factors; Urothelium

To evaluate the significance of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), we analyzed 1,029 prostate cancer patients who were treated at the Niigata Cancer Center. We classified clinically localized prostate cancer with elevated PAP as stage DO. When stage DO was not taken into acount, the 5-year cause-specific survival rate for stage A, B, C and D was 94.7, 97.9, 87.7 and 42.4%, respectively. Taking stage DO into account, the cause-specific survival curve for stage DO patients was similar to those for stage B,C patients. The 5-year cause-specific survival rate for stage DO was 92.2% considering above 3 ng/ml as elevated PAP. A significant correlation was found between PAP and cause-specific survival for all cases but no correlation was found for non-metastatic disease patients. The significance of PAP in the staging of prostate cancer is limited.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Survival Analysis

Precursors of prostate-specific antigen (proPSA) have been previously shown to be more concentrated in prostate cancer tissue. This study characterizes the immunohistochemical staining (IHS) of proPSA forms in metastatic prostate cancer compared with prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). A tissue microarray, consisting of 74 cases of metastatic prostate carcinoma and control tissues, was used. IHS, using monoclonal antibodies against proPSA with a truncated proleader peptide containing 2 amino acids ([-2]pPSA), native ([-5/-7]pPSA), PSA, and PAP, was analyzed. The monoclonal antibodies were specific for both benign and malignant prostatic glandular tissue. IHS with [-5/-7]pPSA showed the least number of cases with negative staining (3%), and the most number of cases with moderate or strong staining (76%). In the 60 cases where all 4 stains could be evaluated, none of them were negative for proPSA and positive for PSA or PAP, and all 7 cases that were negative for both PSA and PAP showed IHS to proPSA. [-5/-7]pPSA (native proPSA) may be a better marker than PSA and PAP in characterizing metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma, with most of the cases showing positivity for the marker. Even cases that were negative for PSA and PAP, were reactive for proPSA. Such enhanced detection is particularly important in poorly differentiated carcinomas involving metastatic sites where prostate carcinoma is a consideration. A panel of markers, including proPSA, should be performed when metastatic prostate carcinoma is in the differential diagnosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Precursors; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Tissue Array Analysis

Only sporadic cases of prostate carcinomas with squamous differentiation have been reported.. The files of two institutions were reviewed for prostate cancers with squamous differentiation.. A total of 33 cases were studied. The average age at diagnosis was 68 years (range 49-86 years). The most common presenting symptoms included bladder outlet obstruction and dysuria. Thirteen men had a positive digital rectal examination. Diagnosis was made by needle biopsy (n = 23); transurethral resection of the prostate (n = 5); needle and transurethral resection of the prostate (n = 1); transurethral resection of the bladder (n = 1); or biopsy of metastases (n = 3). In 21 of 33 cases, there was a prior diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate; 8 patients were treated with hormones, 4 were treated with radiation, and 1 received both radiation and hormone therapy. Of the 12 men without a prior diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, 2 patients had received hormonal therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eight of 33 cases were pure squamous carcinomas. The remaining cases were adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 16), adenosquamous and urothelial carcinoma (n = 3), and adenosquamous carcinoma and sarcoma (n = 6). The squamous carcinoma component of these mixed cases averaged 40% of the tumor volume (range 5%-95%) and had a range of cytologic atypia (mild [n = 6], moderate [n = 17], severe [n = 10]). In the 25 cases with adenocarcinoma, the glandular component tended to be high-grade (Gleason grade >6 in 19 cases). Immunohistochemistry for prostate specific acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen was positive in a large percentage of the adenocarcinomas (85% and 75%, respectively) and only very focally positive in 12% of the squamous carcinomas. 34 beta E12 was diffusely positive in >95% of the squamous carcinomas and only focally positive in <10% of the adenocarcinomas. Cytokeratins 7 and 20 did not differentiate the squamous and adenocarcinoma components. Follow-up was available on 25 of 33 cases, with the average survival being 24 months (range 0-63 months).. Squamous differentiation in prostate cancer is uncommon, often but not necessarily arising in the setting of prior hormone or radiation therapy, and is associated with a poor prognosis. In addition to pure squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cancer, other patterns may be seen. Whereas the adenocarcinoma component is typically high grade, the squamous component has a wide range of differentiation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Survival Rate

Prostatic adenocarcinomas commonly exhibit neuroendocrine differentiation as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. However, true carcinoids of the prostate are rare. We describe herein a case of a primary carcinoid occurring synchronously with a conventional adenocarcinoma in the prostate of a 66-year-old man. The carcinoid measured 0.2 x 0.2 cm and did not show contiguity with adjacent conventional, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical stains for chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase were strongly immunoreactive in the carcinoid but not in the adenocarcinoma. Both neoplasms demonstrated positive staining for prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen. Owing to the relatively minute size of the carcinoid, the possibility that this tumor will impact negatively on the patient's overall prognosis is not anticipated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoid Tumor; Chromogranin A; Chromogranins; Disease-Free Survival; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aminoglutethimide; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Combined Modality Therapy; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Ketoconazole; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neck; Neoplasm Proteins; Prednisone; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

To find out Gleason grades, scores and to see the correlation of these morphological features with tumour markers in prostatic carcinoma.. A descriptive study.. The study was conducted at the Departments of Histopathology and Chemical Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, over a period of one year.. Fifty cases of prostatic carcinoma were studied. Gleason grades and score of tumour were determined by doing haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Pre-operative serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assays were carried out in these cases.. The patients seen were between 50-102 years of age with an average of 70.9 years. There were 49 cases of adenocarcinoma and 01 case of mixed adeno and transitional cell carcinoma of prostate. Twenty-eight (56%) patients had Gleason score of 5-7. Twenty-nine (58%) patients were having serum PSA levels between 10.0 ng/ml and 50.0 ng/ml. Thirteen (26%) cases showed PSA assays >50 ng/ml. The sensitivity of PSA test was 84 % in these cases. Thirty-five (70%) patients were having PAP values >3.7 U/l (sensitivity 70 %).. The Gleason grading system is a specific morphological predictor. The serum PSA showed better sensitivity and specificity with Gleason grades and scores as compared to serum PAP. The serum PAP levels showed better correlation with morphological features as compared to serum PSA.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

This was a ten-year, hospital-based retrospective study for the incidence and clinical pattern of prostate cancer in southeastern Nigeria. Clinical information extracted from the files included the TNM stage, histo-pathological grading, level of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), mode of presentation and clinical and biochemical response to intravenous and oral diethylstilboestrol diphosphate (Honvan)/ orchidectomy. There were 145 patients, mean age 66.6 + 9.8 years, giving an incidence of 61.3 per 10(5), with 54% under 70 years. Most patients (81.4%) presented late, with 62% metastatic. Over 98% were adenocarcinomas, 77% of which were moderate to well-differentiated cancers. PAP was elevated in 109 patients (75%), (representing 92% of all advanced tumours), and normal in 36 (25%). Forty-two percent of poorly differentiated cancers had normal levels of PAP. Most patients presented with urinary retention (56%), prostatism (44%), anaemia (41%), recurrent UTI (35%), bone pains (20%), haematuria (18%), backache (16%) and paraplegia (6%). Nearly 79% responded to treatment with lowered PAP levels and improved quality of life, within a mean of 26.3+/-13.8 months (range 5-78); objective 81 (58%), subjective 32 (23%), no response 27 (19%). Among paraplegics, 78% had full, and 22% had partial motor recovery. Patients with poorly differentiated cancers had only a 33% two-year survival rate. This study confirmed an upward, though moderate trend in the incidence of prostate cancer in Nigeria. The use of PAP instead of PSA as the tumor marker, a local diet with high fish content but lower animal fat, and poor hospital access may account for the lower incidence in the southeast. Poor health education may account for the high rate of late presentations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Age Distribution; Aged; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Nigeria; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Retrospective Studies

Prostatic adenocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma) may coexist in the prostate. However, a carcinoma with mixed features has not been recognized. Four cases, three surgical pathology cases and one autopsy case of prostatic adenocarcinoma with urothelial carcinoma features, were retrospectively found in a urological pathology teaching file maintained from 1984 to 1993. Subsequently, 181 consecutive cases of radical prostatectomy from 1994 to 1999 were reviewed, and two prostatic adenocarcinoma areas with features of urothelial carcinoma were identified. Areas with urothelial carcinoma features were identified in the intraductal component of the carcinoma in five cases and in the invasive component in three cases. The intraductal carcinoma with urothelial carcinoma areas usually merged with regions of prostatic adenocarcinoma with a papillary or cribriform pattern. All prostatic adenocarcinomas having areas with urothelial carcinoma features were of high stage, and five of six cases had ductal features. The urothelial carcinoma component displayed a positive reactivity for thrombomodulin and negative or weaker reactivity for PAP and PSA than the prostatic adenocarcinoma component in the same tumor. Excluding the case noted at autopsy, all patients died of the disease within 3 years. Urothelial carcinoma features were usually associated with ductal carcinoma of high stage. Areas of prostatic adenocarcinoma with urothelial carcinoma features should be considered histopathologically as areas of mixed carcinoma of the prostate. Prostatic adenocarcinoma with areas of urothelial carcinoma features may pose a difficult differential diagnosis problem with urothelial carcinoma, especially with small biopsies with focal weak immunoreactivity for PAP, PSA, and thrombomodulin.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Keratin-20; Keratin-7; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Thrombomodulin

We report on a case of metastatic adenocarcinoma of liver that was removed and examined histochemically after microwave coagulation therapy (MCT). The patient was a 65-year-old woman who had a metastatic tumor in the liver (S3) after high anterior resection due to a rectal adenocarcinoma and received MCT against the tumor. One month after MCT, multiple metastatic tumors were detected by abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan. As it was difficult to control them by MCT alone, we performed lateral segmentectomy. To assess the effects of microwave ablation on cellular viability of metastatic tumor, we used enzyme histochemistry for acid phosphatase (AcP), which is positive in macrophages infiltrating in the tumor. In a part of the ablated area of resected liver, there was remaining neoplastic tissue of which the morphology was maintained in H&E staining. This was found to be microwave-fixed non-viable tissue because no enzyme activity of AcP was detected in the infiltrating macrophages. This case report suggests that enzyme histochemistry was useful to assess the effect of MCT, enabling us to distinguish fixed cells from viable cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Electrocoagulation; Female; Frozen Sections; Hepatectomy; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Microwaves; Rectal Neoplasms

Induction of apoptosis and androgen ablation are two major approaches for treating human prostate carcinoma. In a study of the bioactive components of the soft coral Nephthea chabroli, we found that lemnabourside is a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, as shown by its ability to inhibit the conversion of testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone in rat prostate homogenate. The compound also inhibited the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into human prostate androgen-dependent carcinoma LNCaP cells, and thus blocking the cell proliferation (IC50 = 37.5 microM). The expression of prostate marker genes, including 5alpha-reductase, prostate-specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase and androgen receptor, and the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene were markedly reduced, but the transcription of apoptosis-related caspase 3 gene showed a dose-dependent increase in lemnabourside-treated LNCaP cells. Immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometric analysis further demonstrated apoptotic changes in these cells. Taken all results together, a relatively weak 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity on LNCaP cells (EC50 > 250 microM), and a similar growth inhibitory activity on both androgen dependent- and independent-prostate cells (IC50 approximately 37.5 microM) indicated that caspase-3 apoptosis pathway is one of the possible antiproliferative activities mediated by lemnabourside.

Topics: 3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Caspases; Cell Division; Diterpenes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Glycosides; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Receptors, Androgen; Tumor Cells, Cultured

This study provides detailed staining results for 225 prostate adenocarcinomas, including 150 Gleason score 8, 9, and 10 adenocarcinomas with cytokeratins (CKs) 7, 20, 5/6, and 17, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), WT1, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), and villin. CK7 was reactive in 112 adenocarcinomas (49.8%). The percentage of CK7-reactive adenocarcinomas and the percentage of CK7-stained cells increased in higher Gleason score adenocarcinomas; most reactive neoplasms had CK7 staining of fewer than 25% of cells. CK20 had similar results. The percentage of PSA- and PAP-reactive adenocarcinomas and the percentage of stained cells in reactive neoplasms decreased in higher Gleason score adenocarcinomas. CK5/6 and CK17, WT1, CA-125, TTF-1, and villin were nonreactive. The prostate can be the primary site of metastatic adenocarcinoma that is nonreactive for PAP and PSA and has CK7 or CK20 reactivity in fewer than 50% of the cells. The likelihood that a metastatic adenocarcinoma is from the prostate is low if reactivity with any of the cytokeratin antibodies, CEA, TTF-1, CA-125, WT1, or villin is extensive.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; CA-125 Antigen; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carrier Proteins; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Keratin-20; Keratin-7; Keratins; Male; Microfilament Proteins; Nuclear Proteins; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; Transcription Factors; WT1 Proteins

We undertook a detailed histologic study to identify specific morphologic features that may aid in distinguishing prostatic adenocarcinoma with lung metastases (PALM) from other pulmonary tumors with similar histologic features. In 16 cases, we found 3 predominant architectural patterns: microacinar (n = 10), tubulopapillary (ductal; n = 4), and carcinoid-like (n = 2). Characteristic features of PALM included small acinar and/or cribriform growth, frequent lymphangitic permeation, lack of stromal response, uniform round nuclei with prominent nucleoli, intraluminal blue mucin, and prominent cell borders. By immunohistochemical staining, prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase were present in 13 of 14 and 13 of 13 cases, respectively. Metastatic prostatic duct adenocarcinoma exhibited morphologic features similar to metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma. Two cases had a carcinoid-like appearance with nested or solid architecture, parachromatin clearing, and prominent nucleoli, but lacked the finely stippled chromatin pattern of carcinoid tumors. Several features that may result in misinterpretation or lack of association of the neoplasm in the lung with a prostatic primary include lung metastasis preceding the detection of a prostatic primary tumor, solitary pulmonary nodule, tubulopapillary (ductal) or carcinoid-like pattern, scant material in which histologic features of metastatic prostate carcinoma are not fully appreciated, and frequent necrosis. Attention to specific discriminating histologic features, supported by immunohistochemical staining, may be useful in the differential diagnosis, which is therapeutically and prognostically critical.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Cell Nucleolus; Cell Nucleus; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mucins; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Protein patterns in cells collected from benign prostatic tissues and prostate carcinomas were analyzed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Polypeptide expression was evaluated by computer-assisted image analysis (PDQUEST). Proteins expressed by prostate tumors were identified via in-gel digestion and subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. In addition to cytoskeletal and mitochondrial proteins, a 40-kDa protein was identified as prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). PAP expression decreased approximately twofold between benign and malignant tissue. Increased expression of heat shock protein 70 and decreased expression of tropomyosin 1 were also observed in the malignant tissue. The analysis of prostate material by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry shows that particular proteins are of interest as markers of disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Drosophila Proteins; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Proteins; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Tropomyosin

We investigated the clinical usefulness of measuring the serum concentrations of pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) and carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP) as markers for monitoring metastatic bone activity in patients with prostate cancer.. Serum levels of ICTP, PICP, alkaline phosphatase, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were analyzed in 104 untreated patients with prostate cancer, including 62 with and 42 without bone metastasis. Serial measurements of ICTP, PICP and PSA were performed during hormonal therapy in 35 of 62 prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis.. Serum levels of all markers except prostatic acid phosphatase were significantly higher with than without bone metastasis. The median values of each marker increased according to the extent of bone metastasis. Serial ICTP, PICP and PSA in 19 patients with a partial response or no change in bone scans demonstrated a downward trend after treatment, while in 16 with progression they showed an upward trend after treatment. The rate of detecting bone metastasis and progression using ICTP were highest compared with other markers based on the percent clinical effectiveness and receiver operating characteristic curves.. Measuring serum ICTP may be useful for detecting bone metastasis and prostate cancer progression, and may augment PSA and bone scan monitoring of metastatic bone activity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Collagen; Collagen Type I; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peptide Fragments; Peptides; Procollagen; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

We report herein a case of a collision tumor composed of high-grade urothelial carcinoma and a Gleason grade 3+4 prostate adenocarcinoma metastasizing to the same lymph node. After the patient underwent cystoprostatectomy for known urothelial carcinoma, he was incidentally discovered to have a second primary prostate tumor. Lymph node examination revealed that one node appeared to have metastatic foci from both primary tumors. The presence of 2 tumor types colliding in the same lymph node was confirmed using immunohistochemical stains, including monoclonal carcinoembryonic antigen, prostate-specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase, cytokeratins 7 and 20, and CD57. We also stained both primary tumors with the same panel as an internal control. Although 2 similar collision tumors have been reported in the literature in the past, neither used a battery of immunohistochemical stains to definitively distinguish one tumor from the other. Herein, we review the literature on urothelial and prostate collision tumors and some of the special stains used to distinguish them.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; CD57 Antigens; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Keratin-20; Keratin-7; Keratins; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasms, Second Primary; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate

The TRAMP-C1 (C1) and TRAMP-C2 (C2) cell lines were derived from a prostate tumor that arose in a mouse from the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. However, their similarity to primary prostate tumors and therefore their usefulness in immunotherapy studies has not been clearly defined. We showed using RT-PCR that these cell lines exhibited a variety of prostate-specific genes expressed by human prostate tumors that may be used as tumor-associated antigens for immunotherapy. Interestingly, several of these genes are also expressed in cell lines that are not prostatic in origin. The prostate cell lines were also shown to grow in an androgen-independent manner, to be capable of expressing MHC class I and to be susceptible to specific lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Therefore, these cell lines will provide us with the ability to evaluate immune responses to and tolerance of prostate-specific protein peptides in an animal model.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carboxypeptidases; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression; Genes, Tumor Suppressor; Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; GPI-Linked Proteins; Homeodomain Proteins; Immunotherapy; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neoplasm Proteins; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Transcription Factors; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Urethral adenomatous polyps with prostatic epithelium (also known as benign prostatic epithelial polyps [BPEPs]) are a documented cause of hematuria, dysuria, and hematospermia, conditions that may prompt cytologic evaluation of urine.. The urine cytologic test findings in 5 cases of biopsy-proven BPEPs and in 1 case of prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) that presented as a urethral polyp were retrospectively evaluated. Immunocytochemical stain for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and high-molecular-weight cytokeratin (34betaE12) were used in evaluation of the lesions.. In 4 of 5 cases of BPEPs, clusters of bland columnar cells with uniform, oval nuclei were seen. Positive immunostaining for PSA and PAP confirmed the prostatic origin of the clusters in 2 cases. One urine sample contained abundant goblet cells and extracellular mucin, consistent with intestinal metaplasia coexisting in the bladder biopsy specimen. The urine sample in the fifth case of BPEPs contained no columnar cells. The last case had multiple urine cytologic evaluations that demonstrated PSA-positive, malignant-appearing clusters of columnar cells. A biopsy specimen of the polyps was described as a high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm in adenomatous polyp. However, in this patient, PDA was diagnosed on transurethral resection of the prostate specimen 4 years after the initial urine cytologic test.. Benign prostatic epithelial polyps should be considered in the differential diagnosis of clusters of columnar cells in urine cytologic testing. Cells with malignant nuclear features should instigate a careful search for a (prostatic) neoplasm, which may present as urethral polyps (e.g., PDA). Stains for PSA or PAP are useful adjuncts in differential diagnosis of this condition.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenomatous Polyps; Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethral Neoplasms; Urine

Fine-needle aspiration of prostatic carcinoma usually yields an acinar carcinoma that is immunoreactive for prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). We report on two FNAs of metastatic sarcomatoid prostatic carcinoma that were PSA- and PAP-negative. Our methods included a review of the medical records and pathology results. Both cases presented with elevated serum PSA levels and prostate needle biopsies with Gleason score 8 and 9 tumors, respectively. Both cases developed retroperitoneal/pelvic lymphadenopathy, and fine-needle aspirations were performed. These showed high-grade, sarcomatoid tumors with marked anisonucleosis. Immunocytochemical staining for PSA and PAP was negative in both cases. Clinical and radiologic evaluation failed to reveal any other potential primary sites. Metastatic, sarcomatoid, PSA- and PAP-negative prostatic carcinoma is a rare diagnosis of exclusion that should be considered in the characteristic clinical setting.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biopsy, Needle; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Flutamide; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Leuprolide; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sarcoma

Immunohistochemistry with antibodies for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin labels basal cells and is used as an ancillary study in diagnosing prostate carcinoma, which reportedly lacks expression of high-molecular-weight cytokeratin. A recent report questioned the specificity of this marker, describing immunopositivity for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin in a small series of metastatic prostate cancer. We have also noted rare cases of prostate lesions on biopsy with typical histological features of adenocarcinoma showing immunopositivity for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin, either in tumor cells or in patchy cells with the morphology of basal cells. In some of these cases, it was difficult to distinguish cancer from out-pouching of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. To investigate whether prostate cancer cells express high-molecular-weight cytokeratin, we studied 100 cases of metastatic prostate carcinoma and 10 cases of prostate cancer invading the seminal vesicles from surgical specimens. Metastatic sites included regional lymph nodes (n = 67), bone (n = 19), and miscellaneous (n = 14). Cases with any positivity for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin antibody (34betaE12) were verified as being of prostatic origin with immunohistochemistry for prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase. Only four cases were detected positive for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin. In two cases (one metastasis, one seminal vesicle invasion) there was weakly diffuse positivity above background level. Two metastases in lymph nodes showed scattered strong staining of clusters of tumor cells, which represented <0.2% of tumor cells in the metastatic deposits. These positive cells did not have the morphology of basal cells. We conclude that prostate cancer, even high grade, only rarely expresses high-molecular-weight cytokeratin. This marker remains a very useful adjunct in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Male; Molecular Weight; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Seminal Vesicles

To evaluate the outcome of clinical Stage III (T3, N0/NX, M0) prostate cancer treated by conventional radiation alone or with adjuvant androgen ablation.. Three hundred forty-four men with T3, N0/NX, M0 adenocarcinoma of the prostate who received conventional radiation alone (260) or with androgen ablation (84) were analyzed for relapse or rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA), using univariate and multivariate techniques.. With a median follow-up of 68 months, the 260 men treated with radiation alone had a 10-year actuarial rate of relapse or rising PSA of 76%. Pretreatment PSA level (< or = 10 ng/ml vs. > 10 < or = 20 ng/ml vs. > 20 ng/ml) and radiation dose (< 68 Gy vs. > or = 68 Gy) were the only independently significant determinants of biochemical failure; Gleason score (2-7 vs. 8-10) was an additional determinant of metastatic relapse. Patients treated to doses < 68 Gy experienced 6-year failure rates exceeding 50% regardless of PSA level. Patients with PSA < or = 10 ng/ml and receiving 68-70 Gy had a 6-year failure of 24%, but those with PSA > 10 ng/ml had relapse rates exceeding 50% even at doses of 70 Gy. At a median follow-up of 44 months, the 84 patients treated with radiation and androgen ablation had a 6-year biochemical failure rate of 22%. The only significant determinant of outcome in this group was pretreatment PSA; patients with PSA < or = 80 ng/ml had a 6-year failure rate of only 12% compared to a failure rate of 53% for those with PSA > 80 ng/ml. The outcome for those treated with combined modalities was significantly better than for those treated with radiation alone in all PSA strata.. Conventional radiation alone has little curative potential for Stage III disease. Doses < 68 Gy are particularly ineffective. Patients with PSA < or = 10 ng/ml may be candidates for conventional radiation to a dose of 70 Gy. Other patients are probably best served by combined radiation-androgen ablation or high-dose conformal radiation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Androgen Antagonists; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Cohort Studies; Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Orchiectomy; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, Conformal

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) are well known as specific tumor markers of prostate cancer, but carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)- and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)-producing adenocarcinoma originating in the prostate is rare. We report here a case of prostatic adenocarcinoma positive for these 4 tumor markers in a 50-year-old man who had initially complained about chest pain due to metastatic bone tumor. In spite of the extensive treatment involving hormone and radiation therapy, the patient died of rapid tumor extension only 4 months after initial diagnosis. Autopsy revealed multiple metastases to the bone, liver, lungs and lymph nodes. Histologically, two types of adenocarcinoma were involved in both primary prostate and metastatic sites: one was a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma positive for PSA and PAP but not CEA or CA19-9, and the other one was a less differentiated adenocarcinoma partially positive for CEA and CA19-9 but not for PSA or PAP. Based on this case and previous cases by review of the literature, CEA- and CA19-9-producing adenocarcinoma of the prostate was suggested to rapidly progress with multiple metastases and to show poor prognosis with strong resistance to any treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; CA-19-9 Antigen; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Although, in general, immunoperoxidase staining for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) cannot distinguish between benign and malignant prostatic epithelium, immunoreactivity of these antigens may be helpful in predicting prognosis of prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate intensity and extent of immunoperoxidase staining for PSA and PSAP as a prognostic tool in prostate adenocarcinomas.. We studied radical prostatectomy specimens from 68 patients with the following stages: organ-confined, 34.3%; focal capsular penetration, 38.8%; established capsular penetration, 25.3%; and seminal vesicle invasion, 1.6%. Ninety-one percent of cases were Gleason score 5-7. The mean follow-up for those men without progression was 8.9 years, compared to 3.5 years for those with progression. Progression was defined as an elevated postoperative serum PSA level (> 0.2 ng/ml). Intensity of PSA and PSAP staining was recorded and based on a scale of 0-3 (0, no staining; 1, weak; 2, moderate; 3, intense). Extent was quantitated on a scale of 0-4 (0, 0-5% staining; 1, 6-35%; 2, 36-65%; 3, 65-95%; 4, 95-100%). A score (0-12) was computed by multiplying intensity and extent of the stain in the tumor area.. Intensity and extent of PSA and PSAP immunoreactivity did not predict progression in adenocarcinomas of the prostate following radical prostatectomy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Disease Progression; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Adenocarcinomas may arise primarily from the urinary bladder, but secondary involvement from adenocarcinomas arising in adjacent organs is more common. In the present study we tried to differentiate primary urinary bladder adenocarcinomas from adenocarcinomas arising from the surrounding organs, based on their antigen profiles in routinely processed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. We analysed the staining results using stepwise linear discriminant analysis.. We investigated the usefulness of a panel of antibodies against cytokeratin 7, E48, cytokeratin 20, PSA, PSAP, CEA, vimentin, OC125 and HER-2/neu, to discriminate primary bladder adenocarcinoma from adenocarcinomas arising from the prostate, urachus, colon, cervix, ovary and endometrium. In the differential diagnosis with urinary bladder adenocarcinoma, an overall correct classification was reached for 77% and 81% of urachal and colonic carcinomas, respectively, using CEA, for 93% of prostatic adenocarcinomas using PSA, for 82% and 70% of cervical and ovarian adenocarcinomas, respectively, using OC125, and for 91% of endometrial adenocarcinomas using vimentin. Adding other antibodies did not improve the classification results for any of these differential diagnoses.. For the surgical pathologist, a panel of antibodies consisting of CEA, PSA, OC125 and vimentin is helpful to differentiate primary urinary bladder adenocarcinomas from adenocarcinomas originating from prostate and endometrium, less helpful in differentiation with urachal carcinoma, and not helpful in differentiation with colonic, cervical and ovarian carcinoma.

Topics: Abdominal Neoplasms; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibody Specificity; CA-125 Antigen; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carcinoma, Papillary; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Diagnosis, Differential; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Glycoproteins; GPI-Linked Proteins; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Keratin-20; Keratin-7; Keratins; Male; Neoplasms, Unknown Primary; Ovarian Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Receptor, ErbB-2; Urachus; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vimentin

The case of a 46-year-old women with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the female prostate (Skene's paraurethral glands and ducts) with inguinal metastases is reported. Besides adenocarcinomatous structures, also more solid parts of the tumor and anaplastic regions with dark cells were found on histological examination. Clear cancerous cells were typical for glandular and solid tumor parts. The cancerous cells showed distinct immunohistochemical positivity of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate (specific) acid phosphatase [P(S)AcP]. These are the first published results of electron microscopic examination of formalin fixed tissue showing the ultrastructure of female prostate carcinoma, comparable to that of the male prostate carcinoma. In the female, similar to the male, the prostate carcinoma probably originates from the secretory (luminal) cells of the female prostatic glands.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Urethral Neoplasms

The Dunning H rat prostate tumor (R3327H) is a widely used experimental model of human prostatic adenocarcinoma (CaP). The Dunning H tumor has been characterized as androgen-sensitive, androgen-receptor (AR) positive, prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) positive. To date, the tumor has been maintained by serial passage in vivo because of the lack of an in vitro cell line that retains the characteristics of the in vivo tumor. The objective of the present study was to establish a propagable cell line from R3327H adenocarcinoma that maintained androgen sensitivity and expression of AR, PSA and PAP. Tissue harvested from an in vivo R3327H tumor was dissociated with collagenase and placed into Richter's improved media (with supplements). A cytokeratin-positive epithelial cell line (HUNC-E) and a vimentin-positive stromal cell line (HUNC-S) were generated from the primary culture, subcultured continuously for >300 days, and passaged >50 times. Survival of the HUNC-E cell line in vitro depended on several media supplements, including nicotinamide, insulin, transferrin, selenium and epidermal growth factor (EGF). HUNC-E cells expressed AR and produced PSA and PAP throughout the culture period, as confirmed by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses. Addition of 14 nM testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to HUNC-E cells, stimulated DNA synthesis as well as anchorage-independent growth and PSA production, which demonstrated the androgen-sensitive nature of the cells in vitro. When HUNC-E and HUNC-S cells were combined in a 3:1 ratio and introduced subcutaneously into syngeneic male hosts, tumors formed in 2/3 animals with an average latency of 7 months. RT-PCR and immunocytochemical characterization of the HUNC cell lines revealed that the cells expressed several growth factors and their cognate receptors, including HGF, TGF-alpha and the TGF-betas, indicating the establishment of potential autocrine loops in the neoplastic cells. The HUNC-E and HUNC-S CaP cell lines, which retain the characteristics of the epithelial and stromal components of the in vivo R3327H tumor, will allow a more thorough and informative molecular and biological analysis of prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Androgens; Animals; Cell Division; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Receptors, Androgen; Tumor Cells, Cultured

A 63-year-old man, who had undergone prostatectomy for prostate cancer that was positive for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was examined and found to have metastatic disease, proven radiologically and pathologically, but with an undetectable PSA and highly elevated prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). Prostatic acid phosphatase levels fell in response to chemotherapy but his clinical status continued to deteriorate. A review of the literature is presented and several possible explanations for PSA remaining undetectable in these situations are discussed. The authors conclude that although PSA can be used to monitor the majority of patients postprostatectomy, physicians may still need to rely on clinical suspicion, serum PAP, and bone scan for the detection of recurrent disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is secreted by both normal and neoplastic acinar cells of the prostate gland, and the immunohistochemical detection of PSA is widely accepted as an excellent method for confirming the prostatic origin of metastatic tumor implants in men with prostate cancer. Less recognized is the observation that certain nonprostatic tissues and their neoplastic counterparts also secrete PSA. As one example, salivary gland ducts and certain salivary gland neoplasms have been reported to be immunoreactive for PSA. Potentially, this nonspecificity could be a diagnostic pitfall when using immunoperoxidase on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy specimens to differentiate metastatic prostate cancer from primary salivary gland tumors. We report on a case where strong PSA immunoreactivity of a parotid oncocytoma led to its confusion with metastatic prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Oxyphilic; Aged; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Parotid Neoplasms; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Primary prostatic duct adenocarcinoma, initially labeled as endometrioid carcinoma of the prostate, is a rare neoplasm that displays exophytic growth into the prostatic urethra with involvement of prostatic ducts. Because this tumour arises from preexisting epithelia, there is a possibility that a remnant basal epithelium may be seen in association with these tumours. If this hypothesis is correct, then prostatic duct adenocarcinoma may possibly be mistaken for high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) on needle biopsies. The distribution of basal cells in this tumour has not been described previously. Nine cases of prostatic duct adenocarcinoma and prostatic adenocarcinoma with focal ductal differentiation were studied immunohistochemically with antibodies specifying cytokeratin 34 beta E12, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). All cases were positive for PSA and PAP. In some areas of the tumour in eight cases there was a continuous and discontinuous layer of basal cells surrounding islands of carcinoma. This was found with cribriform, comedo, solid, and papillary components of ductal type adenocarcinoma. It is necessary to be aware of the presence of basal cells in association with primary prostatic duct adenocarcinoma. Differentiation of high-grade PIN from this lesion should depend on complex architectural characteristics and Cytologic features rather than presence of a basal cell layer. This finding confirms that the solid, cribriform, papillary, and comedo components initially grow intraluminally within ducts before invasion into surrounding stroma occurs.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma, Endometrioid; Epithelium; Humans; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Our knowledge about the nature and biological activity of tumor cells residing in the prostate gland after radical radiotherapy (RRT) is limited.. In the present study, residual tumor in core biopsies taken from 37 patients after an average of 6.8 years follow-up after radiation, were investigated with immunohistochemistry for the biochemical markers prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and the epithelial marker, cytokeratin 8 (CK8).. Tumor cells were cytokeratin-positive in 33 of 34 evaluable specimens (97%). PSA and PAP were expressed in the tumor cells in 94% (34/36) and 81% (30/37) of cases, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between PSA/PAP expression and tumor grade after treatment. Endocrine treatment administered in addition to RRT in 12 of the 37 patients did not affect the expression of PSA or PAP. The expression of both biochemical markers was reduced after radiotherapy in 10 of the 12 cases for which pre- and post-treatment specimens were available.. Tumor cells retain their epithelial characteristics immunohistochemically after radiation, though their morphology sometimes suggests an altered phenotype after treatment. PSA and PAP reactivity was demonstrated in tumor cells nearly 7 years after radiotherapy, which indicates that these cells maintain their biochemical integrity and protein synthesis to a certain extent. Furthermore, endocrine treatment did not abolish PSA or PAP expression in the tumor cells. Whether PSA and PAP immunoexpression provides independent prognostic information needs to be further investigated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Male; Neoplasm, Residual; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

We describe the expression of a potentially new tumor marker, human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2), that may be useful as an adjunct to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer.. We evaluated 257 radical prostatectomy specimens removed at the Mayo Clinic with pathologic Stage 12 adenocarcinoma to compare the cytoplasmic expression of hK2, PSA, and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in benign tissue, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma. Two monoclonal antibodies, hK2-A523 and hK2-G586, specific for hK2 were used, as well as antibodies against PSA (PSM-773) and PAP (polyclonal).. Intense epithelial cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was observed in every case for hK2-A523, hK2-G586, PSA, and PAP (100% of cases, respectively). The intensity and extent of hK2 expression for both antibodies were greater in cancer than high-grade PIN; furthermore, high-grade PIN was greater than benign epithelium. Cases of Gleason primary grade 4 and 5 cancer showed hK2 staining in almost every cell, whereas there was greater heterogeneity of staining in lower grades of cancer. In marked contrast to hK2, PSA and PAP immunoreactivity was most intense in benign epithelium and stained to a lesser extent in PIN and carcinoma. The number of immunoreactive cells for hK2 and PSA was not predictive of cancer recurrence.. hK2 was expressed in every cancer, and the expression incrementally increased from benign epithelium to high-grade PIN and adenocarcinoma. PSA and PAP displayed inverse immunoreactivity compared with hK2. The expression of hK2 and PSA was not predictive of cancer recurrence in patients with Stage T2 carcinoma. Expression of hK2 indicates that this kallikrein antigen is both prostate localized and tumor associated. Tissue expression of hK2 appears to be regulated independently of PSA and PAP. Further studies are needed to determine whether tissue immunoreactivity of hK2 will prove clinically useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Kallikreins; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Differences between human prostate carcinoma (PCA, five cases) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, five cases) in asparagine-linked (Asn) sugar-chain structure of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were investigated using lectin affinity chromatography with concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). PAP activities were significantly decreased in PCA-derived PAP, while no significant differences between the two PAP preparations were observed in the enzymatic properties (Michaelis-Menten value, optimal pH, thermal stability, and inhibition study). In these PAP preparations, all activities were found only in the fractions which bound strongly to the Con A column and were undetectable in the Con A unbound fractions and in the fractions which bound weakly to the Con A column. The relative amounts of PAP which bound strongly to the Con A column but passed through the WGA column, were significantly greater in BPH-derived PAP than in PCA-derived PAP. In contrast, the relative amounts of PAP which bound strongly to the Con A column and bound to the WGA column, were significantly greater in PCA-derived PAP than in BPH-derived PAP. The findings suggest that Asn-linked sugar-chain structures are altered during oncogenesis in human prostate and also suggest that studies of qualitative differences of sugar-chain structures of PAP might lead to a useful diagnostic tool for PCA.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Chromatography, Affinity; Concanavalin A; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Wheat Germ Agglutinins

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of goserelin-acetat (Zoladex) on testosterone suppression, to compare achieved suppression with clinical effects in patients with prostate cancer with bone metastases and consequent painful syndrome, to study the behavior of adiol during treatment and to assess life quality with emphases on the physical and psychological domain in relation to clinical and biological treatment effects. Fifteen patients were treated by Zoladex in one dose every 28 days, and followed-up for 12 months. All patients had several metastatic localizations in the bones, initial high prostate specific antigen (PSA), and high acid (AP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). PSA, testosterone, adiol (delta-5-androstenediol), luteinizing hormone (LH), foliculostimulating hormone (FSH), ALP and AP were also measured before every cycle. For evaluation of the life quality Rotterdam Symptom Checklist was used. Clinical progression was not registered during follow-up, with drop of PSA, ALP and AP. Testosterone and adiol displayed mainly inverse trends during treatment. The complete testosterone suppression was never achieved. It seems that Zoladex has quite different influence on LH and FSH, as levels of those hormones have shown opposite trend. Some of the observed hormonal effects could be attributed to stimulation of the monoamine system. Suppression of LH level provoked by administration of LHRH agonists increases level of dopamine in hypothalamus which inhibits releasing of its hormones. By inhibition of corticotropic releasing factor and ACTH, and by its influence on adrenal gland, we could explain drop of adiol levels in the first months of administration of LHRH agonists. Testosterone increase and adiol drop in the first months, and adiol increase following testosterone level drop in the fourth to eight month, may be explained by negative feed back mechanism between different androgens which could be stimulated or provoked by LHRH therapy. The question of effects which are results of LHRH agonists modulation of the monoamine system and consequent activation of other central mechanisms of hormonal regulation is still open. Patients' quality of life under therapy was improved for about 30% in psychological and functional domains. There were no significant changes on physical subscale, during treatment. It seems that the obtained positive psychological treatment effect is not only a consequence of pain decrease, but it could be the result o

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Androstenediol; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Bone Neoplasms; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Goserelin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Testosterone

Malignant pleural effusions due to prostatic carcinoma are rare. We examined the cytologic and clinical presentations of 14 malignant pleural effusions caused by prostate cancer. These cases represented 2.3% of all positive pleural effusions at our institution. All patients (n = 10) had high grade, high stage tumors, including three with small cell anaplastic carcinoma. Three cases had clinically documented metastases to pleura, and in two cases, metastases were documented at autopsy. Most tumor cells had large nucleoli and were arranged in small, loosely cohesive groups. Fluids due to the small cell type of prostate carcinoma often contained a mixture of cells similar to those seen in small cell carcinoma of other sites such as the lung, as well as cells resembling the more typical type of prostate cancer. Prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase were positive in less than 50% of these malignant effusions. We conclude that prostatic carcinoma in pleural effusions occurs most commonly in high grade, high stage tumors and has a characteristic cytologic appearance. Negative staining for PSA and PAP does not rule out a prostatic source for malignant cells in effusions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Male; Pleural Effusion, Malignant; Pleural Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

The number of cases of prostate carcinoma (PCA) is steadily inceasing in Japan. The clinical application of a reliable tumor marker, prostate specific antigen (PSA) for the diagnosis, as well as the increasing elderly population in Japan may account for this increase. The subjects were patients at the Nara Medical University and its affiliated hospitals; 1) 687 cases without PCA were evaluated for age-specific PSA and the incidence of abnormal PSA following urological manipulations, 2) 135 cases with histological proven BPH by transurethral resection of prostate (TUR-P) were examined for PSA density (PSAD) and positive PSA rate in BPH, 3) 135 cases receiving a needle biopsy with suspicion of PCA were examined for the efficacy of PSA and PSAD and other parameters, and 4) 459 PCA cases treated between 1988 and 1994, were examined for specific PSA and PSAD values by stage and degree of cell differentiation. The PSA assay used in this study was MARKIT-M PA (normal range < or = 3.6 ng/ml). The PSA was decreased gradually with age in non-PCA patients, and abnormal PSA was found in 5.5% of these patients following manipulations. The average PSA was 2.95 +/- 2.03 ng/ml in 130 BPH patients (mean age: 71.1 +/- 7.0 years old. and average prostate volume: 32.9 +/- 16.1 ml). And abnormal PSA level (more than 3.61 ng/ml) was found in 22.3%. The mean PSAD was 0.1.0 +/- 0.06, and PSAD was below 0.15 in 86.1% of these BPH cases. Among the 135 cases receiving a needle biopsy, 33 cases had PSA values between 3.61 and 10.0 ng/ml. Of these cases, PCA was found in 18.5% of the 27 cases with a PSAD below 1.5, and in 33.3% of the 6 cases with a PSAD over 1.5. PSA and PSAD were proportionally increased with stage, and a significant difference in the PSA value was observed between stage B1 and B2, and stage C and D (P < 0.05). However, PSA and PSAD values were not significantly correlated with the cell differentiation in PCA stage A2-C. In total, PSA was 18.1 ng/ml in well, 23.9 ng/ml in moderately and 35.9 ng/ml in poorly differentiated type PCA. The positive rate of PSA was 22.3, 65.4 and 83.5%, that of prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) was 10.0, 17.8 and 45.8%, and that of GSM was 25.0, 14.7 and 68.4%, in BPH, stage A PCA and stage BPCA, respectively. In conclusion, PSA is the most reliable tool in the diagnosis of localized PCA. However, the differential diagnosis of BPH and localized PCA is difficult when the PSA value is between 3.61 and 10.0 ng/ml, and accurate staging of loc

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy, Needle; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity

The annual incidence of carcinoma of the prostate gland increased from an estimated 76,000 cases in 1984 to 200,000 in 1994. Part of this increase may be the result of increased detection. Management of the disease has also changed. To measure such changes, the American College of Surgeons conducted a patient care evaluation study of carcinoma of the prostate gland.. Information was voluntarily submitted by cancer registrars on forms designed by a team of specialists. Data were received from 730 hospitals (of 2,000 hospitals invited for the study) on 14,716 patients with newly diagnosed adenocarcinomas of the prostate gland in 1984 and from 1,035 hospitals for 23,214 patients with carcinoma of the prostate gland in 1990.. From 1984 to 1990, there was increased diagnostic use of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test (from 5.1 to 66.4 percent of incident carcinomas) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) (0.9 to 19.7 percent). Use of the prostatic acid phosphatase assay declined from 62.4 to 47 percent. Although the proportion of early stage (0, I, II) disease increased for all racial or ethnic groups combined, the greatest increase was for whites (from 57.3 to 60.6 percent), while the increase for African-Americans was less (from 46.9 to 48.3 percent). The use of radical prostatectomy without radiation therapy or chemotherapy increased from 7.3 to 20.3 percent and the proportion of patients receiving no carcinoma-directed treatment decreased from 37.8 to 30 percent. Radiation therapy remained the same. Hormone therapy without radical prostatectomy declined from 24.4 to 19.7 percent. African-Americans had a lower five-year survival rate than whites, even when stratified for stage.. The diagnostic use of the PSA test and TRUS increased markedly by 1990 and may have contributed to the increased diagnosis of carcinomas of the prostate gland and the earlier stage at diagnosis. The overall use of radical prostatectomy has increased and the proportion of patients receiving no treatment has decreased. African-Americans had a lower five-year survival rate than other groups, even when stage was controlled.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Racial Groups; Radiotherapy Dosage; Registries; Survival Rate; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography

Recent reports suggest that radionuclide bone scan (BS) may not be necessary in the standard staging evaluation of patients with prostate cancer when serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are normal. To evaluate the ability of PSA to predict BS findings, we retrospectively reviewed the case records of 118 consecutive patients (median age 73 years, range 50-90 years) with newly diagnosed, untreated, pathologically proven prostate cancer who underwent BS and serum PSA sampling within a period of no more than 3 months. Fifty-four out of 118 BSs demonstrated metastatic bone disease. A PSA value of less than 10 ng/ml excluded bone metastasis; of 35 patients with a serum PSA level of 20 ng/ml or less, seven had a positive BS (negative predictive value of 80%). These findings provide additional confirmation of the value of low serum PSA concentrations in excluding the need for a staging BS, although the threshold for a high value of negative predictive accuracy is lower than previously reported.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Retrospective Studies; ROC Curve

Patients with regionally localized hormone refractory adenocarcinoma of the prostate are often referred for radiotherapy to relieve local symptoms, prevent further local progression, or prevent impending urinary tract obstruction. However, the merits of radiotherapy for this patient population have not been documented. In this retrospective series, the results of 29 such patients treated at our institution between 1987-1992 are reviewed.. Prior to androgen ablation, the majority of these patients (79%) had Stage D0 or D1 disease. After androgen ablation, radiotherapy was given to 16 (55%) for progressive symptoms (mostly urinary obstructive), 11 (38%) for palpable local progression in the absence of symptoms, and 2 for a rising prostate specific antigen (PSA) profile without palpable disease. None of the patients had distant metastasis at the time of radiotherapy. The median dose to the prostate was 66 Gy and the median follow-up after radiotherapy was 43 months.. Following local-regional radiotherapy, the actuarial rate of local failure at 4 years was only 39%. However, 80% had disease progression or a rising PSA in this time period. The actuarial survival at 4 years following radiotherapy was 39%. Univariate analyses of potential prognostic factors revealed that preandrogen ablation Gleason score, preradiotherapy PSA, and preradiotherapy prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were predictive of patient outcome. Most importantly, doses above 60 Gy to the prostate at standard fractionation were associated with symptom-free local control in 90% of patients at 3 years. The majority of the patients were treated using limited fields (n = 20).. The regionally localized hormone refractory prostate cancer patients described benefited from high dose, continuous course, local radiotherapy in that excellent local control rates were obtained for an extended period. Because the majority of these patients fail with distant metastasis within 4 years, this treatment represents an aggressive approach to palliation that is justified by the maintenance of freedom from local symptoms.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Disease Progression; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Orchiectomy; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy Dosage; Retrospective Studies; Survival Analysis; Treatment Failure

We report a total of 169 serial bone scan studies conducted in 21 patients with histologically proven metastatic cancer of the prostate. Aim of the study was to investigate the concordance of findings on bone scans with serum acid phosphate (AP) levels and the clinical performance status (CPS) of the patients, and to see how important bone scan is by itself in determining the metastatic progression in the follow-up. Eighty-seven and 86% of scans demonstrated changes concordant with AP and CPS levels subsequently. It was also found that 100% of the progressions on bone scans along with elevated levels of AP had been confirmed as metastatic progression, whereas only 41% of progressions on bone scans solely had been shown to be metastases in the follow-up investigations. Findings on bone scans not in correlation with clinical findings and serum AP levels are mostly misleading. Use of bone scans in conjunction with serum AP levels and most probably with prostate-specific antigen and CPS is the most reliable and therefore treatment modality changes should not be based on bone scans only.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Karnofsky Performance Status; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate; Time Factors

A patient with known prostatic cancer presented with bilateral orbital masses. On CT there was a bulky soft-tissue mass in the cranial aspect of each orbit. An open biopsy revealed undifferentiated tissue that stained strongly positive for prostatic-specific acid phosphatase, confirming the diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Orbital Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

The serum levels of creatinine (CR), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and tartrate inhibitable acid phosphatase (TIAP) were related to Gleason score, TM-category, disease progression and survival in 325 prostatic adenocarcinoma patients followed up for over 12 years. Elevated serum levels of CR, ALP, ACP and TIAP were related to invasive and metastatic disease as well as with a high Gleason score. Elevated serum levels of CR, ALP, ACP and TIAP, all significantly predicted prognosis in a univariate analysis. In the M0 tumours, ACP and TIAP and TIAP had prognostic value, as they did in the T1-2M0 tumours respectively. Cox's multivariate analysis showed that serum creatinine level at diagnosis had independent prognostic value additional to the TM-classification, Gleason score and patient age. In the M0 tumours, ALP had independent prognostic significance additional to the T-category, Gleason score and patient age. In the T1-2M0 tumours, TIAP had independent prognostic value supplementary to the Gleason score, T-category and patient age, whereas in the T1M0 tumours, the gleason score was an independent prognostic parameter. The results indicate that these simple laboratory tests give important prognostic information in prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Creatinine; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Survival Analysis

A 77-year-old male was admitted for the examination of post renal acute renal failure. Blood examination revealed renal dysfunction and elevation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Computed tomography and retrograde pyelography showed bilateral hydronephrosis due to ureteral stenosis. He died of renal failure and autopsy was done. Histologic findings showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate associated with endometrioid and mucinous carcinoma, and metastases of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and multiple bones. Immunohistochemically, endometrioid carcinoma was positive for prostatic acid phosphate (PAP) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA), and negative for CEA. Mucinous carcinoma was negative for PAP and PSA, and positive for CEA. Including our case, 29 cases of endometrioid and 32 of mucinous carcinoma of the prostate reported in the Japanese literature are reviewed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Aged; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carcinoma, Endometrioid; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Specimens from 75 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma of different M.D. Anderson degrees of malignancy were stained immunohistochemically for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). None of these tumors presented on hematoxylineosin sections any features suggesting neuroendocrine differentiation; nevertheless, 18.7% of the tumors were at least focally NSE positive. Because of the synchronous antigenic expression of the NSE-positive cells to PSA and PAP, the authors suggest that prostatic exocrine and neuroendocrine cells derive from a common precursor stem cell. The possibility of a more aggressive biological behavior of these tumors in comparison to the conventional carcinomas is discussed. The probable clinical necessity for a combined therapeutic approach is also investigated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Male; Neurosecretory Systems; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

The distribution of ALPase, ACPase, G6Pase TPPase and CCOase of gastric cancer and normal gastric epithelium were studied ultrastructurally. The results showed that normal gastric epithelium had no ALPase reaction. The reactions of ACPase, G6Pase, TPPase and CCOase were found in the corresponding organellae which were consistent with their functions. In tubular adenocarcinoma cells, their reactions were more apparent in the corresponding organellae. Some cells of tubular adenocarcinomas showed ALPase reaction. The mucinous adenocarcinoma cells had higher ACPase and TPPase reactions. In poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cells, the five marker enzymes showed negative or faint reactions. The biological significance and mechanisms of distribution of the five marker enzymes were discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Stomach Neoplasms

We surveyed the comparative clinical features of patients with stage A1 and stage A2 prostate cancer. Preoperatively, prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was elevated in 50.0% of stage A2 patients as compared to 18.2% of stage A1 patients. Compared to low positivity of prostatic acid phosphatase in 12.5% of stage A2 and in 0% of stage A1, PSA was more sensitive to the presence of incidental carcinoma. During the observation period (mean 35.7 months) no stage A patient died of cancer. No evidence of the disease showed significantly higher rate, and death without cancer was significantly lower in stage A1.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

Paneth cell-like change (PCLC) of the prostatic epithelium is considered to be a distinct form of neuroendocrine differentiation characterized by isolated cells or small groups of cells with prominent eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules. We evaluated 300 serially sectioned radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma who had not received prior adjuvant therapy (pathologic stages T2NOMO [177 patients], T3NOMO [100 patients], and TxN1MO [23 patients]). Paneth cell-like change was identified in 30 cases (10%), ranging from 1 to 20 high-power fields/positive case (mean, 4.1 high-power fields/case). There was no correlation of PCLC with prostate volume, prostate weight, Gleason grade, nuclear grade, lymph node metastases, serum prostate-specific antigen levels, cancer volume, area or presence of capsular perforation, seminal vesicle invasion, or glandular mucin (all P > .05), although a positive correlation was seen with cribriform pattern (r = 0.50, P = .0015). Immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmic immunoreactivity within cells of PCLC for chromogranin (seven of seven cases), neuron-specific enolase (seven of seven cases), serotonin (six of seven cases), prostate-specific antigen (five of seven cases), and prostatic acid phosphatase (four of seven cases); lysozyme was negative (seven cases). Our findings indicate that PCLC is more common than previously reported, but that it is not associated with tumor grade, serum PSA levels, or pathologic stage. This study also shows that PCLC represents neuroendocrine differentiation, suggesting that the term "Paneth cell-like change" be deleted from the pathologist's lexicon in relation to prostatic adenocarcinoma; a more appropriate term might be "neuroendocrine cells with large eosinophilic granules."

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Chromogranins; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Neurosecretory Systems; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Serotonin

DNA ploidy is a significant prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer. Using DNA/nuclear protein flow cytometry, a subpopulation of tumors with near-diploid DNA is identifiable. The prognostic significance of near-diploidy was examined.. Paraffin-embedded formalin fixed prostate tumor tissue from patients treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center with external beam radiation therapy was processed for DNA/nuclear protein flow cytometry. All patients had pretreatment and follow-up serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. Seventy-six specimens were suitable for flow cytometric analysis. Tumors were classified as either diploid (n = 30), near-diploid (n = 24), or nondiploid (n = 22, tetraploid and aneuploid). Median follow-up time was 36 months.. Diploid tumors were associated with a significantly better actuarial outcome at 4 years, compared with near-diploid tumors, using either biochemical relapse (rising PSA) or a composite end point of a rising PSA or clinical relapse (16% versus 52% relapse, P < 0.05, log-rank). Moreover, patients who had nondiploid tumors had the worst prognosis (77% relapse, composite end point). No significant difference was observed between diploid and near-diploid neoplasms regarding actuarial local control, freedom from metastasis, freedom from clinical relapse, or overall survival time. A Cox proportional hazards model, using the composite end point of a rising PSA or relapse, was performed with ploidy categorized as diploid, near-diploid, and nondiploid; pretreatment PSA, DNA ploidy, and tumor grade were found to be independent prognostic factors. When ploidy was categorized as diploid or near-diploid (nondiploid tumors excluded), pretreatment serum PSA and DNA ploidy were independent predictors of outcome. Ploidy remained an independent prognostic factor even when nondiploid tumors were excluded.. These data show that patients who have near-diploid tumors have an intermediate prognosis between the more favorable diploid tumors and the less favorable nondiploid tumors.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cohort Studies; Diploidy; DNA; Flow Cytometry; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Ploidies; Prognosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Survival Analysis

Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) of the prostatic urethra with involvement of the prostate gland can mimic other small-gland proliferations of the prostate, particularly adenocarcinoma of the prostate. To further characterize this lesion and refine diagnostic criteria we retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical findings of eight cases of NA involving the prostate gland seen at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1987 to 1992. The patients' ages ranged from 44 to 76 years (average age, 65 years). Six patients had lower genitourinary tract operations. Follow-up information was available for six patients (follow-up period, 5 to 38 months); only one patient had clinical evidence of recurrence (5 months after surgery). The remaining patients were alive and well with no evidence of disease. Histologically, NA was characterized by a proliferation of small tubules lined by a single layer of cuboidal or flattened cells with clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were round with fine chromatin and there was no mitotic activity. Nucleoli were generally small, but occasionally prominent. All NA extended into the prostatic parenchyma, raising the possibility that these lesions may represent prostatic small-gland proliferations, particularly prostate adenocarcinoma. However, all cases tested were negative for prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. Our findings indicate that the histologic features and the use of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase immunostains will help to distinguish NA of the urethra involving the prostate from other small-gland proliferations (eg, small-acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate, clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra, sclerosing adenosis, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, florid hyperplasia of mesonephric remnants, simple lobular atrophy, and incomplete basal cell hyperplasia).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Hamartoma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethral Diseases

A case is presented of a middle-aged man suffering from stage D2 prostate cancer with pulmonary metastases who responded favorably, first, to endocrine combination therapy with the antiandrogen flutamide and an LHRH agonist for 5.5 years, and, second, to the subsequent withdrawal of Flutamide at the time of the progression of the disease. This case has several exceptional features: absence of bone metastases, pulmonary metastatic nodules characterized as focal neuroendocrine differentiation, and a positive response to antiandrogen withdrawal upon relapse of metastases after initial positive response. The concept of escape to androgen blockade and development of androgenic hypersensitivity is discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biopsy, Needle; Bone and Bones; Flutamide; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Sputum; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Triptorelin Pamoate

A panel of three monoclonal antibodies that recognize membrane and cytoskeletal antigens expressed by epithelial cells (T16, C26, and AE-1) was used in a sensitive immunohistochemical assay to detect tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates from 20 patients with prostate cancer. Bone marrow aspirates from 2/9 (22%) patients with localized prostate cancer (stage B, 0/5; Stage C, 2/4), and 4/11 (36%) patients with metastatic prostate cancer (Stage D1, 0/7 patients; Stage D2, 4/4 patients) had antigen-positive cells in their bone marrow. The patients with localized disease had conventional examinations for metastases, including radioisotope bone scans and examination of bone marrow cytology, which were negative. The serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level appeared to correlate with the presence of micrometastases. Those patients with localized disease and antigen-positive cells in the bone marrow had an average serum PSA level of 26.6 ng/ml, while the average serum PSA level in patients without antigen-positive cells was 12.3 ng/ml. In addition, the number of antigen-positive cells detected appeared to correlate with the stage of disease; patients with Stage C prostate cancer had an average of 10 antigen-positive cells per one million bone marrow elements, while patients with Stage D2 disease had an average of 25 antigen-positive cells per one million bone marrow elements. We have demonstrated that immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow aspirates can detect occult bone marrow metastases in patients with apparently localized prostate cancer. Further follow-up of these and a larger number of patients will be require to determine the potential clinical significance of this finding.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Biopsy, Needle; Bone Marrow; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Goserelin; Humans; Male; Parotid Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Remission Induction

From 1978 to 1982, 172 patients with stages T1 to 3NxM0 prostate cancer were included in a surveillance protocol with deferred treatment on symptomatic progression. Median patient age at diagnosis was 68 years (range 38 to 89 years). Mean followup was 80 +/- 32 months. Of the patients 58% had local and 19% had distant progression, and 52% had received treatment at followup. Disease specific survival rate at 10 years was 80% for the total series, 84% for the subgroup with stage T1 or T2 tumor and 92% for those with stage T1 or T2 tumor who were less than 70 years old at diagnosis. For the subgroup with stage T3 tumor the disease specific survival rate at 9 years was 70%. In all subgroups the competing mortality rate was higher than the prostate cancer mortality rate. Deferred treatment appears to be an acceptable option for patients with tumor clinically confined to the prostate and a life expectancy of 10 years or less.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Disease Progression; Disease-Free Survival; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Population Surveillance; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Survival Rate; Sweden

To determine if tissue expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and a prostate-associated monoclonal antibody (TURP-27) is retained after irradiation therapy and to compare these results with serum levels.. Immunohistochemical tests were performed on prostatic tissue obtained by needle biopsy or transurethral resection prior to and following definitive irradiation therapy for clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. PSA, PAP, and TURP-27 were studied. Results were compared with serum PSA and PAP values.. All 20 preirradiation specimens stained positively for PSA and PAP; 19 of 20 stained for TURP-27. All 5 of the initial post-treatment biopsy specimens that showed recurrent tumor stained for all 3 markers. In 2 cases, staining for the 3 markers was greatly diminished. Only 8 of 15 post-treatment biopsy-negative specimens stained for all 3 markers. Six of 15 demonstrated loss of tissue expression for all 3 antigens. One specimen stained for PAP and TURP-27 but failed to stain for PSA. Serum PSA levels paralleled tissue expression in recurrent tumor specimens. However, 3 of the post-treatment biopsy-positive cases with PAP expressing tissue had normal serum PAP levels.. No cases of recurrent tumor with marker-negative tissue were identified. However, benign epithelial prostate cells appear to sustain sufficient damage from irradiation to lose the capacity to produce certain proteins. Diminished contribution of benign glands to circulating PSA, in addition to decreased expression in malignant tissues, may explain the lower than anticipated serum PSA levels in patients who progress after irradiation therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy, Needle; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling; Time Factors

Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) are the tumor markers for monitoring disease progression or improvement in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma. The clinical utility of PSA and PAP for early detection of prostate adenocarcinoma, however, requires distinction between prostate adenocarcinoma and prostate nodular hyperplasia. The serum PSA and PAP levels were measured in 20 men with histologically proven prostate adenocarcinoma and 28 men with histologically proven prostate nodular hyperplasia. Patients' blood samples were collected 1 to 7 days prior to the prostate examination, which included a rectal digital examination, transurethral resection, cytoscopy, and prostate biopsy. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of positive and negative results for the discrimination of prostate adenocarcinoma from prostate nodular hyperplasia were 85%, 89%, 85%, and 29%, respectively, for serum PSA (cutoff level: 10 ng/mL) and 40%, 96%, 89%, and 69%, respectively, for serum PAP (cutoff level: 10 ng/mL). Results indicate that marked elevation of serum PSA suggests prostate adenocarcinoma and that serum PSA can discriminate prostate adenocarcinoma from prostate nodular hyperplasia better than serum PAP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity

Estramustine phosphate (EMP) and flutamide (FL) were used as reversible preoperative hormonal drugs in the surgical treatment of patients with localized prostate cancer.. The authors descriptive and quantitatively examined the morphologic and immunohistochemical changes in 40 of 200 step-sectioned radical prostatectomies, obtained after treatment with EMP (25 patients) and with FL (15 patients). Of these, 28 pretreatment needlecore biopsies were available.. Every specimen contained adenocarcinoma. Understaging was found in 50% of the cases and a higher Gleason score in 70%. Benign glands underwent atrophy and squamous metaplasia. Treated tumors showed cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear pyknosis, fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltrates. The EMP group had an 84% (P < 0.05) higher mean total regression score than the FL group. Estramustine phosphate induced a 56% (P < 0.05) and a 34% decrease in tumoral prostate specific antigen and prostate specific acid phosphatase intensity scores, respectively, versus 29% and 32% after FL. The mean proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index and the mean mitotic index of the EMP group were 52% (P < 0.05) and 70% (P < 0.05) lower than those measured in the FL group. Each FL-treated tumor and 92% of EMP-treated tumors expressed chromogranin A (ChrA); ChrA labeling correlated significantly with PCNA labeling. Seventy-six percent of EMP-treated specimens revealed venous thrombosis.. Estramustine phosphate induces important morphologic and immunohistochemical changes in prostate cancer with an apparent decrease of secretory and proliferative activity when compared with FL-treated tumors. These changes represent pitfalls in the diagnosis and grading of treated carcinomas. Nearly every treated adenocarcinoma of the prostate has neuroendocrine differentiation, showing increasing ChrA labeling with higher tumor stage. A significant correlation between tumor proliferation and neuroendocrine differentiation was noticed in this small cohort of patients. There was a high incidence of periprostatic venous thrombosis after EMP treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Chromogranin A; Chromogranins; Estramustine; Flutamide; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mitosis; Neoplasm Staging; Premedication; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma was found in a 79-year-old man, who had symptoms of general malaise and poor appetite. An extensive work-up including a transurethral resection of the prostate, failed to establish the primary site of the malignancy. By administering chlormadinone acetate for prostatic hypertrophy, the pulmonary metastases improved dramatically. The tumor cells in the lung, which had previously been obtained by transbronchial lung biopsy, stained positive for prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen. These data suggested that prostatic carcinoma had metastasized to the lung. The prostatic carcinoma was finally confirmed at autopsy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

The ALVA-41 cell line was derived from a bony metastasis from a human prostatic carcinoma. The line has a number of distinct, advantageous properties that should make it useful as a tool for the study of prostate cancer. It grows rapidly and is easy to work with. It has receptors for androgens and glucocorticoids but not for estrogens. Its growth is enhanced by physiological concentrations of dihydrotestosterone. It does not secrete prostate specific antigen, but does secrete prostatic acid phosphatase. Further, the secretion of prostatic acid phosphatase is enhanced by dihydrotestosterone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Adhesion; Cell Division; Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase; Humans; Male; Oxidoreductases; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Serum tissue polypeptide-specific antigen (TPS), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) concentrations were serially measured in 31 prostate cancer patients with bone metastases who had relapsed following hormonal therapy. Of these subjects 7 had well-differentiated cancer (G1), 13 patients were assessed to have moderately differentiated tumor (G2) while in 11 subjects poorly differentiated tumor (C13) was found. With increasing tumor grade (G1 to G3), a proportional increase in mean TPS value was found while the increase in respective PAP serotest values was not linear. Simultaneously measured mean PSA values showed a curved effect. Both PSA and PAP serotest concentrations depend on the respective hormone-dependent gene expressions that gradually decrease with tumor dedifferentiation. Therefore, in progressive hormonally treated stage D2 prostate cancer patients an androgen-independent TPS serotest seems to be a useful clinical addition for monitoring protocols. The combined use of TPS, PSA, and PAP seems to give a better reflection of tumor status. According to the bone scan data metastatic tumor mass in G3 carcinomas was virtually equal to cancer burden in G2 tumors. Hence, the marked elevation of TPS serotest values in G3 adenocarcinomas could not be attributed to greater tumor mass but was most likely due to an increase in proliferation rate. Some authors have recently proposed cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19 to be the origin of TPS serum findings. However, cytokeratin content has been proven to be lower in G3 tumors than in better-differentiated neoplasms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Peptides; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

We report a case of advanced prostate cancer in which an initial response to hormonal therapy with surgical castration and estramustine phosphate (EMP) was followed by disease progression, as shown by sequential elevations in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) and the development of new symptoms, during maintenance endocrine and anti-cancer chemotherapy. Discontinuation of EMP resulted in sustained reductions in serum PSA and PAP levels and a sustained improvement in symptoms.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Castration; Estramustine; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Serial serum prostate tumor markers (acid phosphatase, prostate-specific antigen-Yang, prostate-specific antigen-Hybritech, lipid-associated sialic acid in plasma, and tissue polypeptide antigen) were obtained every four hours during a twenty-four-hour interval from men with Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate. No therapeutic or diagnostic manipulations occurred during sample procurement, so that the amount of fluctuation in these serum prostate cancer markers could be determined. The average co-efficient of variation for acid phosphatase 28.8, prostate-specific antigen-Yang 8.85, prostate-specific antigen-Hybritech 7.2, lipid-associated sialic acid in plasma (LASA-P) 6.19, and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) 14.75 indicate that prostate-specific antigen determined by either method fluctuates minimally, indicating stability and, because it is prostate-cancer specific, is the most useful tumor marker tested.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Neoplasm Staging; Peptides; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sialic Acids; Time Factors; Tissue Polypeptide Antigen

An autopsy case of adenocarcinoma of Skene's paraurethral gland co-incident with renal cell carcinoma is described. The adenocarcinoma showed distinct prostate specific antigen and prostate specific acid phosphatase pointing to the equivalence between the male prostate and Skene's paraurethral glands and ducts. Skene's gland are the homologue of the prostate in females and tumours arising from them are immunohistochemically similar to male prostate carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Female; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Urethral Neoplasms

Metastatic involvement of pelvic lymph nodes in carcinoma of the prostate alters the prognosis and treatment of this disease. Our goal was to determine if additional techniques, such as immunohistochemical staining, could detect occult microscopic metastatic nodal disease not seen with routine hematoxylin and eosin staining. We examined paraffin embedded lymph nodes from 43 patients with clinical stage A or B carcinoma of the prostate who were candidates for radical prostatectomy and who underwent modified pelvic lymph node dissection with frozen section hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemical staining for prostate specific antigen and prostate specific acid phosphatase was performed on the lymph nodes. Monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins were used to confirm the epithelial origin of the prostate cells. An average of 9 lymph nodes and 42 histological sections per patient were stained. Based on routine hematoxylin and eosin staining the pathological staging was stage A in 3, stage B in 20, stage C in 9 and stage D1 in 11 cases. There were 17 well, 16 moderately and 10 poorly differentiated carcinomas. In 31 of 32 patients with negative nodes no occult metastases could be identified. One patient with poorly differentiated stage C cancer demonstrated occult nodal deposits by prostate specific acid phosphatase and not by prostate specific antigen. In the 11 stage D1 cancer patients immunohistochemical staining confirmed all malignant deposits and additional metastatic lesions were detected in only 1 patient. Unlike other carcinomas, such as breast, in which immunohistochemical staining yields a 14 to 37% occult metastasis rate, these data suggest that occult nodal metastases are infrequently seen in carcinoma of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Pelvis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

A 66-year-old man presented with a mass just behind the lower part of the left ear. A biopsy showed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma that was prostate-specific antigen (PSA)- and prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP)-positive. This finding suggested a metastasis of a prostatic carcinoma. Extensive clinical and radiographical examination revealed no primary prostatic carcinoma or other metastases and serum levels of PSAP and PSA were not elevated. The reliability of the PSA and PSAP staining was studied in a series of 25 adenocarcinomas of various primary sites in females and in 26 salivary gland tumors in both males and females, because a primary adenocarcinoma of salivary gland seemed another possibility in this case. As expected, there was no immunoreactivity for PSA and PSAP in the adenocarcinomas from females, but 6 of 11 pleomorphic adenomas, 0 of 4 monomorphic adenomas, 1 of 6 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and 1 of 2 adenocarcinomas not otherwise specified (NOS) of the salivary gland showed at least focal staining of both PSA and PSAP. The conclusion was that the patient had a primary salivary gland adenocarcinoma NOS. In males with PSA- and PSAP-positive adenocarcinoma without signs of primary prostatic carcinoma, a salivary gland origin should be considered.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neoplasms, Unknown Primary; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Reference Values; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands; Staining and Labeling

The tumor marker study attempts to make a diagnosis before the clinical diagnosis. We have studied some of these tumor markers (PSA, PAP and acid phosphatase) in 97 patients who suffered from benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic cancer and other non-prostatic pathologies. PSA appears to be the best marker, as reported in the literature. The sensitivity and specificity for two different cut off levels (5 and 10 ng/ml) were analyzed in order to determine the best. The statistical analysis was done by the chi-square method. The differences between the tumor markers were not significant for sensitivity. PSA appears to be more sensitive than PAP. Although there are no significant differences for sensitivity between both cut-off levels, and between PSA and PAP. We consider that the 10 ng/ml cut off is better assuming we will have a higher percentage of specificity (p < 0.05).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; ROC Curve

The outcome of radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer depends on many pretreatment variables that are interrelated in complex ways. A multivariate analysis of 874 cases of prostate cancer treated between 1966 and 1988 was conducted. The median length of the follow-up period after radiation therapy was 6.7 years.. The disease outcome and rate of survival was analyzed with the proportional hazards model for patients with stage A2 (104), stage B (168), or stage C (602) prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy as the only primary treatment.. Local recurrence rates were 12%, 24%, and 33% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. In multivariate analysis, stage (A2 vs. B+C) and pathologic grade (1 + 2 vs 3 + 4) were independently related to local recurrence. At 10 years local control had been achieved in 79% of favorable cases (stage A2 or stage B/C, grade 1), but in only 62% of unfavorable cases (stage B/C, grade 4). Metastatic relapse rates were 25%, 38%, and 47% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Factors that independently correlated with metastasis were high pathologic grade, transurethral resection in stage C, elevated acid phosphatase levels, and being 60 years of age or younger. A favorable group of cases (stage A2/B, grade 1 or stage C, grade 1, no transurethral resection, older than 60 years of age) had a metastatic rate of only 10% after 10 years, whereas an unfavorable group (largely stage C, grades 3/4) had a metastatic rate approaching 70%. The overall survival rate was 77%, 49%, and 32% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Pathologic grade (1 vs 2 + 3 vs 4) and transurethral resection in stage C correlated with survival. A favorable group of patients (stage A2/B or stage C and grade 1) had a normal survival expectation of 15 years. An unfavorable group consisting of grade 4 tumors had a survival rate of less than 20% at 10 years.. The complexity and long natural history of prostate cancer demand careful stratification and follow-up examination to evaluate treatment results. The study of adjuvants to improve the local effectiveness of radiation and to mitigate the high metastatic rates in unfavorable local disease are urgent priorities.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome

Prostatic inhibin peptide (PIP), consisting of 94 amino-acid residues is synthesized and secreted by the prostate gland. Previous studies on immunohistochemical localization of PIP in primary prostatic tumor and their metastasis, have documented the value of this peptide as a tumor marker for diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). The present study was undertaken to compare the expression of PIP with that of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in androgen independent human PCa cell lines (PC-3, DU-145 and TSU-Prl) by immunoperoxidase technique. The results of the study indicated that the staining for PIP was more intense than that of PSA and PAP. The PSA staining was either weakly positive (PC-3) or totally absent (TSU-Prl and DU-145) while PAP staining was intense in PC-3 and moderate in the other two human cell lines. The intense staining observed for PIP in all of the androgen independent cell lines suggests that the synthesis and secretion of PIP is not primarily dependent on androgens. Furthermore, expression of these markers in Dunning rat cultured adenocarcinoma cell lines and tumors were studied. Positive staining for all three human tumor associated antigens (PIP, PSA and PAP) cross-reacting with the Dunning rat PCa cell lines and the tumors, suggest the suitability of this model for preclinical screening of various therapeutic agents.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Line; Cross Reactions; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Inhibins; Male; Peptide Biosynthesis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Rats; Tumor Cells, Cultured

In this report we have investigated levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene expression in prostatic carcinoma (Ca) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimens. Northern-blot analyses of total prostatic mRNA indicated that there was a tendency towards lower amounts of PAP mRNA and PSA mRNA in the Ca specimens than in the BPH specimens, although, because of the great variation in the expression levels of both mRNAs, these differences were not statistically significant. In situ hybridization analyses clearly showed that both PAP and PSA mRNAs were confined to the columnar epithelial cells and that stromal cells were devoid of these mRNAs. In addition, PAP and PSA mRNAs were more abundant in BPH tissue than in adjacent Ca tissue within the same specimen. The levels of PAP and PSA enzymes were analyzed immunohistochemically using a bispecific antibody having high affinity for both PAP and PSA, and the results were compared with those obtained using monoclonal anti-PAP and anti-PSA antibodies. All 3 antibodies stained only epithelial cells and BPH tissue consistently gave more intense staining than Ca tissue. Furthermore, the anti-PSA and the bispecific anti-PAP-PSA antibodies stained well or moderately differentiated Ca tissues more strongly than poorly differentiated Ca tissues. No PSA staining was detected in 3 and no PAP staining in 5 of the moderately or poorly differentiated carcinomas (grades II or III). Our results show that, in comparison with BPH tissue, prostatic Ca tissue is associated with significantly lower levels of mRNAs coding for the prostatic marker enzymes PAP and PSA, as well as with lower concentrations of these enzymes. Furthermore, dedifferentiation of prostate Ca is associated with a decrease in the level of intraprostatic PSA.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Bispecific; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Blotting, Northern; Gene Expression; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA, Messenger

Between 1981 to 1991, 126 patients were diagnosed with prostatic cancer from histological reports. Stage D2 prostatic cancer was confirmed in 38 of these cases at the time of the initial diagnosis (group alpha). Of 38 patients in group alpha, 13 had recurrence of disease after a good response to the initial treatment, 19 had no recurrence after the treatment and the other 6 patients showed no response to the initial treatment for prostatic cancer. Seven patients showed progression of the disease to stage D2 during the observation period (group beta). These forty-five patients with stage D2 prostatic cancer were analyzed. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was the most frequently observed histological grade, followed by moderately differentiated. The grade of the extent of the disease (EOD) on bone scan was classified as EOD I in 26, EOD II in 13 and EOD III in 4, with no significant differences in the survival rate found among these groups. The sensitivity rate of prostate specific antigen was higher than that of other serum tumor markers. Twenty-three patients died during the observation period. 18 of the 23 died of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Survival Rate

To evaluate a relationship between Gleason scores of histopathology of prostate carcinoma and concurrent serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) values, 65 men with prostate carcinoma were studied. These patients' cumulative Gleason scores were obtained by totaling the primary and secondary patterns, resulting in two groups: 42 patients received high (6-10) and 23 received low (2-5) Gleason scores. Serum PSA and PAP values were measured by radioimmunometric assay 1 to 7 days before surgical procedures or biopsy for prostate carcinoma. Mean serum PSA for patients in the high Gleason score group was 134.39 ng/mL (normal range: 0 to 4), and the mean serum PSA for patients in the low Gleason score group was 23.62 ng/mL. Mean serum PAP for patients with high scores was 28.08 ng/mL (normal range: 0 to 5), and the mean serum PAP for patients with low scores was 18.19 ng/mL. Patients with high Gleason scores showed significantly greater elevation of serum PSA than those with low Gleason scores (P = .047), using two samples to test for groups having unequal variants. Prostate acid phosphatase levels of patients with high scores were not significantly higher than the levels in patients with low scores (P = .60). These results indicate that PSA levels but not PAP levels correlate with Gleason scores.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate cancer is a disease mostly effecting aged men. The incidence rate of this disease is much lower in China than in Europe and America. However, certain data have been accumulated indicating an increasing tendency in this country in recent years. The present report also supports this view and suggest the importance of strengthening of epidemiological research in this area in future. The problem how to treat patients with advanced prostate cancer is of essential importance since most cases are diagnosed in III or IV stage of the disease. In the present study, 10 out of 26 suspected cases (38.5%) was diagnosed by needle aspiration biopsy, being 90.9% of 11 cases confirmed histopathologically. The elevation of tumor maker acid phosphatase activity was positive in 8 out of 17 cases (47.1%). In this group, 11/17 (64.7%) received bilateral orchidectomy plus estrogenic hormones. The effective rate was 81.9% (9/11). Relapse occurred in 4 out of the 9 cases (44.4%), probably due to estrogenic hormone-dependence.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy, Needle; Combined Modality Therapy; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Orchiectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Paneth cell-like change (PCLC) of the prostatic glandular epithelium was focally observed in one case of normal glandular epithelium, two cases of glandular and stromal hyperplasia, one case of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and four cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The distinctive cells were characterized by bright, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained material. The cytoplasmic granules in the benign prostatic epithelium were periodate-Schiff's procedure (PAS)-positive and diastase resistant and immunohistochemically negative for lysozyme, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, and serotonin. The eosinophilic granules in the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma cases were immunohistochemically positive for chromogranin, serotonin, and neuron-specific enolase, and negative for lysozyme. By electron microscopy the eosinophilic granules represented exocrine-like or lysosomal-like vesicles in the benign epithelium and neuro-endocrine granules in the malignant epithelium. The lesion represents a prostatic epithelial PCLC rather than a Paneth cell metaplasia. PCLC is the common histological manifestation of two different phenomena: (a) a PAS-positive and diastase-resistant eosinophilic cytoplasmic granular change in benign prostatic epithelium, and (b) endocrine differentiation with neuroendocrine granules in dysplastic and malignant prostatic epithelia. The importance of recognizing PCLC lies in its differentiation from other possible prostatic cytoplasmic inclusions.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma in Situ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chromogranins; Cytoplasmic Granules; Epithelium; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Serotonin

Adenocarcinoma associated antigen (ACAA) is a large molecular weight protein that is normally found in low serum levels. Recent data have revealed elevations in patients with adenocarcinomas, including prostate cancer. To evaluate the relationship of ACAA levels with prostate cancer, we measured the cytosol content in malignant and nonmalignant prostate tissue and compared these results to those of the standard markers, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA). Enzyme solid phase immunoassay was used to quantitate PSA and ACAA levels, and the enzymatic method was used to measure PAP. Wedge resection from the right and left posterior lobes of 50 fresh radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens were used for cytosol analysis. All foci of within each prostate gland were carefully mapped by a single pathologist. When all malignant wedges (N = 74) were compared to all the benign wedges (N = 21), only the PSA levels showed significant elevation (p less than 0.02). However, when benign and malignant tissue from the same prostate were available for comparison, both PSA (N = 17) and ACAA (N = 16) showed significant elevations in the cytosol of the malignant tissue (p less than 0.002 and p less than 0.03, respectively). Although not statistically significant, the cytosol PAP did show a consistent trend to be greater in malignant tissue. It appears that there is an association of increased cytosol ACAA and PSA with prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cytosol; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

We determined the pre-analytical and biological variation of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen in the same patient samples. Prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen were both stable when stored for at least 3 weeks with acidification (acetate buffer) or without acidification, except for prostate-specific antigen in samples stored unacidified at 4 degrees C. A significant elevation of prostate-specific antigen was noted in four patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia between 1/2 and 6 hours after prostatic massage. No significant effect was shown of changes in the glomerular filtration rate on prostate-specific antigen concentration, in spite of its low molecular mass. The estimate of within-subject biological variation showed a coefficient of variation of 33.8% for prostatic acid phosphatase and 14% for prostate-specific antigen. Desirable analytical imprecisions based on these findings were about 17% for prostatic acid phosphatase and 7% for prostate-specific antigen, these goals being achieved in practice for marker values higher than or equal to the upper reference limit.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Male; Physical Examination; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Two hundred twenty asymptomatic males, aged 55 to 75 years old, underwent transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate as part of a screening examination. Fifteen prostate adenocarcinomas were detected, 5 of which were nonpalpable. The biopsies were performed under sagittal ultrasound guidance. Serum prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase levels were also obtained from each patient. Nine of the patients were staged as B2, one patient as D2, 4 patients as A1 and one as A2. The use of transrectal ultrasonography as a screening tool must be further evaluated in a multicenter trial with a large number of patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum; Ultrasonography

We discuss a 63-year-old man who presented with a metastatic tumor in an inguinal lymph node. By light microscopy, the tumor cells were characterized by a finely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. A diagnosis of metastatic oncocytic carcinoma was made based on the results of an ultrastructural examination, which showed the cytoplasm of the tumor cells to be filled with mitochondria. Results of immunocytochemical studies showed positive reactivity for prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen. A transurethral resection of the prostate showed an oncocytic adenocarcinoma of the prostate, apparently the first of its kind, which was demonstrated to be the site of origin of the inguinal lymph node metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Diagnosis, Differential; Eosinophilia; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunohistochemistry; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Mitochondria; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

We report our experience in the follow-up of 63 patients with advanced prostate adenocarcinoma. We used prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in 27 patients; in 36 patients we evaluated osteocalcin and bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase, two markers of bone metabolism which seem to be good markers in the follow-up of patients with bone metastases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone and Bones; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Osteocalcin; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

We studied 78 men with suspicion of prostatic carcinoma, who underwent transrectal aspiration biopsy, diagnosing 46 adenocarcinoma, 13 chronic prostatitis and 19 benign prostatic hyperplasia. Moreover, we determined prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) by enzyme immunoanalysis, resulting in 9/78 false-positives and 18/78 false-negatives. Also, we carried out a morphometric analysis of the cytologic samples which showed good correlation with the cytologic diagnosis except in the moderately differentiated carcinomas. We found a good correlation between PAP values, cytologic diagnosis and nuclear size as well as the percentage of the binucleolated cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy, Needle; Chronic Disease; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis

Seventy-seven patients with prostatic cancer were treated at our department in the last 5 years. Of these patients 30 cases were followed by bone scintigraphy and serum PAP. In 27 follow-up scintigraphy procedures changes of bone scintigraphy corresponded to changes in serum PAP levels Changes of PAP levels did not always correspond to changes of scintigraphy, but almost all cases in which the level of PAP increased in a short period showed progression of bone metastasis. A 3-month interval between bone scintigraphy procedure in stage D2 prostatic cancer patients is generally recommended. However, we think that in prostatic cancer patients follow-up bone scintigraphy at regular short intervals is unnecessary if there is no change in serum PAP levels, symptoms or physical condition. Bone scintigraphy should be performed when the tumor marker changes rapidly or when any physical symptom appears.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone and Bones; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Retrospective Studies

A 66-year-old man presented with progressive proptosis of the left eye associated with ocular pain. A computed tomographic scan showed a high density mass in the posterolateral portion of the left orbit. The patient underwent surgical removal of the tumor and histopathological examination revealed adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. To find out the primary focus of the tumor the patient was referred to our department, where biopsy of the prostate revealed adenocarcinoma. Further, immunohistochemical examination of the orbital tumor was performed and prostatic acid phosphatase was identified. Finally, we made a diagnosis of orbital metastasis from prostatic carcinoma. This paper presents a rare case of prostatic carcinoma with orbital metastasis and reviews the literature of the subject.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Orbital Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

This study of 133 patients with localized prostate cancer (Stages A2 to C), treated by external beam radiation therapy (XRT), was undertaken for two reasons: (1) to investigate the usefulness of pretreatment serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in evaluating patients before XRT; and (2) to investigate post-XRT changes in PSA values and their likely clinical significance. It was found that pretreatment PSA values in patients with localized disease exhibit wide patient to patient variability with a greater than 100-fold difference between the lowest and highest values. Although mean PSA values were significantly higher in Stage C disease (51 patients; mean PSA, 17.3 ng/ml) than in Stage A2 disease (31 patients; mean PSA, 9.0 ng/ml), Stage B1 disease (23 patients; mean PSA, 9.1 ng/ml), or Stage B2 disease (28 patients; mean PSA, 10.6 ng/ml), individual values were of virtually no help in assigning individual patients to a clinical stage. PSA levels did not correlate with grade. After XRT, PSA values fell significantly and dramatically in virtually all patients (98%) by 3 months follow-up. Mean PSA fell from 12.5 to 2.6 ng/ml, and median PSA fell from 6.6 to 1.9 ng/ml. In most patients, PSA continued to fall up to 12 months after XRT and then stabilized at 21 months. Although PSA values fell dramatically after XRT, PSA was detectable in the serum of all patients. PSA values tended to transiently and mildly elevate during XRT. In a small proportion of patients, rising PSA values were observed after 6 months. The full significance of this requires further follow-up, of four such patients, one has relapsed. PSA is a more sensitive marker of prostatic radiation than prostatic acid phosphatase.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Since the introduction of hormonal therapy for the treatment of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma, there have been 33 reports of metastases of prostate carcinoma to the breast. We report two cases of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-treated patients with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma who developed breast masses. The lesions had infiltrative patterns simulating primary breast carcinoma. Immunoperoxidase stains, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were positive, identifying these cases as metastatic prostatic carcinoma to the breast. Differentiating primary from secondary tumors in these patients is difficult since there have been 10 reports of primary breast carcinoma occurring in DES-treated patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Their differentiation is important to direct appropriate therapy, and PSA and PAP immunoperoxidase stains are important in their correct classification.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Breast Neoplasms; Diethylstilbestrol; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been shown to be a more sensitive tumor marker than prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in prostatic adenocarcinoma: PSA was positive in 54 of our 117 patients (46%) and PAP was positive in 24 (21%). In order to compare the usefulness of these markers during and after radiotherapy serum samples from 24 patients treated with external beam irradiation were analyzed. PAP was only slightly positive in 1 patient (4%) after radiotherapy. His PSA level was highly elevated and he died of progressive disease. In the other 23 patients the cancer was in local control. However, the serum PSA level remained positive in 5 of these patients indicating vital cancer cells may still have been present. An alternative possibility is that metaplastic prostatic cells which secrete PSA were left after radiotherapy, as has been shown to be the case in prostatic hyperplasia. Before radiotherapy increased PSA levels were measured in 3 patients. In 2 of them the level declined to normal within 6 months after radiotherapy. The PAP levels were normal. It is concluded that PSA (positive in 25% of patients after radiotherapy) might be more sensitive than PAP (positive in 4%) in monitoring the effect of radiotherapy in prostatic cancer patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Of 91 patients with prostatic cancer treated at our Department of Urology, from January 1976 through December 1987, 42 cases of stage D2 cancer treated with endocrine therapy were evaluated retrospectively with regard to clinical parameters and prognoses. The patients with marked increase in the level of the prostatic acid phosphatase (PACP), and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum, and marked decrease in volume of hemoglobin (Hb) had a poor prognosis. The patients who took a long time to obtain a favorable response to the therapy had a poor prognosis. The response grade in NPCP criteria at 3 months after the initiation of therapy reflected the prognosis, and showed good correlation to the grade of favorable response.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chlormadinone Acetate; Combined Modality Therapy; Diethylstilbestrol; Hemoglobins; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Orchiectomy; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate

Serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were determined simultaneously in 57 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in 50 untreated patients with prostatic cancer (adenocarcinoma, N = 47 and non-adenocarcinoma, N = 3). The correlations between the serum levels of gamma-Sm and PSA in these patients were assessed by linear regression analysis. Some fundamental studies were added for explaining the causes of discrepancy between the serum levels of gamma-Sm and PSA. All of BPH group underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and the sera were obtained for measurements before, immediately after and 18 hours after TURP. The gamma-Sm correlated well with the PSA in the sera obtained before (r = 0.76) and 18 hours after (r = 0.73) TURP. However, there was no correlation (r = 0.26) between them in the sera obtained immediately after TURP. In 47 untreated patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, no significant correlation (r = 0.19) between serum levels of gamma-Sm and PSA was observed, although there was correlation (r = 0.51) between those of PAP and PSA. When these patients were classified into two groups, M0 (stage A-C; N = 26) and M1 (stage D; N = 21), however, the serum gamma-Sm correlated with the serum PSA in M0 group (r = 0.57), but didn't in M1 group (r = 0.11). Furthermore, the differences in the means of PAP (p less than 0.05) and PSA (p less than 0.001) between M0 group and M1 group were statistically significant, although the serum gamma-Sm failed to distinguish M0 from M1. The anti-PSA antibody of "PSA Kit" reacted against the standard gamma-Sm adopted from "gamma-Sm Kit". Surprisingly, the anti-gamma-Sm antibody of "gamma-Sm Kit" also reacted against the standard PSA adopted from "PSA Kit". The gamma-Sm and PSA apparently cross-reacted each other. The quantitative analyses with serial dilution of the sera were done by using each assay in 3 patients whose serum levels of gamma-Sm were markedly different from those of PSA. The dilution curve for PAP appeared to be rectilineal, and that for PSA also appeared to be approximately rectilineal. However, the gamma-Sm assay failed to be proportional. In conclusion, the correlation between serum levels of gamma-Sm and PSA was absent in certain circumstances, when the true values of them were expected to be much higher than those determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

A total of 132 patients with stage A1 adenocarcinoma of the prostate was followed for 5 to 23 years (mean 8.2 years). Of these patients 52 underwent a second staging transurethral resection of the prostate between 1977 and 1986. Progressive disease developed in 3 of the 12 patients (25%) in whom residual foci of well differentiated cancer were detected by the second transurethral resection and who did not undergo further treatment. Of the 38 patients in whom the second transurethral resection did not detect residual cancer 3 (8%) also had progressive disease. From April 1989 to December 1989, 44 patients were re-evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography and ultrasonographically guided biopsies. Of these patients 3 had locally progressive disease. Progressive disease also developed in 4 more patients. Thus, 13 of the 132 patients (10%) had either locally or systemically progressive disease after long-term followup. The interval from diagnosis of stage A1 disease to detection of progression ranged from 6 months to 20 years (mean 7 years). Ten patients underwent definitive treatment for what was believed to be locally progressive disease, 2 underwent palliative therapy and 1 had no therapy due to poor physical condition. Of the 10 patients who underwent definitive therapy 6 are alive without evidence of disease, 2 died of unrelated causes without evidence of disease and 2 are alive with stage D1 disease. These data suggest that patients in whom a second staging transurethral resection of the prostate detects residual cancer have a high probability of progressive disease. Also, negative findings from a second staging transurethral resection may not exclude the possibility of disease progression. Expectant management of stage A1 disease is warranted but regular and long-term followup is mandatory.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy, Needle; Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reoperation; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography

A prostatic lesion, histologically identical to sclerosing adenosis of the breast, was found in five (1.9%) of 263 patients who underwent transurethral resection, open prostatic adenectomy, radical prostatectomy, or total cystoprostatectomy. This uncommon lesion was a localized proliferation of crowded small glands, small solid nests, and individual cells embedded in a cellular stroma, mimicking a small acinar prostatic adenocarcinoma. The proliferating glands were lined by a single layer of secretory cells surrounded by an eosinophilic membranous structure. Basal cells were disclosed in individual glands or as small nests and even individual cells with immunostainability for basal cell-specific cytokeratin (EAB903), S-100 protein, and muscle-specific actin (HHF35). These findings indicate the benign nature of the lesion with myoepithelial differentiation of the basal cells. In contrast, all 25 small acinar adenocarcinomas examined as controls lacked positive stains for the above three antibodies, verifying the usefulness of these antibodies to distinguish between this benign lesion from adenocarcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actins; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Neoplasms; S100 Proteins; Sclerosis

The immunohistochemical demonstration of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) and/or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been accepted as being reliable in identifying metastatic adenocarcinoma of prostate origin. However, islet cell tumors, especially hindgut-derived carcinoid tumors, have occasionally been reported to be positive for PAcP. We therefore studied a series of carcinoid tumors of the lung and gastrointestinal tract immunohistochemically for PAcP expression by using two polyclonal antibodies and one monoclonal antibody. Thirty-three carcinoid tumors were examined. All five rectal carcinoids in the series showed convincing PAcP positivity with at least two of the three anti-PAcP antibodies. No significant PAcP positivity was observed in the remaining 28 foregut- and midgut-derived carcinoid tumors, except for weak focal positivity in one lung carcinoid. PSA antibody reacted negatively in all cases. Western blots of an aqueous cell lysate from one rectal carcinoid revealed protein bands in the region of 45-55 kd that immunoreacted with anti-PAcP antibodies, confirming the validity of the immunostains. These results suggest that PAcP positivity is common in rectal carcinoid tumors and that it most likely represents true PAcP expression. This seemingly aberrant protein expression may be explained by the shared cloacal derivation of the rectum and prostate, giving rise to cells with both endocrine and partial prostatic epithelial differentiation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Blotting, Western; Carcinoid Tumor; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Rectal Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

Clinical understaging abounds in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The preoperative prostate-specific antigen is not useful in preoperative staging, although enzymatic acid phosphatase elevation is associated with positive nodes in two-thirds of patients. Whole mount evaluation of radical prostatectomy specimens reveals tumor multicentricity in more than half the patients and tumor extension beyond the prostatic capsule in the majority of patients. A significant number of patients have a final tumor grade higher than that initially assigned. Capsule penetration by tumor is a factor of tumor grade as is volume.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymph Nodes; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

To determine the value of prostatic markers for prostate cancer, serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate specific antigen (PSA) and gamma-Seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were measured in 81 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and in 12 patients with incidental prostatic cancer. gamma-Sm was the most sensitive but the least specific of the three markers. Large prostate glands, especially hyper-glandular type tended to be associated with high gamma-Sm levels in our study. Patients with acute urinary retention, acute prostatitis and necrosis also showed positive markers. Out of 12 patients with incidental cancer, 5 patients had more than 2 elevated markers. Four patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma failed to show increased markers.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

To study the significance of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and prostatic specific antigen (PA) in urine, we have determined the urinary levels of these proteins in women and infants, in patients without prostatic disease, in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, and in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Women and infants were found to excrete little PAP (27.9 +/- 4.8 ng/mg) and undetectable levels of gamma-Sm except one case, and undetectable levels of PA in the urine. The excretion of PAP in patients with prostatic carcinoma who were either castrated, or treated with endocrine therapy was lower than the levels in women and infants, or the levels in patients without prostatic diseases, or the levels in patients with BPH. Urinary excretion levels of gamma-Sm and PA were undetectable in the patients with well-controlled prostatic carcinoma. The present study suggests that the determination of PAP, gamma-Sm and PA in the urine of patients with prostatic carcinoma may become a useful tool for monitoring of the primary locus of the carcinoma, but additional assays of urinary PAP, gamma-Sm and PA should be measured at regular intervals to be concluded.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Cultures of a cell line derived from a murine mammary carcinoma that induces hypercalcemia were examined for soluble products that could induce osteoclasts to differentiate from murine bone marrow cells. The serum-free culture supernatant of this cell line stimulated growth of colonies from bone marrow cells that exhibited tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAPase) activity. These TRAPase-positive cells demonstrated essential features of osteoclasts when cultured with mineralized bone or dentin. The culture period required for colony development and the frequency of colony-forming cells indicated that relatively primitive marrow progenitors were stimulated by a tumor-derived factor(s) to form immature osteoclasts. Other colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), including granulocyte CSF, macrophage CSF, granulocyte-macrophage CSF and interleukin 3, were ruled out as the source of the activity produced by the tumor cells. The biological activity was successfully purified by gel filtration chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. By SDS/PAGE, the activity was traced to a protein of approximately 17 kDa. Functional and biochemical studies of the purified factor suggest that it is distinct from any known CSF of myeloid cells. This protein appears to be a CSF for the osteoclast lineage, osteoclast CSF (O-CSF).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Colony-Stimulating Factors; Culture Media; Hypercalcemia; In Vitro Techniques; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Molecular Weight; Osteoclasts; Tumor Cells, Cultured

We have evaluated the effects of tumour mass and circulating antigen (prostatic acid phosphatase, PAP) on the biodistribution and the incorporation of 111In-labelled F(ab')2 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) fragments directed against human PAP into human prostatic tumours (PC-82; 0.1-8.9 g) growing in nude mice. The radioactivities in the blood, liver, spleen, kidney and tumour were compared at 1, 3, 4 and 6 days after the intravenous administration of the antibody fragments. There was a significant correlation between the tumour size and the serum PAP concentration in the model employed. Even tissue of a small tumour (less than 0.1 g) had a high concentration of PAP, but it was not secreted into the circulation in detectable amounts when measured by radioimmunoassay (the lowest standard was 0.5 micrograms/l). The percentage uptake by tumours of the injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) was inversely proportional to the tumour size at 24 h after the administration of 111In-labelled F(ab')2 fragments. This relationship had levelled off by 72 h and most likely reflected a better vascularisation of the smaller tumours. Our results show that the increase in tumour size and in the concentration of circulating antigen in the blood led to decreased tumour-to-blood ratios, since there was a tendency for higher blood activities in mice with larger tumours and higher serum PAP concentrations. There was no correlation between tumour size and label uptake by the liver during the follow-up over 144 h, although serum PAP concentrations ranged from 3.1 micrograms/l to 352 micrograms/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Humans; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; Immunoglobulin Fragments; Indium Radioisotopes; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Transplantation, Heterologous

To determine whether prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) immunoreactivity in prostatic adenocarcinoma is a reliable prognostic factor, the PAP immunohistochemical distribution has been examined in 78 prostatic carcinoma cases. The intensity of PAP immunostaining was graded from 0 to 2, and the scores of the primary and the secondary staining patterns were added to assess the extent of the PAP expression in needle biopsy specimens. As a result, a higher cancer-specific survival rate was observed in patients showing a greater PAP immunostaining (P less than 0.01). Further, a multivariate analysis was made of possible prognostic factors (age, stage, Gleason score, serum PAP, PAP-immunostaining score, and the initial treatment) to estimate the extent of their impact on cancer-specific survival. Results have confirmed that the difference in PAP immunoreactivity is an excellent, independent prognostic factor for prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Epithelium; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

We used the method of Rudolph et al. (Clin Chem 1988; 34:2031-8) to find information in the data from correlated determinations of acid phosphatase (PAP, EC 3.1.3.2; DuPont aca) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA, Hybritech). We described there how we assign medical decision limits for two or more correlated variables and convert the database to a binary coded message, allowing separation of a selected disease class with minimum error. The decision point, analogous to a percentile upper limit on the ordered values of each variable in the reference group, satisfies the maximum entropy constraints of reference, producing a minimum entropy for the binary coded patient database. We found maximum entropy decision points at PAP = 0.75 U/L and PSA = 22.8 micrograms/L. Patients with PSA values exceeding 22.8 micrograms/L had no benign prostatic disease except for five patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with adjacent colon carcinoma (95.3), BPH with infarction (27.6), BPH (23.4) 28.1), or acute prostatitis (34.6). We consider PSA exceeding 22.8 micrograms/L as indicative of carcinoma of the prostate, stage C or D, in the absence of disconfirming evidence. Another decision value for PSA is 11.3 micrograms/L. This bounds the region between 11.3 and 22.8 micrograms/L, where the frequency of BPH is 1.5 times that for adenocarcinoma. At PSA less than 11.3 micrograms/L there is a high frequency of BPH. PSA concentration is not correlated with prostatic size (mass) or with prostatitis. A metastatic carcinoma is as likely to be nonprostatic as prostatic when the PSA concentration is less than 11.3 micrograms/L.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Risk Factors; Statistics as Topic

The introduction of new tumours markers poses the problem of assessing their real predictive power and of considering all their possible uses. The following questions have been examined: 1) is PSA able to offer early diagnosis of prostate Ca 2) is there a relationship between cancer grading and PSA levels? 3) is it possible to use PSA to monitor patients under treatment? 4) can PSA predict the existence of bone metastasis?

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

A series of 55 randomly chosen radical prostatectomy specimens was analyzed for expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by immunohistochemical techniques. Tissue sections were selected in such a manner that in addition to glandular benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), one or more different prostatic tumour growth patterns were present. Four monoclonal antibodies, directed against three different PSA epitopes, and one polyclonal anti-PSA antiserum were used. Expression of PSA was compared with that of prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP), recognized by two different polyclonal antisera. A critical dilution aimed at a maximum of staining intensity on BPH tissue sections was chosen for all antibodies. Anti-PSA and anti-PAP antisera stained essentially all BPH samples (over 90%). Irrespective of the nature of the antibodies used, PSA expression was found to be decreased in prostatic carcinoma. A clear cut relationship was found between immunoreactivity for PSA and the degree of differentiation of the tumour area. Under the experimental conditions used the PSA monoclonal antibodies stained only 1 out of 10 undifferentiated carcinomas, whereas 50% to 70% of the well- and moderately-differentiated carcinomas showed immunoreactivity. This correlation was less pronounced with the PAP staining pattern. If the PSA antibody titer was raised the percentage of clearly staining undifferentiated carcinomas could be considerably increased (up to 60%-100%), indicating that PSA expression is not absent, but lowered in most (if not all) undifferentiated carcinomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

This study examines the relationship between the presence of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) in tissue, the serum PAP and PSA levels and tumour grade in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Thirty-three tumours were studied by the indirect immunoperoxidase method for PAP and PSA production. Thirty-one of them were stained positive for both markers. The remaining two which previous histopathological studies suggested were transitional cell carcinoma, stained negative. In primary tumours there was a weak trend for poor immunoreactivity in high grade neoplasms but the correlation was not significant. The elevated serum PAP and PSA levels did not correlate with the intensity of staining in the tissue.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

Twenty-one cases showing only low Gleason grade prostate carcinoma on needle biopsy were identified. In 15 cases radical prostatectomy was performed with the entire prostate embedded for thorough evaluation of grade, volume, and stage of tumor at the needle biopsy site as well as of multifocal tumor. Eight specimens had solitary low grade and low volume tumor, with only one of these cases showing minimal capsular penetration and the others confined to the prostate. Four cases had low-grade tumor at the biopsy site, yet multifocal higher grade tumor. All of these tumor nodules were low volume and confined to the prostate. In three cases there was both low-grade and high-grade tumor in the nodule sampled by needle biopsy. In two of these cases the tumor was large and in the third it was small but mostly higher grade, with two of these cases showing capsular penetration. Although transrectal ultrasound and repeat needle biopsy would most likely have identified either the tumors' large size or high-grade component in these latter three cases, it is unlikely that these techniques would have identified the cases of multifocal higher grade tumor because of their relatively small size. Furthermore, preoperative serum prostate specific antigen levels and clinical stage failed to distinguish those cases with higher grade tumor. Because of the difficulty in identifying these areas of high-grade tumor preoperatively, it is uncertain whether expectant therapy could be recommended even for patients with very low-grade cancer on needle biopsy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biopsy, Needle; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was measured by polyclonal radioimmunoassay in 45 untreated patients with prostatic cancer and 14 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was determined in 35 patients with prostatic cancer and 14 patients with benign hyperplasia. Serum PSA was raised in 42 patients with cancer of the prostate, but only 14 of 35 patients showed increased serum levels of PAP. Half the patients with benign prostate hyperplasia had PSA greater than 4 micrograms/l and one third had PSA greater than 10 micrograms/l. PAP was slightly elevated in two patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Serum PSA increased with the clinical stage of prostatic cancer. However, preoperative levels of PSA were not sufficiently reliable to predict the final pathological stage for each individual patient. After radical prostatectomy for cancer confined to the prostate, serum PSA fell to an undetectable level.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were examined on 120 cases of stage D2 prostate cancer between 1979 and 1989. All patients received endocrine therapy as the first treatment; castration and immediate administration of estrogen or antiandrogen (101), LH-RH analogs (13), estrogen (3) and antiandrogen (3). The actuarial survival rates were calculated by the cause-specific survival method. Pretreatment levels of PAP, gamma-Sm and PSA did not influence prognosis. After start of treatment, the relationship between the changes of the markers and prognosis were examined. At 1 month after the start of the treatment, normalization of PAP or gamma-Sm was not reflected in the following course. On the contrary, at 3 and 6 months, groups with normalization of PAP or gamma-Sm showed better prognosis than those with elevated levels. The same tendency of PSA was obtained at 6 months after start of treatment. In patients with normalized PAP at 3 months, abnormal gamma-Sm showed worse prognosis than normalized gamma-Sm. Therefore, the significance of determination on the two markers was manifested. As histological grade influenced the following course, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with normalized PAP at 3 months showed better prognosis than those with elevated levels. In conclusion, it is worthwhile to measure multiple markers for predicting the prognosis of stage D2 prostate cancer treated with endocrine therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Androgen Antagonists; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Estrogens; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins; Survival Rate

A case of epididymal metastasis from prostatic carcinoma is presented. The initial histologic findings were suggestive of adenomatoid tumor, but a diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of prostatic origin has been established by prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen immunoperoxidase staining.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Epididymis; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Teratoma; Testicular Neoplasms

The objective of this study was to determine if human prostate carcinoma-associated tumor markers were expressed by Dunning rat prostate carcinomas. Frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 12 different sublines of Dunning tumors were evaluated for marker expression by immunoperoxidase staining by using a panel of 9 monoclonal antibodies, including antibodies against human PAP and PSA. None of the Dunning tumors were found to express any of the human prostate tumor markers. Both fixed and live immunofluorescent assays were performed on 5 cultured Dunning tumor cell lines, evaluated either as single cells or as monolayers. As with the Dunning tumor tissues, none of the cell cultures expressed any of the 9 human prostate tumor markers. The lack of antigen expression by the Dunning tumor tissues and cell lines suggests that these human prostate tumor markers are quite species specific. These results limit the use of the Dunning prostate tumors as models to explore the preclinical application of these human prostate carcinoma-associated monoclonal antibodies and their target antigens.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Tumour markers viz carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in 30 cases of carcinoma breast and prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) in 30 cases of carcinoma prostate were studied by peroxidase antiperoxidase technique in paraffin blocks of tissue. Twenty three (76.7%) and 20 (66.7%) cases were positive for CEA and HCG respectively. No correlation was observed between CEA and HCG status, and histological differentiation of the tumours. All the 29 cases (100%) of adenocarcinoma prostate were PSAP positive while a single case, negative for PSAP, was of transitional cell carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

Carcinomas of the rat prostate induced by a single injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, and 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl, after sequential treatment with cyproterone acetate and testosterone propionate, were evaluated as potential animal models for prostatic cancer. All ten carcinomas examined were located in the dorsolateral prostate region and did not involve the distal parts of the seminal vesicles and coagulating glands. The incidence of urinary obstruction leading to the animals' death was 6 of 10 rats, and metastases in the lung, abdominal lymph nodes, and/or liver also occurred in 6 of 10 rats. The tumors were invasive adenocarcinomas, showing frequent perineural invasion and a variable degree of differentiation. There were ultrastructural similarities with human prostatic carcinomas, such as intracellular lumina. Plasma acid phosphatase was increased. Enzyme histochemical analysis revealed similarities with the Dunning R3327H and -HI prostatic carcinomas but was not helpful in determining the site of origin of the tumors. The gross and microscopic appearance of the tumors and the observation of preneoplastic lesions exclusively located in the dorsolateral prostate suggest this lobe as site of origin of the carcinomas. Preneoplastic lesions (n = 9) included atypical hyperplasias (n = 5) and lesions with all histological characteristics of carcinoma except for local invasion and metastases, which were classified as carcinoma in situ (n = 4). Although androgen sensitivity could not be assessed, the observed characteristics of the tumors [their long latency time (46-80 weeks), the presence of preneoplastic lesions, and the short duration of the treatment, leaving the animals intact] all indicate that the present approach is a valid animal model for the study of prostatic carcinogenesis.

Topics: 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aminobiphenyl Compounds; Animals; Carcinoma in Situ; Cell Differentiation; Histocytochemistry; Hyperplasia; Male; Methylnitrosourea; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasm Metastasis; Precancerous Conditions; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats

The establishment of a new human prostatic cancer cell line is described. This cell line was derived from a poorly to moderately differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma. It has been maintained in tissue culture for fourteen months and has been passed fifty-two times. This cell line has an ability to form colonies in soft agar suspension cultures, and also is transplantable to nude mice. Tumors grown in nude mice revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with positive PSA staining. Acid phosphatase activity was detected in freeze-thawed cells by enzymatic assay. A karyotype analysis demonstrated aneuploidy with a model chromosomal number of 69 and six marker chromosomes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aneuploidy; Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Karyotyping; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Transplantation; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tumor Cells, Cultured

The B1 nodule, a 1.5 cm area of induration surrounded on at least two sides by prostatic tissue of normal consistency, was defined by Jewett in 1968 as the stage of prostatic cancer best suited for treatment and cure by radical prostatectomy (RP). The area of prostatic induration suitable for RP was subsequently extended to less than one lobe (Stage B1); this extension of induration was supported by the study of Walsh and Jewett in 1980 showing a 51 percent survival free-of-disease at fifteen-year follow-up. Subsequently, clinical staging systems evolved which substaged clinical B into three categories of induration: B1N = less than 1.5 cm nodule, B1 = greater than 1.5 cm but less than one lobe, and B2 = one lobe or both lobes. To determine if digital assessment of these progressively greater degrees of induration would translate into different intervals to first progression, whether local or distant, we reviewed prostate diagrams and descriptions of all Stage B patients treated by Iodine-125 interstitial implant and external beam radiation therapy between 1974 and 1985 at our institution. Forty-six patients had B1 nodules, 78 patients B1 (less than one lobe), and 52 patients B2 (one lobe or greater). Mean follow-up was fifty-five months. We found B1N, which was also associated with well-differentiated grade and a normal acid phosphatase, to have the longest interval to progression.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Probability; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate

Between 1974 and 1983, 472 patients with clinically-staged adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated by radiotherapy had baseline and follow-up prostatic acid phosphatase (SPAP) measurements by the enzymatic Roy method. The mean pretreatment SPAP was higher in Stage C (0.65 mIU/ml) than in combined Stages A2/B (0.43 mIU/ml), (p less than 0.05). Likewise, the incidence of elevated SPAP (greater than 0.8 mIU/ml) was also higher in Stage C (12%) than in Stages A2/B (3%), (p less than 0.01). Only 3 of 113 patients in Stages A2/B had an elevated SPAP and all three remain disease-free. In Stage C elevated SPAP was an adverse prognostic factor, and patients with a normal SPAP fared worse if their value was in the upper half of normal (greater than 0.4 mIU/ml) rather than in the lower half (less than or equal to 0.4 mIU/ml). However, in Stage C, tumor grade was found to correlate with initial SPAP, so that the higher the grade, the higher was the mean SPAP and the greater was the incidence of elevated SPAP. When stratified for grade, the prognostic significance of low-normal versus high-normal SPAP in Stage C was lost. An elevated SPAP was, however, an independent adverse prognostic factor for patients with intermediate and high grade tumors. Following radiotherapy, mean SPAP values fell significantly within 1-3 months. For patients with initially normal SPAP, this fall was of no prognostic significance. In 80% of the patients with baseline elevation of SPAP, the values normalized following treatment and the relapse rate in these patients was 51%, which was still higher than the relapse rate of patients with initially normal SPAP (33%) (p less than 0.05) but was lower than the 89% relapse rate in patients whose postradiation SPAP did not normalize (p less than 0.05). Pretreatment SPAP was of independent prognostic significance for only 6% of the study population and therefore has quite limited usefulness in the management of this disease. SPAP decreases following radiotherapy, but this is of prognostic significance only for the small group of patients with elevated pretreatment values.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Survival Rate

A histological evaluation of the effects of therapy has been conducted on 22 prostatic carcinoma cases, according to the criterion proposed by the committee to establish the general rule for clinical and pathological studies judging the effects of therapy in cases of prostatic cancer. Studied in particular was the relation between the histological effects of therapy and the clinical course. Marked therapeutic effects were observed in cases of low grade tumors. Further, the patients' prognosis tended to be affected by the histological grade rather than by the histological effect of the treatment. The course of the serum total acid phosphatase levels tended to correlate with the histological effect of the treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Survival Rate

The ability of 111In-PAY 276 (anti prostatic acid phosphatase antibody) in detecting pelvic lymph node metastasis following bipedal intra lymphatic administration was studied in five patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The labeled antibody was injected directly into the lymphatics of each foot. Planar and tomographic images radioactivity content of lymph nodes resected during staging pelvic lymphadenectomy were compared to the histologic and immunoperoxidase findings. Radioactivity in pelvic lymph nodes was prominently seen within 20 min of injection and was present 16 days later. Persistent accumulation of tracer in the lymphatics of the lower extremities was also observed in all patients 16 days post injection. Radioactivity counts in tumor-free lymph nodes were higher than in tumored lymph nodes resected. Our results demonstrate that intra lymphatic administration of 111In-labeled PAY 276 monoclonal antibody has major technical limitations, and that further research directed at the causes of tracer accumulation in the lymphatics and tumor-free lymph nodes is required.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Indium Radioisotopes; Injections, Intralymphatic; Lymph Nodes; Male; Pelvis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Endocrine-Paracrine cells (EP cells) in prostatic carcinomas were screened by immunohistochemical tests for neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, and serotonin and by Grimelius method. Formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 60 prostatic carcinomas were used. EP cells were detected in 16 cases (27%). The number of EP cells in hormone independent prostatic carcinomas were significantly larger than hormone dependent (p less than 0.05) and latent prostatic carcinomas (p less than 0.01). Five cases of prostatic carcinomas with abundant EP cell proliferation died of widespread metastases within 4 years, irrespective of hormone treatment. The pathologic finding was classified into the category of adenocarcinoma, partly showing carcinoid or small cell carcinoma-like features. EP cells were found in perineural invading cancer cells and also immunoreactive to both prostate specific antigen and prostate specific acid phosphatase. It is suggested that the proliferation of EP cells in prostatic carcinomas is related with the sensitivity to hormone treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Serotonin

Prostate-specific acid phosphatase, a secretory product of prostatic cells, may be a secondary product of the interaction of hormones with their receptor proteins. In this study we have examined two independent patient populations to see whether the intensity or extent of prostate-specific acid phosphatase and/or prostate-specific antigen staining correlated with survival and hormonal manipulation. One population of 24 patients was selected from patients undergoing surgical resection for adenocarcinoma Stage B or C at the Mayo Clinic. The second population of 123 patients was obtained from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 75-06 and 77-06. Tissue from both populations was analyzed. In both populations, the intensity of prostate-specific acid phosphatase staining correlated with survival in a statistically significant manner. Staining with prostate-specific antigen was present in greater than 90% of specimens; data was therefore not analyzed. In those patients who subsequently relapsed and were subjected to hormonal manipulation, there appeared to be a higher likelihood of response to hormones with intense prostate-specific acid phosphatase staining.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

We evaluated serum prostate specific antigen before and after radical prostatectomy. In 100 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, preoperative prostate specific antigen levels tended to increase with the increasing severity of pathological stage. However, even at levels of greater than 10 ng. per ml. the positive and negative predictive values (78 and 61 per cent, respectively) of prostate specific antigen to predict extracapsular disease were not sufficient to make this test useful alone for staging. In theory, after radical prostatectomy prostate specific antigen should be zero if no remaining prostatic tissue is present. Tests of precision and analytical sensitivity in our laboratory using a commercial prostate specific antigen assay revealed that a value of 0.4 ng. per ml. or more is different from zero at a greater than 95 per cent confidence level. With this guideline we evaluated the meaning of prostate specific antigen levels 3 to 6 months after radical prostatectomy in 59 men. Among men whose prostate specific antigen level was less than 0.4 ng. per ml. only 9 per cent demonstrated recurrence as evidenced by the development of positive bone scan or progressively elevated prostate specific antigen levels within 6 to 50 months. Alternatively, in men whose 3 to 6-month prostate specific antigen level was 0.4 ng per ml. or more there was evidence of recurrence in 100 per cent within 6 to 49 months (p less than 0.0001). Progressively elevated (more than 0.4 ng. per ml.) prostate specific antigen levels preceded recurrence from 12 to 43 months in all 6 patients who had positive bone scans, while increasing prostate specific antigen levels since radical prostatectomy have continued from 9 to 65 months in the 11 patients who have no radiological evidence of recurrent disease to date. Prostatic acid phosphatase serum values after radical prostatectomy were not useful to predict persistent disease. Prostate specific antigen values 3 to 6 months after radical prostatectomy are a sensitive indicator of persistent disease after radical prostatectomy and often precede other evidence of this occurrence by many years. This fact may alter concepts about surgical results, and possibly shorten and sharpen clinical studies involving adjuvant therapy after radical prostatectomy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Postoperative Period; Preoperative Care; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Time Factors

Serum prostate specific antigen was determined (Yang polyclonal radioimmunoassay) in 102 men before hospitalization for radical prostatectomy. Prostate specimens were subjected to detailed histological and morphometric analysis. Levels of prostate specific antigen were significantly different between patients with and without a Gleason score of 7 or greater (p less than 0.001), capsular penetration greater than 1 cm. in linear extent (p less than 0.001), seminal vesicle invasion (p less than 0.001) and pelvic lymph node metastasis (p less than 0.005). Prostate specific antigen was strongly correlated with volume of prostate cancer (r equals 0.70). Bivariate and multivariate analyses indicate that cancer volume is the primary determinant of serum prostate specific antigen levels. Prostate specific antigen was elevated 3.5 ng. per ml. for every cc of cancer, a level at least 10 times that observed for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate specific antigen is useful as a preoperative marker because no patient with lymph node metastasis had serum levels of less than 10 ng. per ml. (4 times the upper limit of normal range). Of the patients with greater than 50 ng. per ml. two-thirds had microscopic lymph node metastasis and 90 per cent had seminal vesicle invasion. Serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels showed a significantly weaker correlation with cancer volume (r equals 0.51) and every other pathological parameter. Of the patients 73 per cent had serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels in the normal range (0 to 2.1 ng. per ml.), including 7 per cent who had pelvic lymph node metastasis. Postoperative prostate specific antigen values were available in 97 of 102 patients, with a mean and maximum followup of 12 and 38 months. No patient with pelvic lymph node metastasis achieved an undetectable prostate specific antigen level without adjunctive therapy (hormonal or radiation). No difference in preoperative or postoperative prostate specific antigen levels, cancer volume, seminal vesicle invasion or incidence of pelvic lymph node metastasis was seen between patients with no capsular penetration and those with minimal capsular penetration (1 cm. or less total linear extent of full thickness penetration), providing the first quantitative evidence that small amounts of capsular penetration may not be of biological or prognostic significance.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Time Factors

Serum prostate specific antigen was determined (Yang polyclonal radioimmunoassay) in 183 men after radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. A total of 163 men had received 7,000 rad external beam radiotherapy and 20 had been implanted with 125iodine seeds. Only 11 per cent of these 183 patients had undetectable prostate specific antigen levels at a mean interval of 5 years since completion of radiotherapy. Prostate specific antigen levels after radiotherapy were directly related to initial clinical stage and Gleason score before treatment. Multiple prostate specific antigen determinations were performed with time in 124 of 183 patients. During year 1 after radiotherapy prostate specific antigen levels were decreasing in 82 per cent of the patients but only 8 per cent continued to decrease beyond year 1. Of 80 patients observed greater than 1 year after completion of radiotherapy 51 per cent had increasing values and 41 per cent had stable values. Increasing prostate specific antigen values after radiotherapy were correlated with progression to metastastic disease and residual cancer on prostate biopsy. Total serum acid phosphatase levels were poorly related to prostate specific antigen levels, were less effective in discriminating patients with metastatic disease and provided no additional information beyond that provided by prostate specific antigen.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Brachytherapy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Time Factors

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations were measured in samples from 437 subjects, including patients with prostate cancer, patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and patients with genitourinary cancer or benign genitourinary diseases other than prostatic, as well as patients who had undergone prostatectomy and healthy controls. PSA concentration was elevated (less than 10 ng/ml) in 84.4% of the patients with prostate cancer, in 14.1% of the patients with BPH, and in 10% of the patients with genitourinary cancer (as compared with 2% of the patients with benign genitourinary diseases). PSA concentration was not elevated in any of the patients who had undergone prostatectomy nor in the controls. In the same samples, the level of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was increased (greater than 4 IU/L) in only 55.6% of the patients with prostate cancer and in 7.4% of the patients with BPH. According to these findings, the sensitivity of the test is 84.4% (55.6% for PAP) and the specificity is 92.9% (94.9% for PAP). The increase in PSA concentration in BPH correlates well with the prostate mass (gamma = 0.794), although there was no patient with a prostate weight higher than 30 gm and a PSA concentration lower than 5 ng/ml, and all patients with PSA concentrations lower than 4 ng/ml had prostate weight of less than 10 gm.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Creatine Kinase; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) serum levels were measured in 117 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma, in 9 patients with prostatic hyperplasia and in 14 patients with other malignancies to compare the clinical usefulness of the PSA and PAP levels. PSA was elevated (PSA+) in 14 of 18 untreated patients (78%) with prostatic cancer. PAP was elevated (PAP+) only in 3 of these untreated cases (17%). Also in previously treated patients PSA was more often positive than PAP. PSA was positive in 40 of the 99 treated patients (40%), PAP was elevated only in 21 cases (21%). There was a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher tendency towards elevated PSA in the prostatic cancer patients: 32 (27%) patients with PSA+ and PAP- compared with only 2 cases (2%) with PAP+ and PSA-. The PSA+/PAP- patients were analyzed further. In seven of them the PSA level also returned to its normal level after orchiectomy or/and radiotherapy. In two patients the PSA levels indicated tumor progression earlier than PAP, their PAP levels did not rise until bone metastasizing was evident. There were also progressive disease in some patients evidenced only by increased PSA levels. In addition to cancer patients the PSA level was increased in three (30%) of the prostatic hyperplasia patients. It was also elevated in three patients with other malignancies. However, these three patients also had prostatic hyperplasia and the increase in the PSA level is considered more likely to be due to that.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Orchiectomy; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate specific antigen was not detectable in 2 men with documented prostate cancer progression after radical prostatectomy. Possible explanations for prostate specific antigen remaining zero in these situations are discussed. We conclude that while monitoring prostate specific antigen is of great value in the followup of patients with prostatic cancer, it has not replaced more standard means of followup.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Bone and Bones; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography

Serum concentrations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP), and transrectal prostatic ultrasound were utilized in the evaluation of 193 men with various urologic disorders. Of the 193 patients, 48 had prostate cancer, and the other 145 included 5 with genitourinary neoplasms, 69 with benign prostatic hypertrophy, and 71 with other non-neoplastic genitourinary disease. PSA levels were elevated in 35 patients with prostate cancer and in 25 of the 145 without prostate cancer. PAP levels were elevated in 15 with prostate cancer and in 2 of the 145 without prostate cancer. The data indicate that PSA is a more sensitive but less specific tumor marker than PAP in the detection of prostate cancer. PSA appears to be more sensitive than PAP in monitoring the response to treatment. The use of PSA and PAP jointly to detect and to monitor prostate cancer did not appear to enhance the clinical utility over that of PSA alone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Probability; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ultrasonography

A case of prostate cancer in which the parotid gland was the sole site of metastatic disease is presented. Special immunohistochemical stains of the excisional biopsy allowed for rapid, accurate diagnosis and appropriately directed successful therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Parotid Neoplasms; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

For the past 6 years we used daily injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists to treat patients with advanced prostate carcinoma. In this study we determined the hormonal response of the pituitary-testicular axis over a 2-month period and evaluated the safety and tolerance of the single intramuscular administration of sustained-release formulations of D-Trp-6-LH-RH microcapsules designed to release 50, 100, or 200 micrograms/day for over 1 month. Serum levels of LH, testosterone, and D-Trp-6-LH-RH were measured by RIA for up to 60 days in 10 patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma who had not received any previous drug therapy. After the administration of the microcapsules there was a biphasic increase in D-Trp-6-LH-RH serum levels. The maximal peak was obtained between 1 and 3 hr, and a second peak occurred between weeks 4 and 6. LH levels increased initially, with a maximal peak at 60 min, and elevated serum LH values persisted for more than 24 hr. LH levels began to fall on the second day, reaching subnormal values after 1 week. Serum testosterone rose during the first week and fell subsequently to less than 100 ng/dl. A rebound in LH and testosterone was seen about the 50th day after the microcapsule administration. Following the first week of therapy, we observed in all patients a significant decrease in bone pain, improvement in urinary flow obstruction, and a reversal of the signs of prostatism. No side effects were observed, and acceptance of the microcapsules was very good. Our results show that a single dose of D-Trp-6-LH-RH microcapsules suppresses of the pituitary-testicular axis for at least 50 days. D-Trp-6-LH-RH microcapsules facilitate the treatment and should lead to an improvement in the therapeutic response.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Capsules; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Evaluation; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Pituitary Gland; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testis; Testosterone; Triptorelin Pamoate

A case of combined adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the prostate is described in a 58-year-old-man. Prostatic acid phosphatases and neuron specific enolase were found elevated in the serum. At autopsy the lung was free of tumor. The liver was replaced by numerous metastatic nodules and a voluminous mesenteric metastasis extended into the wall of the vessels (aorta and vena cava). Microscopic examination showed a small cell carcinoma component of the oat cell type and an adenocarcinoma component constituting 10% of the total tumor volume. By immunostaining, the small cell carcinoma component is neuron specific enolase+ and prostatic specific antigen-. The adenocarcinoma component is neuron specific enolase- and prostatic specific antigen+.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prostatic Neoplasms

The authors have studied the prognostic interest of evaluating the prostatic acid phosphatase level before any treatment in 84 cases of stage B and C prostatic cancer. An abnormal PAP level did not significantly modify the 5-year life expectancy of patients, but was significantly correlated with a shorter period of disease-free survival. An abnormal PAP level increased the risk of recurrence; the higher the PAP level, the shorter the disease-free interval was. The disease stage (i.e., B or C) did not modify the 5-year survival period or the length of the remission. The prognosis is worse for a stage B prostatic cancer with a pathological PAP level than for a stage C cancer with a normal PAP level. A pathological PAP level seems to indicate the presence of occult metastases and should incite the clinician to actively investigate the matter.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actuarial Analysis; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

Thirty three cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma treated by total perineal prostatectomy were studied clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically. There were 17 patients with clinical stage B, 12 with stage C and 8 with stage D. Interrelationship of tumor grade, surgical local tumor extent, vessel invasion, perineural invasion and bone metastasis was examined. For the identification of the vessel invasion, Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 was adopted immunohistochemically. Tumor grade and local tumor extent were respectively correlated with bone metastasis. Vessel invasion was correlated with local tumor extent. Eight of 18 cases (44%) with vessel invasion and none of 15 cases without vessel invasion had bone metastasis. Although correlated with grade, perineural invasion had no significant effect on bone metastasis. The investigation of tumor staining used by monoclonal antibody for prostatic acid phosphatase (PSAP) disclosed that negative stained cases were associated with lower grade tumors and that one of 14 positive stained cases (7%) and 7 of 19 negative stained cases (36%) had bone metastasis. We concluded that vessel invasion may be a new prognostic pathological parameter and that monoclonal PSAP staining is also a useful method to predict malignant potential of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Vessels; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

One hundred ten patients with metastatic prostate cancer (Stage D2) were analyzed to determine the associations among time until progression and the pretreatment testosterone level, extent of bone metastases as indicated by a semiquantitative grading scale for extent of disease, performance status, race, age, and the pretreatment level of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). The median follow-up period was twenty-one months, with a range of four to eighty-nine months. All patients received androgen deprivation at the time metastases were identified. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that pretreatment serum testosterone was the most significant variable associated with time until progression (P less than 0.01) and that the extent of bone metastases observed on the bone scan was the second most important variable (P less than 0.05). The following factors did not significantly correlate with progression-free intervals: age, race, and PAP. The performance status was significantly correlated, but was nonsignificant in the multivariate analysis when the model already included the testosterone level and the extent of bone metastases. Patients with a pretreatment testosterone level of less than 300 ng/dL and with more than six areas of increased uptake on the bone scan progressed more rapidly.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bone Neoplasms; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Statistics as Topic; Testosterone; Time Factors

Sixty seven cases of stage D prostatic carcinoma were analyzed according to age, chief complaints, histopathological types, metastatic sites, and serum acid and alkaline phosphatase levels. In spite of metastasis, which were in 62 cases (92.5%) to bone, in 17 cases (25.4%) to lymph nodes, and in 3 cases (4.5%) to the lung, the most common chief complaints were symptoms related to the primary lesion, such as dysuria and urinary frequency. There was no significant correlation between the incidence of bone metastasis and histopathological type. However, higher incidence of lymph node metastasis was observed in the histological types of moderate and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma than well differentiated type. When cases were divided into two groups by age, significant differences were observed between younger (64 less than or equal to years old) and older (greater than or equal to 65 years old) groups in the following points: 1) Histopathologically, well differentiated type was not recognized in the younger group, while three histological types of well, moderate and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, were equally distributed among the older one. 2) Although there was no significant difference in the incidence or the numbers of metastatic sites to bone between the two groups, the younger patients had less symptoms related to bone metastasis. The prominent symptoms in the younger group were complaints about voiding.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms

Expression of the p21 protein of the ras oncogene family was studied in a case of human prostatic adenocarcinoma tissue and the cell line was derived from the primary tumor. Flow cytometry analysis of the tumor cells obtained from the primary tumor indicated that approximately 25 per cent of the cells were positive for this oncogene product. However, by the immunoperoxidase method almost all of the tumor cells at the vertebral metastatic sites in the same patient were positive for the p21 protein. The cell line established from the primary tumor displayed 2 distinct subpopulation growth patterns in vitro: a monolayer, density-inhibited growth and a multicellular aggregate type growth morphology. These 2 subpopulations could be separated by density elutriation centrifugation. The isolated subpopulation cells were noted to express prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen at high frequency. High levels of expression of these 2 prostatic markers also were found in the tumor cells at the vertebral metastatic sites. However, when the isolated subpopulations were analyzed for the expression of p21 protein, the multicellular grown cells were almost 90 per cent positive for the p21 antigen, whereas only approximately 5 per cent of the monolayer grown cells were positive for the same protein. Our findings suggest that primary prostatic carcinomas are composed of heterogeneous subpopulations of neoplastic cells while only specific subpopulations have metastatic potential. Quantification of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in the primary tumor cells probably will not offer a predictive value for the eventual behavior of the tumors. However, evaluation of oncogene products, such as the p21 protein, may be useful as a clinical predictor for metastatic potential.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Line; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Oncogene Protein p21(ras); Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Spontaneous circadian variations of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), determined simultaneously by radioimmunoassay (RIA), were investigated by multiple sampling, over a 24-hour period, in 32 patients with prostatic cancer. In 29/32 patients (91%), the coefficient of variation of 24-hour values, for either marker, was greater than that of the RIA method at the same range of values; stage D patients showed the greatest spontaneous variability. Fluctuations around the mean of 24-hour values ranged from -65% to +85% for PAP, from -72% to +190% for PSA, occurring random and independently for each marker. Variability was about 20% greater for PSA than for PAP. The existence of spontaneous fluctuations should be considered in multiple marker evaluation of prostatic cancer patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Prostatic acid phosphate (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and beta-microseminoprotein (beta-MSP) were regularly localized immunohistochemically to the epithelium of the acini and that of the ducts in the nodules of 24 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The immunohistochemical distribution of these three prostatic-secreted proteins was also examined, with monoclonal antisera against PAP and PSA and with polyclonal antisera against PAP, PSA, and beta-MSP, in a series of 40 cases of prostatic adenocarcinomas graded according to the WHO classification. Highly differentiated (grade I) carcinomas showed a high incidence of PAP-, PSA-, and beta-MSP-immunoreactive cells. As in the normal and hyperplastic prostate parenchyma, highly differentiated (grade I) carcinomas were found to contain an almost equal number of PAP-, PSA-, and beta-MSP-immunoreactive cells. When semiquantitatively assessed, the incidence of PAP-, PSA-, and beta-MSP-immunoreactive cells was found to be lower in the moderately and poorly differentiated (grades II and III) tumors than in the highly differentiated ones; they also showed greater staining variability. Tumor cells immunoreactive with a monoclonal antiserum raised against PAP in carcinomas of grades II and III were less frequent than tumor cells immunoreactive with antisera against PSA, beta-MSP, and a polyclonal antiserum against PAP. The almost identical distribution of PSA and beta-MSP in carcinomas of grades II and III suggests that PSA and beta-MSP are not less sensitive tumor markers than PAP for the monitoring of the course and the treatment of prostatic carcinomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Epithelium; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Immunohistochemical techniques using antibodies to prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific acid phosphatase (PAP) have greatly increased the feasibility of reliable diagnosis of primary or metastatic prostatic carcinoma. A review of the literature showed the diagnostic specificity of antibodies to PSA or PAP to be 100% and 87-100%, respectively. The corresponding figures for diagnostic sensitivity were 94-100% and 90-100%.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Recognition of disseminated adenocarcinomas potentially responsive to current treatment programs is an important objective in the management of cancer patients. Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland is a malignant entity which often can be palliated effectively by hormonally based therapeutic strategies. In cases of metastatic prostate cancer presenting with typical clinical features, the correct diagnosis can be readily achieved, but in patients with less obvious presentations the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma may be overlooked. In the current report, a group of elderly men presenting with a clinical syndrome resembling either metastatic primary adenocarcinoma of the lung or primary adenocarcinoma of the lung coexisting with prostate cancer were found in fact to have metastatic prostatic carcinoma as their sole disease process. In each case, cytologic characterization of clinically involved tissue specimens by the prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase immunohistochemical markers enabled clinical investigators to arrive at the correct diagnosis. Other clinical features, such as a positive bone scan and an enlarged prostate gland on physical exam and/or radiographic studies were noted to be present in these patients. All the patients in the current series responded to hormonal treatment regimens once the diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer had been established. In elderly male patients presenting with what appears to be primary adenocarcinoma of the lung, the diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer should be considered and when necessary evaluated by the use of appropriate clinical and immunohistochemical studies.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lung Neoplasms; Lymph Nodes; Male; Neoplasms, Unknown Primary; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was localized in human prostate with a monoclonal antibody prepared against PAP isoenzyme II to determine patterns of its expression in normal, hyperplastic (BPH), and cancerous glands. The monoclonal antibody reacted with both isoenzymes II and IV in immunoblot studies. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was used from patients who had not been treated with hormones or chemotherapy. In normal glands and BPH, there was marked variation in the intensity of PAP staining in morphologically otherwise similar epithelial cells. There was similar heterogeneity of staining in the adenocarcinomas. Rough quantification of the intensity patterns in the clinical groups indicated a slight shift to more intense staining in BPH and well-differentiated carcinomas but a progressive decline in the PAP staining in the moderately and poorly differentiated tumors. This decrease in intracellular staining with decreasing differentiation is not inconsistent with the clinical observation that serum levels of acid phosphatase generally increase with higher grade and disseminated tumors, since the enzyme is simply more accessible to the circulatory system in those cases. The same decrease may explain the few disseminated tumors that are not associated with elevated serum levels.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Immunologic Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

We reviewed 721 consecutive samples submitted for measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) over five months. We identified three patients with extremely high PSA concentrations: 650, 1840, and 3280 micrograms/L (their acid phosphatase activities were 3.2, 1337, and 2.8 U/L, respectively), and present case reports for the latter two. Serial dilutions of samples obtained from the patient with the highest PSA concentration indicated that the one-step Tandem-PSA assay gave falsely low values for high concentrations of PSA, an observation consistent with the phenomenon of the "hook effect." This effect was not observed when the sample was reanalyzed for PSA by a two-step procedure.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Bone Neoplasms; False Negative Reactions; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Variation in serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) after prostatic digital examination was studied in 22 patients, 18 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 4 with prostatic carcinoma. Serum PAP was determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and compared with standard enzymatic assay (EA). Prostatic tissue from transurethral resection (TUR) was subjected to routine pathologic examination and stained for PAP. PAP level increased above reference range and up to several-fold in 12 of 22 patients (54.5%) by EIA and in 22.7 percent by EA. The increase in PAP correlated positively with the prostate size estimated by digital palpation (R = 0.82, P less than 0.001). There was no definite correlation between the histologic parameters studied and the increase in PAP. No day-to-day variation in PAP level was detected in 8 other patients when samples were taken at 7 AM for three successive days. For proper comparison of PAP value, we suggest that sampling time should be fixed and specimens should be taken before prostatic manipulation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Between June, 1986 and December, 1987, the serum gamma-Sm and PAP was measured in 29 men with untreated prostatic cancer, 45 with treated prostatic cancer (32 were well-controlled and 13 poorly controlled), 82 with benign prostatic hypertrophy and 10 with other urological diseases. All of the patients with prostatic cancer had histologically proven disease. Enzyme immunoassay for gamma-Sm and radioimmunoassay for PAP were used. The cut-off value for gamma-Sm was 4 ng/ml and that for PAP was 3 ng/ml. The mean values of gamma-Sm and PAP were statistically high in the untreated group and also in poorly-controlled group. In the untreated group, the rate of positivity for gamma-Sm and for PAP were 69% respectively and 83% of the patients had elevated values for either or both of these markers. In clinical stage A and B, gamma-Sm and PAP values were within the normal limit, however the concentrations of mean gamma-Sm and PAP correlated well with the stage of disease. In the poorly-controlled group, positive gamma-Sm values were detected in 75% and PAP in 67%, whereas almost all of the patients had normal values for these markers in the well-controlled group. In prostatic hypertrophy, elevated gamma-Sm values were detected in 15% and elevated PAP values in 6%. After the onset of treatment, elevated values were normalized in 66.7% of the patients for gamma-Sm and in 68.4% for PAP. In the untreated group, gamma-Sm tended to show a more prompt response. In the ill-controlled group, gamma-Sm and PAP returned to normal in 50% of the patients. gamma-Sm and PAP values were well correlated with the course of the prostatic cancer and the clinical usefulness became more obvious with a combination of these markers.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Radioimmunoassay; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Limited clinical stage C (T3 NX M0) disease can be treated surgically, and morbidity can be acceptable. When appropriate adjuvant therapy (orchiectomy and/or radiation) is administered, residual cancer can be controlled locally for at least a limited period. The incidence of local progression in pathologic stage C or D1 disease may be negligible after early adjuvant orchiectomy and/or radiation treatment. The combination of immediate orchiectomy and radical prostatectomy has been shown to limit progression significantly (P = .0009) in many patients with D1 (T0-3 N1,2 M0) disease. However, some patients do not respond to this combination treatment, which suggests that systemic dissemination of heterogeneous tumor cells is unresponsive to adjuvant androgen ablation therapy. The DNA ploidy pattern may be a valuable predictor of disease outcome after treatment in stage D1 disease. Other pathologic variables (including acid phosphatase levels) have not been useful in predicting disease outcome or treatment response. Finally, patients with limited clinical stage C disease and those with pathologic C or D1 disease should be enrolled in a prospective randomized protocol so that the possible beneficial effects of adjuvant treatment programs can be evaluated. Apart from the usual pathologic variables and prostate-specific antigen testing, the DNA pattern should be included as a stratification factor.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Male; Middle Aged; Orchiectomy; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Clinical and statistical investigations were performed on 157 patients with prostate carcinoma in the Third Teaching Hospital, Normal Bethune University experienced between January, 1950 and June, 1986. The number of patients with prostate carcinoma among other hospitalized patients showed a recent gradual increase. The patient's age at the time the disease was first diagnosed was most frequently between 60 and 69 years old with an average age of 63.3 years. Dysuria was the most prominent symptom, followed by frequency, retention and macroscopic hematuria. Duration between initial symptom and diagnosis was one to two years in most patients. The prostatic abnormality could be detected by rectal examination in all patients. Elevation of serum acid phosphatase was found in 24.4%. Such elevation was evident in 52.2% of the patients with metastatic lesions, compared to 14.4% of those without metastasis. Fourteen patients had metastasis to bone (8.9%), 13 to lymph nodes, 2 to lung and one to liver. According to the staging diagnosis, 19 patients (12.1%) had stage A, 78 patients (49.7%) had stage B, 20 patients (12.7%) had stage C and 40 patients (25.5%) had stage D carcinoma. Histological findings in 57 patients indicated adenocarcinomas; 39 cases (68.4%) were poorly differentiated, 12 cases (21.2%) were moderately differentiated and 6 cases (10.5%) were well differentiated. Modality of treatment was total prostatectomy in 2 cases (1.3%), antiandrogen therapy (orchiectomy and/or Stilbestrol) in 122 cases (77.7%), subcapsular prostatectomy in 7 cases (4.5%), symptomatic treatment in 5 cases and no treatment in 23 cases (14.6%).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; China; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urination Disorders

We report four cases of primary clear-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the large intestine. The neoplasms grossly resembled ordinary colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas but microscopically were composed of uniform cells with optically clear cytoplasm. Mucin stains were negative, and the clear nature of the cytoplasm was due to glycogen accumulation. Areas of transition between normal colonic epithelial constituents and the clear-cell lesion were observed. Three of the four cases stained strongly positively for carcinoembryonic antigen. These lesions are apt to give rise to considerable diagnostic confusion and, in particular, resemble metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The usual strong positive carcinoembryonic antigen reaction is helpful in establishing this diagnosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma; Adult; Aged; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Mucin-1

Sixty-seven previously untreated patients presenting with clinical stage C prostatic carcinoma with no evidence of distant metastases received combination therapy using the antiandrogen Flutamide and the LHRH agonist [D-Trp6]LHRH ethylamide for an average duration of treatment of 23.5 months. Only five patients have so far shown treatment failure with 91.8% of the patients still in remission at 2 years. Three patients have died from prostate cancer while three have died from other causes, 93.5% of the patients being alive at 2 years. Local control was achieved rapidly in all except one patient. Urinary obstruction and hydronephrosis were corrected in all cases. When comparing to recent data obtained after single endocrine therapy (orchiectomy or estrogens), or radiotherapy, the rate of treatment failure at 2 years is 3.5-fold lower after combination therapy (8.2%) than monotherapy (28.4%). The death rate at 2 years following start of the combination therapy is 6.5% while it is on average 22.2% (3.4-fold higher) in the studies using monotherapy (orchiectomy or estrogens) or radiotherapy. The present data suggest that treatment of prostate cancer with combination therapy before clinical evidence of dissemination of the disease permits a better response which is possibly explained, at least in part, by the lower degree of dedifferentiation and heterogeneity of the tumors.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Delayed-Action Preparations; Flutamide; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone; Triptorelin Pamoate

To evaluate the histogenesis of small cell carcinoma of the prostate, 18 cases of this tumor (9 pure small cell and 9 combined adeno- and small cell carcinoma) were studied using immunohistochemical methods. Seven of the small cell components also were assessed by electron microscopic examination. Using neuron-specific enolase (NSE), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) on tissue sections, three distinctive immunostaining patterns of small cell carcinoma components were identified: staining positive for NSE and negative for PSA and PAP (10 cases), staining positive for PSA and PAP and negative for NSE (3 cases), and negative reaction for all three antigens (5 cases). Electron microscopic study demonstrated neurosecretory granules in two cases. Based on the immunostaining and electron microscopic findings, small cell carcinomas of the prostate appear to be a heterogeneous group of tumors. Some of them are neuroendocrine carcinomas whereas others are poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas or, possibly, reserve cell carcinomas. Differences in immunostaining patterns or presence and absence of adenocarcinoma component do not reflect any differences in the uniformly poor prognosis of small cell carcinomas, in which median survivals is 7.7 months. The authors believe that, because of such heterogeneity, small cell carcinomas of the prostate arise from multipotential prostatic epithelium and that an origin from specific neuroendocrine cells need not be implicated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunosorbent Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase antigen and acid phosphatase activity were measured on 175 serum samples serially collected from 80 patients with metastatic stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase antigen concentrations were measured with a monoclonal radioimmunometric assay, and acid phosphatase activity was measured enzymatically. The over-all frequency of abnormal levels of prostate specific antigen (76 per cent) was significantly greater than abnormal prostatic acid phosphatase antigen (60 per cent) and acid phosphatase activity (49 per cent) results (p less than 0.001). These differences were greater among the subset of patients in clinical remission. Levels greater than 10 times normal were observed in 68 per cent of prostate specific antigen, 43 per cent of prostatic acid phosphatase antigen and 31 per cent of acid phosphatase activity measurements (p less than 0.001). Three or more serial prostate specific antigen measurements in 17 patients demonstrated excellent correlation with independently assessed clinical disease activity. These results suggest that prostate specific antigen is a more sensitive and potentially more useful tumor marker than acid phosphatase measurements in patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Antigens; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prospective Studies; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Fifty carcinomas that were partially to completely papillary in nature were examined. According to urethroscopic and rectal palpation findings, six of the carcinomas were located centrally, 40 tumors were in the prostate proper, and four were clinical stage T0. The epithelium of the papillary portions of the tumors was dark in some instances, light in others. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 20 of 22 tumors were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In no case was a topical relationship to the utriculus prostaticus demonstrable. The epithelium of the utriculus in seven additional patients who were not involved in this series also stained positively for PAP and PSA. Usual carcinomas of the prostate proper can develop endometrioid structures that do not differ immunohistochemically from ordinary portions of the carcinoma. Tumors located in central portions of the prostate are, in our opinion, morphologic variants of usual prostatic carcinomas, and apparently arise in prostatic ducts. We conclude that a distinction between endometrioid carcinomas and tumors of prostatic ducts does not seem justified and that papillary prostatic carcinomas should be treated like common prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Age Factors; Antigens; Carcinoma, Papillary; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

A rare case of urethral metastasis from prostatic adenocarcinoma is reported. Ordinary histological examination by hematoxylin and eosin staining could not determine whether the primary site was the prostate or the urethra. However, with an immunoperoxidase technique using prostate-specific acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen as markers for prostatic cells, we obtained a precise diagnosis of the primary sites. As a result, the patient could be successfully treated with hormonal therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethral Neoplasms

We have studied the mode of excretion of three prostatic secretory proteins, namely acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and beta-inhibin, in the urine of normal adult men, and we have determined the urinary levels of these proteins in men with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) or adenocarcinoma. The output of the three proteins was highly variable during the day. In order to minimize these variations, 24-hour urine samples were collected thereafter. Our study showed that PAP concentrations in 50% of men with or without symptomatic BPH were similar to those of normal young men. In the remaining 50%, PAP was undetectable. In contrast, average PSA and beta-inhibin concentrations were higher in patients with BPH than in young men (p less than 0.05). The three markers were decreased or nondetectable in about half of the patients with untreated prostatic cancer. This phenomenon was even more pronounced in patients receiving hormonal treatment (castration or diethylstilbestrol). However, some of these patients still excreted normal amounts of PAP, PSA, and beta-inhibin. Urinary and serum PAP levels showed no correlation. These results indicate that urinary prostatic markers provide an easy means to study the behavior of the primary prostatic tumor. This information may be of potential value since it is not obtained with serum markers which originate mostly from metastatic cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Peptides; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins

To compare the clinical usefulness of the serum markers prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), we measured them by radioimmunoassay in 2200 serum samples from 699 patients, 378 of whom had prostatic cancer. PSA was elevated in 122 of 127 patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostatic cancer, including 7 of 12 patients with unsuspected early disease and all of 115 with more advanced disease. The PSA level increased with advancing clinical stage and was proportional to the estimated volume of the tumor. The PAP concentration was elevated in only 57 of the patients with cancer and correlated less closely with tumor volume. PSA was increased in 86 percent and PAP in 14 percent of the patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. After radical prostatectomy for cancer, PSA routinely fell to undetectable levels, with a half-life of 2.2 days. If initially elevated, PAP fell to normal levels within 24 hours but always remained detectable. In six patients followed postoperatively by means of repeated measurements, PSA--but not PAP--appeared to be useful in detecting residual and early recurrence of tumor and in monitoring responses to radiation therapy. Prostate massage increased the levels of both PSA and PAP approximately 1.5 to 2 times. Needle biopsy and transurethral resection increased both considerably. We conclude that PSA is more sensitive than PAP in the detection of prostatic cancer and will probably be more useful in monitoring responses and recurrence after therapy. However, since both PSA and PAP may be elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia, neither marker is specific.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biopsy; Half-Life; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Physiologic; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Dunning R3327-H rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells, when grown in syngeneic (Copenhagen) rats or nude mice, produce tumors with prominent hypercellular stroma. The authors have previously demonstrated the presence of anomalous steroid-sensitive cells in both the epithelium and stromal compartments of this model system. In order to better understand the histogenesis of these cells, the authors studied samples of the tumor which were radiolabeled overnight with tritiated dihydrotestosterone (3H-DHT). Frozen sections of the tissues were thaw-mounted onto autoradiographic emulsion-coated slides to permit silver grain identification in association with nuclei of androgen-sensitive cells. Surprisingly, numerous silver grains were found to be associated with nuclei of large cells within the stroma. Therefore, these cells were termed "epithelioid" pending confirmation of their origin. To further define these cells and their relationship to the surrounding matrix, autoradiograms have now been examined immunohistochemically with antibodies directed against the basement membrane glycoprotein, laminin, as well as antibodies specific for intermediate cytoskeletal filaments. Following identification of acinar basement membranes, epithelioid cells were identifiable both in the stroma and in the acinar epithelial cell layer. Histochemical staining with acid phosphatase, a marker for prostatic epithelium, was performed and shown to be present in acinar epithelial cells as well as in epithelioid cells. Additionally, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was employed to characterize the DNA content of cell types within the H tumor. Epithelioid cells were found to be in highest concentration in an aneuploid peak with a ploidy of approximately 6N. The autoradiographic, immunohistochemical, cytometric, and ultramicroscopic studies suggest that 1) epithelioid cells are epithelial derived stromal cells; 2) these epithelioid cells arise by pathologic division of aneuploid neoplastic precursor cells of approximately 3N ploidy, which are found within the prostatic epithelium; and 3) the resulting 6N cells degrade the basement membrane locally, invade the stroma, and populate it. Here, they can be distinguished from fibroblasts by their size, acid phosphatase activity, and hormone receptor content. Thus, the term "epithelioid" is inappropriate; and these cells should be regarded simply as large neoplastic epithelial (LNE) cells. The presence of this cell type suggests that this tumor s

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Nucleus; Cell Separation; Cytoplasm; Dihydrotestosterone; Epithelium; Flow Cytometry; Histocytochemistry; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Tritium

The reactivity of the anti-Leu 7 monoclonal antibody (Leu 7) was tested on 83 human tumours and on non-neoplastic prostatic, hepatic and pancreatic tissues. A four-step peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method was used on paraffin embedded tissues and we observed strong cytoplasmic positivity in all 19 primary prostatic tumours, in two metastatic, poorly differentiated prostatic adenocarcinomas, and in normal and hypertrophic prostatic epithelium. All the primary prostatic tumours also stained positively for prostate-specific antigen and for prostatic acid phosphatase using polyclonal antisera. The degree of positivity for these antigens varied from case to case. Adenocarcinomas arising from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and gallbladder were anti-Leu 7 negative. Focal Leu 7 positivity, largely confined to cell membranes, was observed in some ovarian, endometrial, renal, lung and breast adenocarcinomas. These tumours, as well as some of the gastrointestinal, hepatic and pancreatic tumours, also showed focal cytoplasmic positivity for prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. Our findings suggest that the anti-Leu 7 monoclonal antibody is a marker that may facilitate the detection of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma, especially when used in conjunction with staining for prostate-specific antigen.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; Antigens, Neoplasm; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

A breast mass developed in a patient receiving estrogen therapy for prostatic cancer. The prostate tumor was adenocarcinoma of small acinar type, whereas that of the breast was infiltrating medullary adenocarcinoma. Histological features of the two tumors differed and double cancer was suspected by conventional pathological study. However, immunohistochemical staining with prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase was positive in each tumor. These results indicate the breast tumor to be a metastasis from the prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

We measured the prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gamma-Seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and prostate specific antigen (PA) in the serum of 862 patients with various urologic diseases including 89 patients with prostatic cancer. We used a PAP radioimmunoassay kit, gamma-Sm enzyme immunoassay kit, Markit-F-PA enzyme immunoassay kit and PA test Wako enzyme immunoassay kit. Serum PA level in advanced prostatic carcinoma (stage C, D) tended to be higher than that in early stage cancer (stage A, B). The Wako kit gave a higher PA than the Markit-F in each stage. The sensitivity rate of Wako PA test was the highest (81%) of all kits. The specificity rate of PAP was the highest (83%), and the accuracy rate of Markit-F PA was the highest (79%). The positive rate in the combined assay of PAP, gamma-Sm and PA in prostatic cancer was higher than that in the single assay of each tumor marker. We regarded PAP, gamma-Sm and PA as clinically different tumor markers, because their serum level did not correlate definitely. No apparent correlation was found between histopathological grade and the level of each tumor marker. The level of PAP, gamma-Sm and PA in the reactivated patients was significantly higher than that of the well-controlled patients. In the reactivated patients, the positive rate of Markit-F PA was the highest (89%) of all the kits.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

The first xenograft line of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the prostate (UCRU-PR-2) has been established and characterized. The donor tumor and the xenograft share the common morphological and ultrastructural features of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma (including neurosecretory granules) but also elaborate epithelial membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen, in addition to neurone-specific enolase. The line expresses a diploid DNA complement. Androgen and estrogen receptors are not expressed, although prostatic acid phosphatase is present in sera from tumor-bearing mice in low levels. From these studies, we postulate a possible common stem cell origin for adenocarcinoma and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the prostate; further studies of a cell line derived from this tumor may clarify the issue.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; DNA, Neoplasm; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Transplantation; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen; Receptors, Estrogen; Transplantation, Heterologous

We retrospectively reviewed records of 551 patients with clinical Stage C prostatic adenocarcinoma treated with 60 to 70 Gy external beam radiation. Elective pelvic node irradiation was given to 247 patients (45%). Follow-up for all surviving patients ranged from 16 to 201 months (median, 6.5 years; mean, 7 years). The 5-, 10-, and 15-year uncorrected actuarial survival rates were 72%, 47%, and 27%, respectively. Disease-free survival rates were 59%, 46%, and 40% at the corresponding times. Actuarial local control rates were 88%, 81%, and 75% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Disease-free survival was adversely affected by high pathologic grade, disease fixed to the pelvic sidewall, invasion of the bladder, prior transurethral resection, hydronephrosis, and elevated serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase and creatinine. Elective pelvic node irradiation did not improve the outcome. Complications of treatment were acceptable: minor anorectal and/or urinary symptoms, 11%; mild to moderate complications, 19%; serious problems requiring surgery, 3%. It is concluded that localized, high-energy external beam irradiation provides excellent local control of disease, low morbidity, and 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates that have not been rivaled by other treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Creatinine; Cystitis; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pelvic Neoplasms; Proctitis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Retrospective Studies; Urination

The authors' 5-year experience in the management and care of prostatic carcinoma are summarized. Their method differs essentially from earlier practice. They have found a new diagnostic and therapeutic method by introducing the TECO irradiation therapy, extensively using bone scintigraphy, by introducing cytostatics, extensively applying the prostate-specific acid phosphatase and by performing rectal biopsy of the prostate. They describe their own observations on the diagnostics and therapy of prostatic carcinoma. They stress that none of the therapies is the method of choice, the use of the various kinds of treatment are defined by strict indications. They state that care of prostatic cancer patients is highly important because only observation of the course of the disease may ensure the evaluation of treatment results and the indication of the adequate therapeutic method.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Hormones; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiotherapy, High-Energy

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies

An eighty-two-year-old man with metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma was treated with radiation therapy to the lumbar region of the spinal column. A rapid rise in his acid phosphatase activities developed, increasing thirty-eight-fold in two days. He died on the second day post-therapy of hemorrhagic complications. The rapid increase in acid phosphatase activity was due to release from injured or dying prostatic adenocarcinoma cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

The usefulness of clinical stage, serum prostatic acid phosphatase and preoperative Gleason grade in predicting final pathological stage in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate remains controversial. To determine the predictive value of these 3 preoperative variables we reviewed 275 patients with clinically localized disease who were treated between April 1982 and February 1986. All patients were examined preoperatively and subsequently were operated upon by 1 urologist. Serum prostatic acid phosphatase was determined in all patients by the Roy method using thymolphthalein monophosphate as the substrate. The Gleason grade of each prostatic biopsy specimen was determined preoperatively by 1 pathologist, who also examined the final pathological specimen with respect to capsular penetration, and seminal vesicle and pelvic lymph node involvement. Using logistic regression analysis with the likelihood ratio chi-square test, clinical stage and Gleason grade had a direct correlation with capsular penetration (p less than 0.0001 and less than 0.0001, respectively), seminal vesicle involvement (p less than 0.0001 and less than 0.0001, respectively) and positive lymph nodes (p less than 0.0001 and less than 0.0002, respectively). Within the normal range of values (0.0 to 0.8 IU/l.) serum prostatic acid phosphatase correlated directly with capsular penetration (p less than 0.003) and seminal vesicle involvement (p less than 0.01) but not with lymph node involvement (p equals 0.08). Again with logistic regression analysis we determined that the best predictors of final pathological stage are not individual variables but models that use combinations of preoperative variables. The models generated are as follows: capsular penetration--serum prostatic acid phosphatase and Gleason grade (p less than 0.00001), seminal vesicle involvement--clinical stage and Gleason grade (p less than 0.00001), and lymph node involvement--clinical stage and Gleason grade (p less than 0.00001). With these models probability plots have been constructed so that the final pathological stage in patients with clinically localized prostatic cancer can be predicted preoperatively.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Pelvis; Preoperative Care; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Regression Analysis; Seminal Vesicles

The role of a staging pelvic lymph node dissection has been questioned because of its associated morbidity, especially when followed by definitive radiation therapy. Forty-nine patients with clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent a staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. Clinically suspected lymph nodes were submitted for frozen section analysis. A unilateral dissection was performed on 7 patients (14%), none of whom developed intraoperative or postoperative complications. The remaining 42 patients underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, after which 26 were treated with definitive radiation therapy using the four-field box technique, and 16 received other forms of therapy (delayed androgen deprivation or hormonal manipulation). The complication rate of 19% was identical for both groups of patients. Complications consisted of 3 seromas, 1 atelectasis, 1 prolonged ileus, 1 wound infection, and 2 transient penile or scrotal edemas. Radiation therapy, therefore, did not increase postoperative morbidity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy

A total of 25 patients with histologically proved adenocarcinoma of the prostate, whose disease was staged clinically as D2 by appropriate radiographic and nuclear medicine studies, received increasing doses of PAY 276, an antiprostatic acid phosphatase monoclonal antibody for radioimmunological imaging. The patients were divided into 5 groups of 5. Groups 1 through 5 received an infusion of 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg. monoclonal antibody, respectively, 1 mg. of which was labeled to 5 mCi. of 111indium, while stable monoclonal antibody was added to achieve the desired antibody concentration. No patient had an allergic reaction, and no significant change in serial hemoglobin levels, platelet count, chemistry profile or results of urinalyses was noted. The monoclonal antibody scan visualized at least 1 lesion in 19 of 25 patients (76 per cent): 4 in groups 1 and 2, and all 15 in groups 3 to 5. With results of conventional radiography and bone scintigraphy considered definitive for metastases, monoclonal antibody scans detected 7 of 32 metastases (21.8 per cent) in group 3 (20 mg.), 31 of 58 (53.4 per cent) in group 4 (40 mg.) and 101 of 134 (75.4 per cent) in group 5 (80 mg). In group 5 the incidence of false positive and false negative scans was 2.3 per cent (3 of 132) and 24.6 per cent (33 of 134), respectively. The detection of metastatic lesions increased as the concentration of unlabeled monoclonal antibody increased. Radioimmunological imaging of prostatic cancer with antiprostatic acid phosphatase monoclonal antibody seems to be feasible.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Indium; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging

The authors reviewed the histologic slides of 2600 prostatic carcinomas seen at Memorial Hospital from 1963 to 1983. In ten cases, resection specimens had a predominantly endometrioid appearance. Six patients had polypoid lesions in and around the verumontanum, and one had a polypoid lesion away from the verumontanum. Two patients had no mucosal lesions and one was not cystoscoped. Histologically, the tumors showed a tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium, usually with amphophilic cytoplasm. The cells were arranged either along papillae or in complexes of large acini or in single glands. In eight of the ten cases, the endometrioid carcinomas were associated with a prior or coexistent typical microacinar prostatic adenocarcinoma. In four cases, the endometrioid pattern existed in a pure form, although in two such cases with urethral tumors, the patients had histories of successfully treated microacinar adenocarcinomas of the posterior prostatic lobe. In one case, a urethral endometrioid tumor coexisted with a small posterior lobe microacinar adenocarcinoma. In five cases, both endometrioid and microacinar carcinomas were seen, including endometrioid and microacinar carcinomas found at the same site at different times (2 cases), tumors with a predominantly endometrioid, yet focally microacinar pattern (1 case), and primary tumors where lymph node metastases had different histologic features (2 cases). Of the three patients with a pure or predominantly endometrioid pattern treated with diethylstilbestrol, two had a marked clinical response. All ten endometrioid prostatic adenocarcinomas showed prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase immunoreactivity, in contrast to none of the control uterine endometrial carcinomas. In material spanning a 20-year period, the authors have not seen a single prostatic tumor entirely analogous to the uterine endometrial carcinoma. Until such proof exists, prostatic carcinomas with endometrioid features are best classified and treated as variants of prostatic duct carcinomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Endometriosis; Follow-Up Studies; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

A histochemical study on R1881-binding protein, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PA) and r-seminoprotein was conducted. These parameters and histologic grades were compared to each other and with the responsiveness to endocrine therapy. A good correlation was found between histologic grade and presence or absence of R1881-binding protein in the tissue. Presence or absence of R1881-binding protein as well as histologic grade correlated well with responsiveness to endocrine therapy. Positive staining patterns of PAP, PA, and r-seminoprotein in the tissues were similar to each other, particularly between PA and r-seminoprotein. However, no correlation was found between the histologic grade and ratios of PAP, PA or r-seminoprotein-positive cells. Nor was any correlation seen between the ratio of these marker-positive cells and responsiveness to endocrine therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Androgen-Binding Protein; Antigens, Neoplasm; Estrogens; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Orchiectomy; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Secretory Proteins; Proteins; Seminal Plasma Proteins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Calculi; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens; Biopsy, Needle; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Fifteen urinary bladder adenocarcinomas and nine bladder tumors with mixed glandular and transitional features were studied with antisera to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP). The study was repeated with antisera from different companies to assess the reproducibility of the results. Of the 11 adenocarcinomas in men, three were positive for PSAP. Of the five tumors with mixed glandular and transitional features in men, one showed PSAP immunoreactivity. In the female subjects, PSAP staining was seen in two of the four adenocarcinomas and two of the four mixed glandular and transitional cell carcinomas. None of the tumors seen in either the male or female groups was considered positive for PSA.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) have been evaluated in patients with prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and prostatitis. PSA has proved to be diagnostically more sensitive than PAP for the detection of prostate cancer: 95.0 per cent vs 60.0 per cent for 40 newly diagnosed cancer cases, and 97.1 per cent vs 65.7 per cent for 35 relapsed cases. This also holds true for those patients with early-stage disease: 71.4 per cent vs 0 per cent for 7 Stage A1 cases. The specificities of PSA and PAP are comparable, 96.8 per cent vs 98.9 per cent, respectively. PSA is also more sensitive for monitoring therapy, since it usually rises before PAP and always precedes clinical signs of relapse. Although PSA may be elevated more frequently than PAP in some patients with BPH and prostatitis, it is postulated that these patients with elevated serum PSA and normal serum PAP may fall into a high-risk sub-population which may have early prostate cancer or precancerous conditions not easily detectable by current clinical and diagnostic techniques. Our data suggest PSA is a sensitive useful tumor marker for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. In addition, PAP, in combination with PSA, may serve as a useful adjunct for differential diagnosis and confirmation of advanced stage prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis

The clinical course of 25 patients with clinical stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate who had pre-treatment elevations of the prostatic acid phosphatase (Roy test) was analyzed retrospectively. All patients were treated with definitive external beam radiation therapy at our hospital between 1974 and 1980. Of the 25 patients 17 (68 per cent) have had disease progression. The median time to treatment failure for this group was 27 months (range 10 to 101 months), and the over-all median survival for these patients has not been reached (range 16 to 120 months). Local control of disease was achieved in 84 per cent (21 of 25) of the patients. The control group consisted of 75 consecutive age-matched patients with normal pre-treatment prostatic acid phosphatase levels whose disease was identically staged and treated at our hospital from July 1977 to January 1979. The median time to disease progression in this group has not yet been reached. Of these 75 patients 24 (32 per cent) have had disease progression within a median time of 38 months. Therefore, an elevated pre-treatment prostatic acid phosphatase value is a harbinger of systemic disease and indicates that radiotherapy will be significantly (p equals 0.002) less effective as a definitive local therapeutic modality.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Black People; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testicular Neoplasms

Twenty prostate glands from patients with either high-grade papillary tumors (19 patients, 15 of whom also had peripheral carcinoma in situ) or multifocal carcinoma in situ (1 patient) of the bladder who underwent cystoprostatectomy were studied histologically by mapping. Prostatic duct involvement by urothelial carcinoma was noted in nine patients, two with extensive involvement and seven with focal involvement confined to periurethral ducts. Carcinoma in situ of the bladder was observed in each of the nine patients and intraepithelial permeation appeared to be the predominant manner of spread of cancer cells into the prostate. The prostatic involvement was clinically silent and it may be a potential source of failure of conservative modalities of treatment of high-grade bladder cancer. A routine diagnostic transurethral prostatic biopsy may be recommended in the workup of patients with carcinoma in situ and high-grade carcinomas of the bladder. An incidental observation was the presence of 14 occult prostatic adenocarcinomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma in Situ; Ejaculatory Ducts; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethral Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

A patient who was treated with estrogens for carcinoma of the prostate was later diagnosed with apparent primary cancer of the male breast. He received chest-wall radiation therapy with curative intent. Later, immunodiagnosis by immunoperoxidase staining for human prostate-specific acid phosphatase of the breast tissue revealed that the patient actually had metastatic prostate cancer to the breast rather than primary breast cancer secondary to estrogen therapy. Use of highly specific peroxidase-antiperoxidase tissue staining for human prostate-specific acid phosphatase is recommended to differentiate primary male breast cancer from metastatic prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Two cases of calcitonin-producing carcinomas of the prostate are reported. Light microscopical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural investigations have been performed. These tumors displayed a remarkable dual, endocrine and common epithelial (exocrine), differentiation. However, they presented two different architectural growth patterns. Of particular interest, numerous calcitonin cells were immunocharacterized. In addition, the endocrine component could harbour carcinoembryonic antigen, serotonin, human chorionic gonadotrophin, and prostate-specific acid phosphatase immunoreactive cells. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence of numerous endocrine cells. These findings are not unexpected, since calcitonin, serotonin, and human chorionic gonadotrophin immunoreactive cells are normal and constitutive inhabitants of prostate gland. In the current cases, calcitonin cells showed a strong carcinoembryonic antigen immunoreactivity, as observed also in thyroidal C-cells. This peculiar kind of prostatic carcinoma might be compared to certain thyroidal tumors of intermediate type coupling parafollicular and follicular differentiation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Calcitonin; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Serotonin

Prostatic cancer is commonly manifested by obstructive uropathy, regional lymphatic metastases, and hematogenous metastases to the axial skeleton. It is relatively rare that initial signs begin with the involvement of other sites. Intracranial metastases especially are seldom found and may be unfamiliar to not only pathologists but also to physicians. In this article, we present a case where the metastasis was first manifest as a sphenoid sinus tumor prior to the demonstration of the primary site and the prostate was confirmed to be primary by biopsy specimen with immunoperoxidase method. In addition to discussing the route of the tumor spread, we deal with a prostatic specific antigen efficient for identifying the primary site.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sphenoid Sinus; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

We describe a patient with a radiologically verified inferior vena cava obstruction due to metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate who was treated by orchiectomy. The prompt regression of the disease causing the obstruction confirms that orchiectomy alone can be an effective treatment of massive, functionally significant metastatic carcinoma of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Edema; Humans; Male; Orchiectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vascular Diseases; Vena Cava, Inferior

A low temperature embedding, protein A-gold technique was used to localize prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase at the ultrastructural level in hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates. Prostatic specific antigen immunoreactivity was localized over the endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles, and within the lumina of prostatic glands. In contrast, prostatic acid phosphatase immunoreactivity was localized to lysosomal granules. The pattern of labelling was similar in both hyperplastic glands and adenocarcinomas. This is the first localization of prostatic specific antigen at the ultrastructural level. The localization of prostatic acid phosphatase by an immunochemical technique confirms and expands previous histochemical observations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling; Vacuoles

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) into its three isoenzymes, MM, MB, and BB, in human prostatic tissue, in patients with benign hyperplasia (BPH) and adenocarcinoma. Specimens were obtained from 23 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate and 25 patients with benign hyperplasia. We also had the opportunity to analyze the CPK content in two normal prostates, the first from a 16 1/2-year-old boy and the second from a 9 1/2-year-old child. Our results showed prostate tissue to contain almost exclusively the BB isoenzyme with traces of the MB and MM dimers in both cancer and BPH as well as the specimen of normal prostate from the 16 1/2-year-old boy. As for the 9 1/2-year-old child, we found the following distribution: 39% MM, 21% MB, and 40% BB dimer. A comparison of the CPK-BB content in benign hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma revealed no significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, we tried to correlate prostatic tissue CPK-BB levels with another possible tumor marker of the prostate, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) measured in the cytosol. No correlation was found between these two markers. We also studied the relationship of CPK-BB and PAP content in prostatic tissue to nuclear and cytosolic androgen receptor content in human prostatic tissue. We found some correlation between CPK-BB and androgen cytosolic receptors as well as between PAP content and androgen cytosolic receptors in patients with benign hyperplasia. No such correlation was found in the group with adenocarcinoma. In conclusion, this study does not show that the measurement of CPK-BB in the prostatic tissue could be used as an index of tissue malignancy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Adult; Cell Nucleus; Child; Creatine Kinase; Cytosol; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen

Twenty-eight pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies from 11 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma were stained for prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and keratin to determine the effect of hormonal (diethylstilbestrol) therapy on these immunological markers. Treatment intervals ranged from 2 to 63 months. All pretreatment tumors were strongly positive for PAP, and nine were strongly positive for PSA. Two were weakly positive for PSA, and all were negative for keratin. In five of the 11 posttreatment group cases, staining with both PAP and PSA was reduced. In three posttreatment cases, the malignant epithelium showed a squamoid appearance, and in these areas the keratin gave a positive reaction. These findings indicate that immunohistochemical staining with PAP and PSA may change in response to hormonal therapy. These alterations may lead to false-negative results when using these techniques to identify the primary tumor source of metastatic deposits of prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Diethylstilbestrol; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

An immunoperoxidase study in 19 patients with cancer of prostate, using antiserums directed against prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA), allowed classification of tumors as strongly, moderately and poorly differentiated, and undifferentiated forms. Tests were conducted on specimens fixed and embedded in paraffin wax. Evaluation of degree of positivity for cells most marked by PAP and by PSA failed to establish its correlation with tumoral differentiation. Results, in fact, showed that poorly differentiated or undifferentiated forms of prostatic carcinoma contained cells with enhanced positive reactions when compared with strongly differentiated forms. Morphologically strongly differentiated forms showed weaker positivity than observed in normal prostate, this positivity being relatively homogeneous throughout the zone of proliferation, and cells varied little in their degree of positivity. Characteristic findings in less well differentiated forms were several strongly positive cells, with marked differences in positivity between cells and frequent alternating positive and negative zones. These findings may be of particular interest for diagnostic interpretation of strongly or poorly differentiated forms.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Anaplasia; Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rabbits

Decalcified bone marrow biopsies containing metastatic tumor from 36 patients were stained for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) using the avidin biotin complex (ABC) immunoperoxidase technique. Of these patients, 22 had known prostate primaries, ten had known nonprostatic, and four female patients had unknown primaries. Prostate-specific antigen was identified in 86% (19/22) of the metastatic prostatic carcinomas. Prostatic acid phosphatase was present in only 36% (8/22). None of the patients with nonprostatic primaries or unknown primaries showed positive staining for either antigen (0/14). This study indicates that immunoperoxidase staining for PSA is very sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma, while PAP was less sensitive using decalcified bone marrow specimens. We believe that immunostaining with PSA should be of great value in diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma metastatic to the bone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Decalcification Technique; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

A case report of prostatic carcinoma metastasizing to the penis is presented. Review of the literature revealed only 54 cases reported to date. With survival rates ranging from two to six months, the prognosis is gloomy. The most commonly used method of treatment was local wide excision of the lesion.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and keratin were determined immunohistochemically in paraffin sections from 64 prostatic carcinomas fixed in formalin according to the conventional method. The results obtained with PSA led to the correct diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma in 90.7% of the cases. 80.3% of the diagnoses obtained with PAP were correct. The intensity of the staining of the marker decreased with increasing differentiation. 3 utricular carcinomas were positive for PAP and PSA. CEA and keratin may be considered unspecific tumor markers only. However, metaplastic squamous epithelium from poorly differentiated carcinomas was always positive for keratin. PAP and PSA are also suitable for differentiating between tumors of prostatic and nonprostatic origin and could thus be successfully used to determine immunohistochemically the histogenesis of 15 invasive, poorly differentiated carcinomas of the prostate and bladder. PSA again proved to be a more specific epithelial marker than PAP.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carcinoma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

In 33 patients with lung cancer (6 women and 27 men, aged at average 61.2 years) the activity and intracellular localization of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined by means of semiquantitative cytochemical methods. In comparison to the control group of healthy subjects, the patients with lung cancer showed increased counts of acid phosphatase-positive lymphocytes with granular-diffuse cytochemical reaction, increased counts of beta-glucuronidase-positive lymphocytes with solely granular type of reaction and increased numbers of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase-positive cells showing the granular, granular-diffuse and diffuse type of reaction. The total count of beta-glucuronidase-positive and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase-positive lymphocytes was significantly elevated in these patients. The authors discuss the significance of their observations for evaluating lymphocyte response in patients with lung cancer.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Glucuronidase; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged

5 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate, which represent 1.5% of a series of 323 consecutive prostatic carcinomas, are presented. The cases with possible prostatic involvement by contiguity from a bladder carcinoma as well as those tumors with a transitional pattern which contain prostatic acid phosphatase in the cellular cytoplasm have been ruled out to make the diagnosis. The mean age of the tumoral onset is 70 years with an identical symptomatology to that of the adenocarcinoma. In 20% of the cases it is associated with an adenocarcinoma and in 40% with a bladder carcinoma without contiguity. The mean survival is 10.6 months with 60% succumbing within the first 6 months. Our findings agree with all authors in considering this type of tumor an urothelial neoplasia.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Metastatic carcinoma to the sphenoid sinus is a rare event. A case of metastatic adenocarcinoma from the prostate gland to the sphenoid sinus and diagnosed with the aid of immunoperoxidase staining is presented. A concurrent review of the literature uncovered only 17 previously reported cases of carcinoma metastatic to the sphenoid sinus. Among these cases, adenocarcinoma from the large bowel and prostate gland predominated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sphenoid Sinus

An immunoperoxidase (peroxidase-antiperoxidase) method was used to localise the gastric acid proteinase gastricsin in prostate. The enzyme was present, probably as zymogen, in acinar lining cells in 66 (69%) of 96 cases of benign prostatic enlargement; other normal tissues from male genital tract were negative. It was also present in the tumour cells in 21 (39%) of 54 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The findings support the suggestion that the prostate is the source of the gastricsin of normal seminal fluid. It is not yet clear whether its presence in prostatic carcinomas will be of diagnostic use.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Genitalia, Male; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Pepsin A; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tissue Distribution

Serum levels of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in serum, the presence or absence of skeletal metastases, tumor grade, patient age, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined in 50 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma before onset of any therapy. Crude survival rates were estimated for a 5-year period after the time of diagnosis. The prognostic value was estimated by means of the log rank test and multivariate life table analysis. The TPA, PAP, tumor stage, and ESR all appeared to be useful as prognostic markers. Tumor grade and patient age were not significantly related to crude survival. The TPA proved to be the most reliable prognostic marker in single test estimates as well as in a multivariate life table analysis (p less than 0.01).

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actuarial Analysis; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Blood Sedimentation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Peptides; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tissue Polypeptide Antigen

Twenty-five patients with metastatic prostate cancer resistant to primary hormone therapy, received high-dose intravenous diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (Stilphostrol [Miles Pharm], DES-P) in a Phase II study using established response criteria. Objective response rate was 17%, while 22% of the patients were subjectively improved. Moderate gastrointestinal toxicity was reported in 10 patients (40%). Thromboembolic complications were seen in 2 (8%). The role of high-dose Stilphostrol in the treatment of hormone-resistant prostate cancer is limited.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Castration; Combined Modality Therapy; Diethylstilbestrol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), measured by three different technics, was used to screen 560 men over 50 years of age for prostatic cancer. All three PAP procedures failed to detect the one subject found to have prostatic cancer on physical examination and confirmed by biopsy, and all assays had a significant number of "falsely" elevated PAP levels. Four PAP assays were assessed in 80 men undergoing prostatic biopsy/removal in whom histologic examination of prostatic tissue was made. Clinical sensitivity and specificity for detecting those patients with and without prostatic cancer ranged from 20-57% and 54-95%, respectively, with the monoclonal enzyme immunoassay being the most sensitive but the least specific, and the traditional enzyme assay being the most specific but insensitive. In men with diagnosed prostatic cancer undergoing radiation or chemotherapy, the assays were useful in distinguishing between those with active and inactive disease. The authors conclude that serum PAP assays, irrespective of the type of procedure used, has no place in screening for prostatic cancer, a minimal role in establishing a definitive diagnosis, but a useful role in monitoring therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

In Swiss albino mice bearing adenocarcinoma the degree of pathological damage as revealed by the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases is greater in skeletal muscles closely proximal to the tumor site than in those away from it. Acid and alkaline phosphatases in myofibres of triceps, pectoralis and gastrocnemius muscles show a direct relationship between myofibre necrosis and activities of these phosphatases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Histocytochemistry; Mice; Muscles

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Male; Pleura; Pleural Effusion; Pleural Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Androgen Antagonists; Bone Neoplasms; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

Since 1976, we have transplanted 82 urological neoplasms into nude mice, 46 of which (56%) took. Thirty five of them (43% of the total tumors) are being serially transplanted. This rate of success seems to be better than that obtained at other institutes for both neoplasms of urogenital as well as other tissue origin. The explants basically retained the original characteristics of the native tumors not only in histological pattern but also in tumor markers, even after a long term period of heterotransplantation. However, the histological features of some tumor lines seemed to be reduced. A certain cell population was lost during repeated transplantations. Such a clonal selection may have resulted from the outgrowth of the cell population capable of adapting to the transplanted environment. Nevertheless heterotransplantation experiments in nude mice are one of the most valuable tools in various cancer research including that in the urological field since a rather high percentage of urologic malignancies take while retaining their original characteristics for a long time.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; alpha-Fetoproteins; Animals; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Dysgerminoma; Female; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Transplantation; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testicular Neoplasms; Transplantation, Heterologous; Ureteral Neoplasms; Urogenital Neoplasms

A series of 60 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 34 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia were examined quantitatively after immunoperoxidase staining for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP), carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The tumors were graded I to IV according to the MDAH grading system recently proposed. Fifty-nine of the 60 tumors were positive for PSA and 58 were positive for PSAP. The one PSA and PSAP negative case was CEA negative and weakly EMA positive. Grade I to III tumors stained more tumor cells and more diffusely for PSA and PSAP than grade IV tumors. There was no significant difference in the intensity or extent of staining between grade I and grade II-III tumors for PSA and PSAP. A comparison of PSA and PSAP showed that PSA stained more intensely and more extensively than PSAP. Benign prostatic tissue and low-grade prostatic tumors did not stain for CEA but three of the 20 grade IV tumors and one of the 23 grade II-III tumors did. Staining for EMA was focal and showed no relation to tumor grade. Benign and malignant lesions failed to stain for AFP and HCG.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; alpha-Fetoproteins; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Epitopes; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

On the basis of a series of 89 patients with a histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate and another population of 89 patients with prostatic hypertrophy, also confirmed histologically, the authors study the sensitivity and specificity of the radio-immunological estimation of prostatic acid phosphatase levels. Comparison is made of the performance of radio-immunological techniques with that of conventional techniques. As a general rule, the sensitivity of the test is very low, since amongst 39% of the prostatic carcinomas studied, the RI acid phosphatase level was below the upper limit of normal fixed at 3.2 ng/ml. By contrast, the degree of specificity is high, since amongst 96% of cases with abnormally high RI acid phosphatase levels, the diagnosis was indeed an adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In terms of stages, sensitivity was found to be nil for minor stages T1 - T2 and of the order of 80% for advanced stages. This confirmed data from the literature. In the absence of bone metastases detectable radiologically or by isotope bone scan, an abnormally high RI acid phosphatase level is predictive of lymph node involvement in 90% of cases. By contrast, under the same conditions of bone investigations, a normal RI acid phosphatase level corresponds in 81% of cases with absence of lymph node involvement and in 19% with limited involvement. In patients with value which are normal or become normal under the influence of treatment, the prognosis is better than if such does not apply. Finally, figures given by radioimmunological estimation are much more specific than those obtained by traditional enzyme estimations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Small cell carcinomas of the prostate are rare. A few reported cases have manifested morphologic and functional neuroendocrine characteristics, and it has been suggested that these tumors are derived from the argentaffinic/argyrophilic cells normally present in the prostate. The authors have recently studied three cases of primary prostatic small cell carcinoma in which the small cell component developed during the course of progression of "regular" prostatic adenocarcinoma, and reflected a terminal aggressive phase of the disease. Immunoperoxidase staining for prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) showed positivity in the adenocarcinoma but absence in the small cell component of each tumor. The association of small cell carcinoma with prostatic adenocarcinoma indicates that in considering the histogenesis of prostatic small cell carcinoma, a specific neuroendocrine cell of origin need not be implicated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Aged; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

The clinical application of an immunohistochemical technique for prostatic acid phosphatase allowed the accurate diagnosis of metastatic prostatic carcinoma in 17 patients whose condition was not recognized by either clinical or histologic observations. The cardinal manifestations in these 17 patients included supraclavicular lymphadenopathy in 7, hilar lymphadenopathy in 1, pulmonary infiltration in 2, simulating carcinoma of the rectum in 4, fracture of femur in 1, orbital tumor in 1, and brain tumor in 1. A retrospective analysis of the radiologic features of these patients showed that the unusual manifestations were due to the route of metastasis, that is, direct invasion, lymphatic, and hematogenous. Radiologic studies, even in these unusual cases, are both useful in establishing the diagnosis and helpful in delineating the mode of metastasis of prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Brain Neoplasms; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Previous immunohistochemical studies with prostate-specific acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen documented the diagnostic value of these antigens in the identification of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas and in the differentiation of primary prostatic adenocarcinomas from poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinomas. Although attempts have been made to correlate immunostaining with degree of tumor differentiation, no study has directly assessed the relation of either prostate-specific acid phosphatase or prostate-specific antigen immunoreactivity of tumors with their biologic behavior. Nineteen patients with predominantly intermediate Gleason grade untreated stage A2 carcinomas of the prostate were studied by the unlabeled antibody immunoperoxidase technique for prostate-specific acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen in an attempt to identify those in whom the disease would progress without further therapeutic intervention. Of the 12 carcinomas with areas of either weak or negative prostate-specific acid phosphatase staining, nine progressed. Two of the seven carcinomas that did not have these foci of poor immunostaining also progressed. Although there was a trend for foci of poor immunoreactivity to predict tumor progression, the correlation was not significant. All seven patients who had tumor foci with weak or negative prostate-specific antigen immunostaining experienced progression of the disease. Of the 12 patients with only moderate or intense staining, the tumors did not progress in eight. This correlation between foci of poor immunoreactivity and progression of disease was statistically significant. When the study was repeated by varying the technique without awareness of previous grading results, the same predictive results were obtained. When results of prostate-specific antigen immunostaining were compared with those achieved with prostate-specific acid phosphatase, the superiority of the prostate-specific antigen antisera for labeling prostatic tissue was evident. This study suggests that prostatic cancers consist of subpopulations of cells with differing immunoreactive properties and that the presence of cells that lack sufficient differentiation to express normally present immunologically recognizable antigens is an indication of potentially more aggressive neoplasms.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Follow-Up Studies; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Although castration levels of serum androgens are consistently achieved after 2-3 weeks of treatment with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, the administration of these peptides alone in adult men is always accompanied by a transient increase in plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels, which lasts for 5-15 days at the beginning of treatment and is accompanied by disease flare-up in some cases, thus seriously limiting the acceptability of this otherwise efficient and well-tolerated treatment. The present data show that the simultaneous administration of a pure antiandrogen neutralizes the influence of the transient increase in serum androgens on prostate cancer, as indicated by the 60% decrease in serum prostatic acid phosphatase observed within 5 days of combined treatment with an LHRH agonist and a pure antiandrogen. The addition of a pure antiandrogen thus makes fully acceptable the use of LHRH agonists as an advantageous substitute for surgical castration and estrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Androgen Antagonists; Buserelin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Imidazoles; Imidazolidines; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Androgens; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prostatic Neoplasms

Between 1970 and 1978, 202 patients with carcinoma of the prostate were treated with radical external beam radiation with curative intent. Intracapsular disease was present in 38% and the remaining 62% had disease extending through the prostatic capsule. The overall survival is 72% at five years, and despite the large number of patients with advanced disease the five-year disease-free survival is 46%. Significant prognostic factors include: i) tumor, grade, ii) extent of primary disease, iii) procedure done to determine diagnosis (TURP vs. needle biopsy) and iv) tumor dose. There was a significant improvement in survival at a minimum dose of 5000 Gy. Prostate carcinoma is radiosensitive and a dose-response relationship in treatment has been demonstrated by this review.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actuarial Analysis; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Humans; Lymphography; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy Dosage

A radioimmunoassay procedure has been used to measure prostatic acid phosphatase in the serum of 46 patients with intracapsular carcinoma of the prostate. The results obtained did not differ significantly from those obtained in a control group of similar size. It is concluded that the radioimmunoassay procedure for measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase has no advantage over enzyme activity measurements for the detection of early prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Establishment of a cell line derived from the androgen-independent subline of rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (Dunning R3327 tumor) is reported. Cells of this line produced acid phosphatase. When the cultured cells were transplanted to Copenhagen rats, solid tumors were formed. Histologically, the tumor consisted of spindle-shaped, large and bizarre polygonal cells; this feature was almost identical to that of the original tumor. Chromosomes were in the triploid range with seven frequently appearing marker chromosomes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Androgens; Animals; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Karyotyping; Male; Neoplasm Transplantation; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tumor Stem Cell Assay

Serial serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels were obtained every 4 hours during a 48-hour interval from 10 men with stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate. No therapeutic or diagnostic manipulations occurred during sample procurement, so that the amount of fluctuation of serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels that can be expected in these patients could be determined. The coefficient of variation for each man ranged from 16.67 to 43.68 per cent, which was significantly higher than the expected 8 per cent coefficient of variation determined with a control sample. The maximum percentage variations above and below the mean were 79 and 50 per cent, respectively. The average percentage variation in all patients was within 50 per cent greater than and 50 per cent less than the mean value of prostatic acid phosphatase. Thus, the usefulness of serum acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay as a clinical tumor marker is limited by the number of serial assays needed to establish a mean. Based on these findings, certain guidelines are suggested.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Time Factors

The advantage of using DNA content as a biochemical parameter because the results it gives are directly related to cellularity is discussed. As examples, comparisons of acid phosphatase and cathepsin D activities in rat liver and hepatoma and of acid phosphatase in human normal breast tissue and adenocarcinoma are considered. Contradictory results are obtained, depending whether they are related to DNA content, fresh tissue weight, or protein content.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Cathepsin D; Cathepsins; DNA; Female; Humans; Liver; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Male; Neoplasm Proteins; Proteins; Rats

A serially transplantable human prostatic carcinoma line, PC EW, has been developed through heterotransplantation of tumor tissue from a lymph node metastasis. PC EW is androgen dependent and is similar to the original tumor in terms of histological pattern, amounts of prostatic acid phosphatase secreted, and absence of a hormonally independent subline. This line is thus similar to PC 82, and we herein report the first results of comparative treatment trials conducted on PC EW.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Androgens; Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antigens, Surface; Cell Line; Female; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Time Factors

Prostatic specific acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen have been used as specific markers of prostatic adenocarcinoma in immunohistochemical studies, particularly when seeking the primary site of a poorly differentiated metastasis. We herein evaluate the effect of therapy on the persistence of these markers in surgically obtained tissues. Prostatic biopsies from 30 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland before and after treatment with orchiectomy alone, diethylstilbestrol, external beam radiation or combined radiation and diethylstilbestrol were studied for prostatic specific acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The interval between biopsies ranged from 3 to 72 months, with an average of 28 months. All pre-treatment biopsies stained positively for prostatic specific acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen. Staining for prostatic specific antigen and prostatic specific acid phosphatase was seen easily in 29 of 30 post-treatment biopsies, while in 1 case infiltrating anaplastic cells surrounded by stroma showed staining for these antigens in an extremely small percentage of cells, which were overlooked easily unless examined carefully. In view of this small number of positively staining cells this case was designated as equivocal. While some cases demonstrated less intense staining in post-treatment biopsies compared to pre-treatment, this finding was by no means constant. With these primary antisera a higher percentage of cytologically malignant cells stained positively for prostatic specific acid phosphatase than for prostatic specific antigen in adjacent tissue sections in some cases. Prostatic specific acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen appear to be sensitive and persistent markers of prostatic adenocarcinoma despite morphologic changes accompanying various therapies.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms

Rat prostatic tumor (Dunning R 3327 tumor) is a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of Copenhagen strain rat; its growth is extremely slow and androgen-dependent. Two new sublines (Chiba University A and B; CUA, CUB) were obtained during passages; CUA, squamous cell carcinoma, grew at moderate speed, and CUB grew rapidly, being composed of spindle-shaped cells and large bizarre polygonal cells. Growth of CUA was slightly androgen-dependent, while that of CUB was independent of sex hormones. Activities of acid phosphatase were increased in both CUA and CUB as compared with the original R 3327, so the less differentiated sublines of CUA and CUB showed unusual progression. In contrast, activities of alkaline phosphatase in CUA and CUB were diminished as compared with that of the original tumor. Both androgen and estrogen receptors were detected in the cytosol from R 3327, but there was no detectable amount of androgen and estrogen receptors in CUA. CUB did not show any androgen binding but estrogen binding was observed in the cytosol, though estrogen did not have any detectable effect on the growth of this tumor.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Line; Cytosol; Female; Male; Neoplasm Transplantation; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Receptors, Androgen; Receptors, Estrogen; Staining and Labeling; Time Factors

While prostatic adenocarcinoma is associated classically with osseous or lymphatic metastasis, it can present clinically with protean manifestations. We describe 4 cases that demonstrate unusual patterns of metastatic spread, including isolated supraclavicular mass, pleural effusion, suprapubic and genital skin metastasis, and priapism. Newer immunohistochemical staining techniques for prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase can assist in localization of the metastatic adenocarcinoma to a prostatic origin.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Clavicle; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Pleural Effusion; Priapism; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Skin Neoplasms

Enzyme histochemical investigations of prostatic carcinoma were done by means of reference enzymes of different metabolic pathways. The results of these investigations show, that the loss of typical enzymatic design is not depending on histological grade of tumor differentiation. On the contrary each prostatic carcinoma represents a heterogenic population without any specificity. The morphological pattern alone does not allow conclusions as to degree of malignancy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenofibroma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrolases; L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase; Malate Dehydrogenase; Male; Nucleotidases; Oxidoreductases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate may occasionally present as distant metastatic disease. This tumor, if accurately identified, is amendable to effective treatment with hormonal manipulations. We have seen nine patients with prostatic cancer presenting as metastatic adenocarcinoma of undetermined origin: two presented with involvement in the lung and the mediastinum, five with left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and two with known prostatic cancer with stable disease presented with supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. By employing an immunoperoxidase technique using prostatic acid phosphatase as the marker for the prostatic cells, we demonstrated the presence of the prostatic enzyme antigen in the paraffin embedded tissues from the metastatic tumor. This finding directed further investigation of the prostate gland leading to the discovery of the primary tumor in all nine patients. It may be beneficial to use this technique in all male patients with adenocarcinoma of undetermined primary site.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Microgastric biopsies were obtained from 20 patients with clinical, radiologic, and endoscopic features of gastric neoplasms. Biopsy specimens were taken from both macroscopically normal gastric mucosa (confirmed histology), and from the lesion. In 16 patients, various stages of adenocarcinoma were confirmed. Repeated biopsy examinations, ruled out malignancy in the four remaining patients, in which a final diagnosis of healing ulcers was established. Homogenates were prepared from the biopsy specimens, and subsequently assayed individually for acid- and alkaline phosphatase and acid proteases. Significant variances (P less than 0.05), were demonstrated for acid protease activities when tumor homogenate levels were compared; firstly with normal mucosa and secondly with ulcer homogenate levels. Biopsy hydrolase determinations may be valuable in providing important additional information not obtained from histologic examinations.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biopsy; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Peptide Hydrolases; Stomach Neoplasms

Radioimmunodetection (RAID) of prostatic cancer is done by injecting 131I-labeled rabbit antibody IgG against prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and performing total-body photoscans with a gamma scintillation camera. Of two patients tested, the PAP RAID scintiscans located the primary or recurrent prostatic cancers in both and showed no disease in the lungs of the patient shown subsequently to have lung cancer. The lung tumor nodules showing anti-PAP IgG accretion were assumed to be of prostatic cancer origin, since one of the original tumors removed from this patient's other lung a year earlier stained for PAP by immunohistochemistry. This study showed that PAP RAID can locate primary and metastatic tumors of prostatic origin.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin G; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rabbits; Radionuclide Imaging

A case is reported of metastatic adenosquamous carcinoma that developed in a patient one year after diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Prostatic origin of the neoplasm was proved by immunoperoxidase staining for prostatic acid phosphatase in the metastases as well as demonstration of both glandular and squamous differentiation in tumor within the prostate on repeat TURP. This change in tumor differentiation occurred despite the fact that the patient had received no estrogen or radiation. The metastases showed remarkable response when the patient later began diethylstilbestrol (DES) therapy.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Thoracic Neoplasms

Cell colonies derived from the clonogenic tumor cell [colony-forming cell, prostate adenocarcinoma (CFC-PA)] assayed in vitro from the R3327 rat prostate adenocarcinoma demonstrate prostate acid phosphatase activity when assayed histochemically and convert testosterone to stanolone. The number of CFC-PA/10(4) cells plated in steroid-free cultures was increased following the addition of testosterone or stanolone and decreased following the addition of 17 beta-estradiol. The decreased rate of growth of the R3327 tumor in castrated male inbred Copenhagen rats when compared to the growth measured in normal (intact) male and female inbred Copenhagen rats was reflected in a large decrease in the number of CFC-PA/10(4) cells plated from tumors grown in castrated male rats when compared to the values obtained from tumors that were grown in normal male and female rats. Furthermore, the replacement of fetal calf serum with normal male or castrated male rat serum resulted in little change in CFC-PA/10(4) cells plated in cultures established from tumors grown in castrated rats, although significant increases in CFC-PA were observed in cultures established from tumors grown in normal male or female rats.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Castration; Cell Line; Dihydrotestosterone; Epithelium; Estradiol; Female; Histocytochemistry; Hormones; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Neoplasm Transplantation; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Child; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Female; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Human mammary tumours were grown in diffusion chambers in the heterologous host--Charle's Foster rat. The effect of oophorectomy-induced alterations of the hormonal environment of the host in breast tumour cells grown in the diffusion chamber were studied with respect to their growth patterns and enzymatic characteristics. The tumour cells not only survived but actively proliferated as indicated by the increase in cell count and formation of cell sheets as well as by the presence of mitotic figures. Cytochemical studies of certain enzymatic activities, i.e. succinic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase indicate--except for a slight depression of the overall activity--that the distribution patterns are more or less maintained following diffusion chamber culture. The alteration of the hormonal environment by oophorectomy influences the cell growth and the enzymatic activity of the human tumour cells inside the diffusion chambers. The results clearly indicate that D.C. culture technique provides a useful method for assessment of growth and hormonal responsiveness of human tumours.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Castration; Cell Division; Culture Techniques; Female; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Models, Biological; Neoplasm Transplantation; Rats; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Transplantation, Heterologous

Analysis of urinary hydroxyproline levels offers a marker to monitor osseous involvement in patients with metastatic malignancies. Such a marker is needed in patients with prostatic cancer when bone metastases predominate. Thirty-two men with stage D2 prostatic cancer were monitored by bone scan, acid and alkaline phosphatase values, and urinary hydroxyproline, beginning from 4 to 36 months after initiation of hormonal manipulation and/or systemic chemotherapy. In patients with disease progression determined by bone scan serial urinary hydroxyproline values progressively increased and were significantly elevated compared to urinary values obtained from patients with a stable or improving scan (p less than 0.001). Simultaneous alkaline phosphatase determinations showed less significant differences between patient groups. Acid phosphatase did not reliably indicate osseous response to therapy. These data suggest that urinary hydroxyproline values are predictive as an early objective sign of osseous response in patients receiving therapy for stage D2 prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Creatinine; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

The influence of endocrine manipulation on the tissue concentration of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was studied in the hormone dependent transplantable human prostatic tumor line PC-82. Tumor bearing nude mice were left intact, castrated or treated for a 5-day period with a subcutaneous implant containing testosterone or estradiol. The concentration of PAP in castrated mice was not different from that in the controls. The DNA content of PC-82 tumor tissue obtained from 5-day castrated animals was significantly lower than that of tissue from intact animals. Therefore the concentration of PAP in tissue from castrated mice was significantly elevated when expressed per mg. of DNA (p less than 0.05). Treatment of the mice with testosterone or estradiol did not affect the PAP concentration in the tumor tissue. A significant correlation was observed between the concentration of PAP in the serum and the tumor burden of the mice. Long-term withdrawal of androgens resulted in a decrease of the concentration of PAP in the serum, as well as in a decrease of the tumor burden. The concentration of PAP in the tumor tissue remaining after castration of these animals was not significantly different from that in controls. The present data from the tumor line PC-82 do not support the hypothesis that the concentration of PAP in prostatic tumor tissue is controlled by androgens, but are in agreement with the concept that the level of PAP in plasma is related to the tumor mass.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Castration; DNA, Neoplasm; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neoplasm Transplantation; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Age Factors; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

The localization and distribution of prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic prostates were studied by specific immunohistochemical of normal and hyperplastic prostates. In adenocarcinoma of the prostate, a correlation of the PSAP staining with the degree of differentiation and the ability of the tumor to form a gland was observed: more intense and uniform staining in well differentiated tumors and less intense and more variable stains in poorly differentiated tumors. The same correlation was also observed in tumors metastasized to lymph nodes and other organs.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Epitopes; Humans; Male; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

A 77-year-old man had a papillary neoplasm of the prostatic urethra removed by transurethral resection. Light microscopically, much of the tissue consisted of a benign villous polyp lined by prostatic epithelium. An adenocarcinoma with cells that resembled those of uterine endometrial carcinoma was also present within the villous polyp. Using immunoperoxidase techniques, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic-specific antigen were localized in the epithelial cells of both the villous polyp and the adenocarcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of adenocarcinoma arising in a urethral polyp. The immunohistochemical findings and the close association of the adenocarcinoma with the prostatic epithelium of the villous polyp provided evidence that so-called endometrial carcinoma of the prostatic utricle is of prostatic epithelial origin rather than müllerian derivation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antigens, Neoplasm; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Polyps; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urethral Neoplasms

The radioimmunoassay of prostatic acid phosphatase and the measurement of L-tartrate labil acid phosphatase by biochemical technique are compared in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. This study concerning in 122 patients bearing prostatic cancers (40), prostatic adenomas (30) and other solid tumors (52) shows that the sensibility of RIA technique is better than the biochemical one. The positive predictive value of PAP-RIA is 93 p. cent However, seeing that the percentage of positivity of RIA in intracapsular stages rarely exceeds 40 p. cent, this test does not allow to increase detection power of early stages. The RIA technique, if it is better than biochemical method will not be effective as a sole screening tool for prostatic cancer and its principal application consists in the follow-up of the therapy of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

The records of 100 patients with localized prostatic cancer were examined retrospectively in an effort to determine the usefulness of routine 99mtechnetium bone scans following definitive therapy with 125iodine implantation or external beam irradiation. With a mean followup of 47 months per patient 19 per cent of these patients had positive scans and an additional 15 per cent had scans that were considered equivocal. Of the 100 patients none had a positive scan in the absence of either an elevated serum acid phosphatase or bone pain. In our series the low incidence of positive scans as the sole evidence of disease progression does not support its routine use after definitive therapy for localized carcinoma of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone and Bones; Brachytherapy; Diphosphonates; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioisotope Teletherapy; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate

An immunoperoxidase technique to detect prostatic-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) was used on specimens from 98 cases of prostatic carcinoma that were graded by both the Gleason and the Mostofi systems, to see if tumor grade correlated with amount of PSAP seen in tissue. Most tumors showed strong, diffuse cytoplasmic staining; no significant difference was seen among the various grades. Other than focal, weak staining of renal tubular epithelium, the antibody to PSAP gave uniformly negative results with a variety of normal and neoplastic tissues. In light of the great sensitivity and specificity of this technique, it potential applications include diagnosis of poorly differentiated prostatic malignant neoplasms, whether primary or metastatic.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Melanoma; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Wilms Tumor

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diethylstilbestrol; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

The introduction of immunoperoxidase and the indirect immunoperoxidase technique made important contributions in histopathologic diagnosis of prostatic cancer. This staining can be performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue which is usually available. We have used this histopathologic staining technique in 56 patients. The tissues include primary and metastatic prostatic cancer tissue in addition to normal renal pelvis and bladder tissue from other patients. Our data indicate that acid phosphatase can be localized in prostatic cells but not in transitional cells. Therefore, immunohistochemical staining of prostatic acid phosphatase seems most useful to identify metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma or primary tumor and to differentiate them from intraductal prostatic transitional carcinoma or other transitional cell carcinomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Particle Accelerators; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Random Allocation

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; False Negative Reactions; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Time Factors

A cloned cell line, R3327H-G8-A1, was isolated from an explant of the well differentiated androgen dependent Dunning R3327H adenocarcinoma. Preliminary characterization of this cell line indicates that it is epithelial-like, and that it synthesizes and secretes large quantities of acid phosphatase. The cells bind testosterone in a saturable manner with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 0.5 nM and with a capacity of 5000 sites/cell. When these cells were injected subcutaneously into the hind flank of Copenhagen-Fischer rats, or into the dorsal or ventral lobes of the prostate, large tumors were produced 3 months following administration, thus demonstrating the tumorigenicity of the cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cell Line; Clone Cells; Male; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibody Specificity; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

We compared results by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with those by a standard radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection and quantitation of prostate-specific acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) in serum. Control subjects, patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and patients in all four clinical stages of prostatic adenocarcinoma were tested. The upper limit of normal (95% of the population) by the ELISA was 2.0 micrograms/L, and by the RIA was 2.2 micrograms/L. In prostatic adenocarcinoma stage I (not detectable by digital rectal examination), ELISA was slightly more sensitive than RIA, but sensitivity was still relatively low (20%). As tumor mass increased (stages II through IV), the frequency of increased concentrations of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum also increased. We confirmed this increase in circulating enzyme in some cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia and suggest that this finding is related to either acinar cytolysis or an increase in acini size and number. Although prostate-specific acid phosphatase is not a cancer-specific enzyme, we conclude that its measurement may be of considerable value in monitoring prostatic disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reference Values; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Skin Neoplasms

Among 52 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate who were treated with exogenous testosterone, 45 (87%) experienced unfavorable subjective and/or objective responses. These unfavorable responses were elicited more frequently and after shorter treatment periods in patients in symptomatic relapse following endocrine therapy than in untreated patients or patients in remission following endocrine therapy. Serious morbidity or mortality, seemingly due to the testosterone administration, occurred in eight cases (15%). It is not known if the action of chemotherapeutic agents will be enhanced by concurrent testosterone therapy but any such investigation should be undertaken with extreme caution.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms; Recurrence; Testosterone; Vomiting

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits obtained from commercial sources were evaluated and compared with a standard counterimmunoelectrophoretic (CIE) assay for the measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in serum. None of the radioimmunoassays was found to be more sensitive than the CIE assay in detecting elevated serum PAP. Both immunoassays were somewhat more effective clinically in measuring prostatic specific acid phosphatase than an enzyme colorimetric assay. The results obtained by CIE agreed with the results obtained by RIA in 96 per cent of the tests. The number of positive results in patients with confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma increased with disease progression. The low number of positive tests in localized adenocarcinoma (Stages A and B) suggests that neither the CIE nor any RIA procedure is useful for screening unselected populations for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Exocytosis; Female; Guinea Pigs; Liposomes; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Lung Neoplasms; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Inbred DBA; Neoplasms, Experimental

In these studies, double freezing of the prostate was applied to 10 patients with a confirmed histologic diagnosis of stage C and D carcinoma. The clinical courses in the first group (five patients) were favorable. In the second group (two patients), death by cachexia occurred due to the cancer. In the third group (three patients), death 4 weeks after the second cryosurgery suggests the effects of Cryoshock. In the first and second groups, the results of immunologic examinations after the second freezing did not attain the predicted levels. Comparing the results of the third group with those of the first and second groups, the primary difference was that the percentages of gamma globulins and IgE were higher in the third group preoperatively. These findings suggest that in patients with high gamma globulin percentages and high IgE levels cryosurgery of the prostate is contraindicated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antibody Formation; Blood Proteins; Cryosurgery; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

Our radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase was compared to commercial radioimmunoassay kits. A close correlation among all 3 assays was found in control groups, and in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. These results also were compared to recent reports from other centers using similar methodologies. In 7 to 15 per cent of the patients with bone metastasis normal levels of serum prostatic acid phosphatase were found. Variability in prostatic acid phosphatase production by the tumor may account for this finding. Elevated levels of prostatic acid phosphatase were associated more commonly with less differentiated primary tumors. A low percentage of prostatic acid phosphatase elevations in patients with early localized and incidental adenocarcinoma was found for the 3 assays evaluated. These factors, along with the falsely positive rates in patients with benign disease, limit severely the application of these assays to the screening of male patients at risk for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

We evaluated and compared five commercial radioimmunoassay kits with a standard counter-immunoelectrophoretic assay for the measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum. Four of the five radioimmunoassays performed as described by the supplier with respect to sensitivity, stability, precision, linearity, analytical recovery, and expected values for the normal male population. None of the radioimmunoassays was more clinically sensitive then the counter-immunoelectrophoretic assay for detecting increased prostatic acid phosphatase in serum. Results obtained by counter-immunoelectrophoretic assay agreed with results obtained by radioimmunoassay in 96% of the tests. The proportion of positive results in patients with confirmed prostatic adenocarcinoma increased with disease progression. The fewer positive tests in localized adenocarcinoma (Stages A and B) suggests that neither the counter-immunoelectrophoretic assay nor the radioimmunoassay procedures are useful for screening unselected populations for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The high percentage of normal values found in those patients clinically free of disease after treatment is encouraging and supports the use of the prostatic acid phosphatase immunoassays in prospectively monitoring the treatment of prostatic cancer patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

A prospective study compared five different assays for serum prostatic acid phosphatase in the detection of carcinoma of the prostate gland. The assays included two radioimmunoassay procedures, one counterimmunoelectrophoresis procedure, and an enzymatic procedure using alpha-naphthol phosphate substrate with and without sodium tartrate inhibition. The patients' hospital records were reviewed, as were all available surgical histology slides. The patients were divided into four groups: prostatic carcinoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, other carcinomas (besides prostatic carcinoma), and no related disease states (that would be expected to give elevated acid phosphatase levels). The results were analyzed with respect to sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of a positive result, predictive value of a negative result, and efficiency of the assays.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Stomach Neoplasms

The low incidence of measurable or evaluable metastases in patients with prostatic cancer makes evaluation of response difficult. This is particularly true in patients with bone metastases only. With a digital model it is possible to measure quantitatively from the radioisotope bone scan the total area of skeletal involvement by metastatic tumor. Definitions of response in bone have been derived from this model. These response criteria have been compared to response in acid phosphatase determinations and clinical status in a study of 44 patients with advanced prostatic cancer treated with estramustine phosphate. Based on serial quantitative bone scans, serial measurements of acid phosphatase levels and repeat clinical evaluations a system is proposed for defining response to systemic therapy that is applicable to the majority of patients with metastatic prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Diphosphates; Diphosphonates; Estramustine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium

We have described the establishment of AXC rat prostatic cancer cells in continuous culture. When injected into isogeneic male rats, these cells produce prostatic adenocarcinomas. The response of androgen and prolactin receptors and ODC in LSC-AXC prostatic cancer cells and tumors to androgen ablation is indistinguishable from that of ventral prostate. In addition, LSC-AXC prostatic tumors retain levels of secretory acid phosphatase comparable to those of ventral prostate of aged AXC rats. These data demonstrate that LSC-AXC prostatic cancer cells and tumors retain a high degree of differentiation, androgen regulated function. The LSC-AXC prostatic cancer cells and tumors appear to represent a unique model system for combined in vivo and in vitro studies of androgen regulation of prostate cancer cell function.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase; Androgens; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Male; Neoplasms, Experimental; Ornithine Decarboxylase; Polyamines; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred ACI; Receptors, Androgen; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Prolactin

In six patients with known prostatic adenocarcinoma, extraprostatic (metastatic) tumor was suspected on radiographic or radionucleotide studies. When cytological examination of tissue obtained by needle aspiration or biopsy was nondiagnostic, radial gel immunodiffusion was used to identify the presence of prostatic acid phosphatase in the tissue. Four specimens demonstrated prostate-specific acid phosphatase activity, permitting the diagnosis of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. The technique is simple and highly specific.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

An unusual case of carcinoma of the prostate with metastases is described. the prostate and the metastases showed adenocarcinoma with carcinoid-like areas. A tumor with the same histologic features was found at the tip of the appendix and proved to be metastatic. The possibility of primary carcinoid of the prostate was considered; however, Fontana-Masson stain and electron microscopy failed to confirm this. Immunoperoxidase stain for prostatic acid phosphatase was done on the prostate and metastases. This stain is specific for tissues of prostatic origin. The stain was positive in the carcinoid-like areas, indicating that it was not a true carcinoid but rather prostatic carcinoma with a carcinoid-like pattern. Apparently, this is the first case of a metastatic prostatic carcinoma showing carcinoid-like areas that were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Appendiceal Neoplasms; Carcinoid Tumor; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms

An indirect immunofluorescence technique to detect cells producing prostatic acid phosphatase was used to evaluate 12 biopsies of soft tissue masses of possible metastatic prostatic carcinoma. In 10 patients varying degrees of immunofluorescence were observed, confirming the origin of the primary tumor. Specimens from 34 patients with prostatic carcinoma were obtained either by radical prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate. A comparison of histological grade (Gleason), semiquantitative immunofluorescence for prostatic acid phosphatase and hormonal responsiveness was done. There was a suggestion of higher hormonal responsiveness in the group with a low Gleason score and a high percentage of positive immunofluorescence that presently cannot be evaluated completely since some patients still are under therapy. This method may be used in the future in conjunction with other techniques, such as androgen receptors, to define a population of patients most likely to respond to hormonal manipulation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase was investigated cytochemically in neutrophils from peripheral blood of 22 untreated patients with gastric cancer, 8 patients with cancer of large intestine and in 40 healthy individuals. Differences in the activity of enzymes studied were demonstrated between patients at different clinical stages of cancer advancement, as well as between cancer patients and healthy subjects. Most significant changes were observed in patients with initial (1st stage) cancer, as compared with the control group, including decrease of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity, accompanied by an enhanced N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity. The possible mechanism of these changes is discussed.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Glucuronidase; Humans; Lysosomes; Male; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

In a retrospective review the response of 67 patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate to the administration of exogenous testosterone was analyzed. Among 52 patients in whom objective and/or subjective responses were evaluable 45 experienced unfavorable responses. There was prompt regression of most unfavorable responses with testosterone withdrawal. The duration of treatment required to evoke an unfavorable response was related to the clinical status of the patient. Twenty-five per cent of patients with symptomatic metastases who had received no prior treatment, 36 per cent in symptomatic remission after endocrine therapy and 94 per cent with symptomatic relapse after endocrine therapy experienced unfavorable responses within 30 days of treatment. No patient had objective evidence of tumor regression during testosterone therapy but 7 patients, 6 with remission and 1 untreated, experienced symptomatic benefit. We conclude that the response of patients with metastatic prostate cancer to exogenous testosterone is related to the mass and endocrine treatment status, and that exogenous testosterone can stimulate prostatic neoplasms that proliferate in the absence of normal endogenous testosterone levels.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Methyltestosterone; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

An 80-year-old man with advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate received cyproterone acetate, 200 mg orally per day as sole treatment. Striking regression of the tumour was demonstrated by ultrasonograms and excretory urograms. Serum concentrations of acid phosphatases, gonadotrophins, and testosterone decreased significantly. No significant cardiovascular side effects occurred.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Cyproterone; Humans; Male; Pituitary Hormones; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Testosterone

Serum prostatic acid phosphatase concentration was measured with two commercially available radioimmunoassay kits. Results were compared with histological evidence of prostatic adenocarcinoma obtained at autopsy in 33 patients. The serum assay did not differentiate significantly (p greater than 0.1) between patients with adenocarcinoma and those without. We conclude that the test, at least as performed by use of these kits, is of little value in the detection of occult disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Immunohistochemical procedures were applied to the examination of human tissues for prostatic acid phosphatase. With antisera against purified human prostatic acid phosphatase 173 normal and neoplastic tissues were tested. Samples of 45 non-prostatic carcinomas and their respective normal tissues were negative. Of 4 seminal vesicles studied 2 showed weak reactivity. The epithelial cells of normal prostatic acini were uniformly positive in 25 patients studied. In contrast to normal prostatic tissue the malignant acini in 53 of 55 patients with prostatic carcinoma had variable but positive reactivity. Of 27 patients receiving radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate variable staining was observed in the neoplastic cells of 24, 8 to 52 months after treatment. The continued production of prostatic acid phosphatase in the malignant cells after radiotherapy suggests that they also may maintain metabolic activities necessary for growth and metastasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Seminal Vesicles

The clinical value of prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) measurements in the bone marrow aspirate of patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma has been unclear. Using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) to measure PAP, we have evaluated this potential indicator of occult metastases in 127 controls and in 300 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Elevations of the tumor marker were found in 9%, 10%, 19%, and 82% of patients with stages B, C, D1, and D2 adenocarcinoma respectively. Clinical follow-up ranging from 7 to 43 months (average 23 months) was available for 97 patients without any initial indication of metastasis by bone scan. In this group 11 patients had elevated levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase (BMAP) by RIA and four developed radiological evidence of bone metastasis 21-25 months following initial staging. However, only three of the 86 patients with normal BMAP levels have developed bone metastasis. Our results indicate that measurement of bone marrow PAP by immunological methods has prognostic significance. Dilution of the bone marrow aspirate by peripheral blood, however, may limit the application of this technique.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

During the past 30 years, the rapidly developing and changing concepts and technology of the discipline of immunobiology have been applied to studies in oncology. After the definitive demonstration of so-called tumor-specific transplantation antigens in chemically and virally induced tumors in syngeneic rodent and murine species, numerous efforts were then directed toward the demonstration of comparable materials in human tumors. After a number of false starts in an overzealous search for a marker that would serve as a panacea for human cancer diagnosis, more rational approaches have been taken to the problem and valuable information from the points of view of both the cell biologist and clinical oncologist has been forthcoming. The present paper presents an overview of human tumor antigens as biological markers of tumor growth. Reference is made to the fact that normally occurring biological materials of known function that are qualitatively and/or quantitatively altered during the process of malignant transformation may be most useful in the diagnosis and management of the cancer patient. The role of the presently available radioimmunoassays for carcinoembryonic antigen in clinical medicine is outlined.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Antigens, Neoplasm; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Choriocarcinoma; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Galactosyltransferases; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Male; Neoplasms; Nucleotidyltransferases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Castration; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats

Extracts of human benign prostatic hyperplasia, well-differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma, and normal post-pubertal prostate stimulate 3H-thymidine incorporation by resting phase cultures of fetal rat osteoblasts and fibroblasts. The stimulation is concentration dependent and reaches a maximum at twenty-four hours of incubation. Prostatic extracts are also mitogenic in cell cultures of newborn human foreskin fibroblasts and the human cell lines, BUD-8 and DoT. The growth-stimulating factor is both heat and trypsin sensitive indicating that the factor is either a protein or contains a protein moiety. The growth-stimulating activity is not related to prostatic polyamine concentration. Experiments also show the activity is not due to human prostatic acid phosphatase. A prostatic growth factor may explain the growth of fibrous nodules in benign prostatic hyperplasia and the osteoblastic response of bone to prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Hyperplasia; Interleukin-2; Lymphokines; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Histocytochemistry; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; NADH Tetrazolium Reductase; Prostatic Neoplasms

Transplantation of tissue from a cribriform human prostatic carcinoma resulted in a serially transplantable tumor line in nude mice, PC 82. During 2 1/2 years the tumor has not changed its histological appearance and remained a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. The cells contain large amounts of prostatic acid phosphatase. It has a slow rate of growth and regresses after castration and estrogen treatment. This preliminary information suggests that the PC 82 tumor line may be suitable model for hormone-dependent human prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Castration; Cell Division; Estradiol; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Transplantation, Heterologous

Acid phosphatase (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) was isolated from the Dunning R3327H prostatic adenocarcinoma, a slow-growing and hormone-sensitive rat prostate tumor histologically similar to well-differentiated human prostatic cancer. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity and characterized. In comparison with the acid phosphatase isolated from human malignant prostate, the acid phosphatase from the Dunning rat tumor was similar in molecular weight [100,000 +/- 10% (S.D.)]. However, it possessed a single isoelectric point of 7.6 (human prostatic acid phosphatase showed multiple isoenzymes at 4.4 to 5.3); an electrophoretic mobility of 0.5 in reference to human prostatic acid phosphatase on 7.5% polyacrylamide gel, pH 8.5; an optimal pH of 5.0 with alpha-naphthyl phosphate as the substrate in 0.1 M citrate buffer (human prostatic acid phosphatase, 5.5); and a Km (alpha-naphthyl phosphate) of 6.9 X 10(-4) M (human prostatic acid phosphatase, 4.4 X 10(-5) M). Furthermore, it did not cross-react with antiserum raised against human prostatic acid phosphatase. These results show that the acid phosphatase of the Dunning R3327H prostatic adenocarcinoma is biochemically and immunologically distinct from human prostatic acid phosphatase and may be unique for this animal model of prostatic cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cross Reactions; Isoelectric Point; Kinetics; Male; Molecular Weight; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats

A series of estradiol and diethylstilbestrol (DES) esters was prepared as part of a study of the structure-activity relations in estrogens. Among the esters tested, DES di-trimethylacetate (DSTMA) exhibited the most favorable combination of a low minimum-effective dose and prolongation of effect in all experimental groups (mice, rats, dogs). Toxicity of DSTMA was low. A clinical trial in four stage III and stage IV prostatic cancer patients showed that dosage levels of DSTMA as high as 75 mg per day for short periods were well tolerated and no toxic symptoms attributable to the estrogen itself were observed.

Topics: Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Carcinoma; Diethylstilbestrol; Dogs; Esters; Estradiol; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Karyotyping; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms

The Dunning rat prostatic adenocarcinoma models (R-3327 series) are providing a valuable system for elucidating new principles of prostatic tumor biology. Each of the new lines provides a new tool for these studies, but each line must be carefully characterized and monitored.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Castration; Diethylstilbestrol; Disease Models, Animal; Flutamide; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Steroids; Testosterone

A patient presenting with signs and symptoms attributable to meningeal carcinomatosis was found to have metastasizing prostatic carcinoma at autopsy. Microsopically, the primary and metastatic carcinomas exhibited mucus production. Only 3 cases of meningeal carcinomatosis owing to prostatic carcinoma are cited in the literature, none of which is documented adequately.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Male; Meningeal Neoplasms; Mucins; Prostatic Neoplasms

A transplantable prostatic adenocarcinoma derived from the dorsal lobe of the prostate gland of an Nb rat was analyzed for the concentration of nuclear androgen-binding sites and the presence of acid phosphatase activity. When extracts of nuclei from normal prostatic tissue were labelled with [1,2-3H]dihydrotestosterone in the absence and presence of competitor, two types of specific binding were observed: type 1 was characterized by an association constant (Ka) of 6 x 10(7) M-1 and involved a molecule that was excluded from Sephadex G-200; type 2 was characterized by a Ka of 3 x 10(8) M-1 and depended on a binding component that was retained by Sephadex G-200. Nuclei from androgen-stimulated tumors contained reduced concentrations of both androgen-binding components, whereas nuclei from autonomous tumors had only a trace amount of type 1 sites and were entirely devoid of type 2 sites. In all tumors the acid phosphatase activity per mg of protein was markedly elevated. Relative to normal, the activity of this enzyme was 140% and 350% higher in androgen-stimulated and autonomous tumors, respectively. These findings indicate that prostatic tumors are characterized by a decrease in nuclear androgen-binding, and an increase in specific activity of acid phosphatase, and also that such changes are more pronounced in autonomous than in androgen-stimulated tumors.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Androgens; Animals; Binding Sites; Cell Nucleus; Female; Male; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats

The relative diagnostic usefulness of total serum acid phosphatase, tartrate-inhibited fraction of acid phosphatase, immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase, and creatine kinase-BB isoenzyme was evaluated in 30 patients with biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of prostate. The total and tartrate-inhibited acid phosphatase, measured by standard chemical methods, were elevated in 8 patients with stage D disease. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) method confirmed these abnormal values and also indicated the presence of elevated prostatic serum acid phosphatase in 3 additional patients. The electrophoretic fractionation of total serum creatine kinase (CK) into its various isoenzyme components showed the presence of CK-BB isoenzyme in 8 patients. In 5 of these patients with detectable CK-BB isoenzyme, RIA values for prostatic acid phosphatase were also elevated. Histologic studies of the prostatic tissues revealed that the presence of serum CK-BB was invariably associated with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of prostate. The results of the present studies indicate that 1) with simultaneous measurements of serum CK-BB and immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase laboratory confirmation of prostatic cancer can be obtained in 50 per cent of patients; 2) determination of total and tartrate-inhibited acid phosphatase along with CK-BB and immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase does not increase the frequency of correct diagnosis; and 3) the presence of serum CL-BB isoenzyme is suggestive of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of prostate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Creatine Kinase; Humans; Isoenzymes; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

There were 122 patients with biopsy-proved adenocarcinoma of the prostate and negative radioisotopic bone scan who were subjected to lymphangiography, determination of serum prostatic acid phosphatase, measurement of the size of the lesion, recent pathologic grading of the needle biopsy of the primary tumor and staging pelvic node dissection. The purpose of this study was to determine which of these variables would be most accurate in predicting the presence or absence of positive nodes. Patients with a Gleason scale of less than 5 had only a 13 per cent chance of having positive nodes, whereas patients with a high Gleason scale of 9 or 10 had a 100 per cent chance of having positive nodes. Lymphangiography, size of the prostatic lesion and serum acid phosphatase were not sufficiently accurate to act as predictors of lymphatic extension and precluded the necessity for staging pelvic node dissection.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms

Considerable controversy exists as to the exact role of prostatic acid phosphatase in the investigation of patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In order to compare different clinical trials, consistent standards of patient selection and staging criteria must be applied on a prospective basis. Other variables which can lead to discrepancies in the results include sources and purification of antigen as well as the analytic accuracy of the immunologic method used. The statistical approach has illustrated the futile outcome of screening an unselected population. On the other hand, if appropriate criteria must be stressed that these estimates have been based on the best possible data available; we have not been able to reproduce either the high sensitivity or specificity reported using three different radioimmunoassays. Therefore, despite the advantages of immunologic methods, we cannot recommend the application of the radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase for screening of males for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. At present, no clear explanation can be offered for the elevation of serum prostatic acid phosphatase in patients with apparently localized adenocarcinoma, but it may be of prognostic significance. We have found marked variability in the production of prostatic acid phosphatase by neoplastic acini, and normal levels of prostatic acid phosphatase in patients with metastatic carcinoma may be associated with tumors of limited secretory capacity. Clearly, both the physiologic and methodologic limitations of current radioimmunoassays should be recognized.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; North America; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Male; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Testosterone; Transplantation, Isogeneic

Adenocarcinomas that arise from primary or secondary prostatic ducts have distinctive histopathologic features. The age of patients, symptoms, findings on digital rectal examination and determinations of serum acid and alkaline phosphatase are similar to those of patients with acinic carcinomas. Carcinomas of secondary ducts may be less responsive to endocrine manipulation and of greater malignancy than carcinomas of primary ducts. The course and survival of patients with ductal carcinomas treated conservatively are poor.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Cystoscopy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Examination; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Arylsulfatases; Body Weight; Cachexia; Cathepsins; Female; Glucuronidase; Liver; Lysosomes; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Female; Glucuronidase; Hot Temperature; Lysosomes; Male; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Neoplasm Transplantation; Transplantation, Isogeneic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Bone Marrow; Cholesterol; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms

A transplantable, metastasizing prostatic adenocarcinoma (Tumor I) in Lobund Wistar rats was examined for activity and distribution of five hydrolytic enzymes and for ability to accumulate radioactive zinc. The results suggest that the tumor had arisen in the ventral lobe of the prostate and that its growth was not affected by orchiectomy, adrenalectomy, or replacement treatment with exogenous androgen or corticosteroids. The androgen independency of the tumor was further shown by the low uptake of 3H-testosterone, in contrast to the high uptake in the ventral prostate. Tumor growth was retarded by Cytoxan but not by 5-fluorouracil, Estracyt, or streptozotocin, three agents clinically effective in the treatment of some patients with prostatic cancer resistant to endocrine therapy. It is concluded that this tumor in Lobund Wistar rats may be an adequate model for human prostatic cancers resistant to the agents mentioned above.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenalectomy; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Castration; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Testosterone; Tritium; Zinc Radioisotopes

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Femoral Neoplasms; Gaucher Disease; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Ribs

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Male; Melphalan; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Remission, Spontaneous; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Marrow; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphography; Male; Methods; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium

A double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed and utilized to measure prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates. One hundred-eighteen patients with carcinoma of the prostate in various clinical stages, and fifty with benign prostatic hyperplasia were studied. In patients with carcinoma, levels of prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates were found to correlate well with increasing clinical stage of the disease. Determination of bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay may be a valuable adjunct to clinicopathologic staging of prostatic carcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radioimmunoassay

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is responsible for one of every nine deaths from cancer in Canada. In this review epidemiologic factors are considered and current staging systems are outlined. The American Urological System is recommended for staging because of its ability to reflect changes in the understanding of the biologic behaviour of this neoplasm. The adoption of a quantitative grading scheme is suggested to complement the information obtained from the staging assessment. The routes of spread of this disease, along with the procedures used to assess metastatic involvement, are described. Immunologic methods for the analysis of prostatic acid phosphatase have been shown to be superior to the enzymatic methods previously used, and the role of the new techniques is discussed. Emphasis is placed on radiotherapy and endocrine therapy for the treatment of this neoplasm, and the concept of withholding endocrine therapy until symptoms appear is discussed. Potential future developments in this field are considered.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Ethinyl Estradiol; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Lymph Nodes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Ontario; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Seminal Vesicles

Electron-histochemical study of phosphohydrolases (ATPase, acid and alkaline phosphatases) in cells of the normal gastric mucosa, duodenal mucosa and gastric adenocarcinoma of man was carried out. In cancer cells retaining to a certain extent the ultrastructural features of the chief cells, parietal cells of enterocytes, the distribution of the product of reaction for ATPase and acid phosphatase in nucleoli, endoplasmic reticulum membranes, intracellular cannaliculi, plasmalemma, mitochondria, the distribution of the product of reaction for ATPase and acid phosphatase in nucleoli, tural features of enterocytes, no activity of alkaline phosphatase could be demonstrated in membranes of the villi of the striated border. Alongside with the retention or disappearance of electron-histochemical features, some of them may be enhanced. Thus, the activity of acid phosphatase was increased in lysosomes of cancer cells (of the type of chief cells). So, in cancer cells of adenocarcinoma the structure-functional rearrangement going in different directions is observed in addition to the process of simplification and unification.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cytoplasm; Gastric Mucosa; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: 4-Nitrophenylphosphatase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Blood Specimen Collection; Bone Marrow; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Substrate Specificity; Thymolphthalein

Ten weekly doses of dimethylhydrazine (30 mg/kg) were given to rats to induce colonic tumors. Histochemical and electron cytochemical studies revealed a distinct pattern of lysosomal acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity in macrophages in the stroma of these neoplasms. A dramatic increase in the number of acid phosphatase-rich macrophages was present in adenomas when compared to that in normal colonic mucosa. Fewer numbers of these cells were seen in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and they were barely detectable in highly invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas. It is postulated that these macrophages may play a role in preventing the invasion of adenomatous neoplasms into the submucosa. Application of histochemical techniques to study macrophage lysosomal enzymes may prove a useful diagnostic tool in differentiation of human colonic tumors for prognostic evaluation.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adenoma; Animals; Colonic Neoplasms; Dimethylhydrazines; Glucuronidase; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Male; Methylhydrazines; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats

The development of a tissue culture line of human prostate adenocarcinoma has been described. The culture (HPC-36), derived from tumor tissue explants, is purely epithelial, with characteristics of neoplastic cells. These include a large nuclear size relative to the amount of cytoplasm, multiple nucleoli within the nucleus, many mitotic figures, the formation of multinucleated giant cells, and loss of contact inhibition. The cells also stained positively for acid phosphatase and have been grown in monolayer and suspension cultures. The HPC-36 cells are presently being studied to determine whether they are true descendants of the cancer cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Cell Line; Cell Separation; Contact Inhibition; Epithelium; Humans; Male; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms

A prospective study was done to evaluate 47 patients with early stage prostatic cancer. Pelvic lymphadenectomy was combined with bone marrow acid phosphatase determination to evaluate early metastatic disease. Thirteen patients (28 per cent) had tumor in the pelvic lymph nodes. In no instance was the bone marrow acid phosphatase elevated to more than the normal value for serum by the substrate used. Combined high grade and stage tumors seemed to have an increased incidence of metastases to pelvic lymph nodes. A surprisingly high incidence of B1 lesions (5 of 21 patients or 24 per cent) had positive lymph nodes. Generally, the nodes were moderately well or well differentiated lesions. The metastases were unilateral, frequently microscopic only and involved 1 or only a few nodes. Pelvic lymphadenectomy seems to have a well defined role in the diagnostic study of early stage prostatic cancer, while bone marrow acid phosphatase determinations were of no value.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Bone Marrow; Hemolysis; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymph Node Excision; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Pelvis; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neoplasms

A long-term tissue culture cell line has been derived from a human prostate adenocarcinoma metastatic to the brain. The cell line, DU 145, has been passaged 90 times in vitro over a period of 2 years. The cells are epithelial, grow in isolated islands on plastic Petri dishes, and form colonies in soft agar suspension culture. Karyotypic analysis demonstrates an aneuploid human karyotype with a modal chromosome number of 64. Distinctive marker chromosomes (a translocation Y chromosome, metacentric minute chromosomes and three large acrocentic chromosomes) have been identified. Electron microscopy of the original tumor tissue and of the tissue culture cell line show a remarkable similarity in cell organelle structure.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aneuploidy; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Line; Chromosome Aberrations; Culture Techniques; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Bone marrow acid phosphatase has been reported to be a sensitive indicator of early bony metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we measured bone marrow acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and calcium levels in a group of 84 patients with a variety of problems, including 18 with cancer of the prostate. We found that the bone marrow acid and alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase were elevated and calcium was depressed in most patients. Among patients with prostate cancer, bone marrow acid phosphatase was not significantly different between those with or without bone metastases. In addition, the patients with prostatic cancer did not have higher levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase than subjects with other malignant and nonmalignant conditions. The level of acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and calcium varied predictably with the aspiration technique used and was independent of sex, disease state or method of chemical determination. Due to this variation, we believe that bone marrow enzyme and calcium levels are of no value in the detection of metastases in patients with prostate cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Female; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Castration; Estradiol Congeners; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiation Injuries; Radiotherapy Dosage; Remission, Spontaneous; Time Factors

A series of 20 patients with a histological diagnosis of prostatic cancer were treated with high doses of MAP (6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone acetate). No response was noted in 9 patients with prostatic cancer in relapse. Objective and/or subjective response was noted in 6 of 11 patients who were untreated at the time of diagnosis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Humans; Male; Medroxyprogesterone; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Esterases; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Rectal Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

The development of a tissue culture line of human prostatic adenocarcinoma is described. The culture (HPC-36), derived from tumor tissue explants, is a pure epithelial culture with characteristics of neoplastic cells, including a large nuclear size relative to the amount of cytoplasm, multiple nucleoli within the nucleus, many mitotic figures, the formation of multinucleated giant cells and the loss of contact inhibition. The cells also stained positively for acid phosphatase and have been grown in monolayer and suspension cultures. The HPC-36 cells presently are being studied to determine whether they are true descendants of the cancer cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Cell Line; Culture Techniques; Epithelium; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Diethylstilbestrol; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography

The hydrolases of acid and alkaline phosphatase and non-specific esterases were investigated by histochemical and electrophoretic techniques in normal and neoplastic renal tissues and their cultured cells. A distinct tumour specific pattern of non-specific esterases was demonstrated in Wilms' tumour. The reasons for the quantitative differences found in the distribution of alkaline phosphatase in Wilms' tumour and their cultured cells are discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Culture Techniques; Esterases; Humans; Isoenzymes; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Wilms Tumor

Two rat adenocarcinomas were physically dispersed and propagated in vitro. Epithelial and fibroblast cell lines were cloned from them and the monolayer cell lines derived therof were further characterized. The cells produced acid phosphatase in early in vitro cell passages, and later they turned negative. Fibroblast-like cells produced no tumors when implanted in syngeneic Lobund Wistar rats, but as few as 10 epithelial cells produced metastasizing adenocarcinomas in them. A third prostate tumor has yielded a line of epithelial cells which reproduced the original tumor type in inoculated rats, but the cells have not yet been characterized. Rat prostate adenocarcinomas provided a useful model system for in vitro and in vivo studies on prostate cancer and on metatasis.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats

We report on the development of the Dunning R3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat as a suitable model for human prostatic cancer. Tumors produced by the subcutaneous or intraprostatic injections of viable cells had the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of human disease. Histologically, these tumors were well differentiated adenocarcinomas with the human disease. Histologically, these tumors were well differentiated adenocarcinomas with the formation of glands and acid secretions within the acini. The intraprostatic tumor, although initially confined to the injected lobe, grew to involve the surrounding tissues and eventually metastasized to the lymph nodes and lungs. Occasional metastatic lesions were found in other organs as well. Acid phosphatase could be demonstrated by histochemical staining of frozen tumor sections and elevated levels of the enzyme were seen in the serum of rats bearing long-term subcutaneous tumors. During investigation of the tumor a fast growing line arose that grew equally as well in female as in male rats. The histology of this tumor was of an undifferentiated anaplastic tumor. Treatment by cryosurgery completely destroyed the prostatic tumor within 2 weeks. A tissue culture line derived from R3327 was capable of producing tumors in recipient rats with characteristics similar to the original Dunning tumor.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Anaplasia; Animals; Female; Histocytochemistry; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sex Factors

Recent reports have indicated that bone marrow acid phosphatase is the most sensitive test in detecting bony metastases. The experience reported herein suggests that falsely positive results may be common, especially in patients with primary hematologic disorders. A plea is made that caution be given to the interpretation of this test so that some patients will not be denied appropriate therapy and the role of bone marrow acid phosphatase can be better defined by long-term followup in such patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Marrow Examination; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Preoperative bone marrow acid phosphatase determinations were elevated in 18 of 31 patients who underwent radical prostatectomies. A review of the surgical pathology and clinical followup demonstrated a higher incidence of metastasis in these patients.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Marrow Examination; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

The Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat was developed as a suitable model of human prostate cancer. Inoculation of tumor tissue mince or cells sc in the flanks of recipient rats produced tumors that had the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the human disease. The histologic picture of these tumors was that of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with the formation of glands and acid secretions within the acini. Tumors were also produced in the dorsolateral lobe of the prostate by the injection of cells. The intraprostate tumor, although initially confined to the injected lobe, grew to involve the surrounding tissues and eventually metastasized to the lymph nodes and lungs. Occasional metastatic lesions were found in other organs also. Acid phosphatase could be domonstrated by histochemical staining of frozen tumor sections, and elevated levels of the enzyme were seen in the sera of rats bearing long-term subcutaneous tumors. During investigation of the tumor, a fast-growing tumor line arose that grew equally as well in females as in males. The histology of this tumor was that of an undifferentiated anaplastic tumor.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Anaplasia; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Transplantation, Isogeneic

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Orbital Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms

A so-called "endometrial" adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been studied by light and electron microscopy, and by histochemical techniques. The previously proposed utricular origin and estrogen dependence of such tumors is questioned. Strong acid phosphatase staining, and the ultrastructural demonstration of multivacuolated, lipid, and lysosome-containing tumor cells, suggest a prostatic ductal origin for this type of carcinoma despite the histologic similarity to carcinoma of the endometrium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cytoplasm; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glycosaminoglycans; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Lipids; Lysosomes; Male; Mitochondria; Prostatic Neoplasms

Prostatic acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase values in bone marrow were correlated with skeletal surveys and diagnoses during a six-month study. In cases of biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate, bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase was the most consistently abnormal value. Diagnoses other than prostatic cancer involving the bone marrow, e.g., myeloma and leukemias, were associated with elevated prostatic acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase values. In cases in which the bone marrow was not involved by metastasis, these values were normal. Bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase assay was found to be a very good tool for detecting early osseous metastases from any site, including prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

The suggested activity of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil as single agents in the treatment of advanced prostate and/or transitional cell carcinoma led us to examine the response to these drugs used in combination. Combination chemotherapy has the theoretical advantages of additive antitumor effect without additive toxicity to the host. One of 8 patients with Stage D, endocrine unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma achieved an objective response. There were five stable and one subjective responses. Only 1 patient showed progression during the initial six-week trial. Two of 3 patients with transitional cell carcinoma had an objective response. This three-drug combination was well tolerated by elderly patients and on the basis of this small series further trials are warranted.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Cyclophosphamide; Doxorubicin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fluorouracil; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Serial carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assays were conducted in patients with endocrine-unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma who were being treated with multidrug chemotherapy. Changes in CEA correlated with the clinical status of the patient in 70 per cent of the determinations and were more accurate than acid phosphatase in monitoring the response to treatment.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fluorouracil; Humans; Male; Melphalan; Methotrexate; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prednisone; Prostatic Neoplasms; Vincristine

In cytological investigations the following forms of cancer of the prostate may be verified: differentiated (clear-cellular and dark-cellular adenocarcinoma); poorly differentiated; and nondifferentiated (microcellular and polymorphic-cellular cancer). In the unchanged epithelium of the prostate there was noted a high activity of acid phosphotase, nonspecific esterase, nonspecific 5'-exonuclease, acid RNA-ase, acid DNA-ase, leucine aminopeptidase, and the absence of activity of alkaline phosphotase, neutral DNA-ase, alkaline RNA-ase. In the cancerous epithelium the activity of leucine aminopeptidase was either drastically decreased or absent altogether; the activity of acid DNA-ase and acid RNA-ase was non-uniform with the tendency to decrease in poorly differentiated tumours. The activity of other investigated enzymes in the cancerous epithelium showed no significant changes. At early stages of development of squamous cell metaplasia in the epithelium there was identified alkaline RNA-ase dissapearing in manifested metaplastic changes.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cytoplasm; Deoxyribonucleases; Esterases; Exonucleases; Humans; Hyperplasia; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Precancerous Conditions; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ribonucleases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aminopeptidases; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms

The diagnosis and detection of genitourinary cancer covers a broad range of physical signs and instrumental observations which are not necessarily diagnostic. The primary diagnosis in most entities remains dependent upon histologic confirmation. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the most common, and at times, most difficult urogenital cancer to diagnose and detect. Many newer techniques today are designed to evaluate the stage of disease, and to detect heretofore occult metastatic foci. Immunologic assays may be of future prognostic value.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy; Bone Marrow Examination; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Seminal Vesicles; Ultrasonics

Intravillous, microcrater, and macroscopic invasive lesions induced in the mouse duodenum by N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were examined histochemically. The cells of these neoplastic lesions and the proliferative zones of the normal crypts showed similar staining reactions in leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine 5'-triphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. However, a slight decrease in succinic dehydrogenase activity and a slight increase in lactic dehydrogenase activity were observed in the intravillous and microcrater lesions compared to the activity in the proliferative zones of the crypts. The neoplastic cells of these lesions showed no mucus secretion. We discussed the origin of the neoplastic lesions using these and other findings.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Epithelium; Female; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Mice; Mucins; Nitrosoguanidines; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Carcinoma; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Electron Transport Complex IV; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Humans; Hydrolases; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Oxidoreductases; Stomach Neoplasms; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidoreductases

The results of bilateral pedal lymphography in 83 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland are presented. The patients were divided into two groups: 45 new cases and 38 late or old cases presenting several years after the onset of the disease. Altogether 25 of the new patients and 29 of the late patients had lymphographic evidence of lymph node metastases. The lymphogram results in relation to local tumour size, histological grade, the presence of skeletal metastases, and acid phosphatase levels are discussed. Of the new patients with T1 and T2 tumors--that is, those still localized within the prostatic capsule--41% had positive lymphograms. The inaccuracy of acid phosphatase estimations in detecting early extraprostatic spread is shown and compared with the greater accuracy of lymphography. Lymphography should be used as an initial investigation in all cases where aggressive therapy is being considered, and the importance of regular follow-up radiographs is emphasized.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Bone Neoplasms; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

We evaluated bone marrow acid phosphatase in 30 patients as another parameter in staging prostatic carcinoma. This method is reliable and useful as part of the staging precedures. No falsely positive results were found and the procedure provided the only indication of metastatic diseases in 4 cases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Ilium; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

A patient with Stage B adenocarcinoma of prostate treated with radical prostatectomy and interstitial radioactive gold presented ten years later with liver metastases without evidence of local recurrence. This patient was treated only with massive doses of intravenous diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, with regression of metastases and marked decline of the acid and alkaline phosphatase levels.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging

The mononuclear cells in the endometrial stoma change in reactivity for lysosomal hydrolases during the menstrual cycle. Lymphoid follicles may occur in the stroma in any phase of the cycle and have been found in gestational endometrium. However, these cells have no significant lysosomal activity. Alterations in the endometrium are reflected in modified patterns of activity. Endometritis, association with an intrauterine contraceptive device, pregnancy, and adenocarcinoma result in increased numbers and staining intensity of mononuclear cells. In contrast, no consistent changes were apparent in foci of glandular hyperplasia, and decreased staining was seen in atrophic areas of endometrium. These data suggest that interstitial mononuclear cells are a sensitive monitor of morphologic changes in the endometrium.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Atrophy; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Endometritis; Endometrium; Esterases; Female; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Hexosaminidases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrolases; Hyperplasia; In Vitro Techniques; Intrauterine Devices; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Lysosomes; Menstruation; Pregnancy; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Autopsy; Biopsy, Needle; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Male; Methods; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy, Needle; Catheterization; Cystoscopy; Dilatation; Endoscopy; Humans; Male; Massage; Physical Examination; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum; Urethra; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Blood Coagulation Factors; Blood Coagulation Tests; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Ethanol; Fibrinolysis; Hemorrhage; Hemostasis; Humans; Male; Preoperative Care; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bronchi; Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Esterases; Giant Cell Tumors; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Humans; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Malate Dehydrogenase; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Neoplasm Metastasis; Oxidoreductases; Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Histochemical enzymatic studies were performed on 30 freshly resected large bowel carcinomas, 30 samples of normal colonic epithelium, and six samples of the histologically normal epithelium (so-called transitional epithelium) immediately adjacent to a carcinoma. Five enzymes were studied: nicotine adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase, and acid phosphatase. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN ENZYME ACTIVITY WERE OBSERVED BETWEEN NORMAL, TRANSITIONAL, AND CARCINOMATOUS MUCOSA AS FOLLOWS: monoamine oxidase activity was moderate in normal mucosa, high in transitional mucosa, and low in carcinoma. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was high in transitional mucosa and low or moderate in normal and carcinomatous mucosa. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity showed a gradation from low in normal mucosa to high in carcinoma while acid phosphatase showed the reverse of this pattern. The tetrazolium reductase activity was low or moderate in normal and transitional mucosa and high in carcinoma. These differences in enzyme activity and their possible clinical and metabolic significance are discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Epithelium; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestinal Neoplasms; Intestine, Large; Monoamine Oxidase; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Basosquamous; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Esterases; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung Neoplasms; Malate Dehydrogenase; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Nucleotidases; Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Anorexia Nervosa; Barium Sulfate; Biopsy, Needle; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Castration; Colitis; Diarrhea; Heart Failure; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy Dosage; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Spinal Diseases; Uric Acid

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Epithelium; Esterases; Gastric Mucins; Gastric Mucosa; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Oxidoreductases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Elevated levels of glycoprotein:sialyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.99.1; CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: D-galactosyl-glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminyltransferase) were found in human malignant neoplastic tissues compared to normal, benign, and "preneoplastic" tissues. This increase was not due to the cell density of the tissue. Elevated levels of certain proteases and glycosidases were also found. The increase in transferase activity may be associated with altered membrane synthesis in the neoplastic state; changes in the activity of degradative enzymes may be associated with tumor invasiveness and maintenance of the neoplastic state. Measurements on human tumors are possibly more directly relevant to cancer than those described for transformed fibroblastic cells in vitro.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Fucose; Galactosamine; Galactosidases; Glycoproteins; Glycoside Hydrolases; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Mannose; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuraminic Acids; Neuraminidase; Peptide Hydrolases; Teratoma; Transferases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Electron Transport Complex IV; Epithelium; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucuronidase; In Vitro Techniques; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Mesenchymoma; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Neoplasms; Nucleotidases; Phosphoglucomutase; Phosphorylases; Sarcoma; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Neoplasm Proteins; RNA, Neoplasm; Stomach; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Electron Transport Complex IV; Female; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; NADPH Dehydrogenase; Nucleic Acids; Oxidoreductases; Phosphorylases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Sedimentation; Egypt; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Care; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Esterases; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Rectal Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Castration; Diethylstilbestrol; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Placebos; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectum

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Age Factors; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Examination; Bone Neoplasms; Hematocrit; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pelvic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy Dosage; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Cytodiagnosis; Gastric Mucosa; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Deoxyribonucleases; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; DNA, Neoplasm; Electron Transport Complex IV; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lipid Metabolism; Malate Dehydrogenase; Male; Nucleotidases; Polysaccharides; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ribonucleases; RNA, Neoplasm; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Esterases; Forearm; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Middle Aged; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Sweat Gland Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Deoxyribonucleases; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; DNA, Neoplasm; Electron Transport Complex IV; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Malate Dehydrogenase; Male; Middle Aged; Nucleotidases; Ribonucleases; RNA, Neoplasm; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Rhabdomyosarcoma

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphorus Isotopes; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Biopsy, Needle; Esterases; Estradiol; Ethinyl Estradiol; Glucuronidase; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Fluorine; Humans; Ilium; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cathepsins; Estrone; Female; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Lysosomes; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Ascites; Biopsy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Urinary Catheterization

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Methods; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Urography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Sweat Gland Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Cytoplasm; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrolases; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carcinoma, Papillary; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; DNA, Neoplasm; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; RNA, Neoplasm; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Endometrium; Estriol; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydroxyprogesterones; Luteinizing Hormone; Middle Aged; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Division; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Hyperplasia; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Nasal Mucosa; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitroso Compounds; Nose Neoplasms; Papilloma; Piperidines; Rats; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Cytoplasm; Esterases; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Thyroid Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cricetinae; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Kidney Tubules; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Pyrophosphatases; Rats; Thiamine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Age Factors; Aged; Biopsy; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pain; Paraplegia; Phosphorus; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acridines; Adenocarcinoma; Argon; Cell Line; Cell Nucleus; Colonic Neoplasms; Culture Techniques; Cytoplasm; Female; Fibroma; Histocytochemistry; Hot Temperature; Lasers; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Neoplasms; Photosensitivity Disorders; Radiation Effects; Staining and Labeling; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Alkaline Phosphatase; Connective Tissue; Endometriosis; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Ovarian Neoplasms; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Androgens; Animals; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cell Division; Culture Media; Culture Techniques; DNA, Neoplasm; Dogs; Epithelium; Fibroblasts; Humans; Light; Male; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Prostatic Neoplasms; Zinc

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Radiography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Castration; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Cushing Syndrome; Cytoplasmic Granules; Glucocorticoids; Histocytochemistry; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Metyrapone; Middle Aged; Oxidoreductases; Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests; Pyrophosphatases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Enzyme Repression; Female; Histocytochemistry; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Nucleotidases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Phosphotransferases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Endometrium; Estradiol; Female; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rabbits; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Diethylstilbestrol; Duodenal Ulcer; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palpation; Postoperative Complications; Prognosis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spinal Neoplasms; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenofibroma; Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Cranial Nerves; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Paralysis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Skull Neoplasms; Tomography; Vocal Cord Paralysis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Colorimetry; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Intestinal Neoplasms; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia; Liver Neoplasms; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Melanoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tongue Neoplasms; Urogenital Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Glycerophosphates; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Precancerous Conditions; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Acetates; Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Islet Cell; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Blood Sedimentation; Estrogens; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Rectum; Urinary Incontinence

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Carcinoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Esterases; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Histological Techniques; Humans; Hydrolases; Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Malate Dehydrogenase; Oxidoreductases; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Mouth Neoplasms; Oxidoreductases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Culture Techniques; Electrophoresis, Disc; Fibrosarcoma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mice; Molybdenum; Muscles; Myocardium; Neoplasms, Experimental; Plants; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sarcoma 180; Skin Neoplasms; Tartrates

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Mice; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Phagocytosis; Polysaccharides; Sarcoma 180

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Endometrium; Enzymes; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Nucleotidases; Phenazines; Progesterone; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glycogen; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Lipid Metabolism; Nucleotidases; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Cystoscopy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Punctures

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Classification; DNA, Neoplasm; Female; Fibrosarcoma; Genetics; Liver Neoplasms; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Methylcholanthrene; Mice; Neoplasms, Experimental; Ribonucleases; RNA, Neoplasm; Sarcoma, Experimental; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Culture Techniques; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Electron Transport Complex IV; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Histocytochemistry; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymphoma; Malate Dehydrogenase; NAD; NADP; Neoplasms, Experimental; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Thyroid Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aminopeptidases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Coloring Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Histological Techniques; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Male; Melanoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Pathology; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Sarcoma; Staining and Labeling; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Aminopeptidases; Glucuronidase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Benz(a)Anthracenes; Carcinogens; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Esterases; Fibrosarcoma; Galactosidases; Histocytochemistry; Neoplasms, Experimental; Pathology; Rats; Research; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Submandibular Gland; Submandibular Gland Neoplasms; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Toxicology

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carboxylesterase; Endometrium; Esterases; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Menopause; Menstruation; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Dysgerminoma; Female; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glutathione; Hexoses; Humans; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; Isomerases; Kidney Neoplasms; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver Function Tests; Liver Neoplasms; Malate Dehydrogenase; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Ovarian Neoplasms; Oxidoreductases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Transaminases; Ureteral Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Castration; Drug Therapy; Estrogens; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasms; Orchiectomy; Pathology; Radiography, Thoracic; Seminal Vesicles; Testis; Urography

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Amphibians; Animals; Anura; Cathepsins; Congenital Abnormalities; Cytoplasm; Embryology; Endopeptidases; Geography; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Liver; Lysosomes; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Organ Specificity; Regeneration; Research; Species Specificity; Surface-Active Agents; Transplantation; Urodela

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy; Carboxylesterase; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Endometrium; Esterases; Female; Humans; Neoplasms; Pathology; Research; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Endometrium; Esterases; Female; Glucuronidase; Humans; NAD; Oxidoreductases; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Blood; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Breast Neoplasms; Diethylstilbestrol; DNA; DNA, Neoplasm; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Neoplasms; Nitrogen; Nucleotidases; Pharmacology; Progesterone; Rats; Research; RNA; RNA, Neoplasm; Testosterone

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; DNA; DNA, Neoplasm; Fibrosarcoma; Metabolism; Mice; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Oxidoreductases; Research; Ribonucleases; RNA; RNA, Neoplasm; Xanthines

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Protein Disorders; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Bone Neoplasms; C-Reactive Protein; Carcinoma; Estrogens; Geriatrics; Glycoproteins; Hexosamines; Hexoses; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuraminic Acids; Prostatic Neoplasms