acetic acid has been researched along with Curling Ulcer in 19 studies
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
Curling Ulcer: Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " Optimal effective dose of PPSM (25 mg/kg) showed antiulcerogenic activity against acute gastric ulcers (GU) induced by pylorus ligation and aspirin and duodenal ulcer induced by cysteamine but not against ethanol-induced GU." | 7.75 | Effect of methanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn seed on gastro-duodenal ulceration and mucosal offensive and defensive factors in rats. ( Agarwal, PK; Dorababu, M; Goel, RK; Goel, S; Joshi, VK; Prabha, T; Singh, A, 2009) |
| "To investigate the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on mucosal healing in rats with duodenal ulcer." | 7.72 | Effect of oral epidermal growth factor on mucosal healing in rats with duodenal ulcer. ( Chao, JC; Chen, SH; Fang, CL; Liu, KY; Tsao, CW, 2003) |
| "Duodenal ulcer was induced in male Wistar rats with acetic acid." | 7.71 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| "Exogenous administration of PDGF and EGF accelerated healing and reversed the harmful effects of indomethacin in an experimental model of duodenal ulcer." | 7.71 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| "Indomethacin delayed duodenal ulcer healing by decreasing cellular proliferation and inhibiting collagen secretion." | 7.71 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| "To evaluate whether exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) reverses the effect of indomethacin in experimental duodenal ulcers in rats and to define the potential mechanisms involved in this process." | 7.71 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| "We conclude that pantoprazole exhibited both anti-ulcer and healing promoting effects on duodenal ulcers in rats, and the effects may be attributable to its potent anti-secretory action." | 7.70 | Effects of pantoprazole, a novel H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, on duodenal ulcerogenic and healing responses in rats: a comparative study with omeprazole and lansoprazole. ( Kato, S; Konaka, A; Nishijima, M; Takeuchi, K; Yasuhiro, T, 1999) |
| " Likewise, pantoprazole showed the healing promoting action on chronic duodenal ulcers induced by acetic acid, and this effect was also more potent when compared to omeprazole or lansoprazole." | 7.70 | Effects of pantoprazole, a novel H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, on duodenal ulcerogenic and healing responses in rats: a comparative study with omeprazole and lansoprazole. ( Kato, S; Konaka, A; Nishijima, M; Takeuchi, K; Yasuhiro, T, 1999) |
| "In cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer, an animal model for the clinical disease, lesions are characteristically produced on the anterior and posterior walls of the proximal duodenum." | 7.67 | Cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer is not site-specific: effect of local modulating factors. ( Adler, RS; Nafradi, J; Szabo, S, 1985) |
| "Duodenal ulcer was induced in rats by 300 mL/L acetic acid." | 5.32 | Effect of oral epidermal growth factor on mucosal healing in rats with duodenal ulcer. ( Chao, JC; Chen, SH; Fang, CL; Liu, KY; Tsao, CW, 2003) |
| "Duodenal ulcer was induced in male Wistar rats with acetic acid." | 5.31 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| " (Plantaginaceae) on gastric secretion and cytoprotection was evaluated using different models of gastroduodenal ulcer, including acetic acid induced chronic gastric ulcer, indomethacin induced gastric ulcer, cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer and pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer." | 3.77 | Evaluation of the antipeptic ulcer activity of the leaf extract of Plantago lanceolata L. in rodents. ( Asad, M; Asres, K; Engidawork, E; Melese, E, 2011) |
| " Optimal effective dose of PPSM (25 mg/kg) showed antiulcerogenic activity against acute gastric ulcers (GU) induced by pylorus ligation and aspirin and duodenal ulcer induced by cysteamine but not against ethanol-induced GU." | 3.75 | Effect of methanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn seed on gastro-duodenal ulceration and mucosal offensive and defensive factors in rats. ( Agarwal, PK; Dorababu, M; Goel, RK; Goel, S; Joshi, VK; Prabha, T; Singh, A, 2009) |
| "To investigate the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on mucosal healing in rats with duodenal ulcer." | 3.72 | Effect of oral epidermal growth factor on mucosal healing in rats with duodenal ulcer. ( Chao, JC; Chen, SH; Fang, CL; Liu, KY; Tsao, CW, 2003) |
| "Gastric ulcers were induced in normal/NIDDM rats by various physical (2 hr cold restraint stress and 4 hr pylorus ligation) and chemical agents (ethanol, 1 ml/200 g, oral, 1 hr before; aspirin, 200 mg/kg, oral, 4 hr) and duodenal ulcers were induced by cysteamine (40 mg/200 g)." | 3.72 | Effect of Bacopa monniera and Azadirachta indica on gastric ulceration and healing in experimental NIDDM rats. ( Agrawal, VK; Aryya, NC; Dorababu, M; Goel, RK; Prabha, T; Priyambada, S, 2004) |
| "To evaluate whether exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) reverses the effect of indomethacin in experimental duodenal ulcers in rats and to define the potential mechanisms involved in this process." | 3.71 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| "Indomethacin delayed duodenal ulcer healing by decreasing cellular proliferation and inhibiting collagen secretion." | 3.71 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| "Exogenous administration of PDGF and EGF accelerated healing and reversed the harmful effects of indomethacin in an experimental model of duodenal ulcer." | 3.71 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| " The acute gastric ulcer models used were pylorus ligation, indomethacin-induced and ethanol-induced gastric ulcers." | 3.71 | Effect of centrally administered prolactin on gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. ( Abraham, BK; Asad, M; Koumaravelou, K; Ramaswamy, S; Shewade, DG; Vasu, S, 2001) |
| " The acute gastric ulcer models used were pylorus ligation, indomethacin, ethanol and histamine induced acute gastric ulcers." | 3.71 | Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activity of oxytocin in rats and guinea pigs. ( Abraham, BK; Asad, M; Koumaravelou, K; Ramaswamy, S; Shewade, DG; Vasu, S, 2001) |
| "Duodenal ulcer was induced in male Wistar rats with acetic acid." | 3.71 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| "Three effects were investigated in rats: (i) the protective effect of HGL on peptic ulceration produced by using pyloric ligation in combination with South Indian diet or rice bran oil, or by cysteamine, alcohol or aspirin; (ii) the effect of HGL on mast cell degranulation in response to pyloric ligation and rice bran oil; and (iii) the healing effect of HGL on acute gastric ulceration produced by alcohol, on chronic gastric ulceration produced by topical acetic acid or on chronic duodenal ulcer following cysteamine." | 3.70 | Duodenal ulcer prevalence: experimental evidence for the possible role of dietary lipids. ( Clark, CG; Jayaraj, AP; Lewin, MR; Tovey, FI, 2000) |
| "We conclude that pantoprazole exhibited both anti-ulcer and healing promoting effects on duodenal ulcers in rats, and the effects may be attributable to its potent anti-secretory action." | 3.70 | Effects of pantoprazole, a novel H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, on duodenal ulcerogenic and healing responses in rats: a comparative study with omeprazole and lansoprazole. ( Kato, S; Konaka, A; Nishijima, M; Takeuchi, K; Yasuhiro, T, 1999) |
| " Likewise, pantoprazole showed the healing promoting action on chronic duodenal ulcers induced by acetic acid, and this effect was also more potent when compared to omeprazole or lansoprazole." | 3.70 | Effects of pantoprazole, a novel H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, on duodenal ulcerogenic and healing responses in rats: a comparative study with omeprazole and lansoprazole. ( Kato, S; Konaka, A; Nishijima, M; Takeuchi, K; Yasuhiro, T, 1999) |
| "We investigated the effects of cimetidine, omeprazole and atropine, antisecretory anti-ulcer agents, on the healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers simultaneously induced in the same rats." | 3.69 | Simultaneous evaluation of gastric and duodenal ulcers-healing activities of anti-ulcer agents in rats. ( Ito, M; Segami, T; Suzuki, Y, 1996) |
| "In cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer, an animal model for the clinical disease, lesions are characteristically produced on the anterior and posterior walls of the proximal duodenum." | 3.67 | Cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer is not site-specific: effect of local modulating factors. ( Adler, RS; Nafradi, J; Szabo, S, 1985) |
| ") inhibited the development of gastric ulcers induced by pylorus ligation, water-immersion stress, aspirin and reserpine and duodenal ulcers induced by cysteamine in rats." | 3.67 | Effect of elcatonin on experimental gastric and duodenal ulcers. ( Noguchi, M; Ohno, H; Takayanagi, N, 1985) |
| " Oral or intraduodenal administration of AG 629 in a dose range of 25-100 mg/kg inhibited water-immersion stress ulcer, exertion ulcer, Shay ulcer, indometacin- and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)-induced gastric ulcer, and indomethacin-induced small intestinal ulcer in rats, histamine-induced gastric ulcer in guinea pigs, and ASA-induced gastric ulcer in dogs, though it was not effective against cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer in rats." | 3.67 | Effects of 5-acetylspiro[benzofuran-2(3H),1'-cyclopropan]-3-one, a new anti-ulcer agent, on experimental acute and chronic ulcers. ( Hirata, T; Inada, I; Inatomi, N; Maki, Y; Satoh, H; Sino, A, 1985) |
| "Duodenal ulcer was induced in rats by 300 mL/L acetic acid." | 1.32 | Effect of oral epidermal growth factor on mucosal healing in rats with duodenal ulcer. ( Chao, JC; Chen, SH; Fang, CL; Liu, KY; Tsao, CW, 2003) |
| "After 14 d treatment, duodenal ulcer rats with ginkgo significantly increased weight gain (34." | 1.32 | Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cytoprotective factors in rats with duodenal ulcer. ( Chao, JC; Chen, SH; Fang, CL; Hung, HC, 2004) |
| "Rats with duodenal ulcer were induced by 500 mL/L acetic acid." | 1.32 | Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cytoprotective factors in rats with duodenal ulcer. ( Chao, JC; Chen, SH; Fang, CL; Hung, HC, 2004) |
| "Gastric ulcers were induced in normal/NIDDM rats by various physical (2 hr cold restraint stress and 4 hr pylorus ligation) and chemical agents (ethanol, 1 ml/200 g, oral, 1 hr before; aspirin, 200 mg/kg, oral, 4 hr) and duodenal ulcers were induced by cysteamine (40 mg/200 g)." | 1.32 | Effect of Bacopa monniera and Azadirachta indica on gastric ulceration and healing in experimental NIDDM rats. ( Agrawal, VK; Aryya, NC; Dorababu, M; Goel, RK; Prabha, T; Priyambada, S, 2004) |
| "Chronic gastric ulcers were induced using acetic acid and duodenal ulcers by cysteamine hydrochloride." | 1.31 | Effect of centrally administered prolactin on gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. ( Abraham, BK; Asad, M; Koumaravelou, K; Ramaswamy, S; Shewade, DG; Vasu, S, 2001) |
| "Chronic gastric ulcers were induced using acetic acid and duodenal ulcers by mercaptamine hydrochloride." | 1.31 | Effect of hyperprolactinaemia as induced by pituitary homografts under kidney capsule on gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. ( Abraham, BK; Asad, M; Balasinor, N; Koumaravelou, K; Ramaswamy, S; Shewade, DG, 2001) |
| "Chronic gastric ulcers were induced using acetic acid and duodenal ulcers by cysteamine hydrochloride." | 1.31 | Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activity of oxytocin in rats and guinea pigs. ( Abraham, BK; Asad, M; Koumaravelou, K; Ramaswamy, S; Shewade, DG; Vasu, S, 2001) |
| "The effect of hyperprolactinaemia, induced by two or four pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule, on gastric and duodenal ulcers has been studied." | 1.31 | Effect of hyperprolactinaemia as induced by pituitary homografts under kidney capsule on gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. ( Abraham, BK; Asad, M; Balasinor, N; Koumaravelou, K; Ramaswamy, S; Shewade, DG, 2001) |
| "Duodenal ulcer was induced in male Wistar rats with acetic acid." | 1.31 | [Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin]. ( Arceiz Gonzalo, E; Lanas Arbeloa, A; Ortego Díez De Retana, J; Pérez Aisa, A; Sainz Samitier, R; Sopeña Biarge, F, 2002) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 3 (15.79) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 3 (15.79) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 11 (57.89) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 2 (10.53) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Chernenkov, IuV | 1 |
| Grozdova, TIu | 1 |
| Popova, IIu | 1 |
| Ceranowicz, P | 1 |
| Warzecha, Z | 1 |
| Dembinski, A | 1 |
| Sendur, R | 1 |
| Cieszkowski, J | 1 |
| Ceranowicz, D | 1 |
| Pawlik, WW | 1 |
| Kuwahara, A | 1 |
| Kato, I | 1 |
| Konturek, PC | 1 |
| Prabha, T | 2 |
| Dorababu, M | 2 |
| Goel, S | 1 |
| Agarwal, PK | 1 |
| Singh, A | 1 |
| Joshi, VK | 1 |
| Goel, RK | 2 |
| Melese, E | 1 |
| Asres, K | 1 |
| Asad, M | 4 |
| Engidawork, E | 1 |
| Chao, JC | 2 |
| Liu, KY | 1 |
| Chen, SH | 2 |
| Fang, CL | 2 |
| Tsao, CW | 1 |
| Hung, HC | 1 |
| Priyambada, S | 1 |
| Agrawal, VK | 1 |
| Aryya, NC | 1 |
| Rao, ChV | 1 |
| Ojha, SK | 1 |
| Radhakrishnan, K | 1 |
| Govindarajan, R | 1 |
| Rastogi, S | 1 |
| Mehrotra, S | 1 |
| Pushpangadan, P | 1 |
| Yamaguchi, T | 1 |
| Aihara, K | 1 |
| Yamada, S | 1 |
| Narita, S | 1 |
| Kogi, K | 1 |
| Segami, T | 1 |
| Suzuki, Y | 1 |
| Ito, M | 1 |
| Takeuchi, K | 1 |
| Konaka, A | 1 |
| Nishijima, M | 1 |
| Kato, S | 1 |
| Yasuhiro, T | 1 |
| Jayaraj, AP | 1 |
| Tovey, FI | 1 |
| Lewin, MR | 1 |
| Clark, CG | 1 |
| Shewade, DG | 3 |
| Koumaravelou, K | 3 |
| Abraham, BK | 3 |
| Vasu, S | 2 |
| Ramaswamy, S | 3 |
| Balasinor, N | 1 |
| Pérez Aisa, A | 1 |
| Sopeña Biarge, F | 1 |
| Arceiz Gonzalo, E | 1 |
| Sainz Samitier, R | 1 |
| Ortego Díez De Retana, J | 1 |
| Lanas Arbeloa, A | 1 |
| Adler, RS | 1 |
| Nafradi, J | 1 |
| Szabo, S | 1 |
| Ohno, H | 1 |
| Noguchi, M | 1 |
| Takayanagi, N | 1 |
| Inatomi, N | 1 |
| Hirata, T | 1 |
| Inada, I | 1 |
| Satoh, H | 1 |
| Sino, A | 1 |
| Maki, Y | 1 |
19 other studies available for acetic acid and Curling Ulcer
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
[Acid resistance of erythrocytes in children with chronic inflammatory diseases of the stomach and duodenum during the course of the hyperbaric oxygenation].
Topics: Acetic Acid; Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Chronic Disease; Duodenal Ulcer; Erythrocyte M | 2013 |
Treatment with ghrelin accelerates the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Cell Proliferation; Chronic Disease; DNA; Dose-Response Rel | 2009 |
Effect of methanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn seed on gastro-duodenal ulceration and mucosal offensive and defensive factors in rats.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Aspirin; Catalase; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cold Temperature; Duodenal Ulce | 2009 |
Evaluation of the antipeptic ulcer activity of the leaf extract of Plantago lanceolata L. in rodents.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Cysteamine; Disease Models, Animal; Duodenal Ulcer; Ethiopi | 2011 |
Effect of oral epidermal growth factor on mucosal healing in rats with duodenal ulcer.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Administration, Oral; Animals; DNA; Duodenal Ulcer; Eating; Epidermal Growth Factor; In | 2003 |
Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cytoprotective factors in rats with duodenal ulcer.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Antioxidants; Cell Division; Dinoprostone; Duodenal Ulcer; Ginkgo biloba; Inte | 2004 |
Effect of Bacopa monniera and Azadirachta indica on gastric ulceration and healing in experimental NIDDM rats.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Aspirin; Azadirachta; Bacopa; Cold Temperature; Diabetes Me | 2004 |
Antiulcer activity of Utleria salicifolia rhizome extract.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Antioxidants; Aspirin; Dose-Response | 2004 |
Biochemical and pharmacological properties of a newly synthesized proton pump (H+/K(+)-ATPase) inhibitor, TY-11345 in experimental animals.
Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Benzimidazoles; Duodenal Ulcer; Epirizole; Ethano | 1993 |
Simultaneous evaluation of gastric and duodenal ulcers-healing activities of anti-ulcer agents in rats.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Atropine; Chronic Disease; Cimetidine; Duodenal Ulcer; Hist | 1996 |
Effects of pantoprazole, a novel H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, on duodenal ulcerogenic and healing responses in rats: a comparative study with omeprazole and lansoprazole.
Topics: 2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; Acetic Acid; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Benzimidazoles; Bi | 1999 |
Duodenal ulcer prevalence: experimental evidence for the possible role of dietary lipids.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Cell Degranulation; Cysteamine; Duodenal Ulcer; Ethanol; Fabaceae; Female; Gas | 2000 |
Effect of centrally administered prolactin on gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Chronic Disease; Cysteamine; Duodenal Ulcer; Ethanol; Gastric Acid; Gastric Ac | 2001 |
Effect of hyperprolactinaemia as induced by pituitary homografts under kidney capsule on gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Acute Disease; Animals; Chronic Disease; Cysteamine; Duodenal Ulcer; Gastric Acid; Hype | 2001 |
Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activity of oxytocin in rats and guinea pigs.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Chronic Disease; Cysteamine; Disease Models, | 2001 |
[Effect of exogenous administration of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on duodenal ulcer healing in rats treated with indomethacin].
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Duodenal Ulcer; Ep | 2002 |
Cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer is not site-specific: effect of local modulating factors.
Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Animals; Cysteamine; Duodenal Ulcer; Female; Gastric Acid; Gastrointestinal M | 1985 |
Effect of elcatonin on experimental gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Actihaemyl; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Aspirin; Calcitonin; Cimetidine; Cyst | 1985 |
Effects of 5-acetylspiro[benzofuran-2(3H),1'-cyclopropan]-3-one, a new anti-ulcer agent, on experimental acute and chronic ulcers.
Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Aspirin; Benzofurans; Chronic Dise | 1985 |